219-7677 10 7500817 John Benjamins Publishing Company Marketing Department / Karin Plijnaar, Pieter Lamers onix@benjamins.nl 201608250402 ONIX title feed eng 01 EUR
233015123 03 01 01 JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code BCT 67 Eb 15 9789027269607 06 10.1075/bct.67 13 2014020747 DG 002 02 01 BCT 02 1874-0081 Benjamins Current Topics 67 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Theory and Data in Cognitive Linguistics</TitleText> 01 bct.67 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/bct.67 1 B01 Nikolas Gisborne Gisborne, Nikolas Nikolas Gisborne University of Edinburgh 2 B01 Willem B. Hollmann Hollmann, Willem B. Willem B. Hollmann Lancaster University 01 eng 268 v 262 LAN009000 v.2006 CFK 2 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.COGN Cognition and language 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.COGPSY Cognitive linguistics 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.HL Historical linguistics 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.THEOR Theoretical linguistics 06 01 Cognitive linguistics has an honourable tradition of paying respect to naturally occurring language data and there have been fruitful interactions between corpus data and aspects of linguistic structure and meaning. More recently, dialect data and sociolinguistic data collection methods/theoretical concepts have started to generate interest. There has also been an increase in several kinds of experimental work. However, not all linguistic data is simply naturally occurring or derived from experiments with statistically robust samples of speakers. Other traditions, especially the generative tradition, have fruitfully used introspection and questions about the grammaticality of different strings to uncover patterns which might otherwise have gone unnoticed. The divide between generative and cognitive approaches to language is intimately connected to the kinds of data drawn on, and the way in which generalisations are derived from these data. The papers in this volume explore these issues through the lens of synchronic linguistic analysis, the study of language change, typological investigation and experimental study. Originally published in <i>Studies in Language</i> Vol. 36:3 (2012). 05 Comprehensive, informative and insightful, this volume brings together a series of extraordinarily careful analyses which significantly advance our understanding of language and will be useful to students and established researchers alike. The contributions make connections between theory and data, investigations of lexis and syntax, form and function, and diachrony and synchrony in a synthesis that embraces 'traditional' cognitive linguistic topics as well as phenomena that have hitherto been within the purview of formalist approaches. Ewa Dabrowska, University of Northumbria 04 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/bct.67.png 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027242556.jpg 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027242556.tif 06 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/bct.67.hb.png 07 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/bct.67.png 25 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/bct.67.hb.png 27 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/bct.67.hb.png 10 01 JB code bct.67.01in0 Section header 1 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Introduction</TitleText> 10 01 JB code bct.67.01int 1 14 14 Article 2 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Theory and data in cognitive linguistics</TitleText> 1 A01 Nikolas Gisborne Gisborne, Nikolas Nikolas Gisborne University of Edinburgh 2 A01 Willem B. Hollmann Hollmann, Willem B. Willem B. Hollmann Lancaster University 10 01 JB code bct.67.02gri 15 48 34 Article 3 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Frequencies, probabilities, and association measures in usage-/exemplar-based linguistics</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Some necessary clarifications</Subtitle> 1 A01 Stefan Th. Gries Gries, Stefan Th. Stefan Th. Gries University of California, Santa Barbara 01 In the last few years, a particular quantitative approach to the syntax-lexis interface has been developed: collostructional analysis (CA). This approach is an application of association measures to co-occurrence data from corpora, from a usage-based/cognitive-linguistic perspective. In spite of some popularity, this approach has come under criticism in Bybee (2010), who criticizes the method for several perceived shortcomings and advocates the use of raw frequencies/percentages instead. This chapter has two main objectives. The first is to refute Bybee&#8217;s criticism on theoretical and empirical grounds; the second and further-reaching one is to outline, on the basis of what frequency data <i>really</i> look like, a cline of analytical approaches and, ultimately, a new perspective on the notion of construction based on this cline. 10 01 JB code bct.67.03bar 49 85 37 Article 4 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Reconstructing constructional semantics</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">The dative subject construction in Old Norse-Icelandic, Latin, Ancient Greek, Old Russian and Old Lithuanian</Subtitle> 1 A01 Jóhanna Barðdal Barðdal, Jóhanna Jóhanna Barðdal Ghent University 2 A01 Thomas Smitherman Smitherman, Thomas Thomas Smitherman University of Bergen 3 A01 Valgerður Bjarnadóttir Bjarnadóttir, Valgerður Valgerður Bjarnadóttir Stockholm University 4 A01 Serena Danesi Danesi, Serena Serena Danesi Oxford University 5 A01 Gard B. Jenset Jenset, Gard B. Gard B. Jenset Oxford University Press 6 A01 Barbara McGillivray McGillivray, Barbara Barbara McGillivray 01 As the historical linguistic community is well aware, reconstructing semantics is a notoriously difficult undertaking. Such reconstruction has so far mostly been carried out on lexical items, like words and morphemes, and has not been conducted for larger and more complex linguistic units, which intuitively seems to be a more intricate task, especially given the lack of methodological criteria and guidelines within the field. This follows directly from the fact that most current theoretical frameworks are not construction-based, that is, they do not assume that constructions are form-meaning correspondences. In order to meet this challenge, we present an attempt at reconstructing constructional semantics, and more precisely the semantics of the Dative Subject Construction for an earlier stage of Indo-European. For this purpose we employ lexical semantic verb classes in combination with the semantic map model (Bar&#240;dal 2007, Bar&#240;dal, Kristoffersen &#38; Sveen 2011), showing how incredibly stable semantic fields may remain across long time spans, and how reconstructing such semantic fields may be accomplished. 10 01 JB code bct.67.04pat 87 114 28 Article 5 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">The historical development of the <i>it</i>-cleft</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>The </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">historical development of the <i>it</i>-cleft</TitleWithoutPrefix> <Subtitle textformat="02">A comparison of two different approaches</Subtitle> 1 A01 Amanda L. Patten Patten, Amanda L. Amanda L. Patten Northumbria University 01 This chapter compares two approaches to a particular grammatical change. While Ball (1991, 1994) investigates the development of the <i>it</i>-cleft configuration from within the generative tradition of the 1990s, I have recently re-examined the historical <i>it</i>-cleft data from a constructional perspective (see Patten 2010, 2012). In this chapter, I show how our different theoretical assumptions lead us to categorize and analyse the data differently. I conclude that a constructional approach is better at interpreting the diachronic facts. 10 01 JB code bct.67.05tro 115 140 26 Article 6 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Theory and data in diachronic Construction Grammar</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">The case of the <i>what with</i> construction</Subtitle> 1 A01 Graeme Trousdale Trousdale, Graeme Graeme Trousdale University of Edinburgh 01 Constructionalization (the diachronic creation of conventional symbolic units at different levels of schematicity and complexity) is a process which involves a series of micro-changes at different linguistic levels. The development of <i>what with</i> constructions in English is argued to be a case of grammatical constructionalization, whereby aspects of a construction become more general, productive, and less compositional. Equally, parts of the construction become more fixed (involving a reduction in variability), while other parts of the construction expand. The application of principles of construction grammar to aspects of diachronic change helps to clarify the relationship between theoretical principles of language change and the analysis of naturally occurring data; equally, the study of the <i>what with</i> construction reveals areas of potential convergence between formal and functional approaches to syntactic change, as well as areas of difference. 10 01 JB code bct.67.06gis 141 183 43 Article 7 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">The semantics of definite expressions and the grammaticalization of THE</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>The </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">semantics of definite expressions and the grammaticalization of THE</TitleWithoutPrefix> 1 A01 Nikolas Gisborne Gisborne, Nikolas Nikolas Gisborne University of Edinburgh 01 This chapter explores the claim that definite expressions involve universal and existential quantification from the point of view of Word Grammar, in order to establish whether the quantificational view of definiteness is compatible with a particular cognitive theory of language, and to see how it compares with the familiarity treatment of definiteness. It is argued that the quantificational approach is superior to the familiarity approach in the analysis of a number of linguistic phenomena, and a number of Word Grammar analyses are presented. The chapter concludes with an investigation into the grammaticalization of the English definite article, in order to compare the merits of the two approaches, and argues that the quantificational approach delivers a simpler and preferable account. 10 01 JB code bct.67.07cri 185 210 26 Article 8 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Cognitive explanations, distributional evidence, and diachrony</TitleText> 1 A01 Sonia Cristofaro Cristofaro, Sonia Sonia Cristofaro University of Pavia 01 Cognitively oriented approaches to the study of language standardly use synchronic distributional evidence to make assumptions both about the psychological mechanisms that lead speakers to create particular constructions, and about the components of a speaker&#8217;s mental representation of their language. Yet, as synchronic distributional patterns are a result of speci&#64257;c diachronic processes, any assumption about the psychological mechanisms or types of mental representation underlying particular patterns should take into account the diachronic processes that give rise to these patterns. Based on evidence from different languages and language families, the chapter discusses several diachronic processes pertaining to the development of various types of alignment systems and prototype effects in dependent clauses. It is shown that these processes provide no evidence for a number of assumptions about psychological mechanisms and a speaker&#8217;s mental representation that have been made on synchronic grounds in order to account for the relevant distributional patterns. It follows that this type of assumptions cannot be inferred directly from synchronic distributional patterns, and should be investigated independently of these patterns. 10 01 JB code bct.67.08hol 211 238 28 Article 9 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Word classes</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Towards a more comprehensive usage-based account</Subtitle> 1 A01 Willem B. Hollmann Hollmann, Willem B. Willem B. Hollmann Lancaster University 01 Structuralists and generativists define word classes distributionally (Palmer 1971, Baker 2003, Aarts 2007), while cognitive linguists take a semantic (Langacker 1987a) or semantic-pragmatic approach (Croft 1991, 2001). Psycholinguistic research, by contrast, has shown that phonological properties also play a role (Kelly 1992, Monaghan <i>et al.</i> 2005). This study reports on a production experiment involving English nonce nouns and verbs. The data confirm the importance of phonology, whilst also suggesting that distributional facts are involved in lexical categorisation. Together with the existing psycholinguistic evidence, the results show that both the generative and cognitive models of word classes are too restricted. However, the usage-based model can accommodate the facts straightforwardly. This was already anticipated by Taylor (2002) but is worked out in more detail here by elaborating on his notion of phonological &#8220;sub-schemas&#8221; and by bringing together insights from Croft (1991, 2001) related to discourse propositional act constructions and recent suggestions by Langacker (2008b) concerning &#8220;summary scanning&#8221; and &#8220;sequential scanning&#8221;. 10 01 JB code bct.67.09mat 239 259 21 Article 10 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Smashing new results on aspectual framing</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">How people talk about car accidents</Subtitle> 1 A01 Teenie Matlock Matlock, Teenie Teenie Matlock University of California, Merced 2 A01 David Sparks Sparks, David David Sparks 3 A01 Justin L. Matthews Matthews, Justin L. Justin L. Matthews 4 A01 Jeremy Hunter Hunter, Jeremy Jeremy Hunter 5 A01 Stephanie Huette Huette, Stephanie Stephanie Huette 01 How do people describe events they have witnessed? What role does linguistic aspect play in this process? To provide answers to these questions, we conducted an experiment on aspectual framing. In our task, people were asked to view videotaped vehicular accidents and to describe what happened (perfective framing) or what was happening (imperfective framing). Our analyses of speech and gesture in retellings show that the form of aspect used in the question differentially influenced the way people conceptualized and described actions. Questions framed with imperfective aspect resulted in more motion verbs (e.g. <i>driving</i>), more reckless language (e.g. <i>speeding</i>), and more iconic gestures (e.g. path gesture away from the body to show travel direction) than did questions framed with perfective aspect. Our research contributes novel insights on aspect and the construal of events, and on the semantic potency of aspect in leading questions. The findings are consistent with core assumptions in cognitive linguistics, including the proposal that linguistic meaning, including grammatical meaning, is dynamic and grounded in perceptual and cognitive experience. 10 01 JB code bct.67.10in 261 262 2 Article 11 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Index</TitleText> 02 JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam/Philadelphia NL 04 20140924 2014 John Benjamins B.V. 02 WORLD 13 15 9789027242556 01 JB 3 John Benjamins e-Platform 03 jbe-platform.com 09 WORLD 21 01 00 95.00 EUR R 01 00 80.00 GBP Z 01 gen 00 143.00 USD S 406015122 03 01 01 JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code BCT 67 Hb 15 9789027242556 13 2014020747 BB 01 BCT 02 1874-0081 Benjamins Current Topics 67 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Theory and Data in Cognitive Linguistics</TitleText> 01 bct.67 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/bct.67 1 B01 Nikolas Gisborne Gisborne, Nikolas Nikolas Gisborne University of Edinburgh 2 B01 Willem B. Hollmann Hollmann, Willem B. Willem B. Hollmann Lancaster University 01 eng 268 v 262 LAN009000 v.2006 CFK 2 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.COGN Cognition and language 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.COGPSY Cognitive linguistics 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.HL Historical linguistics 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.THEOR Theoretical linguistics 06 01 Cognitive linguistics has an honourable tradition of paying respect to naturally occurring language data and there have been fruitful interactions between corpus data and aspects of linguistic structure and meaning. More recently, dialect data and sociolinguistic data collection methods/theoretical concepts have started to generate interest. There has also been an increase in several kinds of experimental work. However, not all linguistic data is simply naturally occurring or derived from experiments with statistically robust samples of speakers. Other traditions, especially the generative tradition, have fruitfully used introspection and questions about the grammaticality of different strings to uncover patterns which might otherwise have gone unnoticed. The divide between generative and cognitive approaches to language is intimately connected to the kinds of data drawn on, and the way in which generalisations are derived from these data. The papers in this volume explore these issues through the lens of synchronic linguistic analysis, the study of language change, typological investigation and experimental study. Originally published in <i>Studies in Language</i> Vol. 36:3 (2012). 05 Comprehensive, informative and insightful, this volume brings together a series of extraordinarily careful analyses which significantly advance our understanding of language and will be useful to students and established researchers alike. The contributions make connections between theory and data, investigations of lexis and syntax, form and function, and diachrony and synchrony in a synthesis that embraces 'traditional' cognitive linguistic topics as well as phenomena that have hitherto been within the purview of formalist approaches. Ewa Dabrowska, University of Northumbria 04 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/bct.67.png 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027242556.jpg 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027242556.tif 06 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/bct.67.hb.png 07 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/bct.67.png 25 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/bct.67.hb.png 27 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/bct.67.hb.png 10 01 JB code bct.67.01in0 Section header 1 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Introduction</TitleText> 10 01 JB code bct.67.01int 1 14 14 Article 2 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Theory and data in cognitive linguistics</TitleText> 1 A01 Nikolas Gisborne Gisborne, Nikolas Nikolas Gisborne University of Edinburgh 2 A01 Willem B. Hollmann Hollmann, Willem B. Willem B. Hollmann Lancaster University 10 01 JB code bct.67.02gri 15 48 34 Article 3 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Frequencies, probabilities, and association measures in usage-/exemplar-based linguistics</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Some necessary clarifications</Subtitle> 1 A01 Stefan Th. Gries Gries, Stefan Th. Stefan Th. Gries University of California, Santa Barbara 01 In the last few years, a particular quantitative approach to the syntax-lexis interface has been developed: collostructional analysis (CA). This approach is an application of association measures to co-occurrence data from corpora, from a usage-based/cognitive-linguistic perspective. In spite of some popularity, this approach has come under criticism in Bybee (2010), who criticizes the method for several perceived shortcomings and advocates the use of raw frequencies/percentages instead. This chapter has two main objectives. The first is to refute Bybee&#8217;s criticism on theoretical and empirical grounds; the second and further-reaching one is to outline, on the basis of what frequency data <i>really</i> look like, a cline of analytical approaches and, ultimately, a new perspective on the notion of construction based on this cline. 10 01 JB code bct.67.03bar 49 85 37 Article 4 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Reconstructing constructional semantics</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">The dative subject construction in Old Norse-Icelandic, Latin, Ancient Greek, Old Russian and Old Lithuanian</Subtitle> 1 A01 Jóhanna Barðdal Barðdal, Jóhanna Jóhanna Barðdal Ghent University 2 A01 Thomas Smitherman Smitherman, Thomas Thomas Smitherman University of Bergen 3 A01 Valgerður Bjarnadóttir Bjarnadóttir, Valgerður Valgerður Bjarnadóttir Stockholm University 4 A01 Serena Danesi Danesi, Serena Serena Danesi Oxford University 5 A01 Gard B. Jenset Jenset, Gard B. Gard B. Jenset Oxford University Press 6 A01 Barbara McGillivray McGillivray, Barbara Barbara McGillivray 01 As the historical linguistic community is well aware, reconstructing semantics is a notoriously difficult undertaking. Such reconstruction has so far mostly been carried out on lexical items, like words and morphemes, and has not been conducted for larger and more complex linguistic units, which intuitively seems to be a more intricate task, especially given the lack of methodological criteria and guidelines within the field. This follows directly from the fact that most current theoretical frameworks are not construction-based, that is, they do not assume that constructions are form-meaning correspondences. In order to meet this challenge, we present an attempt at reconstructing constructional semantics, and more precisely the semantics of the Dative Subject Construction for an earlier stage of Indo-European. For this purpose we employ lexical semantic verb classes in combination with the semantic map model (Bar&#240;dal 2007, Bar&#240;dal, Kristoffersen &#38; Sveen 2011), showing how incredibly stable semantic fields may remain across long time spans, and how reconstructing such semantic fields may be accomplished. 10 01 JB code bct.67.04pat 87 114 28 Article 5 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">The historical development of the <i>it</i>-cleft</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>The </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">historical development of the <i>it</i>-cleft</TitleWithoutPrefix> <Subtitle textformat="02">A comparison of two different approaches</Subtitle> 1 A01 Amanda L. Patten Patten, Amanda L. Amanda L. Patten Northumbria University 01 This chapter compares two approaches to a particular grammatical change. While Ball (1991, 1994) investigates the development of the <i>it</i>-cleft configuration from within the generative tradition of the 1990s, I have recently re-examined the historical <i>it</i>-cleft data from a constructional perspective (see Patten 2010, 2012). In this chapter, I show how our different theoretical assumptions lead us to categorize and analyse the data differently. I conclude that a constructional approach is better at interpreting the diachronic facts. 10 01 JB code bct.67.05tro 115 140 26 Article 6 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Theory and data in diachronic Construction Grammar</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">The case of the <i>what with</i> construction</Subtitle> 1 A01 Graeme Trousdale Trousdale, Graeme Graeme Trousdale University of Edinburgh 01 Constructionalization (the diachronic creation of conventional symbolic units at different levels of schematicity and complexity) is a process which involves a series of micro-changes at different linguistic levels. The development of <i>what with</i> constructions in English is argued to be a case of grammatical constructionalization, whereby aspects of a construction become more general, productive, and less compositional. Equally, parts of the construction become more fixed (involving a reduction in variability), while other parts of the construction expand. The application of principles of construction grammar to aspects of diachronic change helps to clarify the relationship between theoretical principles of language change and the analysis of naturally occurring data; equally, the study of the <i>what with</i> construction reveals areas of potential convergence between formal and functional approaches to syntactic change, as well as areas of difference. 10 01 JB code bct.67.06gis 141 183 43 Article 7 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">The semantics of definite expressions and the grammaticalization of THE</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>The </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">semantics of definite expressions and the grammaticalization of THE</TitleWithoutPrefix> 1 A01 Nikolas Gisborne Gisborne, Nikolas Nikolas Gisborne University of Edinburgh 01 This chapter explores the claim that definite expressions involve universal and existential quantification from the point of view of Word Grammar, in order to establish whether the quantificational view of definiteness is compatible with a particular cognitive theory of language, and to see how it compares with the familiarity treatment of definiteness. It is argued that the quantificational approach is superior to the familiarity approach in the analysis of a number of linguistic phenomena, and a number of Word Grammar analyses are presented. The chapter concludes with an investigation into the grammaticalization of the English definite article, in order to compare the merits of the two approaches, and argues that the quantificational approach delivers a simpler and preferable account. 10 01 JB code bct.67.07cri 185 210 26 Article 8 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Cognitive explanations, distributional evidence, and diachrony</TitleText> 1 A01 Sonia Cristofaro Cristofaro, Sonia Sonia Cristofaro University of Pavia 01 Cognitively oriented approaches to the study of language standardly use synchronic distributional evidence to make assumptions both about the psychological mechanisms that lead speakers to create particular constructions, and about the components of a speaker&#8217;s mental representation of their language. Yet, as synchronic distributional patterns are a result of speci&#64257;c diachronic processes, any assumption about the psychological mechanisms or types of mental representation underlying particular patterns should take into account the diachronic processes that give rise to these patterns. Based on evidence from different languages and language families, the chapter discusses several diachronic processes pertaining to the development of various types of alignment systems and prototype effects in dependent clauses. It is shown that these processes provide no evidence for a number of assumptions about psychological mechanisms and a speaker&#8217;s mental representation that have been made on synchronic grounds in order to account for the relevant distributional patterns. It follows that this type of assumptions cannot be inferred directly from synchronic distributional patterns, and should be investigated independently of these patterns. 10 01 JB code bct.67.08hol 211 238 28 Article 9 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Word classes</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Towards a more comprehensive usage-based account</Subtitle> 1 A01 Willem B. Hollmann Hollmann, Willem B. Willem B. Hollmann Lancaster University 01 Structuralists and generativists define word classes distributionally (Palmer 1971, Baker 2003, Aarts 2007), while cognitive linguists take a semantic (Langacker 1987a) or semantic-pragmatic approach (Croft 1991, 2001). Psycholinguistic research, by contrast, has shown that phonological properties also play a role (Kelly 1992, Monaghan <i>et al.</i> 2005). This study reports on a production experiment involving English nonce nouns and verbs. The data confirm the importance of phonology, whilst also suggesting that distributional facts are involved in lexical categorisation. Together with the existing psycholinguistic evidence, the results show that both the generative and cognitive models of word classes are too restricted. However, the usage-based model can accommodate the facts straightforwardly. This was already anticipated by Taylor (2002) but is worked out in more detail here by elaborating on his notion of phonological &#8220;sub-schemas&#8221; and by bringing together insights from Croft (1991, 2001) related to discourse propositional act constructions and recent suggestions by Langacker (2008b) concerning &#8220;summary scanning&#8221; and &#8220;sequential scanning&#8221;. 10 01 JB code bct.67.09mat 239 259 21 Article 10 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Smashing new results on aspectual framing</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">How people talk about car accidents</Subtitle> 1 A01 Teenie Matlock Matlock, Teenie Teenie Matlock University of California, Merced 2 A01 David Sparks Sparks, David David Sparks 3 A01 Justin L. Matthews Matthews, Justin L. Justin L. Matthews 4 A01 Jeremy Hunter Hunter, Jeremy Jeremy Hunter 5 A01 Stephanie Huette Huette, Stephanie Stephanie Huette 01 How do people describe events they have witnessed? What role does linguistic aspect play in this process? To provide answers to these questions, we conducted an experiment on aspectual framing. In our task, people were asked to view videotaped vehicular accidents and to describe what happened (perfective framing) or what was happening (imperfective framing). Our analyses of speech and gesture in retellings show that the form of aspect used in the question differentially influenced the way people conceptualized and described actions. Questions framed with imperfective aspect resulted in more motion verbs (e.g. <i>driving</i>), more reckless language (e.g. <i>speeding</i>), and more iconic gestures (e.g. path gesture away from the body to show travel direction) than did questions framed with perfective aspect. Our research contributes novel insights on aspect and the construal of events, and on the semantic potency of aspect in leading questions. The findings are consistent with core assumptions in cognitive linguistics, including the proposal that linguistic meaning, including grammatical meaning, is dynamic and grounded in perceptual and cognitive experience. 10 01 JB code bct.67.10in 261 262 2 Article 11 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Index</TitleText> 02 JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam/Philadelphia NL 04 20140924 2014 John Benjamins B.V. 02 WORLD 08 625 gr 01 JB 1 John Benjamins Publishing Company +31 20 6304747 +31 20 6739773 bookorder@benjamins.nl 01 https://benjamins.com 01 WORLD US CA MX 21 10 18 01 02 JB 1 00 95.00 EUR R 02 02 JB 1 00 100.70 EUR R 01 JB 10 bebc +44 1202 712 934 +44 1202 712 913 sales@bebc.co.uk 03 GB 21 18 02 02 JB 1 00 80.00 GBP Z 01 JB 2 John Benjamins North America +1 800 562-5666 +1 703 661-1501 benjamins@presswarehouse.com 01 https://benjamins.com 01 US CA MX 21 18 01 gen 02 JB 1 00 143.00 USD