219-7677 10 7500817 John Benjamins Publishing Company Marketing Department / Karin Plijnaar, Pieter Lamers onix@benjamins.nl 201611101728 ONIX title feed eng 01 EUR
349015738 03 01 01 JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code AHS 3 Eb 15 9789027268792 06 10.1075/ahs.3 13 2014049601 DG 002 02 01 AHS 02 2214-1057 Advances in Historical Sociolinguistics 3 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Norms and Usage in Language History, 1600–1900</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">A sociolinguistic and comparative perspective</Subtitle> 01 ahs.3 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/ahs.3 1 B01 Gijsbert Rutten Rutten, Gijsbert Gijsbert Rutten Universiteit Leiden 2 B01 Rik Vosters Vosters, Rik Rik Vosters Vrije Universiteit Brussel 3 B01 Wim Vandenbussche Vandenbussche, Wim Wim Vandenbussche Vrije Universiteit Brussel 01 eng 342 viii 334 LAN009000 v.2006 CFF 2 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.HL Historical linguistics 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.HOL History of linguistics 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.SOCIO Sociolinguistics and Dialectology 06 01 Historical sociolinguistics has successfully challenged the traditional focus on standardization in linguistic historiography. Extensive research on newly uncovered textual resources has shown the widespread variation in the written language of the past that was previously hidden or neglected. The time has come to integrate both perspectives, and to reassess the importance of language norms, standardization and prescription on the basis of sound empirical studies of large corpora of texts.<br />The chapters in this volume discuss the interplay of language norms and language use in the history of Dutch, English, French and German between 1600 and 1900. Written by leading experts in the field, each chapter focuses on one language and one century. A substantial introductory chapter puts the twelve research chapters into a comparative perspective.<br />The book is of interest to a wide readership, ranging from scholars of historical linguistics, sociolinguistics, sociology and social history to (advanced) graduate and postgraduate students in courses on language variation and change.<br /> 05 Bringing together leading researchers in each of the respective language fields, the volume unites themes and questions which have coalesced into some of the most fundamental concerns of historical sociolinguistics. [...] The variety of perspectives taken – quantitative and qualitative, focused on large corpora or on just one work or author in particular – means that this will be a valuable volume not only for those working in the four languages covered, but for historical (socio)linguists in general. Anna Tristram, Queen's University Belfast, in Journal of Historical Sociolinguistics Vol. 2.1 (2016) 05 This is a very strong volume that I'll use often and recommend to students and colleagues. The issue of norms deserves this attention and the papers treat that issue in a coherent way for a clearly defined context, in terms of languages and time period. Joseph. C. Salmons, University of Wisconsin – Madison 05 Standardisation is a topic which deserves the in-depth attention given to it in the present, well-constructed volume. Here students and scholars alike will find accurate discussions and pertinent analyses of all issues surrounding norms and usage across several centuries. The volume will serve as a reference work in the field for many years to come. Raymond Hickey, University of Duisburg and Essen 04 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/ahs.3.png 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027200822.jpg 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027200822.tif 06 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/ahs.3.hb.png 07 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/ahs.3.png 25 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/ahs.3.hb.png 27 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/ahs.3.hb.png 10 01 JB code ahs.3.001ack vii viii 2 Article 1 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Acknowledgements</TitleText> 10 01 JB code ahs.3.01rut 1 18 18 Article 2 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">The interplay of language norms and usage patterns. Comparing the history of Dutch, English, French and German</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>The </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">interplay of language norms and usage patterns. Comparing the history of Dutch, English, French and German</TitleWithoutPrefix> 1 A01 Gijsbert Rutten Rutten, Gijsbert Gijsbert Rutten 2 A01 Rik Vosters Vosters, Rik Rik Vosters 3 A01 Wim Vandenbussche Vandenbussche, Wim Wim Vandenbussche 10 01 JB code ahs.3.s1 Section header 3 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Dutch</TitleText> 10 01 JB code ahs.3.02nob 21 48 28 Article 4 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Language norms and language use in seventeenth-century Dutch</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Negation and the genitive</Subtitle> 1 A01 Judith Nobels Nobels, Judith Judith Nobels 2 A01 Gijsbert Rutten Rutten, Gijsbert Gijsbert Rutten 01 The chapter discusses language norms and language use in the Northern Netherlands in the seventeenth century. The seventeenth century is traditionally considered a crucial stage in the development of the Dutch standard variety. Nevertheless, the influence of normative publications on language use has hardly been investigated. On the basis of a large and socially stratified corpus of seventeenth-century private letters, the chapter provides a detailed account of the possible influence of codified norms on actual language use, focusing on two features with presumably high awareness, viz. negation and the genitive case. The chapter concludes that there is only limited evidence that language users adhered to prescriptive norms. 10 01 JB code ahs.3.03sim 49 72 24 Article 5 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Language norms and language use in eighteenth-century Dutch</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Final <i>n</i> and the genitive</Subtitle> 1 A01 Tanja Simons Simons, Tanja Tanja Simons 2 A01 Gijsbert Rutten Rutten, Gijsbert Gijsbert Rutten 01 The chapter discusses language norms and language use in the Northern Netherlands in the eighteenth century. The eighteenth century is traditionally considered a period of consolidation, i.e. of ongoing codification of the seventeenth-century standard variety. So far, the influence of eighteenth-century normative publications on language use has hardly been investigated. On the basis of a large and socially stratified corpus of eighteenth-century private letters, the chapter provides a detailed account of the possible influence of codified norms on actual language use, focusing on two features with presumably high awareness, viz. final <i>n</i> and the genitive case. The chapter concludes that there is only limited evidence that language users adhered to prescriptive norms. 10 01 JB code ahs.3.04vos 73 100 28 Article 6 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Norms and usage in nineteenth-century Southern Dutch</TitleText> 1 A01 Rik Vosters Vosters, Rik Rik Vosters 2 A01 Els Belsack Belsack, Els Els Belsack 3 A01 Jill Puttaert Puttaert, Jill Jill Puttaert 4 A01 Wim Vandenbussche Vandenbussche, Wim Wim Vandenbussche 01 This chapter discusses norms and usage in 19th-century Southern Dutch. After a brief sociohistorical sketch, we provide an overview of the Southern normative tradition, discussing its roots in the 18th century and its further development in the early 19th century. Next, we introduce three case studies: the spelling of /a:/ in closed syllables, the spelling of <i>t</i>-suffixed present indicative endings in <i>d</i>-stem verbs, and the representation of lengthened Wgm. <i>&#277;</i> before a consonant cluster with <i>-r</i>. For each of these features, we investigate the way they are dealt with in normative publications, as well as exploring their frequency in a manuscript corpus. Finally, we discuss two possible scenarios concerning a link between norms and usage, applying both scenarios to the features under discussion. 10 01 JB code ahs.3.s2 Section header 7 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">English</TitleText> 10 01 JB code ahs.3.05nev 103 128 26 Article 8 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Norms and usage in seventeenth-century English</TitleText> 1 A01 Terttu Nevalainen Nevalainen, Terttu Terttu Nevalainen 01 In the course of the seventeenth century English spelling became largely fixed in print, and technical and borrowed lexis continued to be codified in dictionaries. Although proposals for &#8216;improving&#8217; the English language appeared towards the end of the century, contemporary grammar books did not prescribe usage. This chapter discusses these diverse processes, relating them to their advocates and comparing emergent norms with the information that we have on the changing patterns of actual usage. The chapter draws on the framework of language policy proposed by Spolsky (2012) in distinguishing between actual usage, language attitudes and language management. It illustrates how usage can give rise to value-laden norms, which may be imposed on language users through various channels and with varying success. 10 01 JB code ahs.3.06tie 129 150 22 Article 9 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Eighteenth-century English normative grammars and their readers</TitleText> 1 A01 Ingrid Tieken-Boon van Ostade Tieken-Boon van Ostade, Ingrid Ingrid Tieken-Boon van Ostade 01 Who were the readers of eighteenth-century normative English grammars&#63; Because one grammar from the end of the century uniquely includes an elaborate list of subscribers, the work&#8217;s readership can be analysed. People who subscribed to Richard Postlethwaite&#8217;s <i>Grammatical Art Improved</i> (1795) comprised booksellers, teachers, clergymen and relatives, but also members from the rising middle classes. By this time, normative grammars were evidently important to the socially ambitious. Being largely based on Robert Lowth&#8217;s <i>Short Introduction to English Grammar</i> (1762) and further anticipating the rise of the usage guide, the book was highly ambitious in content and approach, but ultimately failed to be successful because its publication coincided with Lindley Murray&#8217;s phenomenally popular <i>English Grammar</i>, also published in 1795. 10 01 JB code ahs.3.07aue 151 170 20 Article 10 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Nineteenth-century English</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Norms and usage</Subtitle> 1 A01 Anita Auer Auer, Anita Anita Auer 01 This paper focuses on language variation and change in nineteenth-century England. The first part of the paper is concerned with grammar writing and the influence that grammatical norms may have had on the English language. The second part of the paper takes a closer look at actual language usage. Throughout the paper particular attention is paid to language history &#8216;from below&#8217;, i.e. the linguistic situation of the lower social orders. For instance, the paper confirms, based on empirical data, that <i>you was</i>, a stigmatised feature in prescriptive grammars, was the dominant form in lower-class language usage. All in all, the paper also tries to show that nineteenth-century English still deserves a lot more scholarly attention. 10 01 JB code ahs.3.s3 Section header 11 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">French</TitleText> 10 01 JB code ahs.3.08ayr 173 200 28 Article 12 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">From <i>l&#8217;usage</i> to <i>le bon usage</i> and back</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Norms and usage in seventeenth-century France</Subtitle> 1 A01 Wendy Ayres-Bennett Ayres-Bennett, Wendy Wendy Ayres-Bennett 01 This paper examines the extent to which the characterisation of seventeenth-century France as the archetypal period of prescriptivism and rigid codification is justified. The major normative texts are presented, as are the sources currently available for comparing their pronouncements with contemporary usage. Whilst the problem of finding sources which approximate to more spoken and informal usages is particularly acute in a period of standardisation, the creation of large-scale and more specialised corpora is leading to a re-evaluation of seventeenth-century French metalinguistic texts. The final section considers whether there is any evidence that normative comments had an impact on usage. In the case of the remarqueurs, we find that whilst some of their pronouncements are prescriptive, others accurately reflect changing usage. 10 01 JB code ahs.3.09lod 201 222 22 Article 13 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Jacques-Louis M&#233;n&#233;tra and his experience of the <i>langue d&#8217;oc</i></TitleText> 1 A01 R. Anthony Lodge Lodge, R. Anthony R. Anthony Lodge 01 The <i>M&#233;moires</i> of an autodidact Parisian glazier, Jacques-Louis M&#233;n&#233;tra, contain valuable data for linguists reconstructing vernacular speech in eighteenth-century France. As a young man, M&#233;n&#233;tra spent several years travelling about the Occitan-speaking south. What was his experience of the <i>langue d&#8217;oc</i>&#63; Upper-class Parisian travellers saw the south as, linguistically speaking, a foreign country, but M&#233;n&#233;tra encountered no linguistic difficulties whatsoever. Why&#63; Part of the answer may lie in the progress of standardisation, but the essential factor is probably one of language attitudes: M&#233;n&#233;tra&#8217;s tolerance of language variation and his capacity for linguistic accommodation reflect age-old attitudes to vernacular speech which were very distant from the new ideology of standardisation developing among the metropolitan elites. 10 01 JB code ahs.3.10mar 223 248 26 Article 14 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">From local to supra-local</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Hybridity in French written documents from the nineteenth century</Subtitle> 1 A01 France Martineau Martineau, France France Martineau 2 A01 Sandrine Tailleur Tailleur, Sandrine Sandrine Tailleur 01 This article discusses the &#8216;hybrid&#8217; writing practices of two socially distinct (groups of) writers from nineteenth century French Canada; we specifically focus on their acceptance of (supra-)local language norms. We argue that the writers from the well-known bourgeois Papineau family progressively distanced themselves from a local norm (and moved towards a supra-local norm instead) over a time span of four generations. A semi-literate writer (<i>peu-lettr&#233;</i>)<i>, </i>on the other hand, used writing practices as an object of social belonging, while at the same time his lack of control over the medium prevented him from getting full access to a supra-local norm. It appears, then, that the socially and geographically mobile writers (like the Papineau family) lead the way and that (access to) social networks was intrinsically related to literacy and access to supra-local norms. 10 01 JB code ahs.3.s4 Section header 15 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">German</TitleText> 10 01 JB code ahs.3.11lel 251 276 26 Article 16 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Language description, prescription and usage in seventeenth-century German</TitleText> 1 A01 Nicola McLelland McLelland, Nicola Nicola McLelland 01 This chapter examines the relationship between language prescription and language use in seventeenth-century German, reporting on a corpus investigation of the influence (or otherwise) of the leading grammarian Justus Georg Schottelius (1612&#8211;1676) on language usage. Drawing on a variety of corpora &#8211; a specially compiled corpus of writings by so-called <i>Sprachhelden</i> and <i>Sprachverderber</i> (cf. Jones 2000), the Bonn Early New High German corpus and the newly available GerManC corpus &#8211; the study finds only very limited, but still noteworthy, evidence of influence, including possible evidence of diffusion first to elite writers, then to wider usage. 10 01 JB code ahs.3.12lan 277 302 26 Article 17 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Standard German in the eighteenth century</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Norms and use</Subtitle> 1 A01 Nils Langer Langer, Nils Nils Langer 01 This chapter presents an account of the German standard language in the eighteenth century by discussing the problems of finding spoken- and non-standard language phenomena during a century when virtually all texts were written in the prestige variety. It identifies a number of grammatical changes attested for the standard language and compares the findings with the history of five variants stigmatized as poor or bad German during this century. Such stigmatized variants are hardly attested in the printed language but can be found in informal and private writing from the period. This demonstrates how the corpus of printed text customarily used in the language historiography of eighteenth-century does not account for the true extent of language use in this period. 10 01 JB code ahs.3.13els 303 320 18 Article 18 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Prescriptive norms and norms of usage in nineteenth-century German</TitleText> 1 A01 Stephan Elspass Elspass, Stephan Stephan Elspass 01 The nineteenth century has attracted considerable interest in German historical (socio)linguistics over the last twenty-five years, as it is considered to be the century in which the &#8216;roots&#8217; of present-day German can be found. A great deal of the research literature has been devoted to the rise of standard German. Little attention has been paid to the relationship between norms and usage. In order to gain an understanding of their complex relationship, this chapter will first look at socio-historical developments and language ideologies which can be seen as crucial for the external language history of nineteenth-century German. It will then discuss different models of standardization, shaped by different ideologies and notions of &#8216;standard language&#8217;. Next, an overview will be given of the main prescriptive works and the most important text sources and corpora for research on the language use of this period. This relationship will be illustrated with a few examples from grammar, followed by the conclusions. 10 01 JB code ahs.3.14ind 321 334 14 Article 19 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Index</TitleText> 02 JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam/Philadelphia NL 04 20141219 2014 John Benjamins B.V. 02 WORLD 13 15 9789027200822 01 JB 3 John Benjamins e-Platform 03 jbe-platform.com 09 WORLD 21 01 00 99.00 EUR R 01 00 83.00 GBP Z 01 gen 00 149.00 USD S 175015737 03 01 01 JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code AHS 3 Hb 15 9789027200822 13 2014049109 BB 01 AHS 02 2214-1057 Advances in Historical Sociolinguistics 3 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Norms and Usage in Language History, 1600–1900</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">A sociolinguistic and comparative perspective</Subtitle> 01 ahs.3 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/ahs.3 1 B01 Gijsbert Rutten Rutten, Gijsbert Gijsbert Rutten Universiteit Leiden 2 B01 Rik Vosters Vosters, Rik Rik Vosters Vrije Universiteit Brussel 3 B01 Wim Vandenbussche Vandenbussche, Wim Wim Vandenbussche Vrije Universiteit Brussel 01 eng 342 viii 334 LAN009000 v.2006 CFF 2 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.HL Historical linguistics 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.HOL History of linguistics 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.SOCIO Sociolinguistics and Dialectology 06 01 Historical sociolinguistics has successfully challenged the traditional focus on standardization in linguistic historiography. Extensive research on newly uncovered textual resources has shown the widespread variation in the written language of the past that was previously hidden or neglected. The time has come to integrate both perspectives, and to reassess the importance of language norms, standardization and prescription on the basis of sound empirical studies of large corpora of texts.<br />The chapters in this volume discuss the interplay of language norms and language use in the history of Dutch, English, French and German between 1600 and 1900. Written by leading experts in the field, each chapter focuses on one language and one century. A substantial introductory chapter puts the twelve research chapters into a comparative perspective.<br />The book is of interest to a wide readership, ranging from scholars of historical linguistics, sociolinguistics, sociology and social history to (advanced) graduate and postgraduate students in courses on language variation and change.<br /> 05 Bringing together leading researchers in each of the respective language fields, the volume unites themes and questions which have coalesced into some of the most fundamental concerns of historical sociolinguistics. [...] The variety of perspectives taken – quantitative and qualitative, focused on large corpora or on just one work or author in particular – means that this will be a valuable volume not only for those working in the four languages covered, but for historical (socio)linguists in general. Anna Tristram, Queen's University Belfast, in Journal of Historical Sociolinguistics Vol. 2.1 (2016) 05 This is a very strong volume that I'll use often and recommend to students and colleagues. The issue of norms deserves this attention and the papers treat that issue in a coherent way for a clearly defined context, in terms of languages and time period. Joseph. C. Salmons, University of Wisconsin – Madison 05 Standardisation is a topic which deserves the in-depth attention given to it in the present, well-constructed volume. Here students and scholars alike will find accurate discussions and pertinent analyses of all issues surrounding norms and usage across several centuries. The volume will serve as a reference work in the field for many years to come. Raymond Hickey, University of Duisburg and Essen 04 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/ahs.3.png 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027200822.jpg 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027200822.tif 06 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/ahs.3.hb.png 07 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/ahs.3.png 25 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/ahs.3.hb.png 27 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/ahs.3.hb.png 10 01 JB code ahs.3.001ack vii viii 2 Article 1 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Acknowledgements</TitleText> 10 01 JB code ahs.3.01rut 1 18 18 Article 2 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">The interplay of language norms and usage patterns. Comparing the history of Dutch, English, French and German</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>The </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">interplay of language norms and usage patterns. Comparing the history of Dutch, English, French and German</TitleWithoutPrefix> 1 A01 Gijsbert Rutten Rutten, Gijsbert Gijsbert Rutten 2 A01 Rik Vosters Vosters, Rik Rik Vosters 3 A01 Wim Vandenbussche Vandenbussche, Wim Wim Vandenbussche 10 01 JB code ahs.3.s1 Section header 3 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Dutch</TitleText> 10 01 JB code ahs.3.02nob 21 48 28 Article 4 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Language norms and language use in seventeenth-century Dutch</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Negation and the genitive</Subtitle> 1 A01 Judith Nobels Nobels, Judith Judith Nobels 2 A01 Gijsbert Rutten Rutten, Gijsbert Gijsbert Rutten 01 The chapter discusses language norms and language use in the Northern Netherlands in the seventeenth century. The seventeenth century is traditionally considered a crucial stage in the development of the Dutch standard variety. Nevertheless, the influence of normative publications on language use has hardly been investigated. On the basis of a large and socially stratified corpus of seventeenth-century private letters, the chapter provides a detailed account of the possible influence of codified norms on actual language use, focusing on two features with presumably high awareness, viz. negation and the genitive case. The chapter concludes that there is only limited evidence that language users adhered to prescriptive norms. 10 01 JB code ahs.3.03sim 49 72 24 Article 5 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Language norms and language use in eighteenth-century Dutch</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Final <i>n</i> and the genitive</Subtitle> 1 A01 Tanja Simons Simons, Tanja Tanja Simons 2 A01 Gijsbert Rutten Rutten, Gijsbert Gijsbert Rutten 01 The chapter discusses language norms and language use in the Northern Netherlands in the eighteenth century. The eighteenth century is traditionally considered a period of consolidation, i.e. of ongoing codification of the seventeenth-century standard variety. So far, the influence of eighteenth-century normative publications on language use has hardly been investigated. On the basis of a large and socially stratified corpus of eighteenth-century private letters, the chapter provides a detailed account of the possible influence of codified norms on actual language use, focusing on two features with presumably high awareness, viz. final <i>n</i> and the genitive case. The chapter concludes that there is only limited evidence that language users adhered to prescriptive norms. 10 01 JB code ahs.3.04vos 73 100 28 Article 6 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Norms and usage in nineteenth-century Southern Dutch</TitleText> 1 A01 Rik Vosters Vosters, Rik Rik Vosters 2 A01 Els Belsack Belsack, Els Els Belsack 3 A01 Jill Puttaert Puttaert, Jill Jill Puttaert 4 A01 Wim Vandenbussche Vandenbussche, Wim Wim Vandenbussche 01 This chapter discusses norms and usage in 19th-century Southern Dutch. After a brief sociohistorical sketch, we provide an overview of the Southern normative tradition, discussing its roots in the 18th century and its further development in the early 19th century. Next, we introduce three case studies: the spelling of /a:/ in closed syllables, the spelling of <i>t</i>-suffixed present indicative endings in <i>d</i>-stem verbs, and the representation of lengthened Wgm. <i>&#277;</i> before a consonant cluster with <i>-r</i>. For each of these features, we investigate the way they are dealt with in normative publications, as well as exploring their frequency in a manuscript corpus. Finally, we discuss two possible scenarios concerning a link between norms and usage, applying both scenarios to the features under discussion. 10 01 JB code ahs.3.s2 Section header 7 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">English</TitleText> 10 01 JB code ahs.3.05nev 103 128 26 Article 8 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Norms and usage in seventeenth-century English</TitleText> 1 A01 Terttu Nevalainen Nevalainen, Terttu Terttu Nevalainen 01 In the course of the seventeenth century English spelling became largely fixed in print, and technical and borrowed lexis continued to be codified in dictionaries. Although proposals for &#8216;improving&#8217; the English language appeared towards the end of the century, contemporary grammar books did not prescribe usage. This chapter discusses these diverse processes, relating them to their advocates and comparing emergent norms with the information that we have on the changing patterns of actual usage. The chapter draws on the framework of language policy proposed by Spolsky (2012) in distinguishing between actual usage, language attitudes and language management. It illustrates how usage can give rise to value-laden norms, which may be imposed on language users through various channels and with varying success. 10 01 JB code ahs.3.06tie 129 150 22 Article 9 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Eighteenth-century English normative grammars and their readers</TitleText> 1 A01 Ingrid Tieken-Boon van Ostade Tieken-Boon van Ostade, Ingrid Ingrid Tieken-Boon van Ostade 01 Who were the readers of eighteenth-century normative English grammars&#63; Because one grammar from the end of the century uniquely includes an elaborate list of subscribers, the work&#8217;s readership can be analysed. People who subscribed to Richard Postlethwaite&#8217;s <i>Grammatical Art Improved</i> (1795) comprised booksellers, teachers, clergymen and relatives, but also members from the rising middle classes. By this time, normative grammars were evidently important to the socially ambitious. Being largely based on Robert Lowth&#8217;s <i>Short Introduction to English Grammar</i> (1762) and further anticipating the rise of the usage guide, the book was highly ambitious in content and approach, but ultimately failed to be successful because its publication coincided with Lindley Murray&#8217;s phenomenally popular <i>English Grammar</i>, also published in 1795. 10 01 JB code ahs.3.07aue 151 170 20 Article 10 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Nineteenth-century English</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Norms and usage</Subtitle> 1 A01 Anita Auer Auer, Anita Anita Auer 01 This paper focuses on language variation and change in nineteenth-century England. The first part of the paper is concerned with grammar writing and the influence that grammatical norms may have had on the English language. The second part of the paper takes a closer look at actual language usage. Throughout the paper particular attention is paid to language history &#8216;from below&#8217;, i.e. the linguistic situation of the lower social orders. For instance, the paper confirms, based on empirical data, that <i>you was</i>, a stigmatised feature in prescriptive grammars, was the dominant form in lower-class language usage. All in all, the paper also tries to show that nineteenth-century English still deserves a lot more scholarly attention. 10 01 JB code ahs.3.s3 Section header 11 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">French</TitleText> 10 01 JB code ahs.3.08ayr 173 200 28 Article 12 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">From <i>l&#8217;usage</i> to <i>le bon usage</i> and back</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Norms and usage in seventeenth-century France</Subtitle> 1 A01 Wendy Ayres-Bennett Ayres-Bennett, Wendy Wendy Ayres-Bennett 01 This paper examines the extent to which the characterisation of seventeenth-century France as the archetypal period of prescriptivism and rigid codification is justified. The major normative texts are presented, as are the sources currently available for comparing their pronouncements with contemporary usage. Whilst the problem of finding sources which approximate to more spoken and informal usages is particularly acute in a period of standardisation, the creation of large-scale and more specialised corpora is leading to a re-evaluation of seventeenth-century French metalinguistic texts. The final section considers whether there is any evidence that normative comments had an impact on usage. In the case of the remarqueurs, we find that whilst some of their pronouncements are prescriptive, others accurately reflect changing usage. 10 01 JB code ahs.3.09lod 201 222 22 Article 13 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Jacques-Louis M&#233;n&#233;tra and his experience of the <i>langue d&#8217;oc</i></TitleText> 1 A01 R. Anthony Lodge Lodge, R. Anthony R. Anthony Lodge 01 The <i>M&#233;moires</i> of an autodidact Parisian glazier, Jacques-Louis M&#233;n&#233;tra, contain valuable data for linguists reconstructing vernacular speech in eighteenth-century France. As a young man, M&#233;n&#233;tra spent several years travelling about the Occitan-speaking south. What was his experience of the <i>langue d&#8217;oc</i>&#63; Upper-class Parisian travellers saw the south as, linguistically speaking, a foreign country, but M&#233;n&#233;tra encountered no linguistic difficulties whatsoever. Why&#63; Part of the answer may lie in the progress of standardisation, but the essential factor is probably one of language attitudes: M&#233;n&#233;tra&#8217;s tolerance of language variation and his capacity for linguistic accommodation reflect age-old attitudes to vernacular speech which were very distant from the new ideology of standardisation developing among the metropolitan elites. 10 01 JB code ahs.3.10mar 223 248 26 Article 14 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">From local to supra-local</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Hybridity in French written documents from the nineteenth century</Subtitle> 1 A01 France Martineau Martineau, France France Martineau 2 A01 Sandrine Tailleur Tailleur, Sandrine Sandrine Tailleur 01 This article discusses the &#8216;hybrid&#8217; writing practices of two socially distinct (groups of) writers from nineteenth century French Canada; we specifically focus on their acceptance of (supra-)local language norms. We argue that the writers from the well-known bourgeois Papineau family progressively distanced themselves from a local norm (and moved towards a supra-local norm instead) over a time span of four generations. A semi-literate writer (<i>peu-lettr&#233;</i>)<i>, </i>on the other hand, used writing practices as an object of social belonging, while at the same time his lack of control over the medium prevented him from getting full access to a supra-local norm. It appears, then, that the socially and geographically mobile writers (like the Papineau family) lead the way and that (access to) social networks was intrinsically related to literacy and access to supra-local norms. 10 01 JB code ahs.3.s4 Section header 15 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">German</TitleText> 10 01 JB code ahs.3.11lel 251 276 26 Article 16 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Language description, prescription and usage in seventeenth-century German</TitleText> 1 A01 Nicola McLelland McLelland, Nicola Nicola McLelland 01 This chapter examines the relationship between language prescription and language use in seventeenth-century German, reporting on a corpus investigation of the influence (or otherwise) of the leading grammarian Justus Georg Schottelius (1612&#8211;1676) on language usage. Drawing on a variety of corpora &#8211; a specially compiled corpus of writings by so-called <i>Sprachhelden</i> and <i>Sprachverderber</i> (cf. Jones 2000), the Bonn Early New High German corpus and the newly available GerManC corpus &#8211; the study finds only very limited, but still noteworthy, evidence of influence, including possible evidence of diffusion first to elite writers, then to wider usage. 10 01 JB code ahs.3.12lan 277 302 26 Article 17 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Standard German in the eighteenth century</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Norms and use</Subtitle> 1 A01 Nils Langer Langer, Nils Nils Langer 01 This chapter presents an account of the German standard language in the eighteenth century by discussing the problems of finding spoken- and non-standard language phenomena during a century when virtually all texts were written in the prestige variety. It identifies a number of grammatical changes attested for the standard language and compares the findings with the history of five variants stigmatized as poor or bad German during this century. Such stigmatized variants are hardly attested in the printed language but can be found in informal and private writing from the period. This demonstrates how the corpus of printed text customarily used in the language historiography of eighteenth-century does not account for the true extent of language use in this period. 10 01 JB code ahs.3.13els 303 320 18 Article 18 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Prescriptive norms and norms of usage in nineteenth-century German</TitleText> 1 A01 Stephan Elspass Elspass, Stephan Stephan Elspass 01 The nineteenth century has attracted considerable interest in German historical (socio)linguistics over the last twenty-five years, as it is considered to be the century in which the &#8216;roots&#8217; of present-day German can be found. A great deal of the research literature has been devoted to the rise of standard German. Little attention has been paid to the relationship between norms and usage. In order to gain an understanding of their complex relationship, this chapter will first look at socio-historical developments and language ideologies which can be seen as crucial for the external language history of nineteenth-century German. It will then discuss different models of standardization, shaped by different ideologies and notions of &#8216;standard language&#8217;. Next, an overview will be given of the main prescriptive works and the most important text sources and corpora for research on the language use of this period. This relationship will be illustrated with a few examples from grammar, followed by the conclusions. 10 01 JB code ahs.3.14ind 321 334 14 Article 19 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Index</TitleText> 02 JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam/Philadelphia NL 04 20141219 2014 John Benjamins B.V. 02 WORLD 08 750 gr 01 JB 1 John Benjamins Publishing Company +31 20 6304747 +31 20 6739773 bookorder@benjamins.nl 01 https://benjamins.com 01 WORLD US CA MX 21 7 01 02 JB 1 00 99.00 EUR R 02 02 JB 1 00 104.94 EUR R 01 JB 10 bebc +44 1202 712 934 +44 1202 712 913 sales@bebc.co.uk 03 GB 21 02 02 JB 1 00 83.00 GBP Z 01 JB 2 John Benjamins North America +1 800 562-5666 +1 703 661-1501 benjamins@presswarehouse.com 01 https://benjamins.com 01 US CA MX 21 01 gen 02 JB 1 00 149.00 USD