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Evidentiality in Interaction
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Janis B. Nuckolls
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Brigham Young University
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05
Overall, not only from a theoretical point of view, but also from the analysis of different data presented, the book helps to understand how the social interaction perspective goes with evidentiality and evidential strategies in different languages. The articles represent the most current advances in research on this topic. Thus, I believe students and researchers who look for detailed analysis on evidentiality will benefit from reading this volume.
Roxana Magdalena Dinca, University of Bucharest, on Linguist List 26.4375
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Evidentiality in social interaction
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Janis B. Nuckolls
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Enhancing national solidarity through the deployment of verbal categories
How the Albanian Admirative participates in the construction of a reliable self and an unreliable other
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Victor A. Friedman
Friedman, Victor A.
Victor A.
Friedman
University of Chicago
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The deployment of the Albanian admirative as well as the evidential particles <i>kinse</i> ‘allegedly’ and <i>gjoja</i> ‘supposedly’ in Kosovar electronic news sources to render either dubitative or neutral reports — depending on both the source and the timing — contributed to the project of an independent Kosovo. The usages can be divided into three periods: 1994–1997, 1998–1999, and post-1999. During the first period, usage was exclusively dubitative and deployed for Serbian news sources. During the second period, which corresponded to the intensification of the armed uprising, usage shifted to neutrality, and during the third period, after the NATO bombing campaign, it returned somewhat to dubitativity, this time aimed at UN and NATO sources. The discussion demonstrates how pragmatics and grammatical categories contribute to the construction of political narratives and argues that a socially informed linguistic analysis is crucial to understanding how politics is performed in the world.
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From quotative other to quotative self
Evidential usage in Pastaza Quichua
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Janis B. Nuckolls
Nuckolls, Janis B.
Janis B.
Nuckolls
BrighamYoung University
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Evidentials in Pastaza Quichua, an Amazonian dialect of Ecuadorian Quechua, are examined and their uses in narratives compared. The novel contribution of this chapter is to show, by comparing data from personal experience narratives, that evidentials are used to convey speaker subjectivity, rather than source of information, and that switches between different speaker subjectivities, which may be encoded as ‘selves’ or ‘others’, are particularly evident in passages where momentous, life-changing statuses or interpersonal upheavals are being articulated.
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Shifting voices, shifting worlds
Evidentiality, epistemic modality and speaker perspective in Quechua oral narrative
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Rosaleen Howard
Howard, Rosaleen
Rosaleen
Howard
Newcastle University
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This chapter examines evidentiality and epistemic modality in Quechua narrative discourse from the central highlands of Peru. Huamalíes Quechua falls into the broad Quechua ‘I’ dialect grouping established by Alfredo Torero (1964); evidential usage here can be compared to that of southern Conchucos Quechua as studied by Diane and Daniel Hintz (2007; 2006) while it differs in interesting ways from the Quechua ‘II’ dialects of southern Peru as studied by Faller (2002; 2006). The analysis focuses on an orally performed traditional narrative that deals with the theme of social interaction between a human protagonist and a spirit being of the ‘other world’. It describes the human protagonist’s gradual realization of the nature of the spirit being with whom he has become involved; evidential and epistemic markings grammatically structure this transition from conjecture, to supposition, to direct witness. The aim is to show how the story’s cultural content, and the way in which evidentials and epistemic modality are operationalized, are mutually entailing. Form and content taken together throw light both on how evidentiality and epistemic modality work in social interaction and on how Amerindian understandings of the interface between the ‘natural’ and ‘supernatural’ worlds, and between ‘humans’ and ‘non-humans’, inform grammatical usage.
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“Watching for witness”
Evidential strategies and epistemic authority in Garrwa conversation
1
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Ilana Mushin
Mushin, Ilana
Ilana
Mushin
University of Queensland
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Linguistic forms with dedicated evidential meanings have been described for a number of Australian languages (eg. Donaldson 1980, Laughren 1982, Wilkins 1989) but there has been little written on how these are used in social interaction. This chapter examines evidential strategies in ordinary Garrwa conversations, by taking into account what we know more generally about the status of knowledge and epistemic authority in Aboriginal societies, and applying this understanding to account for the ways knowledge is managed in ‘ordinary’ interactions.
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“Who knows best?”
Evidentiality and epistemic asymmetry in conversation
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Jack Sidnell
Sidnell, Jack
Jack
Sidnell
University of Toronto
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This essay reviews current work in conversation analysis with an eye to what it might contribute to the study of evidentiality and epistemic asymmetry. After a brief review of some aspects of the interactional organization of conversation, I turn to consider the way in which participants negotiate relative epistemic positioning through the use of particular practices of speaking. The analytic focus here is on agreements and confirmations especially in assessment sequences. In conclusion, I consider a single case in which various practices are employed to convey a delicate balance of knowledge and simultaneously to attend to a range of other, non-epistemic, interactional issues.
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Nanti self-quotation
Implications for the pragmatics of reported speech and evidentiality
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Lev Michael
Michael, Lev
Lev
Michael
University of California, Berkeley
01
This chapter describes two quotation strategies employed by speakers of Nanti, one involving grammaticalized quotatives and another involving complement-taking verbs of saying, and examines the consequences of the pragmatic differences between these strategies for two key questions in the study of evidentiality: first, the importance of degree of grammaticalization in delimiting ‘evidentials’; and second, the importance of the analytical distinction between epistemic modal and ‘source of information’ evidential meanings. Nanti use of the two quotation strategies is specifically analyzed in the context of self-quotation practices in order to isolate specific aspects of their pragmatics. This analysis shows that the lexical quotative strategy expresses that the quoted party is not only the source of the content of the utterance, but is also an ‘illocutionary source’, who is committed to the interactional force of the utterance, while the grammaticalized quotative strategy does not indicate such a commitment. The functional difference between lexical and grammatical quotative strategies in Nanti is compared with differences between lexical and grammaticalized quotative and reportive strategies found in other languages, and the Nanti results are found to be consistent with cross-linguistic tendencies towards functional differentiation of lexical quotative and reportives, on the one hand, and their grammaticalized counterparts, on the other. These facts, it is argued, motivate a distinction on functional grounds between grammaticalized reportives and quotatives and their lexical counterparts, supporting the use of grammaticalization as a criterion for distinguishing evidentials proper from evidential strategies. The commitment-augmenting function of the lexical quotative construction in Nanti self-quotation is then examined in light of the commitment-diminishing function commonly attributed to quotatives and reportives (and also found in Nanti). It is argued that both types of commitment-modulating effects emerge as implicatures from the basic information and illocutionary source semantics of Nanti lexical quotatives, and from pragmatic reasoning based on whether the quoted party is first person or third person. The fact that both commitment-modulating functions of Nanti lexical quotatives are derived from semantics of lexical quotatives elements is argued to show that the distinction between information source and epistemic modal meanings, often taken to be a pivotal notional distinction in defining evidentiality as a grammatical category, is also essential to the proper analysis of the pragmatics of evidential strategies in discourse.
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Index
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JBENJAMINS
John Benjamins Publishing Company
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Amsterdam/Philadelphia
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20140619
2014
John Benjamins B.V.
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63
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Evidentiality in Interaction
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bct.63
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https://benjamins.com
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https://benjamins.com/catalog/bct.63
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Janis B. Nuckolls
Nuckolls, Janis B.
Janis B.
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Brigham Young University
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Lev Michael
Michael, Lev
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University of California, Berkeley
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eng
205
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199
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CFG
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LIN.PRAG
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Theoretical linguistics
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In recent decades, linguists have significantly advanced our understanding of the grammatical properties of evidentials, but their social and interactional properties and uses have received less attention. This volume, originally published as a special issue of <i>Pragmatics and Society</i> (issue 3:2, 2012), draws together complementary perspectives on the social and interactional life of evidentiality, drawing on data from diverse languages, including Albanian, English, Garrwa (Pama-Nyungan, Australia), HuamalĂes Quechua (Quechuan, Peru), Nanti (Arawak, Peru), and Pastaza Quichua (Quechuan, Ecuador). The language-specific studies in this volume are all based on the close analysis of discourse or communicative interaction, and examine both evidential systems of varying degrees of grammaticalization and 'evidential strategies' present in languages without grammaticalized evidentials. The analyses presented draw on conversational analysis, ethnography of communication, ethnopoetics, pragmatics, and theories of deixis and indexicality, and will be of interest to students of evidentiality in a variety of analytical traditions.
05
Overall, not only from a theoretical point of view, but also from the analysis of different data presented, the book helps to understand how the social interaction perspective goes with evidentiality and evidential strategies in different languages. The articles represent the most current advances in research on this topic. Thus, I believe students and researchers who look for detailed analysis on evidentiality will benefit from reading this volume.
Roxana Magdalena Dinca, University of Bucharest, on Linguist List 26.4375
04
09
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Evidentiality in social interaction
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William F. Hanks
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University of California, Berkeley
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Evidentials and evidential strategies in interactional and socio-cultural context
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Janis B. Nuckolls
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Janis B.
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Lev Michael
Michael, Lev
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Michael
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Enhancing national solidarity through the deployment of verbal categories
How the Albanian Admirative participates in the construction of a reliable self and an unreliable other
1
A01
Victor A. Friedman
Friedman, Victor A.
Victor A.
Friedman
University of Chicago
01
The deployment of the Albanian admirative as well as the evidential particles <i>kinse</i> ‘allegedly’ and <i>gjoja</i> ‘supposedly’ in Kosovar electronic news sources to render either dubitative or neutral reports — depending on both the source and the timing — contributed to the project of an independent Kosovo. The usages can be divided into three periods: 1994–1997, 1998–1999, and post-1999. During the first period, usage was exclusively dubitative and deployed for Serbian news sources. During the second period, which corresponded to the intensification of the armed uprising, usage shifted to neutrality, and during the third period, after the NATO bombing campaign, it returned somewhat to dubitativity, this time aimed at UN and NATO sources. The discussion demonstrates how pragmatics and grammatical categories contribute to the construction of political narratives and argues that a socially informed linguistic analysis is crucial to understanding how politics is performed in the world.
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From quotative other to quotative self
Evidential usage in Pastaza Quichua
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A01
Janis B. Nuckolls
Nuckolls, Janis B.
Janis B.
Nuckolls
BrighamYoung University
01
Evidentials in Pastaza Quichua, an Amazonian dialect of Ecuadorian Quechua, are examined and their uses in narratives compared. The novel contribution of this chapter is to show, by comparing data from personal experience narratives, that evidentials are used to convey speaker subjectivity, rather than source of information, and that switches between different speaker subjectivities, which may be encoded as ‘selves’ or ‘others’, are particularly evident in passages where momentous, life-changing statuses or interpersonal upheavals are being articulated.
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Shifting voices, shifting worlds
Evidentiality, epistemic modality and speaker perspective in Quechua oral narrative
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Rosaleen Howard
Howard, Rosaleen
Rosaleen
Howard
Newcastle University
01
This chapter examines evidentiality and epistemic modality in Quechua narrative discourse from the central highlands of Peru. Huamalíes Quechua falls into the broad Quechua ‘I’ dialect grouping established by Alfredo Torero (1964); evidential usage here can be compared to that of southern Conchucos Quechua as studied by Diane and Daniel Hintz (2007; 2006) while it differs in interesting ways from the Quechua ‘II’ dialects of southern Peru as studied by Faller (2002; 2006). The analysis focuses on an orally performed traditional narrative that deals with the theme of social interaction between a human protagonist and a spirit being of the ‘other world’. It describes the human protagonist’s gradual realization of the nature of the spirit being with whom he has become involved; evidential and epistemic markings grammatically structure this transition from conjecture, to supposition, to direct witness. The aim is to show how the story’s cultural content, and the way in which evidentials and epistemic modality are operationalized, are mutually entailing. Form and content taken together throw light both on how evidentiality and epistemic modality work in social interaction and on how Amerindian understandings of the interface between the ‘natural’ and ‘supernatural’ worlds, and between ‘humans’ and ‘non-humans’, inform grammatical usage.
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JB code
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103
126
24
Article
8
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“Watching for witness”
Evidential strategies and epistemic authority in Garrwa conversation
1
A01
Ilana Mushin
Mushin, Ilana
Ilana
Mushin
University of Queensland
01
Linguistic forms with dedicated evidential meanings have been described for a number of Australian languages (eg. Donaldson 1980, Laughren 1982, Wilkins 1989) but there has been little written on how these are used in social interaction. This chapter examines evidential strategies in ordinary Garrwa conversations, by taking into account what we know more generally about the status of knowledge and epistemic authority in Aboriginal societies, and applying this understanding to account for the ways knowledge is managed in ‘ordinary’ interactions.
10
01
JB code
bct.63.08sid
127
153
27
Article
9
01
“Who knows best?”
Evidentiality and epistemic asymmetry in conversation
1
A01
Jack Sidnell
Sidnell, Jack
Jack
Sidnell
University of Toronto
01
This essay reviews current work in conversation analysis with an eye to what it might contribute to the study of evidentiality and epistemic asymmetry. After a brief review of some aspects of the interactional organization of conversation, I turn to consider the way in which participants negotiate relative epistemic positioning through the use of particular practices of speaking. The analytic focus here is on agreements and confirmations especially in assessment sequences. In conclusion, I consider a single case in which various practices are employed to convey a delicate balance of knowledge and simultaneously to attend to a range of other, non-epistemic, interactional issues.
10
01
JB code
bct.63.09lev
155
191
37
Article
10
01
Nanti self-quotation
Implications for the pragmatics of reported speech and evidentiality
1
A01
Lev Michael
Michael, Lev
Lev
Michael
University of California, Berkeley
01
This chapter describes two quotation strategies employed by speakers of Nanti, one involving grammaticalized quotatives and another involving complement-taking verbs of saying, and examines the consequences of the pragmatic differences between these strategies for two key questions in the study of evidentiality: first, the importance of degree of grammaticalization in delimiting ‘evidentials’; and second, the importance of the analytical distinction between epistemic modal and ‘source of information’ evidential meanings. Nanti use of the two quotation strategies is specifically analyzed in the context of self-quotation practices in order to isolate specific aspects of their pragmatics. This analysis shows that the lexical quotative strategy expresses that the quoted party is not only the source of the content of the utterance, but is also an ‘illocutionary source’, who is committed to the interactional force of the utterance, while the grammaticalized quotative strategy does not indicate such a commitment. The functional difference between lexical and grammatical quotative strategies in Nanti is compared with differences between lexical and grammaticalized quotative and reportive strategies found in other languages, and the Nanti results are found to be consistent with cross-linguistic tendencies towards functional differentiation of lexical quotative and reportives, on the one hand, and their grammaticalized counterparts, on the other. These facts, it is argued, motivate a distinction on functional grounds between grammaticalized reportives and quotatives and their lexical counterparts, supporting the use of grammaticalization as a criterion for distinguishing evidentials proper from evidential strategies. The commitment-augmenting function of the lexical quotative construction in Nanti self-quotation is then examined in light of the commitment-diminishing function commonly attributed to quotatives and reportives (and also found in Nanti). It is argued that both types of commitment-modulating effects emerge as implicatures from the basic information and illocutionary source semantics of Nanti lexical quotatives, and from pragmatic reasoning based on whether the quoted party is first person or third person. The fact that both commitment-modulating functions of Nanti lexical quotatives are derived from semantics of lexical quotatives elements is argued to show that the distinction between information source and epistemic modal meanings, often taken to be a pivotal notional distinction in defining evidentiality as a grammatical category, is also essential to the proper analysis of the pragmatics of evidential strategies in discourse.
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Index
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202
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Index
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JBENJAMINS
John Benjamins Publishing Company
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