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John Benjamins Publishing Company
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Occupy
The spatial dynamics of discourse in global protest movements
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bct.83
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https://benjamins.com
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https://benjamins.com/catalog/bct.83
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Luisa Martín Rojo
Martín Rojo, Luisa
Luisa
Martín Rojo
Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
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eng
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Large-scale protest movements have recently transformed urban common spaces into sites of resistance. The Arab Spring, the European Summer, the American Fall in 2011, the revolts in India and South Africa and, more recently, in Istanbul, in several cities in Brazil, and in Hong Kong, are part of a common wave of protests which reclaims squares and urban places, monumentally designed as political and economic centres, as places for discussion and decision-making, for increasing participation and intervention in the governance of the community. Through banners and signs, open assemblies, and other communicative practices in the encampments and interconnecting physical and virtual spaces, participants permanently reconfigure their lived spaces discursively. The attempt to account for on-going social phenomena from the moment they first happen, and with an international perspective, undoubtedly represents a theoretical and methodological challenge. This book is a successful and innovative attempt to address this challenge, capturing the complex interplay between social, spatial, and communicative practices, drawing on complementary and alternative methods. Originally published in <i>Journal of Language and Politics</i> issue 13:4 (2014).
05
In this day and age when injustices are all around us, the ‘occupy movements’ echo the voices of ‘the people’. This outbreaking and detailed book conveys the different, and often similar agendas through which multimodal devices (texts, voices, objects, images and moving people) are manifested. Together, the studies in the book assign new meanings to ‘languages in action’ in urban public spaces. An excellent, fascinating book, which challenges the field.
Elana Shohamy, Tel Aviv University
05
Bringing together language, politics, place, placards and protest, this book opens up an alternative space to consider how recent political movements have been giving new meaning to city squares, resistant bodies and oppositional discourses.
Alastair Pennycook, University of Technology Sydney
05
This book offers innovative perspectives on the dynamic interplay between space and semiotic practices. From Tahrir Square to Los Angeles City Hall Park, from Greece and Spain to Chile, the contributors take the reader on a world tour of the ways in which language, visual images and bodies operate performatively in order to create moments of spatial rupture. A truly interdisciplinary collection.
Tommaso M. Milani, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg
05
This book will be of interest to scholars conducting spatial analyses, with some chapters [...] of particular interest to linguistic landscape scholars.
Corinne Seals, Victoria University of Wellington, in Linguistic Landscape 3:2 (2017)
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Occupy
The spatial dynamics of discourse in global protest movements
1
A01
Luisa Martín Rojo
Martín Rojo, Luisa
Luisa
Martín Rojo
Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
20
communicative practices
20
desterritorialisation
20
large-scale protests
20
Occupy
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reterritorialisation
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sites of resistance
20
social movements
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urban spaces
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Large-scale protests have recently transformed urban common spaces into sites of resistance. Squares and urban places, monumentally designed as political and economic centres, have been reclaimed as places for discussion and decision-making, for increasing participation and intervention in the governance of the community. Through banners and signs, open assemblies, and other communicative practices in the encampments and interconnecting physical and virtual spaces, participants permanently reconfigure the spatial context discursively. The attempt to account for on-going social phenomena from the moment they first happen, and with an international perspective, undoubtedly represents a theoretical and methodological challenge. This volume focuses on this complex interplay between social, spatial, and communicative practices, drawing on complementary and alternative methods.
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JB code
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Article
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The Geosemiotics of Tahrir Square
The
Geosemiotics of Tahrir Square
A study of the relationship between discourse and space
1
A01
Mariam Aboelezz
Aboelezz, Mariam
Mariam
Aboelezz
Lancaster University
20
discourse and space
20
geosemiotics
20
January 25 revolution
20
Linguistic landscapes
20
Tahrir Square
01
The year 2011 saw unprecedented waves of people occupying key locations around the world in a statement of public discontent. In Egypt, the protests which took place between 25 January and 11 February 2011 culminating in the ouster of former Egyptian president Hosni Mubarak have now come to be known as the Egyptian Revolution. Media reporting of the revolution often portrayed it as a ‘spectacle’ playing out on the stage of Tahrir Square which was dubbed ‘the symbolic heart of the Egyptian revolution’. Tahrir Square quickly became a space serving various functions and layered with an array of meanings. This chapter explores the relationship between the discourse of protest messages and the space of Tahrir Square during the January 25 revolution, demonstrating how the two were mutually reinforcing. The messages are drawn from a corpus of approximately 2000 protest messages captured in Tahrir Square between 25 January and 11 February 2011. The analysis is presented in the form of six conceptualising frames for the space of Tahrir Square which take into account both its geographical and social context. The conceptualisation draws from the field of geosemiotics, which posits that all discourses are ‘situated’ both in space and time (Scollon & Scollon 2003), and on the Lefebvrian principles of the production of space which provide a useful framework for interpreting urban space (Lefebvre 1991).
10
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JB code
bct.83.03mar
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76
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Article
4
01
Taking over the Square
The role of linguistic practices in contesting urban spaces
1
A01
Luisa Martín Rojo
Martín Rojo, Luisa
Luisa
Martín Rojo
Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
20
communication practices
20
deterritorialisation
20
Linguistic landscapes
20
production/circulation of linguistic practices
20
reterritorialisation
20
sociolinguistic market
01
In this chapter I study the extent to which the <i>15-M</i> or Spanish <i>Indignados</i> movement has transformed the discourses of social movements, not only in terms of their content, but also in the way their communicative practices are produced and circulate. Thus, this paper firstly explores how changes in the conditions of production and circulation of linguistic practices contribute to the “deterritorialisation” and “reterritorialisation” of space, by means of which protestors replace the traditional organisation and uses of space with their own beliefs, ideologies and communicative practices. Secondly, I examine the extent to which this “reterritorialisation” leads to an in-depth transformation of the forms of communication, which could be, in their turn, not only transforming public spaces, but also social movements themselves, and the way of doing politics. The chapter addresses whether these practices, in projecting themselves onto a public space which they transform, prefigure in the present moment the kind of society being proposed and fought for.
10
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98
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Article
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Mobilities of a linguistic landscape at Los Angeles City Hall Park
1
A01
Christian W. Chun
Chun, Christian W.
Christian W.
Chun
City University of Hong Kong
20
allusion
20
linguistic landscapes
20
mediated discourse analysis
20
mobility
20
Occupy Movement
20
social media
20
space
01
In this chapter, I expand a category of linguistic landscapes, the signs by individuals in public spaces, to include another form of linguistic landscape even more transgressive in nature and intent: the panoply of protest signs produced and mobilized by the Occupy Movement during the Fall of 2011 at Los Angeles City Hall Park. My data are drawn from the photographs I took of these signs at the Park and the near vicinity, a YouTube video of a protest sign, a blog commenting on this sign, and a political cartoon using the same image featured on two other signs. I explore how social actors drew upon and mediated specific discourses in their protest signs that became transportable across time and space, the role of these signs in transforming public space, and this linguistic landscape’s ensuing mobilities in its mediated relocations to online social media sites and blogs.
10
01
JB code
bct.83.05gou
99
126
28
Article
6
01
Identity as space
Localism in the Greek protests of Syntagma Square
1
A01
Dionysis Goutsos
Goutsos, Dionysis
Dionysis
Goutsos
University of Athens
2
A01
George Polymeneas
Polymeneas, George
George
Polymeneas
Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona
20
corpus analysis
20
Critical Discourse Analysis
20
Greek protests
20
identity
20
public space
01
The chapter studies the textual, discursive and social practices of the Greek “aganaktismeni” (<i>indignados</i>) movements, which mainly took place in the public gathering of tens of thousands of Greeks in Syntagma Square, outside the Greek parliament from May to August 2011. Data come from multiple sources, including the General Assembly proceedings and resolutions, while a linguistically-informed approach is followed, which combines Critical Discourse Analysis concepts with corpus linguistic methods. It is argued that the Syntagma protests generated a new context in Greek politics, by introducing new genres and the innovative articulation of already existing discourses. It was also found that social/political identities and social/public space were co-articulated, since the identity of the movement was crucially constructed in terms of space.
10
01
JB code
bct.83.06ste
127
156
30
Article
7
01
The Occupy Assembly
The
Occupy Assembly
Discursive experiments in direct democracy
1
A01
Rebecca Lila Steinberg
Steinberg, Rebecca Lila
Rebecca Lila
Steinberg
University of California, Los Angeles
20
assembly
20
deliberative democracy
20
direct democracy
20
discourse analysis
20
embodiment
20
hand signals
20
horizontalism
20
human mic
20
interaction
20
Occupy
20
participation
20
people's mic
20
public space
20
stance
01
A key feature of the Occupy movement has been the General Assembly (GA), in which participants, gathered in outdoor public space, engaged in emergent forms of direct deliberative democratic practice. GAs created opportunities for renewed, co-constructed discourses about human rights, collectivity and autonomy, and the nature of fairness. The physical, durative occupation of public space and establishment of encampments enabled participants to converse and collaborate meaningfully about these matters and their implications for action. An attested ideology of horizontalism was produced and reflected in practices of decision-making within a direct participatory democratic framework. The generation of local intersubjectivity and global solidarity as well as the embodied augmentation of personal and group agency were lodged within face-to-face interactions at Occupy GAs. Participants developed and adapted specific embodied tools for assembly use, including hand signals and the human mic, to facilitate a discursive praxis of egalitarianism within the context of a speech exchange system suited to a large outdoor deliberative body. These practices are central to the Occupy movement, as they constitute the discursive experiments in direct democracy set in motion by a shared recognition of social crisis and systemic injustice felt increasingly around the world. This chapter examines how several embodied practices at Occupy Los Angeles attend to participants’ attested ideologies and the practical problems of open, large-group direct democracy.
10
01
JB code
bct.83.07gar
157
178
22
Article
8
01
Spatial practices and narratives
The GenkiDama for education by Chilean students
1
A01
Óscar García Agustín
García Agustín, Óscar
Óscar
García Agustín
Aalborg University
2
A01
Félix J. Aguirre Díaz
Aguirre Díaz, Félix J.
Félix J.
Aguirre Díaz
University of Valparaíso
20
Flash mob
20
Manga
20
mobilization
20
narrative
20
place
20
space
20
spatial practices
20
students' movement
01
The Chilean students’ rebellion emerged in 2011 within the wave of global protests. Even though it is an organized movement, with roots in a specific historical context, it shares with the global movement the use of new media technologies, the appropriation of public spaces, and the concern for democracy and equality. The movement deploys flexible forms of organization and mobilization such as <i>flash mobs</i>, in the case analyzed in this article, the GenkiDama for Education. The students create a narrative based on the famous Manga series <i>Dragon Ball Z</i> to reframe the conflict between students and government. As Manga fans, they open up participation to other less politically defined identities. The <i>flash mob </i>moment works as a communicative event in which the narrative is put into place and strengthens a sense of community in the streets of Santiago de Chile. To analyze the connections between the fictional narrative of Manga and the use of the public space, we draw on Michel de Certeau’s theory on spatial practices and the function of stories and place/space. Spatial practices during the flash mob challenge the social and spatial order in order to represent a symbolic victory of the students over the political system.
10
01
JB code
bct.83.08ind
179
180
2
Article
9
01
Index
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JBENJAMINS
John Benjamins Publishing Company
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John Benjamins Publishing Company
Amsterdam/Philadelphia
NL
04
20160511
2016
John Benjamins B.V.
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Benjamins Current Topics
83
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Occupy
The spatial dynamics of discourse in global protest movements
01
bct.83
01
https://benjamins.com
02
https://benjamins.com/catalog/bct.83
1
B01
Luisa Martín Rojo
Martín Rojo, Luisa
Luisa
Martín Rojo
Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
01
eng
188
viii
180
LAN009000
v.2006
CFG
2
24
JB Subject Scheme
COMM.CGEN
Communication Studies
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.DISC
Discourse studies
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.PRAG
Pragmatics
06
01
Large-scale protest movements have recently transformed urban common spaces into sites of resistance. The Arab Spring, the European Summer, the American Fall in 2011, the revolts in India and South Africa and, more recently, in Istanbul, in several cities in Brazil, and in Hong Kong, are part of a common wave of protests which reclaims squares and urban places, monumentally designed as political and economic centres, as places for discussion and decision-making, for increasing participation and intervention in the governance of the community. Through banners and signs, open assemblies, and other communicative practices in the encampments and interconnecting physical and virtual spaces, participants permanently reconfigure their lived spaces discursively. The attempt to account for on-going social phenomena from the moment they first happen, and with an international perspective, undoubtedly represents a theoretical and methodological challenge. This book is a successful and innovative attempt to address this challenge, capturing the complex interplay between social, spatial, and communicative practices, drawing on complementary and alternative methods. Originally published in <i>Journal of Language and Politics</i> issue 13:4 (2014).
05
In this day and age when injustices are all around us, the ‘occupy movements’ echo the voices of ‘the people’. This outbreaking and detailed book conveys the different, and often similar agendas through which multimodal devices (texts, voices, objects, images and moving people) are manifested. Together, the studies in the book assign new meanings to ‘languages in action’ in urban public spaces. An excellent, fascinating book, which challenges the field.
Elana Shohamy, Tel Aviv University
05
Bringing together language, politics, place, placards and protest, this book opens up an alternative space to consider how recent political movements have been giving new meaning to city squares, resistant bodies and oppositional discourses.
Alastair Pennycook, University of Technology Sydney
05
This book offers innovative perspectives on the dynamic interplay between space and semiotic practices. From Tahrir Square to Los Angeles City Hall Park, from Greece and Spain to Chile, the contributors take the reader on a world tour of the ways in which language, visual images and bodies operate performatively in order to create moments of spatial rupture. A truly interdisciplinary collection.
Tommaso M. Milani, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg
05
This book will be of interest to scholars conducting spatial analyses, with some chapters [...] of particular interest to linguistic landscape scholars.
Corinne Seals, Victoria University of Wellington, in Linguistic Landscape 3:2 (2017)
04
09
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https://benjamins.com/covers/475/bct.83.png
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List of Contributors
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22
22
Article
2
01
Occupy
The spatial dynamics of discourse in global protest movements
1
A01
Luisa Martín Rojo
Martín Rojo, Luisa
Luisa
Martín Rojo
Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
20
communicative practices
20
desterritorialisation
20
large-scale protests
20
Occupy
20
reterritorialisation
20
sites of resistance
20
social movements
20
urban spaces
01
Large-scale protests have recently transformed urban common spaces into sites of resistance. Squares and urban places, monumentally designed as political and economic centres, have been reclaimed as places for discussion and decision-making, for increasing participation and intervention in the governance of the community. Through banners and signs, open assemblies, and other communicative practices in the encampments and interconnecting physical and virtual spaces, participants permanently reconfigure the spatial context discursively. The attempt to account for on-going social phenomena from the moment they first happen, and with an international perspective, undoubtedly represents a theoretical and methodological challenge. This volume focuses on this complex interplay between social, spatial, and communicative practices, drawing on complementary and alternative methods.
10
01
JB code
bct.83.02abo
23
46
24
Article
3
01
The Geosemiotics of Tahrir Square
The
Geosemiotics of Tahrir Square
A study of the relationship between discourse and space
1
A01
Mariam Aboelezz
Aboelezz, Mariam
Mariam
Aboelezz
Lancaster University
20
discourse and space
20
geosemiotics
20
January 25 revolution
20
Linguistic landscapes
20
Tahrir Square
01
The year 2011 saw unprecedented waves of people occupying key locations around the world in a statement of public discontent. In Egypt, the protests which took place between 25 January and 11 February 2011 culminating in the ouster of former Egyptian president Hosni Mubarak have now come to be known as the Egyptian Revolution. Media reporting of the revolution often portrayed it as a ‘spectacle’ playing out on the stage of Tahrir Square which was dubbed ‘the symbolic heart of the Egyptian revolution’. Tahrir Square quickly became a space serving various functions and layered with an array of meanings. This chapter explores the relationship between the discourse of protest messages and the space of Tahrir Square during the January 25 revolution, demonstrating how the two were mutually reinforcing. The messages are drawn from a corpus of approximately 2000 protest messages captured in Tahrir Square between 25 January and 11 February 2011. The analysis is presented in the form of six conceptualising frames for the space of Tahrir Square which take into account both its geographical and social context. The conceptualisation draws from the field of geosemiotics, which posits that all discourses are ‘situated’ both in space and time (Scollon & Scollon 2003), and on the Lefebvrian principles of the production of space which provide a useful framework for interpreting urban space (Lefebvre 1991).
10
01
JB code
bct.83.03mar
47
76
30
Article
4
01
Taking over the Square
The role of linguistic practices in contesting urban spaces
1
A01
Luisa Martín Rojo
Martín Rojo, Luisa
Luisa
Martín Rojo
Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
20
communication practices
20
deterritorialisation
20
Linguistic landscapes
20
production/circulation of linguistic practices
20
reterritorialisation
20
sociolinguistic market
01
In this chapter I study the extent to which the <i>15-M</i> or Spanish <i>Indignados</i> movement has transformed the discourses of social movements, not only in terms of their content, but also in the way their communicative practices are produced and circulate. Thus, this paper firstly explores how changes in the conditions of production and circulation of linguistic practices contribute to the “deterritorialisation” and “reterritorialisation” of space, by means of which protestors replace the traditional organisation and uses of space with their own beliefs, ideologies and communicative practices. Secondly, I examine the extent to which this “reterritorialisation” leads to an in-depth transformation of the forms of communication, which could be, in their turn, not only transforming public spaces, but also social movements themselves, and the way of doing politics. The chapter addresses whether these practices, in projecting themselves onto a public space which they transform, prefigure in the present moment the kind of society being proposed and fought for.
10
01
JB code
bct.83.04chu
77
98
22
Article
5
01
Mobilities of a linguistic landscape at Los Angeles City Hall Park
1
A01
Christian W. Chun
Chun, Christian W.
Christian W.
Chun
City University of Hong Kong
20
allusion
20
linguistic landscapes
20
mediated discourse analysis
20
mobility
20
Occupy Movement
20
social media
20
space
01
In this chapter, I expand a category of linguistic landscapes, the signs by individuals in public spaces, to include another form of linguistic landscape even more transgressive in nature and intent: the panoply of protest signs produced and mobilized by the Occupy Movement during the Fall of 2011 at Los Angeles City Hall Park. My data are drawn from the photographs I took of these signs at the Park and the near vicinity, a YouTube video of a protest sign, a blog commenting on this sign, and a political cartoon using the same image featured on two other signs. I explore how social actors drew upon and mediated specific discourses in their protest signs that became transportable across time and space, the role of these signs in transforming public space, and this linguistic landscape’s ensuing mobilities in its mediated relocations to online social media sites and blogs.
10
01
JB code
bct.83.05gou
99
126
28
Article
6
01
Identity as space
Localism in the Greek protests of Syntagma Square
1
A01
Dionysis Goutsos
Goutsos, Dionysis
Dionysis
Goutsos
University of Athens
2
A01
George Polymeneas
Polymeneas, George
George
Polymeneas
Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona
20
corpus analysis
20
Critical Discourse Analysis
20
Greek protests
20
identity
20
public space
01
The chapter studies the textual, discursive and social practices of the Greek “aganaktismeni” (<i>indignados</i>) movements, which mainly took place in the public gathering of tens of thousands of Greeks in Syntagma Square, outside the Greek parliament from May to August 2011. Data come from multiple sources, including the General Assembly proceedings and resolutions, while a linguistically-informed approach is followed, which combines Critical Discourse Analysis concepts with corpus linguistic methods. It is argued that the Syntagma protests generated a new context in Greek politics, by introducing new genres and the innovative articulation of already existing discourses. It was also found that social/political identities and social/public space were co-articulated, since the identity of the movement was crucially constructed in terms of space.
10
01
JB code
bct.83.06ste
127
156
30
Article
7
01
The Occupy Assembly
The
Occupy Assembly
Discursive experiments in direct democracy
1
A01
Rebecca Lila Steinberg
Steinberg, Rebecca Lila
Rebecca Lila
Steinberg
University of California, Los Angeles
20
assembly
20
deliberative democracy
20
direct democracy
20
discourse analysis
20
embodiment
20
hand signals
20
horizontalism
20
human mic
20
interaction
20
Occupy
20
participation
20
people's mic
20
public space
20
stance
01
A key feature of the Occupy movement has been the General Assembly (GA), in which participants, gathered in outdoor public space, engaged in emergent forms of direct deliberative democratic practice. GAs created opportunities for renewed, co-constructed discourses about human rights, collectivity and autonomy, and the nature of fairness. The physical, durative occupation of public space and establishment of encampments enabled participants to converse and collaborate meaningfully about these matters and their implications for action. An attested ideology of horizontalism was produced and reflected in practices of decision-making within a direct participatory democratic framework. The generation of local intersubjectivity and global solidarity as well as the embodied augmentation of personal and group agency were lodged within face-to-face interactions at Occupy GAs. Participants developed and adapted specific embodied tools for assembly use, including hand signals and the human mic, to facilitate a discursive praxis of egalitarianism within the context of a speech exchange system suited to a large outdoor deliberative body. These practices are central to the Occupy movement, as they constitute the discursive experiments in direct democracy set in motion by a shared recognition of social crisis and systemic injustice felt increasingly around the world. This chapter examines how several embodied practices at Occupy Los Angeles attend to participants’ attested ideologies and the practical problems of open, large-group direct democracy.
10
01
JB code
bct.83.07gar
157
178
22
Article
8
01
Spatial practices and narratives
The GenkiDama for education by Chilean students
1
A01
Óscar García Agustín
García Agustín, Óscar
Óscar
García Agustín
Aalborg University
2
A01
Félix J. Aguirre Díaz
Aguirre Díaz, Félix J.
Félix J.
Aguirre Díaz
University of Valparaíso
20
Flash mob
20
Manga
20
mobilization
20
narrative
20
place
20
space
20
spatial practices
20
students' movement
01
The Chilean students’ rebellion emerged in 2011 within the wave of global protests. Even though it is an organized movement, with roots in a specific historical context, it shares with the global movement the use of new media technologies, the appropriation of public spaces, and the concern for democracy and equality. The movement deploys flexible forms of organization and mobilization such as <i>flash mobs</i>, in the case analyzed in this article, the GenkiDama for Education. The students create a narrative based on the famous Manga series <i>Dragon Ball Z</i> to reframe the conflict between students and government. As Manga fans, they open up participation to other less politically defined identities. The <i>flash mob </i>moment works as a communicative event in which the narrative is put into place and strengthens a sense of community in the streets of Santiago de Chile. To analyze the connections between the fictional narrative of Manga and the use of the public space, we draw on Michel de Certeau’s theory on spatial practices and the function of stories and place/space. Spatial practices during the flash mob challenge the social and spatial order in order to represent a symbolic victory of the students over the political system.
10
01
JB code
bct.83.08ind
179
180
2
Article
9
01
Index
02
JBENJAMINS
John Benjamins Publishing Company
01
John Benjamins Publishing Company
Amsterdam/Philadelphia
NL
04
20160511
2016
John Benjamins B.V.
02
WORLD
08
425
gr
01
JB
1
John Benjamins Publishing Company
+31 20 6304747
+31 20 6739773
bookorder@benjamins.nl
01
https://benjamins.com
01
WORLD
US CA MX
21
36
30
01
02
JB
1
00
90.00
EUR
R
02
02
JB
1
00
95.40
EUR
R
01
JB
10
bebc
+44 1202 712 934
+44 1202 712 913
sales@bebc.co.uk
03
GB
21
30
02
02
JB
1
00
76.00
GBP
Z
01
JB
2
John Benjamins North America
+1 800 562-5666
+1 703 661-1501
benjamins@presswarehouse.com
01
https://benjamins.com
01
US CA MX
21
1
30
01
gen
02
JB
1
00
135.00
USD