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John Benjamins Publishing Company
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onix@benjamins.nl
201608250354
ONIX title feed
eng
01
EUR
644015962
03
01
01
JB
John Benjamins Publishing Company
01
JB code
BCT 80 Eb
15
9789027267924
06
10.1075/bct.80
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2015032961
DG
002
02
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BCT
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1874-0081
Benjamins Current Topics
80
01
Phonological and Phonetic Considerations of Lexical Processing
01
bct.80
01
https://benjamins.com
02
https://benjamins.com/catalog/bct.80
1
B01
Gonia Jarema
Jarema, Gonia
Gonia
Jarema
Université de Montréal
2
B01
Gary Libben
Libben, Gary
Gary
Libben
Brock University
01
eng
242
ix
233
LAN009000
v.2006
CFH
2
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.COGN
Cognition and language
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.PHOT
Phonetics
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.PHON
Phonology
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.PSYLIN
Psycholinguistics
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.SEMAN
Semantics
06
01
The human ability to understand and produce spoken words is fascinating in its complexity. People often vary in how they pronounce a word. They may need to recognize words spoken with an accent quite different from their own. And, in order to understand a word of a second or foreign language, they may need to identify words on the basis of sounds that are difficult to differentiate. This book brings together psycholinguistic research that addresses these topics and highlights how the study of spoken word processing can shed light on fundamental dynamics of language processing. It demonstrates how spoken word processing is affected by the specific characteristics of individual languages and their writing systems and how it grows and changes across the lifespan. The book offers new cutting-edge research on spoken word processing. It will benefit researchers and students interested in language processing as well as readers who wish to broaden their understanding of language in the mind. In particular, this book underlines the value of conducting psycholinguistic research across languages and across the lifespan. Originally published in <i>The Mental Lexicon</i> Vol. 8:3 (2013).
04
09
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https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027242686.jpg
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10
01
JB code
bct.80.001con
vii
1
Miscellaneous
1
01
About the contributors
10
01
JB code
bct.80.002int
1
14
14
Article
2
01
The integration of phonological and phonetic processing
The
integration of phonological and phonetic processing
A matter of sound judgment
1
A01
Gonia Jarema
Jarema, Gonia
Gonia
Jarema
Université de Montréal, Centre universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal
2
A01
Gary Libben
Libben, Gary
Gary
Libben
Brock University
3
A01
Benjamin V. Tucker
Tucker, Benjamin V.
Benjamin V.
Tucker
University of Alberta
10
01
JB code
bct.80.01han
15
40
26
Article
3
01
How robust are exemplar effects in word comprehension?
1
A01
Iris Hanique
Hanique, Iris
Iris
Hanique
Radboud University Nijmegen / Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen
2
A01
Ellen Aalders
Aalders, Ellen
Ellen
Aalders
Radboud University Nijmegen
3
A01
Mirjam Ernestus
Ernestus, Mirjam
Mirjam
Ernestus
Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen
20
acoustic reduction
20
exemplar effects
20
pronunciation variation
20
speech comprehension
01
This paper studies the robustness of exemplar effects in word comprehension by means of four long-term priming experiments with lexical decision tasks in Dutch. A prime and target represented the same word type and were presented with the same or different degree of reduction. In Experiment 1, participants heard only a small number of trials, a large proportion of repeated words, and stimuli produced by only one speaker. They recognized targets more quickly if these represented the same degree of reduction as their primes, which forms additional evidence for the exemplar effects reported in the literature. Similar effects were found for two speakers who differ in their pronunciations. In Experiment 2, with a smaller proportion of repeated words and more trials between prime and target, participants recognized targets preceded by primes with the same or a different degree of reduction equally quickly. Also, in Experiments 3 and 4, in which listeners were not exposed to one but two types of pronunciation variation (reduction degree and speaker voice), no exemplar effects arose. We conclude that the role of exemplars in speech comprehension during natural conversations, which typically involve several speakers and few repeated content words, may be smaller than previously assumed.
10
01
JB code
bct.80.02cho
41
66
26
Article
4
01
Production and accent affect memory
1
A01
Kit W. Cho
Cho, Kit W.
Kit W.
Cho
University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA
2
A01
Laurie Beth Feldman
Feldman, Laurie Beth
Laurie Beth
Feldman
University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA / Haskins Laboratories, New Haven, Connecticut
20
accent
20
phonetic/memory interactions
20
production effect
20
recognition memory
01
In three experiments, we examined the effects of accents and production on free recall and yes/no recognition memory. In the study phase, native English participants heard English words pronounced by a speaker with an accent that is highly familiar to the participant (American English) or with a less familiar accent (Dutch). Participants had to either say aloud (produce) the word that they heard in their natural pronunciation (Exp. 1a) or imitate the original speaker (Exp. 1b) or simply listen to the word. In all experiments, in both recall and recognition, produced words and words spoken in an unfamiliar accent were more likely to be recalled and more likely to be recognized, than words that were listened to or words spoken in a more familiar accent. In recognition but not in recall, listening to words spoken in an unfamiliar accent improved memory more than listening to words spoken in a familiar accent. Results suggest that listening allows the acoustic-phonetic details of a speaker to be retained in memory, but that production attenuates details about the original speaker’s pronunciation. Finally, the benefit of production for memory does not differ whether one produces in one’s natural accent or imitates that of the speaker.
10
01
JB code
bct.80.03ste
67
86
20
Article
5
01
Phonological reduction in the first part of noun compounds
A case study of early child language
1
A01
Joseph P. Stemberger
Stemberger, Joseph P.
Joseph P.
Stemberger
University of British Columbia
20
noun compounds
20
phonological constraints
20
phonological development
20
regular morphology
01
Regular plural nouns rarely appear as the first member of a compound noun in English under any circumstances, while irregular plurals are more likely under certain conditions. One explanation holds that this is a consequence of the fundamentally different ways in which regular and irregular plurals are stored and processed, while an alternative explanation suggests that it may be rooted in phonological differences between regular and irregular forms. If the first part of a compound is phonologically restricted, the restrictions may interact with lexical access in a way that disfavors regular plurals (especially given that plurals of any sort are of low frequency in the first part of a compound, so processing is far from ceiling). This paper provides evidence from a case study of one child that the first part of a compound can be phonologically restricted compared to nouns when they appear as independent words. The data address compounds whose first elements are monomorphemic nouns, rather than plurals, but document the existence of phonological restrictions within compounds for at least one child This existence proof strengthens the hypothesis that differences between regular and irregular forms may derive partly from differences in phonological structure.
10
01
JB code
bct.80.04wit
87
100
14
Article
6
01
The locus of the masked onset priming effect
The
locus of the masked onset priming effect
Evidence from Korean
1
A01
Naoko Witzel
Witzel, Naoko
Naoko
Witzel
University of Texas at Arlington
2
A01
Jeffrey Witzel
Witzel, Jeffrey
Jeffrey
Witzel
University of Texas at Arlington
3
A01
Yujeong Choi
Choi, Yujeong
Yujeong
Choi
University of Texas at Arlington
20
hangul
20
Korean
20
masked onset priming
20
naming task
01
This study investigates the masked onset priming effect (MOPE) in Korean.
The results revealed facilitated naming for nonwords written in the alphabetic syllabary hangul when primes and targets shared an initial consonant-vowel (CV) syllable as well as when they shared only an initial onset (C) phoneme. However, there was greater priming at the syllable level than at the phoneme level. Taken together with previous research on Korean (Kim & Davis, 2002), these findings indicate that the MOPE reflects facilitated grapheme-to-phoneme conversion processes when the pronunciation of the target is computed through the nonlexical route, and are interpreted to support the Forster and Davis (1991) model of this effect.
10
01
JB code
bct.80.05slo
101
118
18
Article
7
01
The reversal of the BÄREN-BEEREN merger in Austrian Standard German
The
reversal of the BÄREN-BEEREN merger in Austrian Standard German
1
A01
Marjoleine Sloos
Sloos, Marjoleine
Marjoleine
Sloos
Interacting Minds Centre, Aarhus University
20
Austrian Standard German
20
Bären vowel
20
Exemplar Theory
20
merger
20
orthography
20
reversal
20
unmerger
01
In language change, a reversal of a merger is generally considered to be impossible, since after two sounds have become fully merged, they are no longer distinct, so no phonetic or phonological cues exist that could reverse this process. This article investigates such an ‘impossible’ merger reversal: the split of Bären vowel (orthographically represented by <ä> or <äh>) and the Beeren vowel (orthographically represented by <e>, <ee> or <eh> in Austrian Standard German. We investigated a corpus of spoken data, measured the acoustic properties of the vowels, and determined the degree of the merger (by computing Pillai scores) for younger and older speakers. It turns out that the two sounds were formerly merged, but currently a split can be observed as an ongoing process. This paper argues that language contact with Standard German as it is spoken in Germany motivates the ongoing reversal. Since the long vowel <ä> is also subject to substantial variation in German Standard German, in order to get the split right, Austrian speakers are likely to invoke orthographical knowledge. We will consider the mental representations of this sound, including the graphemic representations from an Exemplar Theory viewpoint.
10
01
JB code
bct.80.06dar
119
168
50
Article
8
01
Asymmetric lexical access and fuzzy lexical representations in second language learners
1
A01
Isabelle Darcy
Darcy, Isabelle
Isabelle
Darcy
Indiana University
2
A01
Danielle Daidone
Daidone, Danielle
Danielle
Daidone
Indiana University
3
A01
Chisato Kojima
Kojima, Chisato
Chisato
Kojima
Indiana University
20
German
20
Japanese
20
lexical encoding
20
lexical representations in a second language
20
phonetic categorization
01
For L2-learners, confusable phonemic categories lead to ambiguous lexical representations. Yet, learners can establish separate lexical representations for confusable categories, as shown by asymmetric patterns of lexical access, but the source of this asymmetry is not clear (Cutler et al., 2006). Two hypotheses compete, situating its source either at the lexical coding level or at the phonetic categorization level. The lexical coding hypothesis suggests that learners’ encoding of an unfamiliar category is not target-like but makes reference to a familiar L1 category (encoded as a poor exemplar of that L1 category). Four experiments examined how learners lexically encode confusable phonemic categories. American English learners of Japanese and of German were tested on phonetic categorization and lexical decision for geminate/singleton contrasts and front/back rounded vowel contrasts. Results showed the same asymmetrical patterns as Cutler et al.’s (2006), indicating that learners encode a lexical distinction between difficult categories. Results also clarify that the source of the asymmetry is located at the lexical coding level and does not emerge during input categorization: the distinction is not target-like, and makes reference to L1 categories. We further provide new evidence that asymmetries can be resolved over time: advanced learners are establishing more native-like lexical representations.
10
01
JB code
bct.80.07wit
169
198
30
Article
9
01
Testing the viability of webDMDX for masked priming experiments
1
A01
Jeffrey Witzel
Witzel, Jeffrey
Jeffrey
Witzel
University of Texas at Arlington
2
A01
Samantha Cornelius
Cornelius, Samantha
Samantha
Cornelius
University of Texas at Arlington
3
A01
Naoko Witzel
Witzel, Naoko
Naoko
Witzel
University of Texas at Arlington
4
A01
Kenneth I. Forster
Forster, Kenneth I.
Kenneth I.
Forster
University of Arizona
5
A01
Jonathan C. Forster
Forster, Jonathan C.
Jonathan C.
Forster
University of Arizona
20
DMDX
20
e/a-detection
20
masked priming
20
prime duration
20
webDMDX
20
word frequency
01
The DMDX software package (Forster & Forster, 2003) is a Windows-based
application that displays stimuli and records responses. Recent developments in this program have made it possible to deploy DMDX experiments over the Internet. This study evaluates the viability of the web-deployable implementation of DMDX, or webDMDX, for masked priming experiments. A lexical decision task (LDT) with masked repetition priming on high- and low-frequency words and an e/a letter detection task were conducted with both lab-based DMDX (labDMDX; Experiment 1) and webDMDX. The webDMDX experiments were run on lab computers (Experiments 2) and on different (unknown) hardware (Experiment 3). The labDMDX and webDMDX experiments yielded comparable results on the LDT. In the e/a-detection task, the only important difference observed among the tests was between the lab-based experiment (Experiment 1) and the first webDMDX experiment (Experiment 2), at the 50 ms display duration. However, after a minor change in keyword coding (Experiment 2 follow-up) and an adjustment to the millisecond-to-retrace conversion process (Experiment 3), the detection rates at all display durations were similar in both labDMDX and webDMDX. Taken together, these results indicate the utility of webDMDX for masked priming experiments as well as for other time-sensitive methodologies.
10
01
JB code
bct.80.08ram
199
230
32
Article
10
01
Learning is not decline
The mental lexicon as a window into cognition across the lifespan
1
A01
Michael Ramscar
Ramscar, Michael
Michael
Ramscar
Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen
2
A01
Peter Hendrix
Hendrix, Peter
Peter
Hendrix
Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen
3
A01
Bradley Love
Love, Bradley
Bradley
Love
University College London
4
A01
Harald Baayen
Baayen, Harald
Harald
Baayen
Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen
01
As otherwise healthy adults age, their performance on cognitive tests tends to decline. This change is traditionally taken as evidence that cognitive processing is subject to significant declines in healthy aging. We examine this claim, showing current theories over-estimate the evidence in support of it, and demonstrating that when properly evaluated, the empirical record often indicates that the opposite is true.
To explain the disparity between the evidence and current theories, we show how the models of learning assumed in aging research are incapable of capturing even the most basic of empirical facts of “associative” learning, and lend themselves to spurious discoveries of “cognitive decline.” Once a more accurate model of learning is introduced, we demonstrate that far from declining, the accuracy of older adults lexical processing appears to improve continuously across the lifespan. We further identify other measures on which performance does not decline with age, and show how these different patterns of performance fit within an overall framework of learning.
Finally, we consider the implications of our demonstrations of continuous and consistent learning performance throughout adulthood for our understanding of the changes in underlying brain morphology that occur during the course of cognitive development across the lifespan.
10
01
JB code
bct.80.09ind
231
233
3
Miscellaneous
11
01
Index
02
JBENJAMINS
John Benjamins Publishing Company
01
John Benjamins Publishing Company
Amsterdam/Philadelphia
NL
04
20151001
2015
John Benjamins B.V.
02
WORLD
13
15
9789027242686
01
JB
3
John Benjamins e-Platform
03
jbe-platform.com
09
WORLD
21
01
00
90.00
EUR
R
01
00
76.00
GBP
Z
01
gen
00
135.00
USD
S
933015961
03
01
01
JB
John Benjamins Publishing Company
01
JB code
BCT 80 Hb
15
9789027242686
13
2015024524
BB
01
BCT
02
1874-0081
Benjamins Current Topics
80
01
Phonological and Phonetic Considerations of Lexical Processing
01
bct.80
01
https://benjamins.com
02
https://benjamins.com/catalog/bct.80
1
B01
Gonia Jarema
Jarema, Gonia
Gonia
Jarema
Université de Montréal
2
B01
Gary Libben
Libben, Gary
Gary
Libben
Brock University
01
eng
242
ix
233
LAN009000
v.2006
CFH
2
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.COGN
Cognition and language
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.PHOT
Phonetics
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.PHON
Phonology
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.PSYLIN
Psycholinguistics
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.SEMAN
Semantics
06
01
The human ability to understand and produce spoken words is fascinating in its complexity. People often vary in how they pronounce a word. They may need to recognize words spoken with an accent quite different from their own. And, in order to understand a word of a second or foreign language, they may need to identify words on the basis of sounds that are difficult to differentiate. This book brings together psycholinguistic research that addresses these topics and highlights how the study of spoken word processing can shed light on fundamental dynamics of language processing. It demonstrates how spoken word processing is affected by the specific characteristics of individual languages and their writing systems and how it grows and changes across the lifespan. The book offers new cutting-edge research on spoken word processing. It will benefit researchers and students interested in language processing as well as readers who wish to broaden their understanding of language in the mind. In particular, this book underlines the value of conducting psycholinguistic research across languages and across the lifespan. Originally published in <i>The Mental Lexicon</i> Vol. 8:3 (2013).
04
09
01
https://benjamins.com/covers/475/bct.80.png
04
03
01
https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027242686.jpg
04
03
01
https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027242686.tif
06
09
01
https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/bct.80.hb.png
07
09
01
https://benjamins.com/covers/125/bct.80.png
25
09
01
https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/bct.80.hb.png
27
09
01
https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/bct.80.hb.png
10
01
JB code
bct.80.001con
vii
1
Miscellaneous
1
01
About the contributors
10
01
JB code
bct.80.002int
1
14
14
Article
2
01
The integration of phonological and phonetic processing
The
integration of phonological and phonetic processing
A matter of sound judgment
1
A01
Gonia Jarema
Jarema, Gonia
Gonia
Jarema
Université de Montréal, Centre universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal
2
A01
Gary Libben
Libben, Gary
Gary
Libben
Brock University
3
A01
Benjamin V. Tucker
Tucker, Benjamin V.
Benjamin V.
Tucker
University of Alberta
10
01
JB code
bct.80.01han
15
40
26
Article
3
01
How robust are exemplar effects in word comprehension?
1
A01
Iris Hanique
Hanique, Iris
Iris
Hanique
Radboud University Nijmegen / Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen
2
A01
Ellen Aalders
Aalders, Ellen
Ellen
Aalders
Radboud University Nijmegen
3
A01
Mirjam Ernestus
Ernestus, Mirjam
Mirjam
Ernestus
Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen
20
acoustic reduction
20
exemplar effects
20
pronunciation variation
20
speech comprehension
01
This paper studies the robustness of exemplar effects in word comprehension by means of four long-term priming experiments with lexical decision tasks in Dutch. A prime and target represented the same word type and were presented with the same or different degree of reduction. In Experiment 1, participants heard only a small number of trials, a large proportion of repeated words, and stimuli produced by only one speaker. They recognized targets more quickly if these represented the same degree of reduction as their primes, which forms additional evidence for the exemplar effects reported in the literature. Similar effects were found for two speakers who differ in their pronunciations. In Experiment 2, with a smaller proportion of repeated words and more trials between prime and target, participants recognized targets preceded by primes with the same or a different degree of reduction equally quickly. Also, in Experiments 3 and 4, in which listeners were not exposed to one but two types of pronunciation variation (reduction degree and speaker voice), no exemplar effects arose. We conclude that the role of exemplars in speech comprehension during natural conversations, which typically involve several speakers and few repeated content words, may be smaller than previously assumed.
10
01
JB code
bct.80.02cho
41
66
26
Article
4
01
Production and accent affect memory
1
A01
Kit W. Cho
Cho, Kit W.
Kit W.
Cho
University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA
2
A01
Laurie Beth Feldman
Feldman, Laurie Beth
Laurie Beth
Feldman
University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA / Haskins Laboratories, New Haven, Connecticut
20
accent
20
phonetic/memory interactions
20
production effect
20
recognition memory
01
In three experiments, we examined the effects of accents and production on free recall and yes/no recognition memory. In the study phase, native English participants heard English words pronounced by a speaker with an accent that is highly familiar to the participant (American English) or with a less familiar accent (Dutch). Participants had to either say aloud (produce) the word that they heard in their natural pronunciation (Exp. 1a) or imitate the original speaker (Exp. 1b) or simply listen to the word. In all experiments, in both recall and recognition, produced words and words spoken in an unfamiliar accent were more likely to be recalled and more likely to be recognized, than words that were listened to or words spoken in a more familiar accent. In recognition but not in recall, listening to words spoken in an unfamiliar accent improved memory more than listening to words spoken in a familiar accent. Results suggest that listening allows the acoustic-phonetic details of a speaker to be retained in memory, but that production attenuates details about the original speaker’s pronunciation. Finally, the benefit of production for memory does not differ whether one produces in one’s natural accent or imitates that of the speaker.
10
01
JB code
bct.80.03ste
67
86
20
Article
5
01
Phonological reduction in the first part of noun compounds
A case study of early child language
1
A01
Joseph P. Stemberger
Stemberger, Joseph P.
Joseph P.
Stemberger
University of British Columbia
20
noun compounds
20
phonological constraints
20
phonological development
20
regular morphology
01
Regular plural nouns rarely appear as the first member of a compound noun in English under any circumstances, while irregular plurals are more likely under certain conditions. One explanation holds that this is a consequence of the fundamentally different ways in which regular and irregular plurals are stored and processed, while an alternative explanation suggests that it may be rooted in phonological differences between regular and irregular forms. If the first part of a compound is phonologically restricted, the restrictions may interact with lexical access in a way that disfavors regular plurals (especially given that plurals of any sort are of low frequency in the first part of a compound, so processing is far from ceiling). This paper provides evidence from a case study of one child that the first part of a compound can be phonologically restricted compared to nouns when they appear as independent words. The data address compounds whose first elements are monomorphemic nouns, rather than plurals, but document the existence of phonological restrictions within compounds for at least one child This existence proof strengthens the hypothesis that differences between regular and irregular forms may derive partly from differences in phonological structure.
10
01
JB code
bct.80.04wit
87
100
14
Article
6
01
The locus of the masked onset priming effect
The
locus of the masked onset priming effect
Evidence from Korean
1
A01
Naoko Witzel
Witzel, Naoko
Naoko
Witzel
University of Texas at Arlington
2
A01
Jeffrey Witzel
Witzel, Jeffrey
Jeffrey
Witzel
University of Texas at Arlington
3
A01
Yujeong Choi
Choi, Yujeong
Yujeong
Choi
University of Texas at Arlington
20
hangul
20
Korean
20
masked onset priming
20
naming task
01
This study investigates the masked onset priming effect (MOPE) in Korean.
The results revealed facilitated naming for nonwords written in the alphabetic syllabary hangul when primes and targets shared an initial consonant-vowel (CV) syllable as well as when they shared only an initial onset (C) phoneme. However, there was greater priming at the syllable level than at the phoneme level. Taken together with previous research on Korean (Kim & Davis, 2002), these findings indicate that the MOPE reflects facilitated grapheme-to-phoneme conversion processes when the pronunciation of the target is computed through the nonlexical route, and are interpreted to support the Forster and Davis (1991) model of this effect.
10
01
JB code
bct.80.05slo
101
118
18
Article
7
01
The reversal of the BÄREN-BEEREN merger in Austrian Standard German
The
reversal of the BÄREN-BEEREN merger in Austrian Standard German
1
A01
Marjoleine Sloos
Sloos, Marjoleine
Marjoleine
Sloos
Interacting Minds Centre, Aarhus University
20
Austrian Standard German
20
Bären vowel
20
Exemplar Theory
20
merger
20
orthography
20
reversal
20
unmerger
01
In language change, a reversal of a merger is generally considered to be impossible, since after two sounds have become fully merged, they are no longer distinct, so no phonetic or phonological cues exist that could reverse this process. This article investigates such an ‘impossible’ merger reversal: the split of Bären vowel (orthographically represented by <ä> or <äh>) and the Beeren vowel (orthographically represented by <e>, <ee> or <eh> in Austrian Standard German. We investigated a corpus of spoken data, measured the acoustic properties of the vowels, and determined the degree of the merger (by computing Pillai scores) for younger and older speakers. It turns out that the two sounds were formerly merged, but currently a split can be observed as an ongoing process. This paper argues that language contact with Standard German as it is spoken in Germany motivates the ongoing reversal. Since the long vowel <ä> is also subject to substantial variation in German Standard German, in order to get the split right, Austrian speakers are likely to invoke orthographical knowledge. We will consider the mental representations of this sound, including the graphemic representations from an Exemplar Theory viewpoint.
10
01
JB code
bct.80.06dar
119
168
50
Article
8
01
Asymmetric lexical access and fuzzy lexical representations in second language learners
1
A01
Isabelle Darcy
Darcy, Isabelle
Isabelle
Darcy
Indiana University
2
A01
Danielle Daidone
Daidone, Danielle
Danielle
Daidone
Indiana University
3
A01
Chisato Kojima
Kojima, Chisato
Chisato
Kojima
Indiana University
20
German
20
Japanese
20
lexical encoding
20
lexical representations in a second language
20
phonetic categorization
01
For L2-learners, confusable phonemic categories lead to ambiguous lexical representations. Yet, learners can establish separate lexical representations for confusable categories, as shown by asymmetric patterns of lexical access, but the source of this asymmetry is not clear (Cutler et al., 2006). Two hypotheses compete, situating its source either at the lexical coding level or at the phonetic categorization level. The lexical coding hypothesis suggests that learners’ encoding of an unfamiliar category is not target-like but makes reference to a familiar L1 category (encoded as a poor exemplar of that L1 category). Four experiments examined how learners lexically encode confusable phonemic categories. American English learners of Japanese and of German were tested on phonetic categorization and lexical decision for geminate/singleton contrasts and front/back rounded vowel contrasts. Results showed the same asymmetrical patterns as Cutler et al.’s (2006), indicating that learners encode a lexical distinction between difficult categories. Results also clarify that the source of the asymmetry is located at the lexical coding level and does not emerge during input categorization: the distinction is not target-like, and makes reference to L1 categories. We further provide new evidence that asymmetries can be resolved over time: advanced learners are establishing more native-like lexical representations.
10
01
JB code
bct.80.07wit
169
198
30
Article
9
01
Testing the viability of webDMDX for masked priming experiments
1
A01
Jeffrey Witzel
Witzel, Jeffrey
Jeffrey
Witzel
University of Texas at Arlington
2
A01
Samantha Cornelius
Cornelius, Samantha
Samantha
Cornelius
University of Texas at Arlington
3
A01
Naoko Witzel
Witzel, Naoko
Naoko
Witzel
University of Texas at Arlington
4
A01
Kenneth I. Forster
Forster, Kenneth I.
Kenneth I.
Forster
University of Arizona
5
A01
Jonathan C. Forster
Forster, Jonathan C.
Jonathan C.
Forster
University of Arizona
20
DMDX
20
e/a-detection
20
masked priming
20
prime duration
20
webDMDX
20
word frequency
01
The DMDX software package (Forster & Forster, 2003) is a Windows-based
application that displays stimuli and records responses. Recent developments in this program have made it possible to deploy DMDX experiments over the Internet. This study evaluates the viability of the web-deployable implementation of DMDX, or webDMDX, for masked priming experiments. A lexical decision task (LDT) with masked repetition priming on high- and low-frequency words and an e/a letter detection task were conducted with both lab-based DMDX (labDMDX; Experiment 1) and webDMDX. The webDMDX experiments were run on lab computers (Experiments 2) and on different (unknown) hardware (Experiment 3). The labDMDX and webDMDX experiments yielded comparable results on the LDT. In the e/a-detection task, the only important difference observed among the tests was between the lab-based experiment (Experiment 1) and the first webDMDX experiment (Experiment 2), at the 50 ms display duration. However, after a minor change in keyword coding (Experiment 2 follow-up) and an adjustment to the millisecond-to-retrace conversion process (Experiment 3), the detection rates at all display durations were similar in both labDMDX and webDMDX. Taken together, these results indicate the utility of webDMDX for masked priming experiments as well as for other time-sensitive methodologies.
10
01
JB code
bct.80.08ram
199
230
32
Article
10
01
Learning is not decline
The mental lexicon as a window into cognition across the lifespan
1
A01
Michael Ramscar
Ramscar, Michael
Michael
Ramscar
Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen
2
A01
Peter Hendrix
Hendrix, Peter
Peter
Hendrix
Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen
3
A01
Bradley Love
Love, Bradley
Bradley
Love
University College London
4
A01
Harald Baayen
Baayen, Harald
Harald
Baayen
Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen
01
As otherwise healthy adults age, their performance on cognitive tests tends to decline. This change is traditionally taken as evidence that cognitive processing is subject to significant declines in healthy aging. We examine this claim, showing current theories over-estimate the evidence in support of it, and demonstrating that when properly evaluated, the empirical record often indicates that the opposite is true.
To explain the disparity between the evidence and current theories, we show how the models of learning assumed in aging research are incapable of capturing even the most basic of empirical facts of “associative” learning, and lend themselves to spurious discoveries of “cognitive decline.” Once a more accurate model of learning is introduced, we demonstrate that far from declining, the accuracy of older adults lexical processing appears to improve continuously across the lifespan. We further identify other measures on which performance does not decline with age, and show how these different patterns of performance fit within an overall framework of learning.
Finally, we consider the implications of our demonstrations of continuous and consistent learning performance throughout adulthood for our understanding of the changes in underlying brain morphology that occur during the course of cognitive development across the lifespan.
10
01
JB code
bct.80.09ind
231
233
3
Miscellaneous
11
01
Index
02
JBENJAMINS
John Benjamins Publishing Company
01
John Benjamins Publishing Company
Amsterdam/Philadelphia
NL
04
20151001
2015
John Benjamins B.V.
02
WORLD
08
530
gr
01
JB
1
John Benjamins Publishing Company
+31 20 6304747
+31 20 6739773
bookorder@benjamins.nl
01
https://benjamins.com
01
WORLD
US CA MX
21
28
24
01
02
JB
1
00
90.00
EUR
R
02
02
JB
1
00
95.40
EUR
R
01
JB
10
bebc
+44 1202 712 934
+44 1202 712 913
sales@bebc.co.uk
03
GB
21
24
02
02
JB
1
00
76.00
GBP
Z
01
JB
2
John Benjamins North America
+1 800 562-5666
+1 703 661-1501
benjamins@presswarehouse.com
01
https://benjamins.com
01
US CA MX
21
24
01
gen
02
JB
1
00
135.00
USD