Index

• A

• Accuracy 7, 10, 16, 18, 54, 64, 95, 100, 102, 110, 133�134, 140�141, 146, 148�149, 160, 164, 184, 188�190

• ADV see ‘Fronting’

• Agreement
  • Noun phrase agreement (NP agreement) 56, 60, 64–65, 68
  • Verb phrase agreement (VP agreement) 4
  • Subject-verb agreement 34, 49, 87–88, 112, 171

• Arabic 6, 12, 14, 36, 60, 67, 80–81, 85–89, 93–94, 100, 107, 112–114, 118, 143, 148, 163, Assessment 2, 8, 17, 19–20, 28, 74–75, 77, 119, 153–154, 160–162, 166, 174–178, 181, 187–190

• Auxiliary 3, 34�36, 39�40, 48�50, 58, 61�62, 70, 99, 125, 133, 136�138, 145�146, 151, 154

• Avoidance 15–16, 133–137, 140–142, 146, 156

• B

• Bilingual 1–2, 13–14, 35, 53, 106, 110–113, 115–116, 118, 176, 185

• Bound morphology 81, 89, 97, 118, 146

• C

• Cancel inversion 5, 30, 40–43, 46, 60, 67, 69, 101, 164–165, 182

• Canonical word order 68, 87, 116–117

• Case
  • Accusative 83-84, 95
  • Dative 84
  • Ergative 84-85
  • Nominative 57, 83�85, 102

• Category procedure see ‘Processing procedures’

• Chinese 12, 18, 80–81, 85–86, 88, 92–93, 97–98, 107, 143, 148, 163–165, 187

• Chunks 4, 69, 86, 113

• Comprehension 10–11, 45, 53–54, 74, 115, 182–184, 205–206

• Context 9–10, 13–14, 17–18, 31, 37–38, 55–56, 62, 66–67, 70, 76, 90, 99, 106, 109, 115–117, 126, 128, 132, 134–135, 138–141, 143, 150, 154, 163, 167–168, 173, 175, 184, 187
  • Obligatory context
  • Social context

• Configurational languages 39, 82–83, 102,

• Correctness 2, 68, 100, 111, 160, 177

• D

• Danish 12, 19, 55–56, 63, 65, 67, 70–72, 80, 85, 88–89,

• Deaf learners 14, 74, 76, 106, 109

• Dependent-marking 79, 82–83, 97–98, 102,

• Developmental conflict 132, 134, 136, 139, 141

• Developmental features 16–17, 121, 129, 144–152, 154, 156, 162, 170, 181, 185–186

• Developmentally Moderated Transfer Hypothesis see ‘Hypothesis’
  • Developmental readiness 2, 17, 19, 153–154, 157, 161, 164–165, 167–168, 174, 181, 187–189,
  • Developmental sequences 1–3, 21, 70, 121,
  • Developmental stages 1, 3, 6–7, 13, 15, 19, 28, 32, 63, 65, 111, 122–123, 130, 143–144, 151–152, 160, 168, 172, 175, 177, 182–184, 186, 193, 195–196, 201
  • E
  • Emergence criterion 3, 7–10, 31, 74, 76, 102, 110, 135, 165, 184, 187–188, 190, 202
  • English 2–6, 8, 12, 14–17, 19, 21–23, 28, 31–32, 35–39, 41–42, 44–45, 51, 53–58, 60–63, 80–83, 85–89, 92–99, 101, 107, 112–113, 115–116, 118, 121, 123, 127, 129–130, 132, 135, 138–141, 144, 146–147, 152, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163–164, 170–171, 173–177, 179, 181–182, 184–185, 188,
  • English as a Second Language (ESL) 6, 9, 18, 21–25, 28–35, 37–41, 43–47, 50–54, 129, 131–134, 136, 138–141, 150, 157–161, 164, 166, 168, 170–171, 174–177, 179, 182–183, 189,
  • F
  • Form-function 8, 64, 98, 100, 148, 162
  • French 12, 80, 85–89, 92–95, 100, 117–118, 157, 194, 196–197, 202, 205
  • Fronting
    • Adverb Fronting (ADV) 30, 40, 68�69, 128, 135, 155�156, 162
    • Do Fronting 28�29, 40, 42, 46, 147, 159
    • Wh-Fronting 8, 42�43, 46, 49, 53, 132, 134�136, 146
  • G
  • Gender 10, 56�58, 64, 66, 68, 72�73, 87, 100, 102, 143
  • Genitive 56, 64, 86�87, 89, 99
  • German 3, 8–9, 12–14, 16, 21, 36, 45, 47, 54–55, 80, 83–89, 92–96, 101–102, 107, 109, 111, 115–118, 122–123, 125–127, 129–130, 135, 147, 153–155, 157, 162–163, 185, 192–193, 195, 198
  • German as a Second Language (GSL) 13, 18, 21, 122, 127, 135, 138, 153, 156–157, 163, 167
  • H
  • Head-marking 82–83, 98, 102,
  • Heritage language 106, 111, 115, 185,
  • Hindi 12, 34, 81, 84–85, 88, 92–93,
  • Hypothesis
  • Developmentally Moderated Transfer Hypothesis (DMTH) 95–96
  • Lexical Mapping Hypothesis 44, 51
  • Prominence Hypothesis 44-45
  • Teachability Hypothesis (TH) 1, 17�19, 105, 153�154, 156�166, 174, 178, 187�188
  • Topic Hypothesis 41, 43�44, 165�166

• Hypothesis Space 15–16, 131–132, 134, 139, 151–152

• I

• Icelandic 12, 55, 80, 85, 88, 93, 196

• Implicational
  • Hierarchy 110
  • Order 3�4, 11, 37, 70, 75, 183, 185
  • Relationship 42, 72, 108
  • Scaling 62

• Inter-phrasal procedure see ‘Processing procedures’ 5, 32, 66, 71, 79, 86–88

• Inter-phrasal morphology 34, 67

• Inversion 3, 5, 18, 22–23, 26, 29–30, 40–43, 46, 50, 52, 60–63, 65, 67–70, 75–76, 88, 96, 101, 108–109, 111–114, 117, 125–128, 135, 146, 151, 154–157, 162–168, 170–172, 176, 178, 182,

• Italian 8, 12, 14, 80, 83, 85–89, 92–95, 100–101, 107, 122, 127, 136, 155, 168, 194, 196

• J

• Japanese 8, 11–12, 14, 35, 41–42, 53, 55, 60, 80–83, 85–89, 93, 97–100, 107, 112–113, 163–164, 185,

• L

• Language impairment 2, 14, 106, 112, 114, 116–119, 181, 185, 190–191,

• Learner categories 13–14, 19, 74, 106, 119, 181, 185

• Learner types 16, 131–132, 134, 140–141, 144

• Levelt

• Lexical-Functional Grammar 4, 28, 33, 39, 99, 175

• Lexical Mapping Hypothesis see ‘Hypothesis’

• Lexical morphology 33, 67, 75, 90, 108, 177, 189

• Lexical-Functional Grammar (LFG) 4–5, 33, 39, 43, 84

• L1 acquisition 13, 21, 106, 111–112, 117, 185,

• M

• Mapping of arguments 4–5

• Minimal pairs 8–9, 110

• Monolingual 14, 70, 106, 111, 115–117, 185,

• Multidimensional Model (MM) 2–3, 6, 15–16, 21, 122, 153, 161, 203

• N

• Negation 22, 29, 40, 50, 59–62, 68–72, 151, 178, 186,

• Non-configurational languages 82�83, 102

• Norwegian 12, 19, 55–56, 63, 65, 67, 70–72, 80, 85, 88–89,

• O

• Omission 9, 15, 67, 89, 118, 122, 128, 133–138, 146, 156, 163, 185

• Orientations
  • Simplifying 15�16, 81, 124�128, 130, 134, 136, 138, 146, 150, 155, 159, 186
  • Standardizing 128, 130, 134, 136, 145�146, 155, 186

• P

• Particle

• Phrasal morphology 4–6, 32–35, 37–40, 44, 46–52, 58, 65–68, 70–72, 79, 81, 85–90, 93, 98–100, 108–109, 112–114, 118, 143, 148, 164, 177, 184, 204

• Phrasal procedure see ‘Processing procedures’
  • Plural 5, 8, 30–31, 33–35, 37–38, 47–48, 53, 56, 64, 67, 73, 81–82, 86, 89, 99, 108, 113–114, 169, 177, 206–207
  • Possessive 13, 31, 33–37, 48, 52, 57, 64, 67–68, 79, 84, 87, 97–99, 143, 164, 183–184,
  • Possessive pronoun 33–35, 37, 52, 64
  • Predictive Framework 2, 15–16, 24, 27–28, 31–32, 52, 54, 121–122, 129, 131, 134, 139, 156, 161, 166
  • Processing see ‘Processing procedures’
  • Processing procedures 162
  • Category procedure 4�6, 32, 40, 52, 66, 79, 86, 88�89, 98, 100, 113
  • Inter-phrasal procedure 5, 32, 66, 71, 79, 86�88
  • Phrasal procedure 4�6, 32, 40, 58, 66, 68, 70�71, 79, 86�88, 98�100, 112�113, 184
  • Sentence procedure (S-procedure) 5�6, 39, 40, 43, 45, 66, 68, 75, 87�88, 112�113
  • Subordinate clause procedure 5, 32, 40, 60, 66, 71, 86, 88, 101, 108, 110, 185

• Production 3–5, 7, 10–11, 16, 31–32, 35, 38, 42, 44, 48, 53–54, 73, 76–77, 100, 108–109, 112, 115, 117, 145, 147, 158, 160, 165, 168, 172, 178, 182–184, 186, 189–190

• Prominence Hypothesis see ‘Hypothesis’

• Q

• Questions
  • Direct Questions 62, 178
  • Indirect Questions 62, 69, 101
  • Yes/No 23, 61
  • Wh-Questions 59, 159, 168

• R

• Relative clause 88, 143, 164

• Russian 12, 14, 81–89, 92–95, 97–98,

• S

• Samoan 12, 80–81, 83–88,

• Scouts 138, 141, 143

• Serbian 12, 14, 81–82, 85–88, 93–95, 98, 115–116,

• Skills 11, 32,

• Spanish 12, 18, 32, 34, 60, 81, 85–87, 89, 92–95, 107, 118, 122, 159, 163, 165

• Sentence procedure see ‘Processing procedures’

• Stages see ‘Developmental stages’

• Subordinate clause 3, 5–6, 32, 40, 46, 56, 60–63, 65–66, 71–72, 85–86, 88–89, 101, 108–110, 113–114, 149–150, 164, 178, 184–185,

• Subordinate clause procedure see ‘Processing procedures’

• SVO 13, 15, 24–25, 29–30, 40–43, 46–47, 49–50, 52–53, 70, 75, 82, 96, 112, 127–128, 143, 146–147, 154, 159, 168, 176, 182

• Swedish 2, 6, 8, 12, 14, 16, 19, 55–77, 80, 83, 85–89, 92–96, 98, 100–101, 106–114, 117–118, 148–151, 162, 171–174, 177, 183, 189,

• Syntactic procedures 39

• T

• Teachability Hypothesis see ‘Hypothesis’

• Tense
  • Past tense 47, 81, 89, 113, 140, 173
  • Tense agreement see ‘VP agreement’

• Topic Hypothesis see ‘Hypothesis’

• Topicalization 28–30, 40, 46, 63, 117, 125, 165, 187,

• Trailers 138, 141, 143, 162

• Transfer see also‘Developmentally Moderated Transfer Hypothesis’

• Turkish 12, 60, 80–81, 85–88, 93–95, 97–98, 115,

• Typology 12–13, 79, 81–82, 92, 94–95, 98, 102,

• Z

• ZISA 3, 60, 107, 109, 122–123, 126–127, 130, 157

• U

• Unification 4–5, 33–34, 66, 86, 88, 100

• V

• Variation
  • Inter-learner variation 121�122, 127, 134�135, 148�149, 152
  • Intra-learner variation 121, 134�135
  • Variational features 15–16, 121, 125–126, 129–131, 138, 151, 156, 170
  • Variational options 144, 151, 186

• V-End 154, 157

• Verb-Second (V2) 56, 58�59, 62, 65, 68, 71, 96, 101, 117

• Verb separation 125, 127, 154–157, 163, 168

• Violation 128, 133–137, 140–142

• W

• Wh-Fronting see ‘Fronting’ 8, 42–43, 46, 49, 53, 132, 134–136, 146