Index
A
- acculturation
72, 92, 101–102, 297
- accusative
22, 24, 31, 35, 38, 52, 59, 126, 226, 253–255, 257, 302
- acquisition
1–3, 5–7, 12, 20, 36, 45–47, 53, 56, 58, 102, 114, 119, 140, 162, 188, 195, 207, 213, 218, 242, 260, 291–292, 294–299, 302–303, 305–308
- African languages
2–4, 6–7, 9, 29, 33–35, 69–70, 72, 74, 84, 89–90, 92–93, 96–101, 105–106, 112, 114, 170, 174, 211–212, 215–216, 218, 224, 239
- Afro-Brazilian Portuguese
10, 23, 25, 27, 113, 189–190, 300
- Agentive
55–56, 58–59, 219, 226–229, 300
- agreement
2, 6, 9, 21–22, 24, 25, 26, 29, 30, 32, 35–38, 81–84, 113, 115, 119, 125–126, 128–129, 212, 221–222, 224, 230–231, 238, 244–249, 252, 261, 268, 272–274, 276–279, 281–287, 304–308
- Angola
1, 3–4, 10–12, 35, 111–120, 128–129, 174, 177, 180, 182, 196, 200, 213, 215–218, 222, 224–225, 231, 237, 241, 292–297, 308
- Angolan Portuguese
10, 12, 28–29, 37, 59, 189, 190, 193, 194, 212–214, 216, 218–219, 224–227, 230–232, 248, 292
- Angolar
4, 11, 169, 171, 178, 181, 212, 295
- animacy
247–248, 272, 274
- argument
27, 37–38, 52–58, 193, 199, 224–227, 230–232, 300, 302
- argument structure
54–56, 62, 220, 223, 260–261, 299, 301–304, 308
- attitude
9, 11, 90, 94, 102, 105–107, 118, 125, 136–138, 152–165, 179–181
B
- Bantu
3–4, 7, 9–10, 12, 20, 29, 33–36, 50, 54–60, 84, 89, 92–93, 112–115, 117–120, 123–124, 129, 170, 175–176, 187–188, 192–194, 198–199, 205–207, 211–217, 219–222, 224–227, 230–232, 237, 245, 261, 269–270, 282–283, 292–295, 298, 300–301, 303–305, 307
- beneficiary
52–55, 58, 300
- bilingual
6, 11, 13, 74, 81, 101, 106, 115, 118, 139–140, 147, 159, 163, 165, 172, 176–177, 180, 194, 261, 295, 297–298, 300
- bilingualism
11, 114, 135, 139, 159, 161, 163–164, 172
- borrowing
10, 71, 100, 117, 120, 129
- Brazil
1–5, 7–8, 12, 19–20, 26–29, 33, 35, 37–38, 67–75, 78–79, 81–85, 90, 113–114, 120, 127, 170, 187–190, 196, 204, 207, 211–219, 224, 227, 231–232, 268–269, 271, 276, 292–298, 307–308
- Brazilian Portuguese
2, 5, 7–9, 12, 19–21, 23, 25, 28, 67–70, 72–74, 78, 81–85, 114, 187–190, 196, 200–201, 207, 212, 216–218, 222, 224, 227, 229–232, 248, 257, 267, 273, 285, 300
C
- Cabo Verde (Cape Verde)
1, 3, 10, 13, 135–139, 159–160, 162–163, 174, 177, 212, 215, 237–239, 241–242, 245, 250, 254, 258, 261, 294–297, 305
- Cabo Verdean (Cape Verdean)
1, 10, 11, 13, 135–138, 145, 148, 152–153, 157–158, 161, 163–165, 169, 174–176, 178–181, 212, 237–245, 249–250, 252–253, 255, 257–258, 261–262, 296
- Cabo Verdean Portuguese(Cape Verdean Portuguese)
28, 35, 238
- Case
20–21, 23–24, 31, 38, 54–56, 59, 113, 126, 221, 253, 300–301, 308
- Changana, Xichangana
34, 50, 54, 57–58, 192–193, 292
- Classic Portuguese (Classical Portuguese)
12, 120, 212, 214, 228–232
- clitic
22–23, 28, 30–31, 36, 38, 52, 54–55, 59, 114, 126, 226, 228, 249, 251–257, 261, 302–303
- colonial
2, 9, 11, 78–79, 90, 92, 95–98, 101, 103–104, 106, 162, 170, 172–173, 175–177, 179, 181–182, 211, 213, 215, 217–218, 241–242, 291, 293, 296, 298
- colonial period
78, 162, 176–177, 179, 218, 241
- colonization (colonisation)
2, 11–12, 29, 33, 90, 92, 114, 120, 169–170, 172–174, 177, 179, 181, 213, 216–218, 224, 241, 270, 292–295
- colony
72, 111, 113–114, 169, 171, 173, 177, 215–216, 218, 224–225, 269
- contact
1–9, 12–14, 19–20, 29, 33–36, 38–39, 43–46, 49, 59–60, 67–74, 76, 81–83, 85, 89–90, 98, 101, 104, 112–113, 117–119, 129, 135–140, 143, 159, 161, 165, 170–172, 176–177, 188, 190, 198–199, 204, 207, 211–219, 224, 231–232, 237–239, 241–242, 245, 252, 255, 261, 267–268, 273, 276, 278, 286–288, 291–295, 301–302, 304, 307–308
- contact-induced change
8, 36, 60, 117, 188, 198, 207
- continuum
1–3, 6–7, 9–14, 19–20, 28, 33, 36–38, 69, 94, 102–103, 107, 113–114, 120, 128–129, 136, 138, 187–188, 199, 207, 211–212, 214–215, 219, 224, 227, 231–232, 248, 268, 272, 274, 283–286, 288, 291–292, 295, 298–299, 304, 306–308
- convergence
2, 33, 47, 151–152, 154, 157, 238, 244, 252, 267, 281, 283, 288, 304, 306
- Creole
1–4, 10–11, 35, 44–45, 59, 68–70, 94, 103, 112–113, 115, 129, 135–136, 169–181, 212, 214, 218, 237–244, 246, 252, 261, 269, 272, 275, 277, 291–292, 294–295, 301–306
- Creole zone (creole-zone)
59, 237, 252, 261, 292, 295
- creolization (creolisation)
5, 21, 67–68, 79, 218, 295
D
- dative
22–24, 30, 35, 37–38, 52, 54–55, 59, 195, 225–227, 253–254, 256–257, 261, 301–302
- definite
27, 32, 37, 201–202, 247, 301
- demographic
3, 72, 74, 80–81, 83, 85, 116, 171, 215, 294–295, 298
- descriptive grammar
44, 48–49, 51
- diffusion
2, 68–69, 71, 118, 152, 164, 187, 292–293, 295–296
- diglossia
135–136, 142, 154, 159, 161–163, 179, 241
- diglossic
9, 106, 116, 162, 295
- direct object
23, 30–31, 52, 54–56, 191–193, 251, 255, 301–302
- direction
36, 57, 118, 192–193, 301
- directional complement
11, 12, 188, 195, 199, 204
- ditransitive
27, 31, 54, 59, 256
- double object construction
27, 31, 37, 256, 294–295
E
- E-language
7–8, 20, 33, 35, 44–46, 49, 53, 58–60, 307
- ecology
38, 92, 94, 213, 217–218, 231, 292–293, 308
- education
7, 9, 11, 13, 21, 25, 37–38, 82–85, 90–92, 95–101, 103–107, 117, 137, 143–144, 150, 155, 163, 165, 176–177, 182, 225, 240, 242–243, 247, 249, 258, 260–262, 268, 270–271, 274–287, 292–293, 295–297, 299, 304, 308
- European Portuguese
3–4, 9–10, 12, 21, 35, 38–39, 49–50, 68, 74, 76, 81, 83, 101, 112, 159, 188–190, 200–202, 211–212, 219, 224, 244, 267, 270, 272, 285, 294
- existential
6, 11–12, 116, 188, 199–200, 203–207, 229, 299, 302–303
F
- formal grammar
7, 8, 44–45, 50, 53, 59
- Forro
170–177, 180–181, 269, 272, 277, 286
G
- gender
2, 26, 32, 36–38, 113–114, 125, 179, 212, 244–245, 268, 287, 306
- generic
8, 25, 27, 33, 60, 219, 223, 228
- Guinea-Bissau (Guinea Bissau), 1
3–4, 212, 237–239
I
- I-language
7–8, 20, 33, 35, 44–46, 50, 53, 55–56, 58–60, 300, 307
- ideology
90, 96, 102, 107
- impersonal
12, 201–202, 212, 219, 221–222, 224–232
- impersonal subject
222, 227, 230–231
- imposition
2, 10–11, 101, 117, 120, 123, 129, 182, 287, 291, 302
- independence
5, 11, 91–93, 98, 100–101, 104, 106, 111, 114, 117, 162, 175, 177, 182, 217, 224, 237, 240–242, 270, 286–287, 292–293, 296–297
- indeterminate
23, 201, 203, 219, 223, 228
- indigenous
7, 44–45, 49, 68, 70–71, 73, 75, 95–96, 116, 176, 180, 293–296
- indirect object
51, 54–55, 126, 249, 256, 302
- inflection
23, 115, 127, 198, 201–202, 274, 276
- innovation
1, 6, 8, 20, 22, 44–46, 48, 50, 53, 58, 106, 120–121, 187–188, 190, 192–193, 199–200
K
- Kikongo
29, 112, 119–120, 170, 194, 205–206, 293
- Kimbundu
12, 112–114, 120–121, 170, 175, 194, 198, 213, 215–216, 219–227, 230–232, 292–293, 300, 302–303
L
- L1
2, 8, 10, 13, 29, 38, 45–50, 54–58, 60, 72, 81, 94, 112–115, 118–120, 125–127, 129, 139, 148, 162, 173, 176–180, 182, 190, 192, 194, 205, 241–245, 261–262, 269–270, 272, 278–279, 281, 286–287, 294–296, 298–302, 304–306
- L2
2, 7–8, 10, 12–14, 38, 43–50, 53–54, 57–60, 72, 81, 94, 112–115, 118–120, 125–129, 139, 148, 165, 175–181, 190, 194, 207, 241–242, 260–262, 269, 272, 278–279, 281, 286–287, 292, 294–296, 298–300, 302–303, 306–308
- language policy/policies
9, 10, 13, 98, 100, 106, 119, 136, 163–164, 176–177, 241, 261
- lingua franca
3–4, 113–114, 170, 172, 177, 215, 218, 294
- literacy
81, 98, 101, 156, 194–196, 214, 240, 245, 296
- locative
11–12, 21, 24, 27, 30, 34, 36, 52, 56–58, 72, 121, 188, 192–199, 203–207, 225, 299–301, 303
- Lung’Ie
4, 11, 169, 171, 178, 180, 212, 242
M
- miscegenation
70, 73, 171, 239
- monolingualism
11, 179, 182
- motion verb
12, 36, 56–59, 189–192, 198, 207, 300–301
- Mozambican Portuguese
8–9, 12, 28, 37, 45, 90, 97–98, 100, 102–103, 105–107, 120, 189–190, 212, 248, 285–286
- Mozambique
1, 3–4, 9, 11–12, 50, 57, 60, 89–95, 97–106, 174, 177, 180, 182, 196, 200, 237, 241, 270–271, 286, 292–297, 308
- multilingual
5, 9, 47, 89, 95, 102, 112, 119, 213, 215–216
N
- nationalization (nationalisation)
91, 96, 103, 108
- nativization (nativisation)
2, 6, 11, 20, 60, 69, 92, 95, 98, 101–102, 106, 177, 181–182, 187, 194, 242, 297, 308
- Niger-Congo family
34, 211, 295
- nominal agreement
35, 37, 245, 247, 268, 272–273
- norm
3, 9, 10, 25, 37–38, 50, 59, 73, 84, 101, 104, 112, 128–129, 136, 138, 155, 158–159, 164–165, 179, 270, 276, 281, 284–285, 294–297, 302
- null subject
23, 37, 119, 200–203, 206, 221, 228–230, 303
- number agreement
30, 35, 37–38, 115, 125, 212, 245, 247, 304–305, 308
O
- object left dislocation
221
- object pronoun
13, 114, 126 238, 253, 255, 261, 302–303
- oblique
51, 54, 223, 225–226
P
- parameter
34, 36, 46–47, 54–55, 57, 200, 202, 298, 300–301
- passive
6, 12, 51, 212, 214, 219–227, 229–232, 243, 272, 282, 303
- person
9, 13, 22–23, 26, 29–31, 37–38, 52, 68, 82–84, 115, 126–127, 150–151, 201–202, 221–222, 225–229, 232, 238–239, 244, 246, 248, 253–257, 271, 276, 281, 285, 302, 306, 308
- phonic salience
82, 272–274, 282–283
- plural
9, 23, 25, 32, 35–37, 49, 52, 55, 68, 82–84, 115, 125, 201–202, 221–222, 225–227, 229, 232, 244, 246–248, 252, 268, 271, 273–279, 281–287, 304–306, 308
- policy
10, 74, 92, 96, 98, 100–101, 119, 136, 138–139, 163–164, 171, 176, 216, 218, 270
- Portugal
4, 73, 85, 91, 96, 111, 114, 116–117, 120, 148, 171, 214, 216–217, 231, 239, 242, 269, 297
- possessive
6, 22, 115, 127, 199–200, 202–206, 247, 303
- post-colonial (postcolonial)
1, 2, 9, 13, 47, 90, 92, 94, 95, 101–103, 106–107, 178, 237–238, 268, 298, 307–308
- preposition
6, 12, 20, 24, 26–28, 31, 36, 46, 50–59, 128, 188–196, 198–199, 203, 205–207, 225–227, 230, 254, 256–258, 260–261, 299–301, 308
- preposition pied-piping
257–258
- pro-drop
200–202, 206–207
- pronominal
2, 20, 22–23, 26, 30, 60, 127, 201, 251, 307–308
R
- reanalysis
12, 36, 55, 58–59, 188, 190, 193, 199, 204, 207, 222, 302
- reflexive
13, 113, 228, 238, 249–252, 261
- relative clause
13, 26, 32, 227, 238, 257–258, 261, 303–304
- restructuring
2, 6, 10, 47, 126, 128–129, 260–261, 292, 295, 304
- Romance languages
27–28, 211–212, 219
S
- Santome
4, 11, 169, 170, 172, 176, 178–181, 212, 237, 242–244, 249–250, 252–253, 255, 257–258, 261
- Santomean Portuguese (São Tomé Portuguese)
13, 59, 238, 255, 268, 285
- Sao Tome and Principe (São Tomé and Príncipe)
1, 3–4, 11, 13, 169–170, 173–175, 177–181, 212, 237–239, 241–242, 261
- second language
2, 4–5, 7–11, 19–20, 34, 36–38, 43, 69, 90, 93–95, 99–100, 103, 106–107, 112, 139, 163, 188, 218
- shift
4, 6, 9–11, 14, 44, 59, 90, 106, 112, 117, 129, 153, 179–180, 182, 242, 295
- slave trade
114, 169, 213, 239, 293–294
- slave traffic
33, 215–216, 293
- slavery
3, 11, 73, 79, 172–173, 181, 239
- standard
3, 7, 20, 23, 27, 37–38, 47–51, 58, 74, 82, 100–107, 118, 127–128, 138, 155, 158–159, 161, 164–165, 212, 226, 257–259, 271, 277, 297, 301, 306
- subject
21–23, 25, 29–30, 34–37, 82–83, 119, 126–127, 129, 191–193, 196–206, 221–225, 227–232, 244, 246–249, 251–252, 272–273, 276–277, 282–284, 303–307
- substrate
45, 69, 70, 104–105, 112–113, 120, 292–295, 298–307
- substratum
7, 20, 28, 33, 38
T
- theme argument
55–56, 58–59, 82, 300
- Tonga Portuguese
176, 269, 304
- topic
21, 30, 34–35, 119, 150, 204, 221, 240, 247, 301, 303, 304
- transfer
2, 6, 33–36, 47, 49, 58, 188, 190, 291, 298–307
- transitive verb
203, 249, 283
- transmission
9, 19, 67–69, 71, 118, 162, 292, 298–299, 307–308
U
- Umbundu
112, 118, 120–121, 175, 293
- unaccusative
273, 283–284
- Uniformitarian Principle
268, 286
- Universal Grammar
46–47, 299
V
- Variationist Sociolinguistics
82, 270
- verbal agreement
20–21, 25, 29, 36–38, 68, 84, 222, 231, 238, 244–249, 252, 261, 268, 272–273, 276, 281, 283, 285–287
- verbal preposition
51–52, 54