219-7677
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John Benjamins Publishing Company
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201611101728
ONIX title feed
eng
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EUR
349015738
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John Benjamins Publishing Company
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9789027268792
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AHS
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Advances in Historical Sociolinguistics
3
01
Norms and Usage in Language History, 1600–1900
A sociolinguistic and comparative perspective
01
ahs.3
01
https://benjamins.com
02
https://benjamins.com/catalog/ahs.3
1
B01
Gijsbert Rutten
Rutten, Gijsbert
Gijsbert
Rutten
Universiteit Leiden
2
B01
Rik Vosters
Vosters, Rik
Rik
Vosters
Vrije Universiteit Brussel
3
B01
Wim Vandenbussche
Vandenbussche, Wim
Wim
Vandenbussche
Vrije Universiteit Brussel
01
eng
342
viii
334
LAN009000
v.2006
CFF
2
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.HL
Historical linguistics
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.HOL
History of linguistics
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.SOCIO
Sociolinguistics and Dialectology
06
01
Historical sociolinguistics has successfully challenged the traditional focus on standardization in linguistic historiography. Extensive research on newly uncovered textual resources has shown the widespread variation in the written language of the past that was previously hidden or neglected. The time has come to integrate both perspectives, and to reassess the importance of language norms, standardization and prescription on the basis of sound empirical studies of large corpora of texts.<br />The chapters in this volume discuss the interplay of language norms and language use in the history of Dutch, English, French and German between 1600 and 1900. Written by leading experts in the field, each chapter focuses on one language and one century. A substantial introductory chapter puts the twelve research chapters into a comparative perspective.<br />The book is of interest to a wide readership, ranging from scholars of historical linguistics, sociolinguistics, sociology and social history to (advanced) graduate and postgraduate students in courses on language variation and change.<br />
05
Bringing together leading researchers in each of the respective language fields, the volume unites themes and questions which have coalesced into some of the most fundamental concerns of historical sociolinguistics. [...] The variety of perspectives taken – quantitative and qualitative, focused on large corpora or on just one work or author in particular – means that this will be a valuable volume not only for those working in the four languages covered, but for historical (socio)linguists in general.
Anna Tristram, Queen's University Belfast, in Journal of Historical Sociolinguistics Vol. 2.1 (2016)
05
This is a very strong volume that I'll use often and recommend to students and colleagues. The issue of norms deserves this attention and the papers treat that issue in a coherent way for a clearly defined context, in terms of languages and time period.
Joseph. C. Salmons, University of Wisconsin – Madison
05
Standardisation is a topic which deserves the in-depth attention given to it in the present, well-constructed volume. Here students and scholars alike will find accurate discussions and pertinent analyses of all issues surrounding norms and usage across several centuries. The volume will serve as a reference work in the field for many years to come.
Raymond Hickey, University of Duisburg and Essen
04
09
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Acknowledgements
10
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JB code
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18
18
Article
2
01
The interplay of language norms and usage patterns. Comparing the history of Dutch, English, French and German
The
interplay of language norms and usage patterns. Comparing the history of Dutch, English, French and German
1
A01
Gijsbert Rutten
Rutten, Gijsbert
Gijsbert
Rutten
2
A01
Rik Vosters
Vosters, Rik
Rik
Vosters
3
A01
Wim Vandenbussche
Vandenbussche, Wim
Wim
Vandenbussche
10
01
JB code
ahs.3.s1
Section header
3
01
Dutch
10
01
JB code
ahs.3.02nob
21
48
28
Article
4
01
Language norms and language use in seventeenth-century Dutch
Negation and the genitive
1
A01
Judith Nobels
Nobels, Judith
Judith
Nobels
2
A01
Gijsbert Rutten
Rutten, Gijsbert
Gijsbert
Rutten
01
The chapter discusses language norms and language use in the Northern Netherlands in the seventeenth century. The seventeenth century is traditionally considered a crucial stage in the development of the Dutch standard variety. Nevertheless, the influence of normative publications on language use has hardly been investigated. On the basis of a large and socially stratified corpus of seventeenth-century private letters, the chapter provides a detailed account of the possible influence of codified norms on actual language use, focusing on two features with presumably high awareness, viz. negation and the genitive case. The chapter concludes that there is only limited evidence that language users adhered to prescriptive norms.
10
01
JB code
ahs.3.03sim
49
72
24
Article
5
01
Language norms and language use in eighteenth-century Dutch
Final <i>n</i> and the genitive
1
A01
Tanja Simons
Simons, Tanja
Tanja
Simons
2
A01
Gijsbert Rutten
Rutten, Gijsbert
Gijsbert
Rutten
01
The chapter discusses language norms and language use in the Northern Netherlands in the eighteenth century. The eighteenth century is traditionally considered a period of consolidation, i.e. of ongoing codification of the seventeenth-century standard variety. So far, the influence of eighteenth-century normative publications on language use has hardly been investigated. On the basis of a large and socially stratified corpus of eighteenth-century private letters, the chapter provides a detailed account of the possible influence of codified norms on actual language use, focusing on two features with presumably high awareness, viz. final <i>n</i> and the genitive case. The chapter concludes that there is only limited evidence that language users adhered to prescriptive norms.
10
01
JB code
ahs.3.04vos
73
100
28
Article
6
01
Norms and usage in nineteenth-century Southern Dutch
1
A01
Rik Vosters
Vosters, Rik
Rik
Vosters
2
A01
Els Belsack
Belsack, Els
Els
Belsack
3
A01
Jill Puttaert
Puttaert, Jill
Jill
Puttaert
4
A01
Wim Vandenbussche
Vandenbussche, Wim
Wim
Vandenbussche
01
This chapter discusses norms and usage in 19th-century Southern Dutch. After a brief sociohistorical sketch, we provide an overview of the Southern normative tradition, discussing its roots in the 18th century and its further development in the early 19th century. Next, we introduce three case studies: the spelling of /a:/ in closed syllables, the spelling of <i>t</i>-suffixed present indicative endings in <i>d</i>-stem verbs, and the representation of lengthened Wgm. <i>ĕ</i> before a consonant cluster with <i>-r</i>. For each of these features, we investigate the way they are dealt with in normative publications, as well as exploring their frequency in a manuscript corpus. Finally, we discuss two possible scenarios concerning a link between norms and usage, applying both scenarios to the features under discussion.
10
01
JB code
ahs.3.s2
Section header
7
01
English
10
01
JB code
ahs.3.05nev
103
128
26
Article
8
01
Norms and usage in seventeenth-century English
1
A01
Terttu Nevalainen
Nevalainen, Terttu
Terttu
Nevalainen
01
In the course of the seventeenth century English spelling became largely fixed in print, and technical and borrowed lexis continued to be codified in dictionaries. Although proposals for ‘improving’ the English language appeared towards the end of the century, contemporary grammar books did not prescribe usage. This chapter discusses these diverse processes, relating them to their advocates and comparing emergent norms with the information that we have on the changing patterns of actual usage. The chapter draws on the framework of language policy proposed by Spolsky (2012) in distinguishing between actual usage, language attitudes and language management. It illustrates how usage can give rise to value-laden norms, which may be imposed on language users through various channels and with varying success.
10
01
JB code
ahs.3.06tie
129
150
22
Article
9
01
Eighteenth-century English normative grammars and their readers
1
A01
Ingrid Tieken-Boon van Ostade
Tieken-Boon van Ostade, Ingrid
Ingrid
Tieken-Boon van Ostade
01
Who were the readers of eighteenth-century normative English grammars? Because one grammar from the end of the century uniquely includes an elaborate list of subscribers, the work’s readership can be analysed. People who subscribed to Richard Postlethwaite’s <i>Grammatical Art Improved</i> (1795) comprised booksellers, teachers, clergymen and relatives, but also members from the rising middle classes. By this time, normative grammars were evidently important to the socially ambitious. Being largely based on Robert Lowth’s <i>Short Introduction to English Grammar</i> (1762) and further anticipating the rise of the usage guide, the book was highly ambitious in content and approach, but ultimately failed to be successful because its publication coincided with Lindley Murray’s phenomenally popular <i>English Grammar</i>, also published in 1795.
10
01
JB code
ahs.3.07aue
151
170
20
Article
10
01
Nineteenth-century English
Norms and usage
1
A01
Anita Auer
Auer, Anita
Anita
Auer
01
This paper focuses on language variation and change in nineteenth-century England. The first part of the paper is concerned with grammar writing and the influence that grammatical norms may have had on the English language. The second part of the paper takes a closer look at actual language usage. Throughout the paper particular attention is paid to language history ‘from below’, i.e. the linguistic situation of the lower social orders. For instance, the paper confirms, based on empirical data, that <i>you was</i>, a stigmatised feature in prescriptive grammars, was the dominant form in lower-class language usage. All in all, the paper also tries to show that nineteenth-century English still deserves a lot more scholarly attention.
10
01
JB code
ahs.3.s3
Section header
11
01
French
10
01
JB code
ahs.3.08ayr
173
200
28
Article
12
01
From <i>l’usage</i> to <i>le bon usage</i> and back
Norms and usage in seventeenth-century France
1
A01
Wendy Ayres-Bennett
Ayres-Bennett, Wendy
Wendy
Ayres-Bennett
01
This paper examines the extent to which the characterisation of seventeenth-century France as the archetypal period of prescriptivism and rigid codification is justified. The major normative texts are presented, as are the sources currently available for comparing their pronouncements with contemporary usage. Whilst the problem of finding sources which approximate to more spoken and informal usages is particularly acute in a period of standardisation, the creation of large-scale and more specialised corpora is leading to a re-evaluation of seventeenth-century French metalinguistic texts. The final section considers whether there is any evidence that normative comments had an impact on usage. In the case of the remarqueurs, we find that whilst some of their pronouncements are prescriptive, others accurately reflect changing usage.
10
01
JB code
ahs.3.09lod
201
222
22
Article
13
01
Jacques-Louis Ménétra and his experience of the <i>langue d’oc</i>
1
A01
R. Anthony Lodge
Lodge, R. Anthony
R. Anthony
Lodge
01
The <i>Mémoires</i> of an autodidact Parisian glazier, Jacques-Louis Ménétra, contain valuable data for linguists reconstructing vernacular speech in eighteenth-century France. As a young man, Ménétra spent several years travelling about the Occitan-speaking south. What was his experience of the <i>langue d’oc</i>? Upper-class Parisian travellers saw the south as, linguistically speaking, a foreign country, but Ménétra encountered no linguistic difficulties whatsoever. Why? Part of the answer may lie in the progress of standardisation, but the essential factor is probably one of language attitudes: Ménétra’s tolerance of language variation and his capacity for linguistic accommodation reflect age-old attitudes to vernacular speech which were very distant from the new ideology of standardisation developing among the metropolitan elites.
10
01
JB code
ahs.3.10mar
223
248
26
Article
14
01
From local to supra-local
Hybridity in French written documents from the nineteenth century
1
A01
France Martineau
Martineau, France
France
Martineau
2
A01
Sandrine Tailleur
Tailleur, Sandrine
Sandrine
Tailleur
01
This article discusses the ‘hybrid’ writing practices of two socially distinct (groups of) writers from nineteenth century French Canada; we specifically focus on their acceptance of (supra-)local language norms. We argue that the writers from the well-known bourgeois Papineau family progressively distanced themselves from a local norm (and moved towards a supra-local norm instead) over a time span of four generations. A semi-literate writer (<i>peu-lettré</i>)<i>, </i>on the other hand, used writing practices as an object of social belonging, while at the same time his lack of control over the medium prevented him from getting full access to a supra-local norm. It appears, then, that the socially and geographically mobile writers (like the Papineau family) lead the way and that (access to) social networks was intrinsically related to literacy and access to supra-local norms.
10
01
JB code
ahs.3.s4
Section header
15
01
German
10
01
JB code
ahs.3.11lel
251
276
26
Article
16
01
Language description, prescription and usage in seventeenth-century German
1
A01
Nicola McLelland
McLelland, Nicola
Nicola
McLelland
01
This chapter examines the relationship between language prescription and language use in seventeenth-century German, reporting on a corpus investigation of the influence (or otherwise) of the leading grammarian Justus Georg Schottelius (1612–1676) on language usage. Drawing on a variety of corpora – a specially compiled corpus of writings by so-called <i>Sprachhelden</i> and <i>Sprachverderber</i> (cf. Jones 2000), the Bonn Early New High German corpus and the newly available GerManC corpus – the study finds only very limited, but still noteworthy, evidence of influence, including possible evidence of diffusion first to elite writers, then to wider usage.
10
01
JB code
ahs.3.12lan
277
302
26
Article
17
01
Standard German in the eighteenth century
Norms and use
1
A01
Nils Langer
Langer, Nils
Nils
Langer
01
This chapter presents an account of the German standard language in the eighteenth century by discussing the problems of finding spoken- and non-standard language phenomena during a century when virtually all texts were written in the prestige variety. It identifies a number of grammatical changes attested for the standard language and compares the findings with the history of five variants stigmatized as poor or bad German during this century. Such stigmatized variants are hardly attested in the printed language but can be found in informal and private writing from the period. This demonstrates how the corpus of printed text customarily used in the language historiography of eighteenth-century does not account for the true extent of language use in this period.
10
01
JB code
ahs.3.13els
303
320
18
Article
18
01
Prescriptive norms and norms of usage in nineteenth-century German
1
A01
Stephan Elspass
Elspass, Stephan
Stephan
Elspass
01
The nineteenth century has attracted considerable interest in German historical (socio)linguistics over the last twenty-five years, as it is considered to be the century in which the ‘roots’ of present-day German can be found. A great deal of the research literature has been devoted to the rise of standard German. Little attention has been paid to the relationship between norms and usage. In order to gain an understanding of their complex relationship, this chapter will first look at socio-historical developments and language ideologies which can be seen as crucial for the external language history of nineteenth-century German. It will then discuss different models of standardization, shaped by different ideologies and notions of ‘standard language’. Next, an overview will be given of the main prescriptive works and the most important text sources and corpora for research on the language use of this period. This relationship will be illustrated with a few examples from grammar, followed by the conclusions.
10
01
JB code
ahs.3.14ind
321
334
14
Article
19
01
Index
02
JBENJAMINS
John Benjamins Publishing Company
01
John Benjamins Publishing Company
Amsterdam/Philadelphia
NL
04
20141219
2014
John Benjamins B.V.
02
WORLD
13
15
9789027200822
01
JB
3
John Benjamins e-Platform
03
jbe-platform.com
09
WORLD
21
01
00
99.00
EUR
R
01
00
83.00
GBP
Z
01
gen
00
149.00
USD
S
175015737
03
01
01
JB
John Benjamins Publishing Company
01
JB code
AHS 3 Hb
15
9789027200822
13
2014049109
BB
01
AHS
02
2214-1057
Advances in Historical Sociolinguistics
3
01
Norms and Usage in Language History, 1600–1900
A sociolinguistic and comparative perspective
01
ahs.3
01
https://benjamins.com
02
https://benjamins.com/catalog/ahs.3
1
B01
Gijsbert Rutten
Rutten, Gijsbert
Gijsbert
Rutten
Universiteit Leiden
2
B01
Rik Vosters
Vosters, Rik
Rik
Vosters
Vrije Universiteit Brussel
3
B01
Wim Vandenbussche
Vandenbussche, Wim
Wim
Vandenbussche
Vrije Universiteit Brussel
01
eng
342
viii
334
LAN009000
v.2006
CFF
2
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.HL
Historical linguistics
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.HOL
History of linguistics
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.SOCIO
Sociolinguistics and Dialectology
06
01
Historical sociolinguistics has successfully challenged the traditional focus on standardization in linguistic historiography. Extensive research on newly uncovered textual resources has shown the widespread variation in the written language of the past that was previously hidden or neglected. The time has come to integrate both perspectives, and to reassess the importance of language norms, standardization and prescription on the basis of sound empirical studies of large corpora of texts.<br />The chapters in this volume discuss the interplay of language norms and language use in the history of Dutch, English, French and German between 1600 and 1900. Written by leading experts in the field, each chapter focuses on one language and one century. A substantial introductory chapter puts the twelve research chapters into a comparative perspective.<br />The book is of interest to a wide readership, ranging from scholars of historical linguistics, sociolinguistics, sociology and social history to (advanced) graduate and postgraduate students in courses on language variation and change.<br />
05
Bringing together leading researchers in each of the respective language fields, the volume unites themes and questions which have coalesced into some of the most fundamental concerns of historical sociolinguistics. [...] The variety of perspectives taken – quantitative and qualitative, focused on large corpora or on just one work or author in particular – means that this will be a valuable volume not only for those working in the four languages covered, but for historical (socio)linguists in general.
Anna Tristram, Queen's University Belfast, in Journal of Historical Sociolinguistics Vol. 2.1 (2016)
05
This is a very strong volume that I'll use often and recommend to students and colleagues. The issue of norms deserves this attention and the papers treat that issue in a coherent way for a clearly defined context, in terms of languages and time period.
Joseph. C. Salmons, University of Wisconsin – Madison
05
Standardisation is a topic which deserves the in-depth attention given to it in the present, well-constructed volume. Here students and scholars alike will find accurate discussions and pertinent analyses of all issues surrounding norms and usage across several centuries. The volume will serve as a reference work in the field for many years to come.
Raymond Hickey, University of Duisburg and Essen
04
09
01
https://benjamins.com/covers/475/ahs.3.png
04
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https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027200822.jpg
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vii
viii
2
Article
1
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Acknowledgements
10
01
JB code
ahs.3.01rut
1
18
18
Article
2
01
The interplay of language norms and usage patterns. Comparing the history of Dutch, English, French and German
The
interplay of language norms and usage patterns. Comparing the history of Dutch, English, French and German
1
A01
Gijsbert Rutten
Rutten, Gijsbert
Gijsbert
Rutten
2
A01
Rik Vosters
Vosters, Rik
Rik
Vosters
3
A01
Wim Vandenbussche
Vandenbussche, Wim
Wim
Vandenbussche
10
01
JB code
ahs.3.s1
Section header
3
01
Dutch
10
01
JB code
ahs.3.02nob
21
48
28
Article
4
01
Language norms and language use in seventeenth-century Dutch
Negation and the genitive
1
A01
Judith Nobels
Nobels, Judith
Judith
Nobels
2
A01
Gijsbert Rutten
Rutten, Gijsbert
Gijsbert
Rutten
01
The chapter discusses language norms and language use in the Northern Netherlands in the seventeenth century. The seventeenth century is traditionally considered a crucial stage in the development of the Dutch standard variety. Nevertheless, the influence of normative publications on language use has hardly been investigated. On the basis of a large and socially stratified corpus of seventeenth-century private letters, the chapter provides a detailed account of the possible influence of codified norms on actual language use, focusing on two features with presumably high awareness, viz. negation and the genitive case. The chapter concludes that there is only limited evidence that language users adhered to prescriptive norms.
10
01
JB code
ahs.3.03sim
49
72
24
Article
5
01
Language norms and language use in eighteenth-century Dutch
Final <i>n</i> and the genitive
1
A01
Tanja Simons
Simons, Tanja
Tanja
Simons
2
A01
Gijsbert Rutten
Rutten, Gijsbert
Gijsbert
Rutten
01
The chapter discusses language norms and language use in the Northern Netherlands in the eighteenth century. The eighteenth century is traditionally considered a period of consolidation, i.e. of ongoing codification of the seventeenth-century standard variety. So far, the influence of eighteenth-century normative publications on language use has hardly been investigated. On the basis of a large and socially stratified corpus of eighteenth-century private letters, the chapter provides a detailed account of the possible influence of codified norms on actual language use, focusing on two features with presumably high awareness, viz. final <i>n</i> and the genitive case. The chapter concludes that there is only limited evidence that language users adhered to prescriptive norms.
10
01
JB code
ahs.3.04vos
73
100
28
Article
6
01
Norms and usage in nineteenth-century Southern Dutch
1
A01
Rik Vosters
Vosters, Rik
Rik
Vosters
2
A01
Els Belsack
Belsack, Els
Els
Belsack
3
A01
Jill Puttaert
Puttaert, Jill
Jill
Puttaert
4
A01
Wim Vandenbussche
Vandenbussche, Wim
Wim
Vandenbussche
01
This chapter discusses norms and usage in 19th-century Southern Dutch. After a brief sociohistorical sketch, we provide an overview of the Southern normative tradition, discussing its roots in the 18th century and its further development in the early 19th century. Next, we introduce three case studies: the spelling of /a:/ in closed syllables, the spelling of <i>t</i>-suffixed present indicative endings in <i>d</i>-stem verbs, and the representation of lengthened Wgm. <i>ĕ</i> before a consonant cluster with <i>-r</i>. For each of these features, we investigate the way they are dealt with in normative publications, as well as exploring their frequency in a manuscript corpus. Finally, we discuss two possible scenarios concerning a link between norms and usage, applying both scenarios to the features under discussion.
10
01
JB code
ahs.3.s2
Section header
7
01
English
10
01
JB code
ahs.3.05nev
103
128
26
Article
8
01
Norms and usage in seventeenth-century English
1
A01
Terttu Nevalainen
Nevalainen, Terttu
Terttu
Nevalainen
01
In the course of the seventeenth century English spelling became largely fixed in print, and technical and borrowed lexis continued to be codified in dictionaries. Although proposals for ‘improving’ the English language appeared towards the end of the century, contemporary grammar books did not prescribe usage. This chapter discusses these diverse processes, relating them to their advocates and comparing emergent norms with the information that we have on the changing patterns of actual usage. The chapter draws on the framework of language policy proposed by Spolsky (2012) in distinguishing between actual usage, language attitudes and language management. It illustrates how usage can give rise to value-laden norms, which may be imposed on language users through various channels and with varying success.
10
01
JB code
ahs.3.06tie
129
150
22
Article
9
01
Eighteenth-century English normative grammars and their readers
1
A01
Ingrid Tieken-Boon van Ostade
Tieken-Boon van Ostade, Ingrid
Ingrid
Tieken-Boon van Ostade
01
Who were the readers of eighteenth-century normative English grammars? Because one grammar from the end of the century uniquely includes an elaborate list of subscribers, the work’s readership can be analysed. People who subscribed to Richard Postlethwaite’s <i>Grammatical Art Improved</i> (1795) comprised booksellers, teachers, clergymen and relatives, but also members from the rising middle classes. By this time, normative grammars were evidently important to the socially ambitious. Being largely based on Robert Lowth’s <i>Short Introduction to English Grammar</i> (1762) and further anticipating the rise of the usage guide, the book was highly ambitious in content and approach, but ultimately failed to be successful because its publication coincided with Lindley Murray’s phenomenally popular <i>English Grammar</i>, also published in 1795.
10
01
JB code
ahs.3.07aue
151
170
20
Article
10
01
Nineteenth-century English
Norms and usage
1
A01
Anita Auer
Auer, Anita
Anita
Auer
01
This paper focuses on language variation and change in nineteenth-century England. The first part of the paper is concerned with grammar writing and the influence that grammatical norms may have had on the English language. The second part of the paper takes a closer look at actual language usage. Throughout the paper particular attention is paid to language history ‘from below’, i.e. the linguistic situation of the lower social orders. For instance, the paper confirms, based on empirical data, that <i>you was</i>, a stigmatised feature in prescriptive grammars, was the dominant form in lower-class language usage. All in all, the paper also tries to show that nineteenth-century English still deserves a lot more scholarly attention.
10
01
JB code
ahs.3.s3
Section header
11
01
French
10
01
JB code
ahs.3.08ayr
173
200
28
Article
12
01
From <i>l’usage</i> to <i>le bon usage</i> and back
Norms and usage in seventeenth-century France
1
A01
Wendy Ayres-Bennett
Ayres-Bennett, Wendy
Wendy
Ayres-Bennett
01
This paper examines the extent to which the characterisation of seventeenth-century France as the archetypal period of prescriptivism and rigid codification is justified. The major normative texts are presented, as are the sources currently available for comparing their pronouncements with contemporary usage. Whilst the problem of finding sources which approximate to more spoken and informal usages is particularly acute in a period of standardisation, the creation of large-scale and more specialised corpora is leading to a re-evaluation of seventeenth-century French metalinguistic texts. The final section considers whether there is any evidence that normative comments had an impact on usage. In the case of the remarqueurs, we find that whilst some of their pronouncements are prescriptive, others accurately reflect changing usage.
10
01
JB code
ahs.3.09lod
201
222
22
Article
13
01
Jacques-Louis Ménétra and his experience of the <i>langue d’oc</i>
1
A01
R. Anthony Lodge
Lodge, R. Anthony
R. Anthony
Lodge
01
The <i>Mémoires</i> of an autodidact Parisian glazier, Jacques-Louis Ménétra, contain valuable data for linguists reconstructing vernacular speech in eighteenth-century France. As a young man, Ménétra spent several years travelling about the Occitan-speaking south. What was his experience of the <i>langue d’oc</i>? Upper-class Parisian travellers saw the south as, linguistically speaking, a foreign country, but Ménétra encountered no linguistic difficulties whatsoever. Why? Part of the answer may lie in the progress of standardisation, but the essential factor is probably one of language attitudes: Ménétra’s tolerance of language variation and his capacity for linguistic accommodation reflect age-old attitudes to vernacular speech which were very distant from the new ideology of standardisation developing among the metropolitan elites.
10
01
JB code
ahs.3.10mar
223
248
26
Article
14
01
From local to supra-local
Hybridity in French written documents from the nineteenth century
1
A01
France Martineau
Martineau, France
France
Martineau
2
A01
Sandrine Tailleur
Tailleur, Sandrine
Sandrine
Tailleur
01
This article discusses the ‘hybrid’ writing practices of two socially distinct (groups of) writers from nineteenth century French Canada; we specifically focus on their acceptance of (supra-)local language norms. We argue that the writers from the well-known bourgeois Papineau family progressively distanced themselves from a local norm (and moved towards a supra-local norm instead) over a time span of four generations. A semi-literate writer (<i>peu-lettré</i>)<i>, </i>on the other hand, used writing practices as an object of social belonging, while at the same time his lack of control over the medium prevented him from getting full access to a supra-local norm. It appears, then, that the socially and geographically mobile writers (like the Papineau family) lead the way and that (access to) social networks was intrinsically related to literacy and access to supra-local norms.
10
01
JB code
ahs.3.s4
Section header
15
01
German
10
01
JB code
ahs.3.11lel
251
276
26
Article
16
01
Language description, prescription and usage in seventeenth-century German
1
A01
Nicola McLelland
McLelland, Nicola
Nicola
McLelland
01
This chapter examines the relationship between language prescription and language use in seventeenth-century German, reporting on a corpus investigation of the influence (or otherwise) of the leading grammarian Justus Georg Schottelius (1612–1676) on language usage. Drawing on a variety of corpora – a specially compiled corpus of writings by so-called <i>Sprachhelden</i> and <i>Sprachverderber</i> (cf. Jones 2000), the Bonn Early New High German corpus and the newly available GerManC corpus – the study finds only very limited, but still noteworthy, evidence of influence, including possible evidence of diffusion first to elite writers, then to wider usage.
10
01
JB code
ahs.3.12lan
277
302
26
Article
17
01
Standard German in the eighteenth century
Norms and use
1
A01
Nils Langer
Langer, Nils
Nils
Langer
01
This chapter presents an account of the German standard language in the eighteenth century by discussing the problems of finding spoken- and non-standard language phenomena during a century when virtually all texts were written in the prestige variety. It identifies a number of grammatical changes attested for the standard language and compares the findings with the history of five variants stigmatized as poor or bad German during this century. Such stigmatized variants are hardly attested in the printed language but can be found in informal and private writing from the period. This demonstrates how the corpus of printed text customarily used in the language historiography of eighteenth-century does not account for the true extent of language use in this period.
10
01
JB code
ahs.3.13els
303
320
18
Article
18
01
Prescriptive norms and norms of usage in nineteenth-century German
1
A01
Stephan Elspass
Elspass, Stephan
Stephan
Elspass
01
The nineteenth century has attracted considerable interest in German historical (socio)linguistics over the last twenty-five years, as it is considered to be the century in which the ‘roots’ of present-day German can be found. A great deal of the research literature has been devoted to the rise of standard German. Little attention has been paid to the relationship between norms and usage. In order to gain an understanding of their complex relationship, this chapter will first look at socio-historical developments and language ideologies which can be seen as crucial for the external language history of nineteenth-century German. It will then discuss different models of standardization, shaped by different ideologies and notions of ‘standard language’. Next, an overview will be given of the main prescriptive works and the most important text sources and corpora for research on the language use of this period. This relationship will be illustrated with a few examples from grammar, followed by the conclusions.
10
01
JB code
ahs.3.14ind
321
334
14
Article
19
01
Index
02
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