Part of
Dimensions of L2 Performance and Proficiency: Complexity, Accuracy and Fluency in SLAEdited by Alex Housen, Folkert Kuiken and Ineke Vedder
[Language Learning & Language Teaching 32] 2012
► pp. 1–20
Edited by Alex Housen, Folkert Kuiken and Ineke Vedder
[Language Learning & Language Teaching 32] 2012
► pp. 1–20
Complexity, accuracy and fluency
Definitions, measurement and research
Cited by
Cited by 78 other publications
Agebjörn, Anders
2019. Chapter 7. Grammatical accuracy and complexity in a speaking proficiency test. In Teachability and Learnability across Languages [Processability Approaches to Language Acquisition Research & Teaching, 6], ► pp. 137 ff. 
Al-Hawamdeh, Basem Okleh Salameh, Negash Hussen & Nasser Said Gomaa Abdelrasheed
2023. Portfolio vs. summative assessment: impacts on EFL learners’ writing complexity, accuracy, and fluency (CAF); self-efficacy; learning anxiety; and autonomy. Language Testing in Asia 13:1
Alfonso Pena, Celia & Elisabet Pladevall-Ballester
2020. Effects of focus on form on primary CLIL students’ foreign language performance in task-based oral
interaction. Journal of Immersion and Content-Based Language Education 8:1 ► pp. 53 ff.
Bernardini, Petra & Jonas Granfeldt
2019. On cross‐linguistic variation and measures of linguistic complexity in learner texts: Italian, French and English. International Journal of Applied Linguistics 29:2 ► pp. 211 ff.
Biancarosa, Gina & Lina Shanley
2016. What Is Fluency?. In The Fluency Construct, ► pp. 1 ff.
Brosa-Rodríguez, Antoni, M. Dolores Jiménez-López & Adrià Torrens-Urrutia
2023. Exploring the complexity of natural languages: A fuzzy evaluative perspective on Greenberg universals. AIMS Mathematics 9:1 ► pp. 2181 ff.
Bruyèl-Olmedo, Antonio & Maria Juan-Garau
2020. Coexisting varieties of English in the linguistic landscape of tourism: the Bay of Palma. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 41:2 ► pp. 157 ff.
Calzada, Asier & María del Pilar García Mayo
2023. Chapter 4. Do task repetition and pretask focus on form instruction impact collaborative writing performance?. In L2 Collaborative Writing in Diverse Learning Contexts [Language Learning & Language Teaching, 59], ► pp. 80 ff.
Chen, Xiaobin, Theodora Alexopoulou & Ianthi Tsimpli
2021. Automatic extraction of subordinate clauses and its application in second language acquisition research. Behavior Research Methods 53:2 ► pp. 803 ff.
Chen, Xiaobin & Detmar Meurers
2019. Linking text readability and learner proficiency using linguistic complexity feature vector distance. Computer Assisted Language Learning 32:4 ► pp. 418 ff.
Choi, Narah & Tae-Yeoub Jang
2023. Evaluation of English speaking proficiency under fixed speech rate:
Focusing on utterances produced by Korean child learners of English*. Phonetics and Speech Sciences 15:1 ► pp. 47 ff.
De Clercq, Bastien & Alex Housen
2017. A Cross‐Linguistic Perspective on Syntactic Complexity in L2 Development: Syntactic Elaboration and Diversity. The Modern Language Journal 101:2 ► pp. 315 ff.
Denman, Jenny, Erik van Schooten & Rick de Graaff
Doe, Timothy
2021. Fluency development in an EFL setting: A one-semester study. Language Teaching Research ► pp. 136216882110585 ff.
Eizaga-Rebollar, Bárbara & Cristina Heras-Ramírez
2020. Assessing pragmatic competence in oral proficiency interviews at the C1 level with the new CEFR descriptors. Lodz Papers in Pragmatics 16:1 ► pp. 87 ff.
Estaji, Masoomeh & Arya Ghoddousi
2024. Illuminating the Impacts of Contextual Diversity on L2 Writing Proficiency: A Corpus-Based Analysis in the Measures of Linguistic Complexity. European Journal of Applied Linguistics 0:0
Evans, D. Reid & Diane Larsen-Freeman
2020. Bifurcations and the Emergence of L2 Syntactic Structures in a Complex Dynamic System. Frontiers in Psychology 11
Fathi, Jalil & Masoud Rahimi
2022. Examining the impact of flipped classroom on writing complexity, accuracy, and fluency: a case of EFL students. Computer Assisted Language Learning 35:7 ► pp. 1668 ff.
Galantomos, Ioannis
2019. Gender and proficiency effects on metaphor use among Greek learners. International Journal of Applied Linguistics 29:1 ► pp. 61 ff.
Gartziarena, Mikel & Beñat Olave
2023. Is Basque a difficult language to learn for students? Teachers’ beliefs on the complexity to learn the curricular languages in the Basque Country. International Journal of Multilingualism ► pp. 1 ff.
González-Lloret, Marta
2022. The present and future of functional adequacy. TASK. Journal on Task-Based Language Teaching and Learning 2:1 ► pp. 146 ff.
Granena, Gisela & Yucel Yilmaz
2019. Phonological short-term memory capacity and L2 oral performance. Journal of Second Language Studies 2:2 ► pp. 317 ff.
Granena, Gisela & Yucel Yilmaz
2021. Phonological short-term memory capacity and L2 oral performance. In Aptitude-Treatment Interaction in Second Language Learning [Benjamins Current Topics, 116], ► pp. 153 ff.
Hall, Christopher J., Jack Joyce & Chris Robson
2017. Investigating the lexico-grammatical resources of a non-native user of English: The case of can and could in email requests
. Applied Linguistics Review 8:1 ► pp. 35 ff.
Housen, Alex
2021. Complexity, Accuracy and Fluency (CAF). In Research Questions in Language Education and Applied Linguistics [Springer Texts in Education, ], ► pp. 787 ff.
Hsieh, Yufen
2020. Effects of video captioning on EFL vocabulary learning and listening comprehension. Computer Assisted Language Learning 33:5-6 ► pp. 567 ff.
Hsu, Hsiu-Chen
2016. Voice blogging and L2 speaking performance. Computer Assisted Language Learning 29:5 ► pp. 968 ff.
Huang, Ting, Rasmus Steinkrauss & Marjolijn Verspoor
2022. Learning an L2 and L3 at the same time: help or hinder?. International Journal of Multilingualism 19:4 ► pp. 566 ff.
Jiang, Michael Yi-Chao, Morris Siu-Yung Jong, Na Wu, Bin Shen, Ching-Sing Chai, Wilfred Wing-Fat Lau & Biyun Huang
2022. Integrating Automatic Speech Recognition Technology Into Vocabulary Learning in a Flipped English Class for Chinese College Students. Frontiers in Psychology 13
Kahng, Jimin
2014. Exploring Utterance and Cognitive Fluency of L1 and L2 English Speakers: Temporal Measures and Stimulated Recall. Language Learning 64:4 ► pp. 809 ff.
Kim, Hyunah
2017. 재미 한국어 계승어 학습자 작문에 나타난 통사 복잡성: Syntactic complexity in the writing of Korean heritage learners in the United States. The Korean Language in America 21:2 ► pp. 186 ff.
Kim, YouJin, Bumyong Choi, Hyunae Yun, Binna Kim & Sujeong Choi
2022. Task repetition, synchronous written corrective feedback and the learning of Korean grammar: A classroom-based study. Language Teaching Research 26:6 ► pp. 1106 ff.
Koizumi, Rie, Yo In'nami & Eun Hee Jeon
2022. Chapter 10. L2 speaking and its internal correlates. In Understanding L2 Proficiency [Bilingual Processing and Acquisition, 13], ► pp. 307 ff.
KOIZUMI, Rie & Yo IN’NAMI
2022. Assessing Functional Adequacy Using Picture Description Tasks in Classroom-Based L2 Speaking Assessment. JLTA Journal 25:0 ► pp. 60 ff.
Kojima, Masumi & Taku Kaneta
2022. Chapter 5. L2 writing and its internal correlates. In Understanding L2 Proficiency [Bilingual Processing and Acquisition, 13], ► pp. 109 ff.
Leńko-Szymańska, Agnieszka & Sandra Götz
2022. Complexity, accuracy and fluency in learner corpus research. In Complexity, Accuracy and Fluency in Learner Corpus Research [Studies in Corpus Linguistics, 104], ► pp. 1 ff.
Li, Jing
2020. A Corpus-Driven and Functional Analysis of the Use of NP-of Phrases in English Thesis Abstracts by Novice and More Advanced Writers. In Asian Research on English for Specific Purposes, ► pp. 165 ff.
Liao, Jianling
2023. What skills are being assessed? Evaluating L2 Chinese essays written by hand and on a computer keyboard. Assessing Writing 57 ► pp. 100765 ff.
Lintunen, Pekka & Mari Mäkilä
2014. Measuring Syntactic Complexity in Spoken and Written Learner Language: Comparing the Incomparable?. Research in Language 12:4 ► pp. 377 ff.
Lintunen, Pekka, Pauliina Peltonen & Joshua Webb
2015. Tone Units as Indicators of L2 Fluency Development: Evidence from Native and Learner English. In Investigating English Pronunciation, ► pp. 196 ff.
Lyashevskaya, Olga, Olga Vinogradova & Anna Scherbakova
2022. Accuracy, syntactic complexity and task type at play in examination writing. In Complexity, Accuracy and Fluency in Learner Corpus Research [Studies in Corpus Linguistics, 104], ► pp. 241 ff.
Mavrou, Irini & María Cecilia Ainciburu
2019. Medidas de longitud en la investigación empírica de
ASL. Revista Española de Lingüística Aplicada/Spanish Journal of Applied Linguistics 32:1 ► pp. 125 ff.
Mavrou, Irini & Javier Chao
2023. What Does Linguistic Distance Predict When It Comes to L2 Writing of Adult Immigrant Learners of Spanish?. Written Communication 40:3 ► pp. 943 ff.
McDonald, Kurtis
2018. Post hoc evaluation of analytic rating scales for improved functioning in the assessment of interactive L2 speaking ability. Language Testing in Asia 8:1
McDonough, Kim & William J. Crawford
2020. Identifying effective writing tasks for use in EFL write-to-learn language contexts. The Language Learning Journal 48:4 ► pp. 469 ff.
Meng, Li & Hongshan Yin
2023. Effects of input enhancement and genre on L2 learners’ performance in the continuation writing task. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications 10:1
Mostafaei Alaei, Mahnaz & Abbas Mansouri
2024. Unraveling the differential effects of task rehearsal and task repetition on L2 task performance: the mediating role of task modality. International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching 0:0
Mueller, Charles M. & Peter Richardson
Márquez, Daniel & Júlia Barón
2021. Effects of task complexity on L2 suggestions. TASK. Journal on Task-Based Language Teaching and Learning 1:2 ► pp. 227 ff.
Mäkilä, Mari
2021. Syntaktisk komplexitet och korrekthet i finska universitetsstudenters skriftliga inlärarsvenska: en jämförelse mellan två färdighetsnivåer. Nordand 16:2 ► pp. 134 ff.
Nerušilová, Terezie
2022. Development of students’ spoken language in an online French course: Presentation of continuing doctoral research. European Journal of Applied Linguistics 10:2 ► pp. 236 ff.
Nuzzo, Elena & Giuseppe Bove
2020. Assessing functional adequacy across tasks: A comparison of learners’ and native speakers’ written texts. EuroAmerican Journal of Applied Linguistics and Languages 7:2 ► pp. 9 ff.
O’Grady, Stefan
2019. The impact of pre-task planning on speaking test performance for English-medium university admission. Language Testing 36:4 ► pp. 505 ff.
PARK, HAE IN, MEGAN SOLON, CARLY HENDERSON & MARZIEH DEHGHAN–CHALESHTORI
2020. The Roles of Working Memory and Oral Language Abilities in Elicited Imitation Performance. The Modern Language Journal 104:1 ► pp. 133 ff.
Parvaresh, Vahid & Mohammad Javad Ahmadian
2016. The impact of task structure on the use of vague expressions by EFL learners. The Language Learning Journal 44:4 ► pp. 436 ff.
Pojslova, Blanka
2021. The effect of two feedback strategies on EFL writing quality from the perspective of syntactic complexity. CASALC Review 11:1 ► pp. 69 ff.
Pultar, Filip
2022. Přesnost v rámci přístupu založeného na úlohách řečového typu: Přehledová studie. In Výzkum v didaktice cizích jazyků V, ► pp. 37 ff.
Pérez-Vidal, Carmen
2015. Practice makes best: contrasting learning contexts, comparing learner progress. International Journal of Multilingualism 12:4 ► pp. 453 ff.
Rahimi, Mohammad
2021. A comparative study of the impact of focused vs. comprehensive corrective feedback and revision on ESL learners’ writing accuracy and quality. Language Teaching Research 25:5 ► pp. 687 ff.
Riemenschneider, Anja, Zarah Weiss, Pauline Schröter & Detmar Meurers
2021. Linguistic complexity in teachers' assessment of German essays in high stakes testing. Assessing Writing 50 ► pp. 100561 ff.
Rosmawati, R.
2014. Dynamic development of complexity and accuracy. Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 37:2 ► pp. 75 ff.
Rosmawati, R.
2020. Chapter 5. Profiling the dynamic changes of syntactic complexity in L2 academic writing. In Complex Dynamic Systems Theory and L2 Writing Development [Language Learning & Language Teaching, 54], ► pp. 109 ff.
Révész, Andrea
2021. Exploring task-based cognitive processes. TASK. Journal on Task-Based Language Teaching and Learning 1:2 ► pp. 266 ff.
Sauer, Luzia
2020. Linguistic and motivational changes of a German adolescent student in New Zealand. Study Abroad Research in Second Language Acquisition and International Education 5:2 ► pp. 175 ff.
Spina, Stefania
2022. The effect of time and dimensions of collocational relationship on phraseological accuracy. In Complexity, Accuracy and Fluency in Learner Corpus Research [Studies in Corpus Linguistics, 104], ► pp. 181 ff.
Tabari, Mahmoud Abdi, Masatoshi Sato & Yizhou Wang
2023. Engagement with written corrective feedback: Examination of feedback types and think-aloud protocol as pedagogical interventions. Language Teaching Research
Torres, Julio
2016. Flipping the classroom. In Advances in Spanish as a Heritage Language [Studies in Bilingualism, 49], ► pp. 299 ff.
Tsehaye, Wintai, Tatiana Pashkova, Rosemarie Tracy & Shanley E. M. Allen
2021. Deconstructing the Native Speaker: Further Evidence From Heritage Speakers for Why This Horse Should Be Dead!. Frontiers in Psychology 12
Uzun, Kutay
2022. Complexity, Accuracy, and Fluency in Second Language Writing. In The TESOL Encyclopedia of English Language Teaching, ► pp. 1 ff.
Wang, Zhan, Peter Skehan & Gaowei Chen
2019. The effects of hybrid online planning and L2 proficiency on video-based speaking task performance. Instructed Second Language Acquisition 3:1 ► pp. 53 ff.
Weiss, Zarah, Kim Lange-Schubert, Barbara Geist & Detmar Meurers
2022. Sprachliche Komplexität im Unterricht. Zeitschrift für germanistische Linguistik 50:1 ► pp. 159 ff.
Weiss, Zarah & Detmar Meurers
2021. Analyzing the linguistic complexity of German learner language in a reading comprehension task. International Journal of Learner Corpus Research 7:1 ► pp. 83 ff.
Williams, Christopher
2023. It’s complicated: The relationship between lexis, syntax and proficiency. Discourse and Interaction 16:2 ► pp. 124 ff.
Wolfaardt, Jacobus Francois & Alex Ho-Cheong Leung
2023. The Impact of Filipina Domestic Workers on Hong Kong Primary School Children’s L2 English Spoken CAF and Reading Accuracy and Fluency. Applied Linguistics
Wu, Shu‐Ling & Lourdes Ortega
2013. Measuring global oral proficiency in SLA research: A new elicited imitation test of L2 Chinese. Foreign Language Annals 46:4 ► pp. 680 ff.
Xu, Zhiqing, Lawrence Jun Zhang & Judy M. Parr
2023. Incorporating peer feedback in writing instruction: examining its effects on Chinese English-as-a-foreign-language (EFL) learners’ writing performance. International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching 61:4 ► pp. 1337 ff.
Yang, Li & Zenan Zhao
2024. Assessing written production in L2 Mandarin Chinese: fluency and accuracy. International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching 0:0
[no author supplied]
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 11 april 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.