300010314 03 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code AiCR 90 Eb 15 9789027271822 06 10.1075/aicr.90 00 EA E107 10 01 JB code AiCR 02 1381-589X 02 90.00 01 02 Advances in Consciousness Research Advances in Consciousness Research 11 01 JB code jbe-all 01 02 Full EBA collection (ca. 4,200 titles) 11 01 JB code jbe-2015-all 01 02 Complete backlist (3,208 titles, 1967–2015) 05 02 Complete backlist (1967–2015) 11 01 JB code jbe-2015-psychology 01 02 Subject collection: Psychology (246 titles, 1978–2015) 05 02 Psychology (1978–2015) 11 01 JB code jbe-2015-aicr 01 02 Advances in Consciousness Research (vols. 1–92, 1995–2015) 05 02 AiCR (vols. 1–92, 1995–2015) 01 01 The Constitution of Visual Consciousness Lessons from Binocular Rivalry The Constitution of Visual Consciousness: Lessons from Binocular Rivalry 1 B01 01 JB code 135151941 Steven M. Miller Miller, Steven M. Steven M. Miller Monash University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/135151941 01 eng 11 348 03 03 ix 03 00 339 03 01 23 612.8/2336 03 2013 QP487.5 04 Binocular rivalry. 04 Visual perception. 04 Consciousness--Physiological aspects. 10 PSY020000 12 JMM 24 JB code PSY.COGPSY Cognitive psychology 24 JB code CONS.GEN Consciousness research 24 JB code PSY.NEURO Neuropsychology 01 06 02 00 Being the first collected volume on binocular rivalry in nearly a decade, it will be of interest to researchers, scholars and students in the vision sciences, and more broadly in the psychological and clinical sciences. It makes essential reading for anyone interested in the science and philosophy of consciousness. 03 00 This volume examines the neuroscience of visual consciousness, drawing on the phenomenon of binocular rivalry. It provides overviews of brain structure and function, the visual system, and neuroscientific methodologies, and then focuses on binocular rivalry from multiple perspectives: historical, psychophysical, electrophysiological, brain-imaging, brain stimulation, clinical and computational, with a glimpse also into the future of research in this exciting field. This is the first collected volume on binocular rivalry in nearly a decade and will be of special interest to researchers, scholars and students in the vision sciences, and more broadly in the psychological and clinical sciences. In addition, it lays foundations for a forthcoming interdisciplinary volume in this series on the constitution of phenomenal consciousness, making it essential reading for anyone interested in the science and philosophy of consciousness. 01 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/aicr.90.png 01 01 D502 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027213570.jpg 01 01 D504 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027213570.tif 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/aicr.90.hb.png 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/aicr.90.png 02 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/aicr.90.hb.png 03 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/aicr.90.hb.png 01 01 JB code aicr.90.00ack 06 10.1075/aicr.90.00ack vii x 4 Miscellaneous 1 01 04 Acknowledgments Acknowledgments 01 eng 01 01 JB code aicr.90.01mil 06 10.1075/aicr.90.01mil 1 14 14 Article 2 01 04 Visual consciousness and binocular rivalry Visual consciousness and binocular rivalry 01 04 An introduction An introduction 1 A01 01 JB code 513192451 Steven M. Miller Miller, Steven M. Steven M. Miller 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/513192451 01 eng 01 01 JB code aicr.90.02han 06 10.1075/aicr.90.02han 15 36 22 Article 3 01 04 Constituents, organization and processes of the human brain Constituents, organization and processes of the human brain 1 A01 01 JB code 365192452 Anthony J. Hannan Hannan, Anthony J. Anthony J. Hannan Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/365192452 2 A01 01 JB code 617192453 Matthew T.K. Kirkcaldie Kirkcaldie, Matthew T.K. Matthew T.K. Kirkcaldie University of Tasmania 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/617192453 01 eng 03 00

The human brain is an extraordinarily complex biological system underpinning cognition and experience. This complexity is evident at all levels, from genetics to molecular, cellular, network and systems constituents. This article provides an overview of these constituents, their organization and the processes in which they are engaged. We discuss the shaping influences of development and evolution, and describe the brain’s structure and function at several levels: cellular features, the organization of neurons into functional systems, the gross anatomy of the nervous system and the specific structural and functional properties of the cerebral cortex. There is considerable evidence that cortical activity – though not all cortical activity – is correlated with conscious experiences, but exactly which activities constitute consciousness is unclear.

01 01 JB code aicr.90.03pri 06 10.1075/aicr.90.03pri 37 76 40 Article 4 01 04 Overview of visual system structure and function Overview of visual system structure and function 1 A01 01 JB code 9192454 Nicholas S.C. Price Price, Nicholas S.C. Nicholas S.C. Price 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/9192454 01 eng 03 00

The fundamental role of the visual system is to analyze properties such as form, color and motion in the environment, facilitating the generation of behaviors conducive to survival. A (happy) outcome of these computations is that humans are endowed with conscious visual perception. Despite the complexity of processing in the visual system, we experience a single, unified and continuous percept. This review describes the general anatomy and physiology of the primate visual system, emphasizing four organizational principles and processing strategies that ultimately inform perception and behavior: information processing is functionally segregated; information is encoded in a multiplexed manner; information is hierarchically processed, dependent on feedback and feedforward connectivity; vision is an active sense, with perception and eye movements tightly integrated.

01 01 JB code aicr.90.04wad 06 10.1075/aicr.90.04wad 77 108 32 Article 5 01 04 Early views on binocular rivalry Early views on binocular rivalry 1 A01 01 JB code 634192455 Nicholas J. Wade Wade, Nicholas J. Nicholas J. Wade The University of Dundee 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/634192455 2 A01 01 JB code 661192456 Trung T. Ngo Ngo, Trung T. Trung T. Ngo Monash University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/661192456 01 eng 03 00

Contributions from 19th Century scholars to binocular rivalry research are well recognized, however, observations concerning the phenomenon commenced centuries earlier and suggest a rich seam of research that is much less well known. This chapter discusses these early investigations, along with conflicting views and observations thereafter. We also discuss the early application of notions of attention and consciousness to rivalry. Such notions have more recently been the subject of concerted investigation into distinguishing brain activity mediating the rivalling states from that underlying visual stimulation. Observations in the literature that preceded this key principle are discussed. 
We also trace the rivalry studies that followed and note their relevance to current thinking on the phenomenon.

01 01 JB code aicr.90.05bra 06 10.1075/aicr.90.05bra 109 140 32 Article 6 01 04 Psychophysics of binocular rivalry Psychophysics of binocular rivalry 1 A01 01 JB code 152192457 Jan W. Brascamp Brascamp, Jan W. Jan W. Brascamp Utrecht University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/152192457 2 A01 01 JB code 456192458 Daniel H. Baker Baker, Daniel H. Daniel H. Baker University of York 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/456192458 01 eng 03 00

For a given visual stimulus, much can be inferred about its neural representation by measuring an observer’s responses on simple behavioral tasks. This is the essence of psychophysics, the method of examining sensory processing by studying the relation between stimulation and perception or behavior. Binocular rivalry is the phenomenon of alternating perception that occurs when the two eyes receive conflicting images. Psychophysical techniques have been used extensively in combination with rivalry, both to investigate the phenomenon itself, and using rivalry as a tool for addressing other questions. Recent techniques have permitted major advances in both areas, as we discuss here. We will also summarize the value and limitations of rivalry for consciousness research.

01 01 JB code aicr.90.06tho 06 10.1075/aicr.90.06tho 141 166 26 Article 7 01 04 Investigating the structure and function of the brain Investigating the structure and function of the brain 01 04 A methodological overview A methodological overview 1 A01 01 JB code 995192459 Richard H. Thomson Thomson, Richard H. Richard H. Thomson Monash University, Melbourne 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/995192459 2 A01 01 JB code 55192460 Paul B. Fitzgerald Fitzgerald, Paul B. Paul B. Fitzgerald Monash University, Melbourne 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/55192460 01 eng 03 00

Our understanding of the inner workings of the human brain is increasing exponentially. This is due in no small part to the rapidly advancing technology that has evolved from the application of engineering to neuroscience. This chapter reviews some of the more influential tools that are in widespread use in research institutes throughout the world. Beginning with the basics of electrophysiology, a broad overview of the current methods for resolving and modulating neural activity in the fields of imaging and brain stimulation is presented. Special attention is paid to temporal and spatial resolution, i.e., the capacity of the technologies to resolve small detail in time and space. The chapter concludes with a discussion of technical obstacles and future directions.

01 01 JB code aicr.90.07sen 06 10.1075/aicr.90.07sen 167 186 20 Article 8 01 04 The neuron doctrine of binocular rivalry The neuron doctrine of binocular rivalry 1 A01 01 JB code 547192461 Frank Sengpiel Sengpiel, Frank Frank Sengpiel 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/547192461 01 eng 03 00

Ever since Horace Barlow (1972) proposed his neuron doctrine for perceptual psychology, the holy grail for neurophysiologists has been to find individual neurons or groups of neurons whose firing correlates with specific percepts or even a state of mind or consciousness. Binocular rivalry is a particularly attractive paradigm for this approach because a stable visual stimulus causes an ever-changing subjective perceptual experience. The publication of Blake’s neural theory of binocular rivalry (Blake, 1989) inspired numerous attempts to identify neurons in various areas along the central visual pathways whose firing rate might signal dominance or suppression. Collectively these studies have shown that depending on the type of stimulus, rivalry is resolved at both lower and higher levels in the visual system.

01 01 JB code aicr.90.08ste 06 10.1075/aicr.90.08ste 187 210 24 Article 9 01 04 Functional neuroimaging of binocular rivalry Functional neuroimaging of binocular rivalry 1 A01 01 JB code 38192462 Philipp Sterzer Sterzer, Philipp Philipp Sterzer 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/38192462 01 eng 03 00

Binocular rivalry has intrigued researchers for over two centuries, but research into its neural mechanisms was until recently limited to behavioral and animal studies. The availability of functional magnetic resonance imaging since the 1990s has boosted the neuroscientific investigation of binocular rivalry in humans. Functional neuroimaging has revealed an involvement of all levels of the brain’s visual processing hierarchy in rivalry dynamics, including early subcortical and cortical stages, functionally specialized visual areas, and non-sensory frontoparietal regions. Moreover, variants of binocular rivalry have helped to elucidate the neural fate of unconscious information during binocular rivalry suppression. The findings from neuroimaging research are integrated into a comprehensive view on how different processing stages interact to resolve perceptual conflict in the human brain.

01 01 JB code aicr.90.09ngo 06 10.1075/aicr.90.09ngo 211 252 42 Article 10 01 04 Binocular rivalry, brain stimulation and bipolar disorder Binocular rivalry, brain stimulation and bipolar disorder 1 A01 01 JB code 544192463 Trung T. Ngo Ngo, Trung T. Trung T. Ngo Monash University, Melbourne 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/544192463 2 A01 01 JB code 834192464 Wendy N. Barsdell Barsdell, Wendy N. Wendy N. Barsdell Monash University, Melbourne 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/834192464 3 A01 01 JB code 23192465 Phillip C.F. Law Law, Phillip C.F. Phillip C.F. Law Monash University, Melbourne 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/23192465 4 A01 01 JB code 60192466 Steven M. Miller Miller, Steven M. Steven M. Miller Monash University, Melbourne 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/60192466 01 eng 03 00

Mechanistic understanding of binocular rivalry (BR) has drawn upon psychophysical, electrophysiological and brain-imaging studies. The first brain stimulation approach occurred in the late 1990s and assessed a new mechanistic proposal, the interhemispheric switch (IHS) hypothesis. Both caloric vestibular stimulation (CVS) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) modulated rivalry predominance when applied unilaterally. We describe the IHS model, its genesis and the brain stimulation evidence on which it rests. We also review more recent CVS and TMS rivalry studies, and discuss the findings of slow BR in bipolar disorder (BD) and genetic contribution to individual variation in BR rate. Finally, we describe a recent Drosophila model that can shed light on genetic, molecular and neurophysiological aspects of both BR and BD.

01 01 JB code aicr.90.10bre 06 10.1075/aicr.90.10bre 253 280 28 Article 11 01 04 High-level modulations of binocular rivalry High-level modulations of binocular rivalry 01 04 Effects of stimulus configuration, spatial and temporal context, and observer state Effects of stimulus configuration, spatial and temporal context, and observer state 1 A01 01 JB code 452192467 David W. Bressler Bressler, David W. David W. Bressler University of California, Berkeley 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/452192467 2 A01 01 JB code 634192468 Rachel N. Denison Denison, Rachel N. Rachel N. Denison University of California, Berkeley 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/634192468 3 A01 01 JB code 694192469 Michael A. Silver Silver, Michael A. Michael A. Silver University of California, Berkeley 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/694192469 01 eng 03 00

The selection and maintenance of a specific percept during binocular rivalry have often been considered to be relatively automatic and influenced primarily by low-level stimulus attributes such as contrast and luminance. However, numerous studies have identified other, higher-level, factors that substantially influence perceptual selection, dominance, and suppression in binocular rivalry. These factors include the configuration of stimulus elements, the spatial and temporal context in which the rivaling stimuli are presented, and manipulations of attentional and pharmacological state. The studies summarized in this chapter broaden traditional conceptions of binocular rivalry as a competition between populations of stimulus-selective neurons and demonstrate that multiple factors can operate over extended spatial and temporal scales to modulate the competitive processes underlying perceptual selection.

01 01 JB code aicr.90.11wil 06 10.1075/aicr.90.11wil 281 304 24 Article 12 01 04 Binocular rivalry Binocular rivalry 01 04 Cooperation, competition, and decisions Cooperation, competition, and decisions 1 A01 01 JB code 331192470 Hugh R. Wilson Wilson, Hugh R. Hugh R. Wilson 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/331192470 01 eng 03 00

This chapter will first examine the neural circuitry necessary to generate binocular rivalry. Such neural circuits entail both neural cooperation within and competition between monocular images. Evidence will also be presented that rivalry must occur at multiple hierarchic levels in the visual system in order to explain relevant data. In light of this, the suggestion that rivalry can elucidate the neural correlates of conscious vision will be challenged. Following this, generalizations of rivalry to competition among multiple spatial patterns will be developed. It will be argued that such generalized rivalry can provide significant insights into the nature of high level visual decisions in the presence of ambiguous or incomplete information.

01 01 JB code aicr.90.12kli 06 10.1075/aicr.90.12kli 305 332 28 Article 13 01 04 The future of binocular rivalry research The future of binocular rivalry research 01 04 Reaching through a window on consciousness Reaching through a window on consciousness 1 A01 01 JB code 879192471 P. Christiaan Klink Klink, P. Christiaan P. Christiaan Klink Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/879192471 2 A01 01 JB code 923192472 Richard J.A. Wezel Wezel, Richard J.A. Richard J.A. Wezel Radboud University Nijmegen 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/923192472 3 A01 01 JB code 144192473 Raymond Ee Ee, Raymond Raymond Ee University of Leuven 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/144192473 01 eng 03 00

Binocular rivalry is often considered an experimental window on the neural processes of consciousness. We propose three distinct approaches to exploit this window. First, one may look through the window, using binocular rivalry as a passive tool to dissociate unaltered sensory input from wavering perceptual output. Second, the mechanisms underlying binocular rivalry may yield detailed knowledge of the neuronal underpinnings of binocular vision and increase the value of rivalry as a tool to study consciousness. Finally, smart experimental manipulations allow experimenters to ‘reach through the window’ and interact with mechanisms of conscious visual perception. Within this distinction, we discuss the major open questions in binocular rivalry research and examine how recent technological developments may be incorporated in future studies

01 01 JB code aicr.90.13ind 06 10.1075/aicr.90.13ind 333 339 7 Miscellaneous 14 01 04 Index Index 01 eng 01 01 JB code aicr.90.99ste 06 10.1075/aicr.90.99ste Section header 15 01 04 The stereoscopic viewer mentioned in this volume can be bought at http://www.3dstereo.com/viewmaster/svn-tmp.html The stereoscopic viewer mentioned in this volume can be bought at http://www.3dstereo.com/viewmaster/svn-tmp.html 01 eng
01 JB code JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/aicr.90 Amsterdam NL 00 John Benjamins Publishing Company Marketing Department / Karin Plijnaar, Pieter Lamers onix@benjamins.nl 04 01 00 20130828 C 2013 John Benjamins Publishing Company D 2013 John Benjamins Publishing Company 02 WORLD 13 15 9789027213570 WORLD 09 01 JB 3 John Benjamins e-Platform 03 https://jbe-platform.com 29 https://jbe-platform.com/content/books/9789027271822 21 01 00 Unqualified price 02 99.00 EUR 01 00 Unqualified price 02 83.00 GBP GB 01 00 Unqualified price 02 149.00 USD
195010313 03 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code AiCR 90 Hb 15 9789027213570 06 10.1075/aicr.90 13 2013011551 00 BB 08 770 gr 10 01 JB code AiCR 02 1381-589X 02 90.00 01 02 Advances in Consciousness Research Advances in Consciousness Research 01 01 The Constitution of Visual Consciousness Lessons from Binocular Rivalry The Constitution of Visual Consciousness: Lessons from Binocular Rivalry 1 B01 01 JB code 135151941 Steven M. Miller Miller, Steven M. Steven M. Miller Monash University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/135151941 01 eng 11 348 03 03 ix 03 00 339 03 01 23 612.8/2336 03 2013 QP487.5 04 Binocular rivalry. 04 Visual perception. 04 Consciousness--Physiological aspects. 10 PSY020000 12 JMM 24 JB code PSY.COGPSY Cognitive psychology 24 JB code CONS.GEN Consciousness research 24 JB code PSY.NEURO Neuropsychology 01 06 02 00 Being the first collected volume on binocular rivalry in nearly a decade, it will be of interest to researchers, scholars and students in the vision sciences, and more broadly in the psychological and clinical sciences. It makes essential reading for anyone interested in the science and philosophy of consciousness. 03 00 This volume examines the neuroscience of visual consciousness, drawing on the phenomenon of binocular rivalry. It provides overviews of brain structure and function, the visual system, and neuroscientific methodologies, and then focuses on binocular rivalry from multiple perspectives: historical, psychophysical, electrophysiological, brain-imaging, brain stimulation, clinical and computational, with a glimpse also into the future of research in this exciting field. This is the first collected volume on binocular rivalry in nearly a decade and will be of special interest to researchers, scholars and students in the vision sciences, and more broadly in the psychological and clinical sciences. In addition, it lays foundations for a forthcoming interdisciplinary volume in this series on the constitution of phenomenal consciousness, making it essential reading for anyone interested in the science and philosophy of consciousness. 01 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/aicr.90.png 01 01 D502 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027213570.jpg 01 01 D504 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027213570.tif 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/aicr.90.hb.png 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/aicr.90.png 02 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/aicr.90.hb.png 03 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/aicr.90.hb.png 01 01 JB code aicr.90.00ack 06 10.1075/aicr.90.00ack vii x 4 Miscellaneous 1 01 04 Acknowledgments Acknowledgments 01 eng 01 01 JB code aicr.90.01mil 06 10.1075/aicr.90.01mil 1 14 14 Article 2 01 04 Visual consciousness and binocular rivalry Visual consciousness and binocular rivalry 01 04 An introduction An introduction 1 A01 01 JB code 513192451 Steven M. Miller Miller, Steven M. Steven M. Miller 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/513192451 01 eng 01 01 JB code aicr.90.02han 06 10.1075/aicr.90.02han 15 36 22 Article 3 01 04 Constituents, organization and processes of the human brain Constituents, organization and processes of the human brain 1 A01 01 JB code 365192452 Anthony J. Hannan Hannan, Anthony J. Anthony J. Hannan Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/365192452 2 A01 01 JB code 617192453 Matthew T.K. Kirkcaldie Kirkcaldie, Matthew T.K. Matthew T.K. Kirkcaldie University of Tasmania 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/617192453 01 eng 03 00

The human brain is an extraordinarily complex biological system underpinning cognition and experience. This complexity is evident at all levels, from genetics to molecular, cellular, network and systems constituents. This article provides an overview of these constituents, their organization and the processes in which they are engaged. We discuss the shaping influences of development and evolution, and describe the brain’s structure and function at several levels: cellular features, the organization of neurons into functional systems, the gross anatomy of the nervous system and the specific structural and functional properties of the cerebral cortex. There is considerable evidence that cortical activity – though not all cortical activity – is correlated with conscious experiences, but exactly which activities constitute consciousness is unclear.

01 01 JB code aicr.90.03pri 06 10.1075/aicr.90.03pri 37 76 40 Article 4 01 04 Overview of visual system structure and function Overview of visual system structure and function 1 A01 01 JB code 9192454 Nicholas S.C. Price Price, Nicholas S.C. Nicholas S.C. Price 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/9192454 01 eng 03 00

The fundamental role of the visual system is to analyze properties such as form, color and motion in the environment, facilitating the generation of behaviors conducive to survival. A (happy) outcome of these computations is that humans are endowed with conscious visual perception. Despite the complexity of processing in the visual system, we experience a single, unified and continuous percept. This review describes the general anatomy and physiology of the primate visual system, emphasizing four organizational principles and processing strategies that ultimately inform perception and behavior: information processing is functionally segregated; information is encoded in a multiplexed manner; information is hierarchically processed, dependent on feedback and feedforward connectivity; vision is an active sense, with perception and eye movements tightly integrated.

01 01 JB code aicr.90.04wad 06 10.1075/aicr.90.04wad 77 108 32 Article 5 01 04 Early views on binocular rivalry Early views on binocular rivalry 1 A01 01 JB code 634192455 Nicholas J. Wade Wade, Nicholas J. Nicholas J. Wade The University of Dundee 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/634192455 2 A01 01 JB code 661192456 Trung T. Ngo Ngo, Trung T. Trung T. Ngo Monash University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/661192456 01 eng 03 00

Contributions from 19th Century scholars to binocular rivalry research are well recognized, however, observations concerning the phenomenon commenced centuries earlier and suggest a rich seam of research that is much less well known. This chapter discusses these early investigations, along with conflicting views and observations thereafter. We also discuss the early application of notions of attention and consciousness to rivalry. Such notions have more recently been the subject of concerted investigation into distinguishing brain activity mediating the rivalling states from that underlying visual stimulation. Observations in the literature that preceded this key principle are discussed. 
We also trace the rivalry studies that followed and note their relevance to current thinking on the phenomenon.

01 01 JB code aicr.90.05bra 06 10.1075/aicr.90.05bra 109 140 32 Article 6 01 04 Psychophysics of binocular rivalry Psychophysics of binocular rivalry 1 A01 01 JB code 152192457 Jan W. Brascamp Brascamp, Jan W. Jan W. Brascamp Utrecht University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/152192457 2 A01 01 JB code 456192458 Daniel H. Baker Baker, Daniel H. Daniel H. Baker University of York 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/456192458 01 eng 03 00

For a given visual stimulus, much can be inferred about its neural representation by measuring an observer’s responses on simple behavioral tasks. This is the essence of psychophysics, the method of examining sensory processing by studying the relation between stimulation and perception or behavior. Binocular rivalry is the phenomenon of alternating perception that occurs when the two eyes receive conflicting images. Psychophysical techniques have been used extensively in combination with rivalry, both to investigate the phenomenon itself, and using rivalry as a tool for addressing other questions. Recent techniques have permitted major advances in both areas, as we discuss here. We will also summarize the value and limitations of rivalry for consciousness research.

01 01 JB code aicr.90.06tho 06 10.1075/aicr.90.06tho 141 166 26 Article 7 01 04 Investigating the structure and function of the brain Investigating the structure and function of the brain 01 04 A methodological overview A methodological overview 1 A01 01 JB code 995192459 Richard H. Thomson Thomson, Richard H. Richard H. Thomson Monash University, Melbourne 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/995192459 2 A01 01 JB code 55192460 Paul B. Fitzgerald Fitzgerald, Paul B. Paul B. Fitzgerald Monash University, Melbourne 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/55192460 01 eng 03 00

Our understanding of the inner workings of the human brain is increasing exponentially. This is due in no small part to the rapidly advancing technology that has evolved from the application of engineering to neuroscience. This chapter reviews some of the more influential tools that are in widespread use in research institutes throughout the world. Beginning with the basics of electrophysiology, a broad overview of the current methods for resolving and modulating neural activity in the fields of imaging and brain stimulation is presented. Special attention is paid to temporal and spatial resolution, i.e., the capacity of the technologies to resolve small detail in time and space. The chapter concludes with a discussion of technical obstacles and future directions.

01 01 JB code aicr.90.07sen 06 10.1075/aicr.90.07sen 167 186 20 Article 8 01 04 The neuron doctrine of binocular rivalry The neuron doctrine of binocular rivalry 1 A01 01 JB code 547192461 Frank Sengpiel Sengpiel, Frank Frank Sengpiel 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/547192461 01 eng 03 00

Ever since Horace Barlow (1972) proposed his neuron doctrine for perceptual psychology, the holy grail for neurophysiologists has been to find individual neurons or groups of neurons whose firing correlates with specific percepts or even a state of mind or consciousness. Binocular rivalry is a particularly attractive paradigm for this approach because a stable visual stimulus causes an ever-changing subjective perceptual experience. The publication of Blake’s neural theory of binocular rivalry (Blake, 1989) inspired numerous attempts to identify neurons in various areas along the central visual pathways whose firing rate might signal dominance or suppression. Collectively these studies have shown that depending on the type of stimulus, rivalry is resolved at both lower and higher levels in the visual system.

01 01 JB code aicr.90.08ste 06 10.1075/aicr.90.08ste 187 210 24 Article 9 01 04 Functional neuroimaging of binocular rivalry Functional neuroimaging of binocular rivalry 1 A01 01 JB code 38192462 Philipp Sterzer Sterzer, Philipp Philipp Sterzer 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/38192462 01 eng 03 00

Binocular rivalry has intrigued researchers for over two centuries, but research into its neural mechanisms was until recently limited to behavioral and animal studies. The availability of functional magnetic resonance imaging since the 1990s has boosted the neuroscientific investigation of binocular rivalry in humans. Functional neuroimaging has revealed an involvement of all levels of the brain’s visual processing hierarchy in rivalry dynamics, including early subcortical and cortical stages, functionally specialized visual areas, and non-sensory frontoparietal regions. Moreover, variants of binocular rivalry have helped to elucidate the neural fate of unconscious information during binocular rivalry suppression. The findings from neuroimaging research are integrated into a comprehensive view on how different processing stages interact to resolve perceptual conflict in the human brain.

01 01 JB code aicr.90.09ngo 06 10.1075/aicr.90.09ngo 211 252 42 Article 10 01 04 Binocular rivalry, brain stimulation and bipolar disorder Binocular rivalry, brain stimulation and bipolar disorder 1 A01 01 JB code 544192463 Trung T. Ngo Ngo, Trung T. Trung T. Ngo Monash University, Melbourne 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/544192463 2 A01 01 JB code 834192464 Wendy N. Barsdell Barsdell, Wendy N. Wendy N. Barsdell Monash University, Melbourne 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/834192464 3 A01 01 JB code 23192465 Phillip C.F. Law Law, Phillip C.F. Phillip C.F. Law Monash University, Melbourne 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/23192465 4 A01 01 JB code 60192466 Steven M. Miller Miller, Steven M. Steven M. Miller Monash University, Melbourne 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/60192466 01 eng 03 00

Mechanistic understanding of binocular rivalry (BR) has drawn upon psychophysical, electrophysiological and brain-imaging studies. The first brain stimulation approach occurred in the late 1990s and assessed a new mechanistic proposal, the interhemispheric switch (IHS) hypothesis. Both caloric vestibular stimulation (CVS) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) modulated rivalry predominance when applied unilaterally. We describe the IHS model, its genesis and the brain stimulation evidence on which it rests. We also review more recent CVS and TMS rivalry studies, and discuss the findings of slow BR in bipolar disorder (BD) and genetic contribution to individual variation in BR rate. Finally, we describe a recent Drosophila model that can shed light on genetic, molecular and neurophysiological aspects of both BR and BD.

01 01 JB code aicr.90.10bre 06 10.1075/aicr.90.10bre 253 280 28 Article 11 01 04 High-level modulations of binocular rivalry High-level modulations of binocular rivalry 01 04 Effects of stimulus configuration, spatial and temporal context, and observer state Effects of stimulus configuration, spatial and temporal context, and observer state 1 A01 01 JB code 452192467 David W. Bressler Bressler, David W. David W. Bressler University of California, Berkeley 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/452192467 2 A01 01 JB code 634192468 Rachel N. Denison Denison, Rachel N. Rachel N. Denison University of California, Berkeley 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/634192468 3 A01 01 JB code 694192469 Michael A. Silver Silver, Michael A. Michael A. Silver University of California, Berkeley 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/694192469 01 eng 03 00

The selection and maintenance of a specific percept during binocular rivalry have often been considered to be relatively automatic and influenced primarily by low-level stimulus attributes such as contrast and luminance. However, numerous studies have identified other, higher-level, factors that substantially influence perceptual selection, dominance, and suppression in binocular rivalry. These factors include the configuration of stimulus elements, the spatial and temporal context in which the rivaling stimuli are presented, and manipulations of attentional and pharmacological state. The studies summarized in this chapter broaden traditional conceptions of binocular rivalry as a competition between populations of stimulus-selective neurons and demonstrate that multiple factors can operate over extended spatial and temporal scales to modulate the competitive processes underlying perceptual selection.

01 01 JB code aicr.90.11wil 06 10.1075/aicr.90.11wil 281 304 24 Article 12 01 04 Binocular rivalry Binocular rivalry 01 04 Cooperation, competition, and decisions Cooperation, competition, and decisions 1 A01 01 JB code 331192470 Hugh R. Wilson Wilson, Hugh R. Hugh R. Wilson 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/331192470 01 eng 03 00

This chapter will first examine the neural circuitry necessary to generate binocular rivalry. Such neural circuits entail both neural cooperation within and competition between monocular images. Evidence will also be presented that rivalry must occur at multiple hierarchic levels in the visual system in order to explain relevant data. In light of this, the suggestion that rivalry can elucidate the neural correlates of conscious vision will be challenged. Following this, generalizations of rivalry to competition among multiple spatial patterns will be developed. It will be argued that such generalized rivalry can provide significant insights into the nature of high level visual decisions in the presence of ambiguous or incomplete information.

01 01 JB code aicr.90.12kli 06 10.1075/aicr.90.12kli 305 332 28 Article 13 01 04 The future of binocular rivalry research The future of binocular rivalry research 01 04 Reaching through a window on consciousness Reaching through a window on consciousness 1 A01 01 JB code 879192471 P. Christiaan Klink Klink, P. Christiaan P. Christiaan Klink Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/879192471 2 A01 01 JB code 923192472 Richard J.A. Wezel Wezel, Richard J.A. Richard J.A. Wezel Radboud University Nijmegen 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/923192472 3 A01 01 JB code 144192473 Raymond Ee Ee, Raymond Raymond Ee University of Leuven 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/144192473 01 eng 03 00

Binocular rivalry is often considered an experimental window on the neural processes of consciousness. We propose three distinct approaches to exploit this window. First, one may look through the window, using binocular rivalry as a passive tool to dissociate unaltered sensory input from wavering perceptual output. Second, the mechanisms underlying binocular rivalry may yield detailed knowledge of the neuronal underpinnings of binocular vision and increase the value of rivalry as a tool to study consciousness. Finally, smart experimental manipulations allow experimenters to ‘reach through the window’ and interact with mechanisms of conscious visual perception. Within this distinction, we discuss the major open questions in binocular rivalry research and examine how recent technological developments may be incorporated in future studies

01 01 JB code aicr.90.13ind 06 10.1075/aicr.90.13ind 333 339 7 Miscellaneous 14 01 04 Index Index 01 eng 01 01 JB code aicr.90.99ste 06 10.1075/aicr.90.99ste Section header 15 01 04 The stereoscopic viewer mentioned in this volume can be bought at http://www.3dstereo.com/viewmaster/svn-tmp.html The stereoscopic viewer mentioned in this volume can be bought at http://www.3dstereo.com/viewmaster/svn-tmp.html 01 eng
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