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Journal mutations
Part of
The Evolution of Pronunciation Teaching and Research: 25 years of intelligibility, comprehensibility, and accentedness
Edited by John M. Levis, Tracey M. Derwing and Murray J. Munro
[
Benjamins Current Topics
121] 2022
► pp.
229
–
229
◄
previous
Subject index
A
Accent
22, 44–45, 114, 170
discrimination
29
diversity
36–37
gravity
9
rating
15, 19–21, 23, 69, 212
reduction
8, 41, 53
strength
209
Accentedness
1–3, 7–9, 13, 15–17, 21, 24, 26–29, 34–36, 45, 51–55, 58, 60–70, 77, 103–104, 106–108, 111–120, 125, 127–128, 131, 133, 135–139, 143–144, 146–147, 207–208, 210–213, 216, 220, 224
Accuracy
13, 18, 54, 60, 104–105, 107, 118, 126, 138–139, 155–156, 173
Acoustic signal
186
Adaptation
69, 156, 173–174, 188
Adult Migrant English Programs (AMEP)
81–82, 91–94, 99
Affective response
175–176
Age
56, 59, 62–64, 68, 87, 179
Akaike Information Criterion (AIC)
164, 194
Amplitude
212
AMT
56–58, 69
Anxiety
159, 168, 170–171, 174, 176
Articulation rate
59
Aspiration
182
Attention to form
118
Attitudes
2, 20, 148, 156, 208–209, 213, 222
Awareness-raising instruction
119
B
Backchannel
40
Background noise
83, 200, 210
Background questionnaire
55–57, 110, 130, 159
Bayesian
164
Bilinguals
35
Bonferroni correction
193
Bottom-up
186, 200, 223
British English
38, 41, 45, 159, 181, 191
C
Can-do statement
57, 188
Canadian Language Benchmarks
129
Cause-effect
183
Ceiling effect
189, 199
Certificate of Spoken and Written English (CSWE)
82
Chunking
182
Co-occurrence problem
183
Co-text
190–191, 198–200
Coda consonant
146
Cognitive difficulty
174
Cognitive factor
210, 212
Collaboration
168–171, 174
Collaborativeness
159, 176
Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR)
188–189, 200
Communication
25, 36, 38, 40–41, 44, 46, 68, 76, 118, 170–171, 208
Communication breakdown
172, 183–184, 186
Communication skills
29, 105
Communication success
36–37, 39
Communicative effectiveness
39, 104–105
Competence
35–36, 208
Competent speaker
104–105
Comprehensibility
development
77, 80, 94–95
judgment
1, 9, 15, 24, 133, 171
profile
154
rating
3, 12, 15, 19–20, 24, 26, 53–55, 60, 63, 77–82, 85, 95, 97–98, 136–137, 144, 154–155, 157–158, 161, 163–166, 170–175, 209
scale
9, 28, 61, 156
within interaction
154
Comprehensible
4, 15, 24, 34, 52, 61–62, 64–65, 68, 70, 80, 85–86, 89, 94–95, 97, 137, 146, 165, 168, 170, 210, 213–216, 218, 221
Comprehension
9, 14, 18, 24, 27, 37, 154, 156, 173, 182, 211
Consonant
37, 133–135, 137–138, 140, 144, 182
Consonant cluster
182
Consonantal error
133–134
Construct validity
126, 147
Content
1, 9, 107, 137
Content words
14, 17, 134, 137, 139, 144, 146–147, 189
Context
4, 33–35, 38–39, 42–44, 46, 52–53, 56, 69, 90–92, 96, 109, 117, 120, 157, 186–187, 190–191, 200, 207–208, 212, 216–218, 223–224
Context manipulation
211–212, 220
Contexts of English use
90–91, 96
Contexts of learning
52
Contextual cues
186, 200–201
Contextual support
186–187, 190, 196, 198, 200
Continuous predictor
60, 62–64
Contrasts
37, 67, 182, 184, 197–198, 220
Convergence
8, 165, 171, 173–175, 194
Conversation
79, 93, 117, 129, 156–158, 171, 174–175, 201
Conversation partner
157–158, 162
Conversational experience
174–175
Correction
60, 62, 68
Correlate
9, 22–23, 25, 52, 54, 115, 118, 138, 144, 161, 198, 208, 211, 222–223
Covariate
59, 61–65, 68–69, 161–162, 165
Covert
208
Covert prestige
208
Credibility
223
Cronbach’s alpha (α)
85, 113, 134
D
Delayed recall
132, 134–136
Deletion
13, 58, 133, 135, 141
Dependent variable
59, 162, 194, 215
Dialogic
120
Different POS (part of speech)
187, 190, 192–194, 196–199
Diphthongization
55
Direct magnitude estimation (DME)
154
Discourse
8, 147, 155–157, 172, 174
Discrete linguistic measure
126–127, 133
Discriminate
46
Discriminatory
20, 37, 46
Discriminatory behavior
29
Disfluency
135, 141, 147, 156
Disfluent speech
156
Divergence
146, 165, 171, 175
Downgrade
4, 8, 156, 210, 219–220, 222
Drip-feed instruction
103–104, 107, 109, 116–117, 119–120
Duration
10–11, 59, 106, 114, 129, 131–132, 134, 147
Dynamic approach
79, 156
Dynamic rater
157
Dynamic rating
79, 98
E
Ease of interpretation
9
Ecological validity
25, 183
Educational background
83
Effect size
109, 113, 115–116, 140, 147, 193
EFL instruction
104
Ejectives
42
ELF context
182, 185
ELF interaction
182, 186, 200
Elicited imitation
25
Engagement
175–176
English as a Lingua Franca (ELF)
45, 181
English as a Second Language
10, 52, 76, 129
English use
2, 43, 56, 59, 62–64, 76–78, 80–81, 83, 86–96, 98
English Vocabulary Profile
189
Epenthesis
135, 141
Error category
66–67
Error frequency
8
Error gravity
8
Error
17, 22, 58, 141
ESL
10–11, 23, 30, 52–53, 66, 69–70, 76, 84, 107–110, 112, 120, 129–130
Evaluation
45, 52, 54, 156, 159, 172, 194, 207–213, 215–216, 218, 221–224
English Vocabulary Profile (EVP)
189–191
Exact word match
14, 59, 187
Expanding circle
43, 185
Experience
26, 41, 103–107, 109, 117, 120, 125, 127–128, 132, 136–137, 140–143, 155, 161, 169, 172–175, 208, 210, 216, 221–222, 224
Experienced rater
139
Experimental condition
190, 194, 198
Expert rater
104, 144
Exposure
45, 76–77, 95, 104–106, 128–131, 146, 148, 172, 188, 214, 218
Extemporaneous
23, 25, 129, 134
Extra-linguistic
186, 191
F
False start
78, 111, 130
Familiarity
19, 26, 38, 56, 59, 62–64, 68, 78–79, 112, 130, 143, 146, 169–170, 188, 192, 195
Fatigue
113, 131
Filled pause
141, 145, 147
Films
41
First language
76, 127, 188, 205
Fixed effect
60–64, 162, 165, 168, 195–196, 218
Foreign Language learner (FL learner)
52–53, 56, 69–70
Fluency
1, 3, 8, 27, 55, 77, 85, 104–107, 111–120, 125, 127–128, 130–131, 133, 135–140, 143–148, 155–156, 169–170, 209
fluency measure
114–115, 128, 133, 156
utterance fluency
114–117
Fluidity
112, 114
Foreign accent
8–10, 12, 15–16, 18, 21–25, 41, 45, 54, 106, 173, 182, 209
Formant frequency
147
Formulaic language
78
Francophone
108
Frequency
15, 17, 78, 128, 136, 139–140, 142–143, 145, 147–148, 157, 161, 170, 173, 181, 184
Friedman test
193
Function word
14, 17–18, 134, 137, 139–140, 144
Functional load (FL)
1, 3, 24–27, 37, 118, 134, 144, 184–185
G
Generalizability
53, 211, 216–217
Global features
accent reduction
25
foreign accent
9
speech ratings
79, 127–128, 133, 136, 139, 148
proficiency
59
speech dimension
54, 65
Goodness-of-fit
194
Grammatical
error
13–14, 22–23, 51, 54–55, 58–59, 65, 67–68, 70
form
2
information
190
Growth model
163
Guise
210, 212
H
Hesitation
57, 78, 111, 130–131, 135
Holistic rating
128
I
Ideal listener/speaker
35
Identity
33, 35, 41, 45
IELTS (International English Language Testing System)
79–80, 82, 97, 158, 161–162, 165, 168
Immigrant
2, 35
Individual differences
26
Individual variation
2, 76–78, 80–81, 86, 94, 98
Information gap
105
Inner circle
35, 42–43
Insertion
13–14, 58
Instruction time
105
Instructional approach
2, 28
Intelligibility
breakdown
28, 134, 144
principle
2, 33–39, 42, 44–46
score
15, 18–20, 22, 24, 26, 28–29, 54, 59–60, 62, 209
unintelligibility
14, 182–184, 200
word intelligibility
187, 190–191, 200
Intensive English
104–105, 107–108, 116
Intensive instruction
104–107, 109, 116–117, 119–120
Interaction
3, 29, 39, 42–44, 56, 77–79, 98, 127, 131, 153–154, 157, 159–161, 165, 167–168, 172–176, 182–183, 186, 195, 200, 208, 219–220
Interactive alignment
173, 175
Interactive task
3, 157–158, 175
Intercorrelations
23
Interlocutor
45, 156–157, 171–175, 184
Intermediate (-level)
2, 66, 80–82, 86–91, 94–95, 97–98, 184–185, 188, 219
International
audience
186–187, 198
communication
184
context
183, 201
intelligibility
3, 182–187, 198, 201
Interrater reliability
19, 85, 113, 126
Intervention
25–27, 76, 121–122
Intonation
14, 20–23, 27, 55, 112, 135, 140, 155, 169
Intraclass correlation
See
Cronbach's alpha (α)
Introspective report
127–128, 132, 134–136, 140, 145, 147–148
IRIS
55, 57, 86–89, 93, 176
Irritation
156
J
Job interview
79
K
K-12
52
Korean-accented English
214, 218
L
L1
20, 38, 41, 45–46, 54, 76, 84, 127–129, 135–144, 146–147, 195, 205
L1-L2 pairing
52
L2
speech
3, 13, 20, 25–29, 37, 52, 62–63, 68–69, 84, 126–129, 133–134, 147–148, 161, 175, 221
learner performance
126
practice
105, 117, 119–120
proficiency
104, 107, 109, 116–117, 119, 120, 143
pronunciation
1–4, 26–27, 33–37, 45–46, 76, 125–129, 144–145, 147–148, 182
Spanish
3, 52–53, 55–57, 59, 62–64, 66, 68, 70, 79, 156
use
107
Language assessment
2
Language background
3, 55–56, 84, 91, 125, 157–158, 211, 214
Language experience
41
Language exposure
106, 129
Language Instruction for Newcomers to Canada (LINC)
129
Language log
78
Language output
106
Language proficiency
112, 174
Language use
55, 112, 117, 157
Learning context
53, 104, 117, 120
Learning gains
106
Learning goals
34
Lexical
analysis
160
category
199
error
118, 135
substitution
171
type frequency
162
Lexicogrammar
155
Likert
9, 12, 56, 111–113
Linear function
171
Lingua franca context
188
Lingua Franca Core(LFC)
3, 182–185, 187, 198, 201
Linguistic context
155, 190
Linguistic feature
39, 54–55, 105, 126–127, 145, 147
Linguistic measure
127, 147–148, 155
Linking
135, 140–142, 147
Listener
judgment
1, 27, 54, 161
rating
11, 16, 27, 54, 77
reaction
27
training
126
Listening proficiency
161, 164, 188–189, 200
Listening task
57–58
Log-likelihood ratio test
194
Loglinear analysis
136, 139–141, 147
Long-term effect
104, 106–107, 116, 119, 175
Longitudinal
2, 27, 76, 80–85, 94, 96–99, 106, 118, 120
Loudness
57
Low FL (Functional Load)
26
Low pass filter
144
Low-proficiency
188
M
Materials
4, 45, 70, 176, 189, 212, 216
Mean length of run (MLR)
114–117
Meaning-focused
118
Mechanical Turk (MT)
56, 58, 70, 217
Meta-analysis
144
Methodological choice
1, 70
Minimal pair
184–190, 192–194, 196–199
Miscommunication
183
Mixed effects
28–29, 194, 214, 218
Models
37–38, 45, 120
Monolingual
35, 42
Monologic
25, 120, 154
Monologue
79
Monosyllabic word
189
Morphosyntactic error
13, 144, 155
MP
See
Minimal Pair
Multicompetence
46
Mutual comprehensibility
3
Mutually intelligible
40
N
Narration
10, 53
Narrative review
25
Narrative speech
25
Narrative task
79, 104, 110–112, 116, 120
Native speaker
8, 15, 29, 35, 37–38, 41–46, 52–53, 83–84, 210
Native speech
15, 20, 56, 59, 61, 210, 223
Native-like
14–15, 21, 24, 35, 37, 41, 54
Nativeness principle
2, 33–39, 42–43, 45–46
Naturalistic L2 acquisition
2
Naturalistic pronunciation development
28
Near-native
35, 214
NNS listener
188–189, 200–201
Noise
40, 96, 145, 210–211, 221
Non-dynamic rater
157
Non-intensive
104
non-MP word
186, 193–194, 197–199
Nonnative
8, 12–13, 15, 18, 20–21, 23, 26–27, 36–38, 43–45
Nonnative teacher
36–38
Non-standard accent
45
Norm-referenced
28
North Wind and the Sun
212
Novel word
14, 17
Novice rater
3, 125, 127–128, 130–134, 137, 139–140, 143–145
Nuclear stress
182
NURSE (vowel)
3, 182
O
Omission
8, 14, 17–18
One-way listening task
157
Online learning
156
Open vowel
184
Oral
ability
105
communication
4, 39–40, 118
performance
105–106, 120, 129
production
103–107, 109–113, 115–117, 119–120
skill
37, 113, 120
task
107, 120
Orthographic transcription
12, 17–18, 20, 22, 26, 187
Orthography
4, 12, 201, 210–216, 218–223
Outer circle
42–43
Overt prestige
208
P
Pace
64, 69, 142
Pacing
135
Pairwise comparisons
193
part of speech
same vs different in functional load
187, 190–199
Partial independence
27, 53, 118
Partially independent
3, 23, 54, 154, 207
Participation
58, 175, 217
Pause length
59, 62, 68, 112, 114–115, 134, 141
Pausing
59, 116–117, 132, 135, 140, 142, 145, 173
Peak amplitude
130
Pearson correlation coefficient
20
Pearson correlation
136–137
Pedagogic practice
183
Pedagogical goal
2
Peer-rating
159
Perceived comprehensibility
9, 15–16, 18–24, 28
Perceived difficulty
155
Perception
8, 10, 22, 26, 44, 53, 68, 104–106, 115–116, 118–120, 127–128, 175, 222
Perceptual
104, 106, 113–114, 120, 125–127, 139, 172
Performance
111, 120, 126, 128- 129, 147–148, 175, 210
Personality
135
Phonation time
114–117
Phonemic error
13, 23, 54–55, 58, 65–67, 70, 171, 198
Phonemic substitution
155, 185–186, 201
Phonetic analysis
55
Phonetic error
13, 23, 198
Phonetic score
21–22
Phonetic transcription
13
Phonetics instruction
54
Phonological distance
146
Phonotactic
112
Picture narrative task
78, 111, 117, 159
Pitch
135, 140
Polish
128, 205
Post-secondary
52, 77
Post-test
106
Praat
57, 59, 114
POS
See
part of speech
Pragmatics
26, 40, 46
Prejudice
38, 43
Prescriptive belief
45
Prestige accent
38, 209
Primary stress
See
prosody
Priming
173, 191, 209
Problem-solving task
See
task, proceduralization
Processing
difficulty
210, 222
effort
68, 172, 175
fluency
4, 155–157, 175, 207–216, 219, 221, 224
resources
24
time
24, 27, 222
Professional advancement
41
Proficiency
relationship with comprehensibility
80–81, 97, 161, 164, 171
Prominence
See
prosody
Pronunciation assessment
See
assessment
Prosody
error gravity of
37, 118 134, 155
goodness of
134, 138–39, 144, 146
measures
3, 9, 14, 125, 133–34, 146
primary stress
26, 145
rhythm
135, 140–142, 147
stress
8, 26, 37, 58, 112, 118, 134–135, 142, 145, 182
word stress
58, 118, 135, 142
Pronunciation in Second Language Learning and Teaching (PSLLT)
8
Pupillometry
210, 222
Q
Quasi-continuous scaling
See
rating scale
Questionnaire
debriefing
160, 192
language background
55, 56, 129–130, 159
language use
78
R
Race
See
social aspects
Randomization of stimuli
11, 18–19, 57, 78, 111, 130, 133, 187, 191, 213
Rate of speech
See
speech rate
Rater bias
See
social factors
Rating
scale
126, 131, 133, 143, 154, 159–160, 175
normalization of
142
severity
143, 175
Read speech
25, 54
Real-time scoring
126
Recency effect (in testing)
106
Reduced intelligibility
See
intelligibility
Refugees
82
Regularization (in transcription-based assessment)
14, 17–18, 59
Retention (of learning)
104
Reverse linguistic stereotyping
209, 221
(see also social bias)
Rhythm
See
prosody
Role play
See
task
Rounding
See
vowel
S
Scale
descriptor
126, 128
peak function
57
sliding
58, 154
Schemata
191, 199
Schematic cue
191–192, 199
School effect
107
Schwa
See
vowel reduction
Secondary school
11, 91, 107–111, 158
Segment
1, 3, 13, 54, 114, 133–134, 137, 144, 155, 160–161, 173
Segmental
3, 9, 21, 26–27, 37, 126–128, 133–135, 137–141, 143–144, 146–147
Self-correction
62, 69, 134
repair
112
repetition
134–135
Self-reporting
of language use and experience)
96, 129, 139
of language proficiency
129, 200
Silent pause duration
See
pause
Skew (in speech rating data)
15–16, 18, 21, 53, 60, 66, 70
Sliding scale
See
scale
Social aspects (of pronunciation)
bias
20, 222
categorization
209, 213
class
45
cognition
222
expectation
208
evaluation
221
group
208, 210
nativeness principle
34
network survey
78
perception
222
race
45
status
46, 55, 208–222
ideological factors
210
solidarity
208, 210–211, 213–216, 219–222
stereotypes
209–213, 221–223
Societal application
212
Software
Praat
57, 59, 114
presentation
12, 28
Sound Studio
3, 134
web-based
213
Speaker-listener adaptation
158, 173
Speaking assessment
See
assessment
Speaking rate
See
speech rate
Speaking task
See
task
Speech
clarity
15, 26
dimensions of
53–54, 67, 97, 104, 106–107, 115–116, 118–119, 155
elicitation
See
task
rate
26, 51, 54–55, 59, 62–64, 69, 106, 112, 114–117, 127, 131, 134–135, 138–140, 142–145, 173
spontaneous
25
stigmatization
223
volume
105, 117, 173, 191, 212, 217
Status
See
social aspects
Stella passage
See
task
Stereotype
See
social aspects
Stimulated recall
See
task
Stress
See
prosody
Study abroad
52, 78, 106
Stuttering
135
Substitution (phonetic)
13–14, 17, 58, 133, 135, 141, 181, 186–187, 195, 198, 201
Suitcase story
See
task
Suprasegmentals
See
prosody
T
Task
difficulty
156, 158, 172, 192, 208
extemporaneous speaking
23, 25, 57, 129, 133
order
173, 208
problem-solving
159
procedularization
116–119
real-life speaking
79
role play
79, 105, 186
speech elicitation
79, 111, 126, 129, 143, 175
“Stella” passage
212
stimulated recall
148, 157, 183
“suitcase” story
11, 111, 130
type
120
Teaching experience
56, 59–60, 62–64, 112
Teaching model
38
Technical and Further Education (TAFE)
92–93
Temporal measure
114–117, 126, 128, 130–134, 138–139, 143–146, 156
Text Grid (Praat)
57, 59
Time on task
156, 161–162
TOEFL (Test of English as a Foreign Language)
10, 79, 158
Transcription
9–14, 17–18, 20, 22–23, 26, 57–61, 135, 154, 187
Trivial error
14, 18, 59–60, 161
True/false sentence
14
Turn-taking
105, 174
Type frequency
161–162, 165, 168
U
U-shaped function
163–164, 167, 170–172, 174
Utterance length
18, 20, 22, 59, 68, 173
V
Validity
1, 25, 46, 53, 126–127, 147–148, 175, 183
Verbal protocol
132, 134–136
Visual cue
40
Voice Onset Time (VOT)
54
Voice quality
15, 26, 135, 169
Volume
See
speech volume
Vowel
comprehensibility and
55, 144
insertion
146
length
182
Lingua Franca core and
182, 198, 201
reduction
55, 58
rounding
185
(vocalic) substitution
133, 185, 199
W
Waveform
10, 114
Wildcat Corpus
212–217
Word stress
See
prosody
Workplace
2, 96, 208
World Englishes
2, 33, 42, 45