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05
The contributions in Contrastive Pragmatics indeed succeed in offering new insights into relevant long-standing issues while showing how contrastive linguistics and pragmatics may contribute to each other by discovering that, even between very closely related languages and cultural backgrounds, remarkable differences can emerge from the examination of naturally-occurring corpus data. Undoubtedly the questions raised in this collective volume will stimulate further inquiries and will help future researchers find answers to their queries.
Maria de los Ángeles Gómez González, University of Santiago de Compostella, in Languages in Contrast Vol. 12:1 (2012), pag. 112-119
05
The present volume adds an interesting set of contributions to the increasingly popular field of contrastive pragmatics. It provides new insights into old issues, but also discusses hitherto under-researched topics, and the questions raised in it will certainly encourage further research in contrastive pragmatics.
Liselotte Brems, University of Liege, in English Text Construction Vol. 6(2): 301-105, 2013
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Modality and ENGAGEMENT in British and German political interviews
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Annette Becker
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Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main (Germany)
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appraisal theory
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engagement
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Speakers regulary use modality and other resources from the appraisal system of engagement to position themselves intersubjectively. In doing so, they modify the discursive space for the voices of others. This is particularly relevant in political media interviews, especially in questions with topics that are potentially face-threatening to the interviewees’ public face. This paper compares the use of modality and other engagement resources in British and German political interviews and discusses the differences in frequency and function. Data is taken from videotaped and transcribed political interviews conducted during British and German election night broadcasts. Their analysis is based on recent studies in contrastive pragmatics, appraisal theory and pragmatically oriented studies on media discourse, bearing in mind that cross-cultural comparison of data taken from a particular genre has to take into account a broad range of contextual factors including genre-specific constraints.
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The intersubjective function of modal adverbs
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A contrastive English-French study of adverbs in journalistic discourse
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Agnès Celle
Celle, Agnès
Agnès
Celle
University of Paris-Diderot Paris 7, CLILLAC (France)
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contrastive pragmatics
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This paper presents a contrastive study of modal adverbs in English and French, with a focus on a few pairs such as <i>évidemment</i> vs. ‘obviously’, <i>apparemment</i> vs. ‘apparently’. The relation between inference and epistemic modality is discussed both semantically and syntactically. Modal adverbs license double modality in French, in contrast to their English counterparts. This different syntactic behaviour confirms that the distinction that is generally made between two modal functions — the identificative one and the restrictive one — is relevant to French modal adverbs, but not to English modal adverbs. However, this semantic difference needs to be revisited and backed up pragmatically. It is argued that the identificative function of modal adverbs should be redefined in terms of intersubjectivity. While ‘apparently’ and ‘obviously’ mark the speaker’s identification with the addressee’s point of view, <i>apparemment</i> and <i>évidemment</i> are shown to be able to express the speaker’s evaluation whatever the speaker and addressee’s common knowledge might be. This pragmatic difference in turn provides an explanation for the different constraints on the use of modal adverbs in English and French.
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Bart Defrancq
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Bart
Defrancq
University College Ghent (Belgium)
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Bernard De Clerck
De Clerck, Bernard
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De Clerck
Ghent University (Belgium)
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contrastive pragmatics
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Similar to the uses of default discourse markers such as ‘well’, ‘you know’ and ‘I mean’, instances of ‘it depends’ and ‘ça dépend’ can be attested in which the speaker’s intersubjective positioning seems to be the main motivation behind their use (Moissinac and Bamberg 2004). In this paper we explore the systematicity and frequency of such examples in both French and English based on extensive contextualised corpus-based analysis. In particular, we will focus on their functional and formal features and attest to what extent they can be diagnosed as representative of ongoing intersubjectification processes. In doing so, we will trace differences and similarities between the two languages. The study shows that there is indeed fertile ground for such expressions to develop in the direction of discourse markers and that they evolve at slightly different paces in both languages.
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Challenges in contrast
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Anita Fetzer
Fetzer, Anita
Anita
Fetzer
University of Würzburg (Germany)
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context
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contrastive pragmatics
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English/German
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function-to-form mapping
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rejection
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Challenges express the speaker’s intention not to comply with a proposition, force or presupposition communicated in and through a prior conversational contribution. This may be a directly adjacent contribution, some less directly adjacent contribution, or a conversational contribution uttered in some prior discourse. As for its sequential status, a challenge is a responsive contribution, and from an interpersonal perspective, it tends to carry a high degree of face-threatening potential. A felicitous analysis of a challenge thus needs to go beyond a single conversational contribution, not only accommodating context but also the nature of a challenge’s embeddedness in context. The contribution is organized as follows: The first section systematizes the necessary and sufficient contextual constraints and requirements for a conversational contribution to be assigned the status of a challenge. The second part argues for a challenge to be conceptualized as a particularized contextual configuration, which may serve as a tertium comparationis in contrastive pragmatics. The third section exemplifies the frame of reference with a contrastive analysis of British and German challenges adopted from a corpus of political interviews. In both sets of data, challenges tend to be realized implicitly, and in both sets, challenging the content of a contribution is more frequent than challenging its force or presuppositions. While the British data display a wider variety of challenges, the German data prefer the content-based, implicitly realized challenge.
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Interruption in advanced learner French
Issues of pragmatic discrimination
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Marie-Noëlle Guillot
Guillot, Marie-Noëlle
Marie-Noëlle
Guillot
University of East Anglia, Norwich (United Kingdom)
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cross-cultural variations
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English/French
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interruption
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learner language
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pragmatic adaptations
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This exploratory study focuses on interruption as a feature of conversational management in multi-participant talk in advanced L2 French, based on a comparison with L1 French and English. It has two overall objectives: to consider pragmatic adaptations in L2 French from the point of view of interactional pressures, and to assess cross-cultural differences in the management of talk from the standpoint of learners. It is thus at the interface between interlanguage and cross-cultural pragmatics research. The analysis highlights tensions between pragmatic and processing demands in the learner data, resulting in limited pragmatic discrimination, differential adaptations to native French practices and possible stereotyping.
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Closeness and distance
The changing relationship to the audience in the American TV news show “CBS Evening News” and the Swiss “Tagesschau”
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Martin Luginbühl
Luginbühl, Martin
Martin
Luginbühl
University of Zurich (Switzerland)
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americanization
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contrastive textology
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culturality of text types
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media linguistics
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TV news shows
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This article compares the form of TV news reporting in the American “CBS Evening News” and the Swiss “Tagesschau” from their beginning until today. It draws particular attention to the ‘culturality’ of text types — a term that will be introduced in the first part. The analysis focuses on local, temporal and emotional closeness in news packages and illustrates how the two shows stage closeness in different and changing ways. Although a partial homogenization can be observed, the notion of a continuous americanization is rejected. The results will be analysed in the perspective of the TV news shows considering factors such as the text repertoire and overall format of the show. Discussing the results I will argue that the concept of ‘journalistic culture’ is helpful to conceptualize and understand the form of news. While the analysis cannot decide to what degree single influencing factors are at work, it further develops some common assumptions (like national characteristics of text types or the influence of commercialization).
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The nominative and infinitive in English and Dutch
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An exercise in contrastive diachronic construction grammar
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Dirk Noël
Noël, Dirk
Dirk
Noël
The University of Hong Kong (P. R. China)
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Timothy Colleman
Colleman, Timothy
Timothy
Colleman
Ghent University (Belgium)
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diachronic construction grammar
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Dutch/English
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evidentiality
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nominative and infinitive
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The nominative and infinitive (or NCI) is a syntactic pattern that has so far not been given its due in the linguistics of languages that possess structures that could go by that name. In English and Dutch these were probably introduced (or at the very least revived) into the grammar as loans from Latin. To the extent that they have received attention, the linguistics of these three languages traditionally treats them as mere passive alternates of accusative and infinitives, but in English and Dutch, and probably also in Latin, most NCI patterns can instantiate three distinct constructions: a passive NCI, a descriptive NCI and an evidential NCI. Though the latter one especially can be seen to be ‘more grammatical’ than the passive NCI, it is not the result of a grammaticalization change that has taken place inside English or Dutch. In English the evidential NCI did become a productive schematic construction that grew to be very useful in journalistic and academic discourses. In Dutch, on the other hand, the productivity of the NCI constructions has much decreased after a brief 18th-century peak. English and Dutch do have in common, however, that a couple of substantive evidential NCI patterns grammaticalized into deontic NCI constructions, which at present is the most frequent NCI construction in Dutch.
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JBENJAMINS
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John Benjamins Publishing Company
Amsterdam/Philadelphia
NL
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20110609
2011
John Benjamins
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bct.30
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https://benjamins.com
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https://benjamins.com/catalog/bct.30
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Karin Aijmer
Aijmer, Karin
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Aijmer
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We have recently seen a broadening of pragmatics to new areas and to the study of more than one language. This is illustrated by the present volume on Contrastive Pragmatics which brings together a number of articles originally presented at the 10th International Pragmatics Conference in Göteborg in 2007. The contributions deal with pragmatic phenomena such as speech acts, discourse markers and modality in different language pairs using theoretical approaches such as politeness theory, Conversation Analysis, Appraisal Theory, grammaticalization and cultural textology. Also discourse practices and genres may differ across cultures as illustrated by the study of TV news shows in different countries. Contrastive pragmatics also includes the comparative study of pragmatic phenomena from a foreign language perspective, a new area with implications for language teaching and intercultural communication. The contributions to this volume were originally published in<i> Languages in Contrast</i> 9:1 (2009).
05
The contributions in Contrastive Pragmatics indeed succeed in offering new insights into relevant long-standing issues while showing how contrastive linguistics and pragmatics may contribute to each other by discovering that, even between very closely related languages and cultural backgrounds, remarkable differences can emerge from the examination of naturally-occurring corpus data. Undoubtedly the questions raised in this collective volume will stimulate further inquiries and will help future researchers find answers to their queries.
Maria de los Ángeles Gómez González, University of Santiago de Compostella, in Languages in Contrast Vol. 12:1 (2012), pag. 112-119
05
The present volume adds an interesting set of contributions to the increasingly popular field of contrastive pragmatics. It provides new insights into old issues, but also discusses hitherto under-researched topics, and the questions raised in it will certainly encourage further research in contrastive pragmatics.
Liselotte Brems, University of Liege, in English Text Construction Vol. 6(2): 301-105, 2013
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Modality and ENGAGEMENT in British and German political interviews
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Annette Becker
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Annette
Becker
Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main (Germany)
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appraisal theory
20
engagement
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English/German
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media discourse
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modality
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political discourse
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Speakers regulary use modality and other resources from the appraisal system of engagement to position themselves intersubjectively. In doing so, they modify the discursive space for the voices of others. This is particularly relevant in political media interviews, especially in questions with topics that are potentially face-threatening to the interviewees’ public face. This paper compares the use of modality and other engagement resources in British and German political interviews and discusses the differences in frequency and function. Data is taken from videotaped and transcribed political interviews conducted during British and German election night broadcasts. Their analysis is based on recent studies in contrastive pragmatics, appraisal theory and pragmatically oriented studies on media discourse, bearing in mind that cross-cultural comparison of data taken from a particular genre has to take into account a broad range of contextual factors including genre-specific constraints.
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The intersubjective function of modal adverbs
The
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A contrastive English-French study of adverbs in journalistic discourse
1
A01
Agnès Celle
Celle, Agnès
Agnès
Celle
University of Paris-Diderot Paris 7, CLILLAC (France)
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contrastive pragmatics
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English/French
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epistemic modality
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evidentiality
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modal adverbs
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This paper presents a contrastive study of modal adverbs in English and French, with a focus on a few pairs such as <i>évidemment</i> vs. ‘obviously’, <i>apparemment</i> vs. ‘apparently’. The relation between inference and epistemic modality is discussed both semantically and syntactically. Modal adverbs license double modality in French, in contrast to their English counterparts. This different syntactic behaviour confirms that the distinction that is generally made between two modal functions — the identificative one and the restrictive one — is relevant to French modal adverbs, but not to English modal adverbs. However, this semantic difference needs to be revisited and backed up pragmatically. It is argued that the identificative function of modal adverbs should be redefined in terms of intersubjectivity. While ‘apparently’ and ‘obviously’ mark the speaker’s identification with the addressee’s point of view, <i>apparemment</i> and <i>évidemment</i> are shown to be able to express the speaker’s evaluation whatever the speaker and addressee’s common knowledge might be. This pragmatic difference in turn provides an explanation for the different constraints on the use of modal adverbs in English and French.
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Intersubjective positioning in French and English
A contrastive analysis of ‘ça dépend’ and ‘it depends’
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Bart Defrancq
Defrancq, Bart
Bart
Defrancq
University College Ghent (Belgium)
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Bernard De Clerck
De Clerck, Bernard
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De Clerck
Ghent University (Belgium)
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contrastive pragmatics
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discourse marker
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English/French
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grammaticalization
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intersubjectification
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Similar to the uses of default discourse markers such as ‘well’, ‘you know’ and ‘I mean’, instances of ‘it depends’ and ‘ça dépend’ can be attested in which the speaker’s intersubjective positioning seems to be the main motivation behind their use (Moissinac and Bamberg 2004). In this paper we explore the systematicity and frequency of such examples in both French and English based on extensive contextualised corpus-based analysis. In particular, we will focus on their functional and formal features and attest to what extent they can be diagnosed as representative of ongoing intersubjectification processes. In doing so, we will trace differences and similarities between the two languages. The study shows that there is indeed fertile ground for such expressions to develop in the direction of discourse markers and that they evolve at slightly different paces in both languages.
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Challenges in contrast
A function-to-form approach
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Anita Fetzer
Fetzer, Anita
Anita
Fetzer
University of Würzburg (Germany)
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context
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contrastive pragmatics
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English/German
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function-to-form mapping
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rejection
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Challenges express the speaker’s intention not to comply with a proposition, force or presupposition communicated in and through a prior conversational contribution. This may be a directly adjacent contribution, some less directly adjacent contribution, or a conversational contribution uttered in some prior discourse. As for its sequential status, a challenge is a responsive contribution, and from an interpersonal perspective, it tends to carry a high degree of face-threatening potential. A felicitous analysis of a challenge thus needs to go beyond a single conversational contribution, not only accommodating context but also the nature of a challenge’s embeddedness in context. The contribution is organized as follows: The first section systematizes the necessary and sufficient contextual constraints and requirements for a conversational contribution to be assigned the status of a challenge. The second part argues for a challenge to be conceptualized as a particularized contextual configuration, which may serve as a tertium comparationis in contrastive pragmatics. The third section exemplifies the frame of reference with a contrastive analysis of British and German challenges adopted from a corpus of political interviews. In both sets of data, challenges tend to be realized implicitly, and in both sets, challenging the content of a contribution is more frequent than challenging its force or presuppositions. While the British data display a wider variety of challenges, the German data prefer the content-based, implicitly realized challenge.
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Interruption in advanced learner French
Issues of pragmatic discrimination
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Marie-Noëlle Guillot
Guillot, Marie-Noëlle
Marie-Noëlle
Guillot
University of East Anglia, Norwich (United Kingdom)
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cross-cultural variations
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English/French
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interruption
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learner language
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pragmatic adaptations
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This exploratory study focuses on interruption as a feature of conversational management in multi-participant talk in advanced L2 French, based on a comparison with L1 French and English. It has two overall objectives: to consider pragmatic adaptations in L2 French from the point of view of interactional pressures, and to assess cross-cultural differences in the management of talk from the standpoint of learners. It is thus at the interface between interlanguage and cross-cultural pragmatics research. The analysis highlights tensions between pragmatic and processing demands in the learner data, resulting in limited pragmatic discrimination, differential adaptations to native French practices and possible stereotyping.
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Closeness and distance
The changing relationship to the audience in the American TV news show “CBS Evening News” and the Swiss “Tagesschau”
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A01
Martin Luginbühl
Luginbühl, Martin
Martin
Luginbühl
University of Zurich (Switzerland)
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americanization
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contrastive textology
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culturality of text types
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media linguistics
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TV news shows
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This article compares the form of TV news reporting in the American “CBS Evening News” and the Swiss “Tagesschau” from their beginning until today. It draws particular attention to the ‘culturality’ of text types — a term that will be introduced in the first part. The analysis focuses on local, temporal and emotional closeness in news packages and illustrates how the two shows stage closeness in different and changing ways. Although a partial homogenization can be observed, the notion of a continuous americanization is rejected. The results will be analysed in the perspective of the TV news shows considering factors such as the text repertoire and overall format of the show. Discussing the results I will argue that the concept of ‘journalistic culture’ is helpful to conceptualize and understand the form of news. While the analysis cannot decide to what degree single influencing factors are at work, it further develops some common assumptions (like national characteristics of text types or the influence of commercialization).
10
01
JB code
bct.30.08noe
143
180
38
Article
8
01
The nominative and infinitive in English and Dutch
The
nominative and infinitive in English and Dutch
An exercise in contrastive diachronic construction grammar
1
A01
Dirk Noël
Noël, Dirk
Dirk
Noël
The University of Hong Kong (P. R. China)
2
A01
Timothy Colleman
Colleman, Timothy
Timothy
Colleman
Ghent University (Belgium)
20
diachronic construction grammar
20
Dutch/English
20
evidentiality
20
nominative and infinitive
01
The nominative and infinitive (or NCI) is a syntactic pattern that has so far not been given its due in the linguistics of languages that possess structures that could go by that name. In English and Dutch these were probably introduced (or at the very least revived) into the grammar as loans from Latin. To the extent that they have received attention, the linguistics of these three languages traditionally treats them as mere passive alternates of accusative and infinitives, but in English and Dutch, and probably also in Latin, most NCI patterns can instantiate three distinct constructions: a passive NCI, a descriptive NCI and an evidential NCI. Though the latter one especially can be seen to be ‘more grammatical’ than the passive NCI, it is not the result of a grammaticalization change that has taken place inside English or Dutch. In English the evidential NCI did become a productive schematic construction that grew to be very useful in journalistic and academic discourses. In Dutch, on the other hand, the productivity of the NCI constructions has much decreased after a brief 18th-century peak. English and Dutch do have in common, however, that a couple of substantive evidential NCI patterns grammaticalized into deontic NCI constructions, which at present is the most frequent NCI construction in Dutch.
10
01
JB code
bct.30.09ind
181
182
2
Miscellaneous
9
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Index
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JBENJAMINS
John Benjamins Publishing Company
01
John Benjamins Publishing Company
Amsterdam/Philadelphia
NL
04
20110609
2011
John Benjamins
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245
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164
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