219-7677 10 7500817 John Benjamins Publishing Company Marketing Department / Karin Plijnaar, Pieter Lamers onix@benjamins.nl 201608250354 ONIX title feed eng 01 EUR
644015962 03 01 01 JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code BCT 80 Eb 15 9789027267924 06 10.1075/bct.80 13 2015032961 DG 002 02 01 BCT 02 1874-0081 Benjamins Current Topics 80 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Phonological and Phonetic Considerations of Lexical Processing</TitleText> 01 bct.80 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/bct.80 1 B01 Gonia Jarema Jarema, Gonia Gonia Jarema Université de Montréal 2 B01 Gary Libben Libben, Gary Gary Libben Brock University 01 eng 242 ix 233 LAN009000 v.2006 CFH 2 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.COGN Cognition and language 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.PHOT Phonetics 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.PHON Phonology 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.PSYLIN Psycholinguistics 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.SEMAN Semantics 06 01 The human ability to understand and produce spoken words is fascinating in its complexity. People often vary in how they pronounce a word. They may need to recognize words spoken with an accent quite different from their own. And, in order to understand a word of a second or foreign language, they may need to identify words on the basis of sounds that are difficult to differentiate. This book brings together psycholinguistic research that addresses these topics and highlights how the study of spoken word processing can shed light on fundamental dynamics of language processing. It demonstrates how spoken word processing is affected by the specific characteristics of individual languages and their writing systems and how it grows and changes across the lifespan. The book offers new cutting-edge research on spoken word processing. It will benefit researchers and students interested in language processing as well as readers who wish to broaden their understanding of language in the mind. In particular, this book underlines the value of conducting psycholinguistic research across languages and across the lifespan. Originally published in <i>The Mental Lexicon</i> Vol. 8:3 (2013). 04 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/bct.80.png 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027242686.jpg 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027242686.tif 06 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/bct.80.hb.png 07 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/bct.80.png 25 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/bct.80.hb.png 27 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/bct.80.hb.png 10 01 JB code bct.80.001con vii 1 Miscellaneous 1 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">About the contributors</TitleText> 10 01 JB code bct.80.002int 1 14 14 Article 2 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">The integration of phonological and phonetic processing</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>The </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">integration of phonological and phonetic processing</TitleWithoutPrefix> <Subtitle textformat="02">A matter of sound judgment</Subtitle> 1 A01 Gonia Jarema Jarema, Gonia Gonia Jarema Université de Montréal, Centre universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal 2 A01 Gary Libben Libben, Gary Gary Libben Brock University 3 A01 Benjamin V. Tucker Tucker, Benjamin V. Benjamin V. Tucker University of Alberta 10 01 JB code bct.80.01han 15 40 26 Article 3 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">How robust are exemplar effects in word comprehension?</TitleText> 1 A01 Iris Hanique Hanique, Iris Iris Hanique Radboud University Nijmegen / Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen 2 A01 Ellen Aalders Aalders, Ellen Ellen Aalders Radboud University Nijmegen 3 A01 Mirjam Ernestus Ernestus, Mirjam Mirjam Ernestus Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen 20 acoustic reduction 20 exemplar effects 20 pronunciation variation 20 speech comprehension 01 This paper studies the robustness of exemplar effects in word comprehension by means of four long-term priming experiments with lexical decision tasks in Dutch. A prime and target represented the same word type and were presented with the same or different degree of reduction. In Experiment 1, participants heard only a small number of trials, a large proportion of repeated words, and stimuli produced by only one speaker. They recognized targets more quickly if these represented the same degree of reduction as their primes, which forms additional evidence for the exemplar effects reported in the literature. Similar effects were found for two speakers who differ in their pronunciations. In Experiment 2, with a smaller proportion of repeated words and more trials between prime and target, participants recognized targets preceded by primes with the same or a different degree of reduction equally quickly. Also, in Experiments 3 and 4, in which listeners were not exposed to one but two types of pronunciation variation (reduction degree and speaker voice), no exemplar effects arose. We conclude that the role of exemplars in speech comprehension during natural conversations, which typically involve several speakers and few repeated content words, may be smaller than previously assumed. 10 01 JB code bct.80.02cho 41 66 26 Article 4 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Production and accent affect memory</TitleText> 1 A01 Kit W. Cho Cho, Kit W. Kit W. Cho University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA 2 A01 Laurie Beth Feldman Feldman, Laurie Beth Laurie Beth Feldman University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA / Haskins Laboratories, New Haven, Connecticut 20 accent 20 phonetic/memory interactions 20 production effect 20 recognition memory 01 In three experiments, we examined the effects of accents and production on free recall and yes/no recognition memory. In the study phase, native English participants heard English words pronounced by a speaker with an accent that is highly familiar to the participant (American English) or with a less familiar accent (Dutch). Participants had to either say aloud (produce) the word that they heard in their natural pronunciation (Exp. 1a) or imitate the original speaker (Exp. 1b) or simply listen to the word. In all experiments, in both recall and recognition, produced words and words spoken in an unfamiliar accent were more likely to be recalled and more likely to be recognized, than words that were listened to or words spoken in a more familiar accent. In recognition but not in recall, listening to words spoken in an unfamiliar accent improved memory more than listening to words spoken in a familiar accent. Results suggest that listening allows the acoustic-phonetic details of a speaker to be retained in memory, but that production attenuates details about the original speaker&#8217;s pronunciation. Finally, the benefit of production for memory does not differ whether one produces in one&#8217;s natural accent or imitates that of the speaker. 10 01 JB code bct.80.03ste 67 86 20 Article 5 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Phonological reduction in the first part of noun compounds</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">A case study of early child language</Subtitle> 1 A01 Joseph P. Stemberger Stemberger, Joseph P. Joseph P. Stemberger University of British Columbia 20 noun compounds 20 phonological constraints 20 phonological development 20 regular morphology 01 Regular plural nouns rarely appear as the first member of a compound noun in English under any circumstances, while irregular plurals are more likely under certain conditions. One explanation holds that this is a consequence of the fundamentally different ways in which regular and irregular plurals are stored and processed, while an alternative explanation suggests that it may be rooted in phonological differences between regular and irregular forms. If the first part of a compound is phonologically restricted, the restrictions may interact with lexical access in a way that disfavors regular plurals (especially given that plurals of any sort are of low frequency in the first part of a compound, so processing is far from ceiling). This paper provides evidence from a case study of one child that the first part of a compound can be phonologically restricted compared to nouns when they appear as independent words. The data address compounds whose first elements are monomorphemic nouns, rather than plurals, but document the existence of phonological restrictions within compounds for at least one child This existence proof strengthens the hypothesis that differences between regular and irregular forms may derive partly from differences in phonological structure. 10 01 JB code bct.80.04wit 87 100 14 Article 6 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">The locus of the masked onset priming effect</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>The </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">locus of the masked onset priming effect</TitleWithoutPrefix> <Subtitle textformat="02">Evidence from Korean</Subtitle> 1 A01 Naoko Witzel Witzel, Naoko Naoko Witzel University of Texas at Arlington 2 A01 Jeffrey Witzel Witzel, Jeffrey Jeffrey Witzel University of Texas at Arlington 3 A01 Yujeong Choi Choi, Yujeong Yujeong Choi University of Texas at Arlington 20 hangul 20 Korean 20 masked onset priming 20 naming task 01 This study investigates the masked onset priming effect (MOPE) in Korean. The results revealed facilitated naming for nonwords written in the alphabetic syllabary hangul when primes and targets shared an initial consonant-vowel (CV) syllable as well as when they shared only an initial onset (C) phoneme. However, there was greater priming at the syllable level than at the phoneme level. Taken together with previous research on Korean (Kim &#38; Davis, 2002), these findings indicate that the MOPE reflects facilitated grapheme-to-phoneme conversion processes when the pronunciation of the target is computed through the nonlexical route, and are interpreted to support the Forster and Davis (1991) model of this effect. 10 01 JB code bct.80.05slo 101 118 18 Article 7 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">The reversal of the B&#196;REN-BEEREN merger in Austrian Standard German</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>The </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">reversal of the B&#196;REN-BEEREN merger in Austrian Standard German</TitleWithoutPrefix> 1 A01 Marjoleine Sloos Sloos, Marjoleine Marjoleine Sloos Interacting Minds Centre, Aarhus University 20 Austrian Standard German 20 Bären vowel 20 Exemplar Theory 20 merger 20 orthography 20 reversal 20 unmerger 01 In language change, a reversal of a merger is generally considered to be impossible, since after two sounds have become fully merged, they are no longer distinct, so no phonetic or phonological cues exist that could reverse this process. This article investigates such an &#8216;impossible&#8217; merger reversal: the split of B&#228;ren vowel (orthographically represented by &#60;&#228;&#62; or &#60;&#228;h&#62;) and the Beeren vowel (orthographically represented by &#60;e&#62;, &#60;ee&#62; or &#60;eh&#62; in Austrian Standard German. We investigated a corpus of spoken data, measured the acoustic properties of the vowels, and determined the degree of the merger (by computing Pillai scores) for younger and older speakers. It turns out that the two sounds were formerly merged, but currently a split can be observed as an ongoing process. This paper argues that language contact with Standard German as it is spoken in Germany motivates the ongoing reversal. Since the long vowel &#60;&#228;&#62; is also subject to substantial variation in German Standard German, in order to get the split right, Austrian speakers are likely to invoke orthographical knowledge. We will consider the mental representations of this sound, including the graphemic representations from an Exemplar Theory viewpoint. 10 01 JB code bct.80.06dar 119 168 50 Article 8 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Asymmetric lexical access and fuzzy lexical representations in second language learners</TitleText> 1 A01 Isabelle Darcy Darcy, Isabelle Isabelle Darcy Indiana University 2 A01 Danielle Daidone Daidone, Danielle Danielle Daidone Indiana University 3 A01 Chisato Kojima Kojima, Chisato Chisato Kojima Indiana University 20 German 20 Japanese 20 lexical encoding 20 lexical representations in a second language 20 phonetic categorization 01 For L2-learners, confusable phonemic categories lead to ambiguous lexical representations. Yet, learners can establish separate lexical representations for confusable categories, as shown by asymmetric patterns of lexical access, but the source of this asymmetry is not clear (Cutler et al., 2006). Two hypotheses compete, situating its source either at the lexical coding level or at the phonetic categorization level. The lexical coding hypothesis suggests that learners&#8217; encoding of an unfamiliar category is not target-like but makes reference to a familiar L1 category (encoded as a poor exemplar of that L1 category). Four experiments examined how learners lexically encode confusable phonemic categories. American English learners of Japanese and of German were tested on phonetic categorization and lexical decision for geminate/singleton contrasts and front/back rounded vowel contrasts. Results showed the same asymmetrical patterns as Cutler et al.&#8217;s (2006), indicating that learners encode a lexical distinction between difficult categories. Results also clarify that the source of the asymmetry is located at the lexical coding level and does not emerge during input categorization: the distinction is not target-like, and makes reference to L1 categories. We further provide new evidence that asymmetries can be resolved over time: advanced learners are establishing more native-like lexical representations. 10 01 JB code bct.80.07wit 169 198 30 Article 9 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Testing the viability of webDMDX for masked priming experiments</TitleText> 1 A01 Jeffrey Witzel Witzel, Jeffrey Jeffrey Witzel University of Texas at Arlington 2 A01 Samantha Cornelius Cornelius, Samantha Samantha Cornelius University of Texas at Arlington 3 A01 Naoko Witzel Witzel, Naoko Naoko Witzel University of Texas at Arlington 4 A01 Kenneth I. Forster Forster, Kenneth I. Kenneth I. Forster University of Arizona 5 A01 Jonathan C. Forster Forster, Jonathan C. Jonathan C. Forster University of Arizona 20 DMDX 20 e/a-detection 20 masked priming 20 prime duration 20 webDMDX 20 word frequency 01 The DMDX software package (Forster &#38; Forster, 2003) is a Windows-based application that displays stimuli and records responses. Recent developments in this program have made it possible to deploy DMDX experiments over the Internet. This study evaluates the viability of the web-deployable implementation of DMDX, or webDMDX, for masked priming experiments. A lexical decision task (LDT) with masked repetition priming on high- and low-frequency words and an e/a letter detection task were conducted with both lab-based DMDX (labDMDX; Experiment 1) and webDMDX. The webDMDX experiments were run on lab computers (Experiments 2) and on different (unknown) hardware (Experiment 3). The labDMDX and webDMDX experiments yielded comparable results on the LDT. In the e/a-detection task, the only important difference observed among the tests was between the lab-based experiment (Experiment&#160;1) and the first webDMDX experiment (Experiment 2), at the 50 ms display duration. However, after a minor change in keyword coding (Experiment 2 follow-up) and an adjustment to the millisecond-to-retrace conversion process (Experiment 3), the detection rates at all display durations were similar in both labDMDX and webDMDX. Taken together, these results indicate the utility of webDMDX for masked priming experiments as well as for other time-sensitive methodologies. 10 01 JB code bct.80.08ram 199 230 32 Article 10 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Learning is not decline</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">The mental lexicon as a window into cognition across the lifespan</Subtitle> 1 A01 Michael Ramscar Ramscar, Michael Michael Ramscar Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen 2 A01 Peter Hendrix Hendrix, Peter Peter Hendrix Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen 3 A01 Bradley Love Love, Bradley Bradley Love University College London 4 A01 Harald Baayen Baayen, Harald Harald Baayen Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen 01 As otherwise healthy adults age, their performance on cognitive tests tends to decline. This change is traditionally taken as evidence that cognitive processing is subject to significant declines in healthy aging. We examine this claim, showing current theories over-estimate the evidence in support of it, and demonstrating that when properly evaluated, the empirical record often indicates that the opposite is true. To explain the disparity between the evidence and current theories, we show how the models of learning assumed in aging research are incapable of capturing even the most basic of empirical facts of &#8220;associative&#8221; learning, and lend themselves to spurious discoveries of &#8220;cognitive decline.&#8221; Once a more accurate model of learning is introduced, we demonstrate that far from declining, the accuracy of older adults lexical processing appears to improve continuously across the lifespan. We further identify other measures on which performance does not decline with age, and show how these different patterns of performance fit within an overall framework of learning. Finally, we consider the implications of our demonstrations of continuous and consistent learning performance throughout adulthood for our understanding of the changes in underlying brain morphology that occur during the course of cognitive development across the lifespan. 10 01 JB code bct.80.09ind 231 233 3 Miscellaneous 11 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Index</TitleText> 02 JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam/Philadelphia NL 04 20151001 2015 John Benjamins B.V. 02 WORLD 13 15 9789027242686 01 JB 3 John Benjamins e-Platform 03 jbe-platform.com 09 WORLD 21 01 00 90.00 EUR R 01 00 76.00 GBP Z 01 gen 00 135.00 USD S 933015961 03 01 01 JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code BCT 80 Hb 15 9789027242686 13 2015024524 BB 01 BCT 02 1874-0081 Benjamins Current Topics 80 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Phonological and Phonetic Considerations of Lexical Processing</TitleText> 01 bct.80 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/bct.80 1 B01 Gonia Jarema Jarema, Gonia Gonia Jarema Université de Montréal 2 B01 Gary Libben Libben, Gary Gary Libben Brock University 01 eng 242 ix 233 LAN009000 v.2006 CFH 2 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.COGN Cognition and language 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.PHOT Phonetics 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.PHON Phonology 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.PSYLIN Psycholinguistics 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.SEMAN Semantics 06 01 The human ability to understand and produce spoken words is fascinating in its complexity. People often vary in how they pronounce a word. They may need to recognize words spoken with an accent quite different from their own. And, in order to understand a word of a second or foreign language, they may need to identify words on the basis of sounds that are difficult to differentiate. This book brings together psycholinguistic research that addresses these topics and highlights how the study of spoken word processing can shed light on fundamental dynamics of language processing. It demonstrates how spoken word processing is affected by the specific characteristics of individual languages and their writing systems and how it grows and changes across the lifespan. The book offers new cutting-edge research on spoken word processing. It will benefit researchers and students interested in language processing as well as readers who wish to broaden their understanding of language in the mind. In particular, this book underlines the value of conducting psycholinguistic research across languages and across the lifespan. Originally published in <i>The Mental Lexicon</i> Vol. 8:3 (2013). 04 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/bct.80.png 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027242686.jpg 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027242686.tif 06 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/bct.80.hb.png 07 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/bct.80.png 25 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/bct.80.hb.png 27 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/bct.80.hb.png 10 01 JB code bct.80.001con vii 1 Miscellaneous 1 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">About the contributors</TitleText> 10 01 JB code bct.80.002int 1 14 14 Article 2 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">The integration of phonological and phonetic processing</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>The </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">integration of phonological and phonetic processing</TitleWithoutPrefix> <Subtitle textformat="02">A matter of sound judgment</Subtitle> 1 A01 Gonia Jarema Jarema, Gonia Gonia Jarema Université de Montréal, Centre universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal 2 A01 Gary Libben Libben, Gary Gary Libben Brock University 3 A01 Benjamin V. Tucker Tucker, Benjamin V. Benjamin V. Tucker University of Alberta 10 01 JB code bct.80.01han 15 40 26 Article 3 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">How robust are exemplar effects in word comprehension?</TitleText> 1 A01 Iris Hanique Hanique, Iris Iris Hanique Radboud University Nijmegen / Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen 2 A01 Ellen Aalders Aalders, Ellen Ellen Aalders Radboud University Nijmegen 3 A01 Mirjam Ernestus Ernestus, Mirjam Mirjam Ernestus Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen 20 acoustic reduction 20 exemplar effects 20 pronunciation variation 20 speech comprehension 01 This paper studies the robustness of exemplar effects in word comprehension by means of four long-term priming experiments with lexical decision tasks in Dutch. A prime and target represented the same word type and were presented with the same or different degree of reduction. In Experiment 1, participants heard only a small number of trials, a large proportion of repeated words, and stimuli produced by only one speaker. They recognized targets more quickly if these represented the same degree of reduction as their primes, which forms additional evidence for the exemplar effects reported in the literature. Similar effects were found for two speakers who differ in their pronunciations. In Experiment 2, with a smaller proportion of repeated words and more trials between prime and target, participants recognized targets preceded by primes with the same or a different degree of reduction equally quickly. Also, in Experiments 3 and 4, in which listeners were not exposed to one but two types of pronunciation variation (reduction degree and speaker voice), no exemplar effects arose. We conclude that the role of exemplars in speech comprehension during natural conversations, which typically involve several speakers and few repeated content words, may be smaller than previously assumed. 10 01 JB code bct.80.02cho 41 66 26 Article 4 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Production and accent affect memory</TitleText> 1 A01 Kit W. Cho Cho, Kit W. Kit W. Cho University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA 2 A01 Laurie Beth Feldman Feldman, Laurie Beth Laurie Beth Feldman University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA / Haskins Laboratories, New Haven, Connecticut 20 accent 20 phonetic/memory interactions 20 production effect 20 recognition memory 01 In three experiments, we examined the effects of accents and production on free recall and yes/no recognition memory. In the study phase, native English participants heard English words pronounced by a speaker with an accent that is highly familiar to the participant (American English) or with a less familiar accent (Dutch). Participants had to either say aloud (produce) the word that they heard in their natural pronunciation (Exp. 1a) or imitate the original speaker (Exp. 1b) or simply listen to the word. In all experiments, in both recall and recognition, produced words and words spoken in an unfamiliar accent were more likely to be recalled and more likely to be recognized, than words that were listened to or words spoken in a more familiar accent. In recognition but not in recall, listening to words spoken in an unfamiliar accent improved memory more than listening to words spoken in a familiar accent. Results suggest that listening allows the acoustic-phonetic details of a speaker to be retained in memory, but that production attenuates details about the original speaker&#8217;s pronunciation. Finally, the benefit of production for memory does not differ whether one produces in one&#8217;s natural accent or imitates that of the speaker. 10 01 JB code bct.80.03ste 67 86 20 Article 5 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Phonological reduction in the first part of noun compounds</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">A case study of early child language</Subtitle> 1 A01 Joseph P. Stemberger Stemberger, Joseph P. Joseph P. Stemberger University of British Columbia 20 noun compounds 20 phonological constraints 20 phonological development 20 regular morphology 01 Regular plural nouns rarely appear as the first member of a compound noun in English under any circumstances, while irregular plurals are more likely under certain conditions. One explanation holds that this is a consequence of the fundamentally different ways in which regular and irregular plurals are stored and processed, while an alternative explanation suggests that it may be rooted in phonological differences between regular and irregular forms. If the first part of a compound is phonologically restricted, the restrictions may interact with lexical access in a way that disfavors regular plurals (especially given that plurals of any sort are of low frequency in the first part of a compound, so processing is far from ceiling). This paper provides evidence from a case study of one child that the first part of a compound can be phonologically restricted compared to nouns when they appear as independent words. The data address compounds whose first elements are monomorphemic nouns, rather than plurals, but document the existence of phonological restrictions within compounds for at least one child This existence proof strengthens the hypothesis that differences between regular and irregular forms may derive partly from differences in phonological structure. 10 01 JB code bct.80.04wit 87 100 14 Article 6 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">The locus of the masked onset priming effect</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>The </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">locus of the masked onset priming effect</TitleWithoutPrefix> <Subtitle textformat="02">Evidence from Korean</Subtitle> 1 A01 Naoko Witzel Witzel, Naoko Naoko Witzel University of Texas at Arlington 2 A01 Jeffrey Witzel Witzel, Jeffrey Jeffrey Witzel University of Texas at Arlington 3 A01 Yujeong Choi Choi, Yujeong Yujeong Choi University of Texas at Arlington 20 hangul 20 Korean 20 masked onset priming 20 naming task 01 This study investigates the masked onset priming effect (MOPE) in Korean. The results revealed facilitated naming for nonwords written in the alphabetic syllabary hangul when primes and targets shared an initial consonant-vowel (CV) syllable as well as when they shared only an initial onset (C) phoneme. However, there was greater priming at the syllable level than at the phoneme level. Taken together with previous research on Korean (Kim &#38; Davis, 2002), these findings indicate that the MOPE reflects facilitated grapheme-to-phoneme conversion processes when the pronunciation of the target is computed through the nonlexical route, and are interpreted to support the Forster and Davis (1991) model of this effect. 10 01 JB code bct.80.05slo 101 118 18 Article 7 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">The reversal of the B&#196;REN-BEEREN merger in Austrian Standard German</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>The </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">reversal of the B&#196;REN-BEEREN merger in Austrian Standard German</TitleWithoutPrefix> 1 A01 Marjoleine Sloos Sloos, Marjoleine Marjoleine Sloos Interacting Minds Centre, Aarhus University 20 Austrian Standard German 20 Bären vowel 20 Exemplar Theory 20 merger 20 orthography 20 reversal 20 unmerger 01 In language change, a reversal of a merger is generally considered to be impossible, since after two sounds have become fully merged, they are no longer distinct, so no phonetic or phonological cues exist that could reverse this process. This article investigates such an &#8216;impossible&#8217; merger reversal: the split of B&#228;ren vowel (orthographically represented by &#60;&#228;&#62; or &#60;&#228;h&#62;) and the Beeren vowel (orthographically represented by &#60;e&#62;, &#60;ee&#62; or &#60;eh&#62; in Austrian Standard German. We investigated a corpus of spoken data, measured the acoustic properties of the vowels, and determined the degree of the merger (by computing Pillai scores) for younger and older speakers. It turns out that the two sounds were formerly merged, but currently a split can be observed as an ongoing process. This paper argues that language contact with Standard German as it is spoken in Germany motivates the ongoing reversal. Since the long vowel &#60;&#228;&#62; is also subject to substantial variation in German Standard German, in order to get the split right, Austrian speakers are likely to invoke orthographical knowledge. We will consider the mental representations of this sound, including the graphemic representations from an Exemplar Theory viewpoint. 10 01 JB code bct.80.06dar 119 168 50 Article 8 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Asymmetric lexical access and fuzzy lexical representations in second language learners</TitleText> 1 A01 Isabelle Darcy Darcy, Isabelle Isabelle Darcy Indiana University 2 A01 Danielle Daidone Daidone, Danielle Danielle Daidone Indiana University 3 A01 Chisato Kojima Kojima, Chisato Chisato Kojima Indiana University 20 German 20 Japanese 20 lexical encoding 20 lexical representations in a second language 20 phonetic categorization 01 For L2-learners, confusable phonemic categories lead to ambiguous lexical representations. Yet, learners can establish separate lexical representations for confusable categories, as shown by asymmetric patterns of lexical access, but the source of this asymmetry is not clear (Cutler et al., 2006). Two hypotheses compete, situating its source either at the lexical coding level or at the phonetic categorization level. The lexical coding hypothesis suggests that learners&#8217; encoding of an unfamiliar category is not target-like but makes reference to a familiar L1 category (encoded as a poor exemplar of that L1 category). Four experiments examined how learners lexically encode confusable phonemic categories. American English learners of Japanese and of German were tested on phonetic categorization and lexical decision for geminate/singleton contrasts and front/back rounded vowel contrasts. Results showed the same asymmetrical patterns as Cutler et al.&#8217;s (2006), indicating that learners encode a lexical distinction between difficult categories. Results also clarify that the source of the asymmetry is located at the lexical coding level and does not emerge during input categorization: the distinction is not target-like, and makes reference to L1 categories. We further provide new evidence that asymmetries can be resolved over time: advanced learners are establishing more native-like lexical representations. 10 01 JB code bct.80.07wit 169 198 30 Article 9 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Testing the viability of webDMDX for masked priming experiments</TitleText> 1 A01 Jeffrey Witzel Witzel, Jeffrey Jeffrey Witzel University of Texas at Arlington 2 A01 Samantha Cornelius Cornelius, Samantha Samantha Cornelius University of Texas at Arlington 3 A01 Naoko Witzel Witzel, Naoko Naoko Witzel University of Texas at Arlington 4 A01 Kenneth I. Forster Forster, Kenneth I. Kenneth I. Forster University of Arizona 5 A01 Jonathan C. Forster Forster, Jonathan C. Jonathan C. Forster University of Arizona 20 DMDX 20 e/a-detection 20 masked priming 20 prime duration 20 webDMDX 20 word frequency 01 The DMDX software package (Forster &#38; Forster, 2003) is a Windows-based application that displays stimuli and records responses. Recent developments in this program have made it possible to deploy DMDX experiments over the Internet. This study evaluates the viability of the web-deployable implementation of DMDX, or webDMDX, for masked priming experiments. A lexical decision task (LDT) with masked repetition priming on high- and low-frequency words and an e/a letter detection task were conducted with both lab-based DMDX (labDMDX; Experiment 1) and webDMDX. The webDMDX experiments were run on lab computers (Experiments 2) and on different (unknown) hardware (Experiment 3). The labDMDX and webDMDX experiments yielded comparable results on the LDT. In the e/a-detection task, the only important difference observed among the tests was between the lab-based experiment (Experiment&#160;1) and the first webDMDX experiment (Experiment 2), at the 50 ms display duration. However, after a minor change in keyword coding (Experiment 2 follow-up) and an adjustment to the millisecond-to-retrace conversion process (Experiment 3), the detection rates at all display durations were similar in both labDMDX and webDMDX. Taken together, these results indicate the utility of webDMDX for masked priming experiments as well as for other time-sensitive methodologies. 10 01 JB code bct.80.08ram 199 230 32 Article 10 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Learning is not decline</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">The mental lexicon as a window into cognition across the lifespan</Subtitle> 1 A01 Michael Ramscar Ramscar, Michael Michael Ramscar Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen 2 A01 Peter Hendrix Hendrix, Peter Peter Hendrix Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen 3 A01 Bradley Love Love, Bradley Bradley Love University College London 4 A01 Harald Baayen Baayen, Harald Harald Baayen Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen 01 As otherwise healthy adults age, their performance on cognitive tests tends to decline. This change is traditionally taken as evidence that cognitive processing is subject to significant declines in healthy aging. We examine this claim, showing current theories over-estimate the evidence in support of it, and demonstrating that when properly evaluated, the empirical record often indicates that the opposite is true. To explain the disparity between the evidence and current theories, we show how the models of learning assumed in aging research are incapable of capturing even the most basic of empirical facts of &#8220;associative&#8221; learning, and lend themselves to spurious discoveries of &#8220;cognitive decline.&#8221; Once a more accurate model of learning is introduced, we demonstrate that far from declining, the accuracy of older adults lexical processing appears to improve continuously across the lifespan. We further identify other measures on which performance does not decline with age, and show how these different patterns of performance fit within an overall framework of learning. Finally, we consider the implications of our demonstrations of continuous and consistent learning performance throughout adulthood for our understanding of the changes in underlying brain morphology that occur during the course of cognitive development across the lifespan. 10 01 JB code bct.80.09ind 231 233 3 Miscellaneous 11 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Index</TitleText> 02 JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam/Philadelphia NL 04 20151001 2015 John Benjamins B.V. 02 WORLD 08 530 gr 01 JB 1 John Benjamins Publishing Company +31 20 6304747 +31 20 6739773 bookorder@benjamins.nl 01 https://benjamins.com 01 WORLD US CA MX 21 28 24 01 02 JB 1 00 90.00 EUR R 02 02 JB 1 00 95.40 EUR R 01 JB 10 bebc +44 1202 712 934 +44 1202 712 913 sales@bebc.co.uk 03 GB 21 24 02 02 JB 1 00 76.00 GBP Z 01 JB 2 John Benjamins North America +1 800 562-5666 +1 703 661-1501 benjamins@presswarehouse.com 01 https://benjamins.com 01 US CA MX 21 24 01 gen 02 JB 1 00 135.00 USD