15018351 03 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code BPA 6 GE 15 9789027264893 06 10.1075/bpa.6 00 EA E133 10 01 JB code BPA 02 JB code 2352-0531 02 6.00 01 02 Bilingual Processing and Acquisition Bilingual Processing and Acquisition 01 01 Bilingualism Bilingualism 1 B01 01 JB code 172219192 Maya Libben Libben, Maya Maya Libben University of British Columbia 2 B01 01 JB code 307219193 Mira Goral Goral, Mira Mira Goral City University of New York 3 B01 01 JB code 181219194 Gary Libben Libben, Gary Gary Libben Brock University 01 eng 11 270 03 03 xvii 03 00 252 03 24 JB code LIN.MORPH Morphology 24 JB code LIN.BIL Multilingualism 24 JB code LIN.PSYLIN Psycholinguistics 24 JB code LIN.SEMAN Semantics 10 LAN009040 12 CFDM 01 06 02 00 This volume serves to generate new directions and advances in bilingualism research. 03 00 In the world today, bilingualism is more common than monolingualism. Thus, the default mental lexicon may in fact be the bilingual lexicon. More than ever, social and technological innovation have created a situation in which lexical knowledge may change dramatically throughout an individual’s lifetime. This book offers a new perspective for the understanding of these phenomena and their consequences for the representation of words in the mind and brain. Contributing authors are leaders in the field who provide a re-analysis of key assumptions and a re-focusing of research. They bring new insights and new findings that advance the understanding of both bilingualism and the mental lexicon. This volume serves to generate new directions and advances in bilingualism research. 01 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/bpa.6.png 01 01 D502 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027243775.jpg 01 01 D504 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027243775.tif 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/bpa.6.hb.png 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/bpa.6.png 02 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/bpa.6.hb.png 03 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/bpa.6.hb.png 01 01 JB code bpa.6.aut 06 10.1075/bpa.6.aut ix xii 4 Miscellaneous 1 01 04 Author information Author information 01 01 JB code bpa.6.002pro 06 10.1075/bpa.6.002pro xiii xviii 6 Introduction 2 01 04 Prologue Prologue 01 04 Polyglossia as a personal journey Polyglossia as a personal journey 1 A01 01 JB code 542296142 Gonia Jarema Jarema, Gonia Gonia Jarema Université de Montréal/Centre universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal 01 01 JB code bpa.6.003int 06 10.1075/bpa.6.003int 1 6 6 Introduction 3 01 04 The dynamic lexicon The dynamic lexicon 01 04 Complex words in bilingual minds Complex words in bilingual minds 1 A01 01 JB code 281296143 Maya Libben Libben, Maya Maya Libben University of British Columbia 2 A01 01 JB code 520296144 Mira Goral Goral, Mira Mira Goral Lehman College and the Graduate Center, City University of New York 3 A01 01 JB code 870296145 Gary Libben Libben, Gary Gary Libben Brock University 01 01 JB code bpa.6.01vai 06 10.1075/bpa.6.01vai 7 26 20 Chapter 4 01 04 Languages without borders Languages without borders 01 04 Reframing the study of the bilingual mental lexicon Reframing the study of the bilingual mental lexicon 1 A01 01 JB code 586296146 Jyotsna Vaid Vaid, Jyotsna Jyotsna Vaid Texas A&M University 2 A01 01 JB code 674296147 Renata F. I. Meuter Meuter, Renata F. I. Renata F. I. Meuter Queensland University of Technology 01 01 JB code bpa.6.02kro 06 10.1075/bpa.6.02kro 27 48 22 Chapter 5 01 04 The bilingual lexicon The bilingual lexicon 01 04 A window into language dynamics and cognition A window into language dynamics and cognition 1 A01 01 JB code 422296148 Judith F. Kroll Kroll, Judith F. Judith F. Kroll University of California, Riverside 01 01 JB code bpa.6.03mea 06 10.1075/bpa.6.03mea 49 72 24 Chapter 6 01 04 Mechanisms underlying word learning in second language acquisition Mechanisms underlying word learning in second language acquisition 1 A01 01 JB code 226296149 Gabriela Meade Meade, Gabriela Gabriela Meade Radboud University Nijmegen 2 A01 01 JB code 454296150 Ton Dijkstra Dijkstra, Ton Ton Dijkstra Radboud University Nijmegen 01 01 JB code bpa.6.04sai 06 10.1075/bpa.6.04sai 73 102 30 Chapter 7 01 04 The bilingual mental lexicon The bilingual mental lexicon 01 04 A dynamic knowledge system A dynamic knowledge system 1 A01 01 JB code 172296151 Ladan Ghazi-Saidi Ghazi-Saidi, Ladan Ladan Ghazi-Saidi Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health 2 A01 01 JB code 400296152 Tanya Dash Dash, Tanya Tanya Dash Centre de recherche de l'Institut, Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal Université de Montréal/Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology School, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal 3 A01 01 JB code 641296153 Ana Inés Ansaldo Ansaldo, Ana Inés Ana Inés Ansaldo 01 01 JB code bpa.6.05lib 06 10.1075/bpa.6.05lib 103 122 20 Chapter 8 01 04 Non-selective language activation and bilingualism as the default mental lexicon Non-selective language activation and bilingualism as the default mental lexicon 1 A01 01 JB code 483296154 Maya Libben Libben, Maya Maya Libben University of British Columbia - Okanagan 01 01 JB code bpa.6.06tim 06 10.1075/bpa.6.06tim 123 142 20 Chapter 9 01 04 The influence of contextual cues on representations in the mental lexicon for bilinguals The influence of contextual cues on representations in the mental lexicon for bilinguals 1 A01 01 JB code 209296155 Kalinka Timmer Timmer, Kalinka Kalinka Timmer Department of Psychology, York University /Departament de Tecnologies de la Informació i les Comunicacions, Universitat Pompeu Fabra 2 A01 01 JB code 482296156 John G. Grundy Grundy, John G. John G. Grundy 3 A01 01 JB code 740296157 Ellen Bialystok Bialystok, Ellen Ellen Bialystok 01 01 JB code bpa.6.07dus 06 10.1075/bpa.6.07dus 143 180 38 Chapter 10 01 04 When cognate status produces no benefits When cognate status produces no benefits 01 04 Investigating cognate effects during the processing of code-switched sentences Investigating cognate effects during the processing of code-switched sentences 1 A01 01 JB code 21296158 Paola E. Dussias Dussias, Paola E. Paola E. Dussias Penn State University 2 A01 01 JB code 214296159 Jorge R. Valdés Kroff Valdés Kroff, Jorge R. Jorge R. Valdés Kroff University of Florida 3 A01 01 JB code 22296160 Rosa E. Guzzardo Tamargo Guzzardo Tamargo, Rosa E. Rosa E. Guzzardo Tamargo University of Puerto Rico 01 01 JB code bpa.6.08gor 06 10.1075/bpa.6.08gor 181 196 16 Chapter 11 01 04 Lexical retrieval difficulty in bilingual speakers with and without pathology Lexical retrieval difficulty in bilingual speakers with and without pathology 1 A01 01 JB code 1296161 Mira Goral Goral, Mira Mira Goral Lehman College and the Graduate Center, CUNY 01 01 JB code bpa.6.09lib 06 10.1075/bpa.6.09lib 197 216 20 Chapter 12 01 04 Morphological integration and the bilingual lexicon Morphological integration and the bilingual lexicon 1 A01 01 JB code 669296162 Gary Libben Libben, Gary Gary Libben Brock University 2 A01 01 JB code 980296163 Mira Goral Goral, Mira Mira Goral Lehman College and the Garudate Center of the City University of New York 3 A01 01 JB code 237296164 Harald Baayen Baayen, Harald Harald Baayen University of Tübingen 01 01 JB code bpa.6.10cla 06 10.1075/bpa.6.10cla 217 248 32 Chapter 13 01 04 Morphological processing in old-age bilinguals Morphological processing in old-age bilinguals 1 A01 01 JB code 889296165 Harald Clahsen Clahsen, Harald Harald Clahsen Potsdam Research Institute for Multilingualism (PRIM) 2 A01 01 JB code 83296166 Jana Reifegerste Reifegerste, Jana Jana Reifegerste University of Potsdam 01 01 JB code bpa.6.index 06 10.1075/bpa.6.index 249 252 4 Miscellaneous 14 01 04 Index Index 01 JB code JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 https://benjamins.com Amsterdam NL 00 John Benjamins Publishing Company Marketing Department / Karin Plijnaar, Pieter Lamers onix@benjamins.nl 04 01 00 20171220 C 2017 John Benjamins D 2017 John Benjamins 02 WORLD 13 15 9789027243775 WORLD 03 01 JB 17 Google 03 https://play.google.com/store/books 21 01 00 Unqualified price 00 95.00 EUR 01 00 Unqualified price 00 80.00 GBP 01 00 Unqualified price 00 143.00 USD 325015775 03 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code BPA 6 Hb 15 9789027243775 06 10.1075/bpa.6 13 2017035846 00 BB 08 630 gr 10 01 JB code BPA 02 2352-0531 02 6.00 01 02 Bilingual Processing and Acquisition Bilingual Processing and Acquisition 01 01 Bilingualism A framework for understanding the mental lexicon Bilingualism: A framework for understanding the mental lexicon 1 B01 01 JB code 172219192 Maya Libben Libben, Maya Maya Libben University of British Columbia 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/172219192 2 B01 01 JB code 307219193 Mira Goral Goral, Mira Mira Goral City University of New York 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/307219193 3 B01 01 JB code 181219194 Gary Libben Libben, Gary Gary Libben Brock University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/181219194 01 eng 11 270 03 03 xvii 03 00 252 03 01 23 404/.2 03 2017 P115 04 Bilingualism. 10 LAN009040 12 CFDM 24 JB code LIN.MORPH Morphology 24 JB code LIN.BIL Multilingualism 24 JB code LIN.PSYLIN Psycholinguistics 24 JB code LIN.SEMAN Semantics 01 06 02 00 This volume serves to generate new directions and advances in bilingualism research. 03 00 In the world today, bilingualism is more common than monolingualism. Thus, the default mental lexicon may in fact be the bilingual lexicon. More than ever, social and technological innovation have created a situation in which lexical knowledge may change dramatically throughout an individual’s lifetime. This book offers a new perspective for the understanding of these phenomena and their consequences for the representation of words in the mind and brain. Contributing authors are leaders in the field who provide a re-analysis of key assumptions and a re-focusing of research. They bring new insights and new findings that advance the understanding of both bilingualism and the mental lexicon. This volume serves to generate new directions and advances in bilingualism research. 01 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/bpa.6.png 01 01 D502 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027243775.jpg 01 01 D504 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027243775.tif 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/bpa.6.hb.png 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/bpa.6.png 02 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/bpa.6.hb.png 03 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/bpa.6.hb.png 01 01 JB code bpa.6.aut 06 10.1075/bpa.6.aut ix xii 4 Miscellaneous 1 01 04 Author information Author information 01 01 JB code bpa.6.002pro 06 10.1075/bpa.6.002pro 1 5 5 Introduction 2 01 04 Prologue Prologue 01 04 Polyglossia as a personal journey Polyglossia as a personal journey 1 A01 01 JB code 542296142 Gonia Jarema Jarema, Gonia Gonia Jarema Université de Montréal/Centre universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/542296142 30 00

Write a piece about your experience as a multilingual, I was asked. A personal piece, then. Maybe not as belaboured an enterprise as producing a scientific thesis on one of the many facets of multilingualism, but infinitely more intimidating. A baring of the soul of sorts, because the history of one’s languages is essentially one’s own history, and personal histories are intimate. Yet my story cannot be a factual chronology of my life as a polyglot, of my meanderings across political and linguistic borders. The relationship I have to my languages is too visceral for precise dates, precise geographies, precise events. There will be no exact whens, whys and hows. I can only tell an emic tale.

01 01 JB code bpa.6.003int 06 10.1075/bpa.6.003int 1 6 6 Introduction 3 01 04 The dynamic lexicon The dynamic lexicon 01 04 Complex words in bilingual minds Complex words in bilingual minds 1 A01 01 JB code 281296143 Maya Libben Libben, Maya Maya Libben University of British Columbia 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/281296143 2 A01 01 JB code 520296144 Mira Goral Goral, Mira Mira Goral Lehman College and the Graduate Center, City University of New York 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/520296144 3 A01 01 JB code 870296145 Gary Libben Libben, Gary Gary Libben Brock University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/870296145 01 01 JB code bpa.6.01vai 06 10.1075/bpa.6.01vai 7 26 20 Chapter 4 01 04 Languages without borders Languages without borders 01 04 Reframing the study of the bilingual mental lexicon Reframing the study of the bilingual mental lexicon 1 A01 01 JB code 586296146 Jyotsna Vaid Vaid, Jyotsna Jyotsna Vaid Texas A&M University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/586296146 2 A01 01 JB code 674296147 Renata F. I. Meuter Meuter, Renata F. I. Renata F. I. Meuter Queensland University of Technology 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/674296147 30 00

What might the study of language processing look like if the canonical language user were assumed to be bilingual? In this chapter we offer some reflections on how the origins, assumptions and practices of psycholinguistics constructed a particular view of language and of the typical language user, with distinct consequences for the construction of bilingualism as an object of inquiry. We suggest that if psycholinguistics is to fully embrace its “bilingual turn” it will benefit from exploring new ways of conceptualizing and approaching the study of bilingual language processing rather than uncritically adopting questions and approaches that were initially framed to understand single language use. Specifically, we suggest that research designs that allow language phenomena to emerge, rather than be expressly manipulated or restricted by researchers’ preconceived assumptions and that build in a broader range of variables and consider an expanded range of bilingual groups, will advance our understanding of the bilingual mental lexicon in important ways.

01 01 JB code bpa.6.02kro 06 10.1075/bpa.6.02kro 27 48 22 Chapter 5 01 04 The bilingual lexicon The bilingual lexicon 01 04 A window into language dynamics and cognition A window into language dynamics and cognition 1 A01 01 JB code 422296148 Judith F. Kroll Kroll, Judith F. Judith F. Kroll University of California, Riverside 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/422296148 30 00

In some circles in psycholinguistics, there is the view that words are the least interesting aspect of language processing. In others, there is the view that monolingual speakers will tell us all that we need to know about language in the mind and the brain. In the past two decades there has been an upsurge of research on bilingualism and much of it has examined the lexicon. The new research on lexical processing in bilinguals has revealed persistent activation of words in both languages even when comprehending or producing one language alone. The consequences of this discovery have been profound for understanding the architecture of the lexicon and the dynamics of lexical access more generally. Cross-language activation changes both languages and engages domain general cognitive mechanisms that extend beyond language. There is a level of interaction between the bilingual‘s two languages that shapes a dynamic system to enable comprehension and production in each language and that is reflected in both behavior and in the brain. Most critically, research on the bilingual lexicon has become a model for the examination of cross-language interactions at every level of language processing, including the grammar and phonology. It also exposes the dynamics of the lexicon in a way that would not be known if we examined monolingual performance alone. In this chapter we review the most exciting new behavioral and neural evidence on the bilingual lexicon and consider the implications for learning new words, adapting existing ones, and for acquiring cognitive control more generally.

01 01 JB code bpa.6.03mea 06 10.1075/bpa.6.03mea 49 72 24 Chapter 6 01 04 Mechanisms underlying word learning in second language acquisition Mechanisms underlying word learning in second language acquisition 1 A01 01 JB code 226296149 Gabriela Meade Meade, Gabriela Gabriela Meade Radboud University Nijmegen 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/226296149 2 A01 01 JB code 454296150 Ton Dijkstra Dijkstra, Ton Ton Dijkstra Radboud University Nijmegen 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/454296150 30 00

One common assumption in the second language acquisition literature is that learning words in a second language (L2) is somehow distinct from acquiring new words in a native language (L1), particularly for beginning adult learners. Indeed, several models of the bilingual lexicon ascribe a special status or protection mechanism (often lexical mediation via the L1 translation equivalent) to new L2 words during early stages of acquisition (e.g., Grainger, Midgley, & Holcomb, 2010; Kroll & Stewart, 1994; Kroll, Van Hell, Tokowicz, & Green, 2010). In this chapter, we examine this assumption by comparing parasitic models, which posit such separate learning processes for L1 and L2 words, and non-parasitic models, which do not. To do so, we review empirical evidence related to word learning in beginning adult L2 learners, with a focus on the influence of the lexical and conceptual knowledge from their L1. Are there factors that differentially affect word learning in the L1 versus the L2 or at different levels of L2 proficiency? If so, how can identifying these factors inform our understanding of the underlying mechanisms? Answering these questions challenges the notion that a special mechanism is necessary for L2 word learning in adults and outlines a research agenda to gain further insight into these issues.

01 01 JB code bpa.6.04sai 06 10.1075/bpa.6.04sai 73 102 30 Chapter 7 01 04 The bilingual mental lexicon The bilingual mental lexicon 01 04 A dynamic knowledge system A dynamic knowledge system 1 A01 01 JB code 172296151 Ladan Ghazi-Saidi Ghazi-Saidi, Ladan Ladan Ghazi-Saidi Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/172296151 2 A01 01 JB code 400296152 Tanya Dash Dash, Tanya Tanya Dash Centre de recherche de l'Institut, Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal Université de Montréal/Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology School, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/400296152 3 A01 01 JB code 641296153 Ana Inés Ansaldo Ansaldo, Ana Inés Ana Inés Ansaldo 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/641296153 30 00

Several theoretical accounts have been developed to describe the nature of the bilingual mental lexicon. In the last decades, functional magnetic resonance studies have provided some insight into the neural basis of lexical processing in healthy bilinguals and in bilinguals with aphasia. This chapter will discuss the bilingual mental lexicon as a complex knowledge system, which behaves dynamically as a function of various factors, including L1 and L2 proficiency level (exposure and use), psycholinguistic (semantic and phonological) characteristics of words within and across the spoken languages, learning methods, and the environment where learning happens (formal vs. informal), which in turn have an impact on the type of memory processing (implicit vs. explicit) involved in word storage. The bilingual mental lexicon is revealed as even more complex when phonological and semantic similarities and differences within and across languages are taken into account.

01 01 JB code bpa.6.05lib 06 10.1075/bpa.6.05lib 103 122 20 Chapter 8 01 04 Non-selective language activation and bilingualism as the default mental lexicon Non-selective language activation and bilingualism as the default mental lexicon 1 A01 01 JB code 483296154 Maya Libben Libben, Maya Maya Libben University of British Columbia - Okanagan 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/483296154 30 00

The current chapter takes the approach that the default mental lexicon is the bilingual mental lexicon. We present a subset of models from the bilingual research literature and argue that such models could be adapted to simultaneously explain multilingual and monolingual language functioning. We specifically focus on how these models address the issue of selective vs. non-selective language access in the multilingual language user and discuss how these conceptual paradigms can be applied to human language processing in general. We focus specifically on three factors that modulate selective/non-selective access: (1) lexical features (2) language dominance and (3) semantic context.

01 01 JB code bpa.6.06tim 06 10.1075/bpa.6.06tim 123 142 20 Chapter 9 01 04 The influence of contextual cues on representations in the mental lexicon for bilinguals The influence of contextual cues on representations in the mental lexicon for bilinguals 1 A01 01 JB code 209296155 Kalinka Timmer Timmer, Kalinka Kalinka Timmer Department of Psychology, York University /Departament de Tecnologies de la Informació i les Comunicacions, Universitat Pompeu Fabra 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/209296155 2 A01 01 JB code 482296156 John G. Grundy Grundy, John G. John G. Grundy 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/482296156 3 A01 01 JB code 740296157 Ellen Bialystok Bialystok, Ellen Ellen Bialystok 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/740296157 30 00

The strength of each representation in the mental lexicon depends on factors such as word frequency and conceptual concreteness. For bilinguals, each concept has two lexical representations, and so representational strength also depends on the salience of first- and second-language activation and the dominance of each language. The relative salience of the dominant language is a critical reason for observed asymmetric language switching costs, but the language context can reverse this effect. Therefore, context is another important influence on the relative level of activation in the mental lexicon, a factor that is often overlooked in the literature. Here we explore the contribution of contextual cues on salience of representations in the mental lexicon for bilinguals.

01 01 JB code bpa.6.07dus 06 10.1075/bpa.6.07dus 143 180 38 Chapter 10 01 04 When cognate status produces no benefits When cognate status produces no benefits 01 04 Investigating cognate effects during the processing of code-switched sentences Investigating cognate effects during the processing of code-switched sentences 1 A01 01 JB code 21296158 Paola E. Dussias Dussias, Paola E. Paola E. Dussias Penn State University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/21296158 2 A01 01 JB code 214296159 Jorge R. Valdés Kroff Valdés Kroff, Jorge R. Jorge R. Valdés Kroff University of Florida 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/214296159 3 A01 01 JB code 22296160 Rosa E. Guzzardo Tamargo Guzzardo Tamargo, Rosa E. Rosa E. Guzzardo Tamargo University of Puerto Rico 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/22296160 30 00

Experimental studies examining the production and comprehension of language switches have provided evidence for a subtle but significant “switch cost:” switched words take longer to process than non-switched words (e.g., Altarriba, Kroll, Sholl, & Rayner, 1996; Gollan & Ferreira, 2009; Gollan, Montoya, & Werner, 2002; Meuter & Allport, 1999). However, bilingual speakers produce code-switches seamlessly and effortlessly (Myers-Scotton, 2002) and do not experience disruptions during the comprehension of naturally occurring code-switches (Guzzardo Tamargo, 2012). These two observations suggest that bilinguals make use of particular sources of information to seemingly alleviate the challenges associated with switching between two languages. In the work presented here, we ask whether the cognate status of switched words may be one such source of information. To examine this question, the eye movements of Spanish-English early and late bilinguals were recorded while they read sentences on a computer screen. The experimental stimuli consisted of 4 versions of the same sentence, corresponding to 4 experimental conditions. Conditions 1 and 2 were code-switched conditions with a progressive verb. In Condition 1 the switch occurred immediately before the verb (…los instructores are preparing) and in Condition 2 it occurred at the verb (…los instructores están preparing). Conditions 3 and 4 were analogous to Conditions 1 and Conditions 2 but involved a verb in the perfect form (…los instructores have prepared and los instructores han prepared). Critically, half of the verbs (48) were cognates (‘prepare’/ ‘preparar’) and half were non-cognates (‘ship’/ ‘enviar’). Bilinguals demonstrated an asymmetry in how they process code-switched sentences with the perfect structure vis-à-vis code-switched sentences with the progressive structure, and how cognate status impacted the integration of code-switch.

01 01 JB code bpa.6.08gor 06 10.1075/bpa.6.08gor 181 196 16 Chapter 11 01 04 Lexical retrieval difficulty in bilingual speakers with and without pathology Lexical retrieval difficulty in bilingual speakers with and without pathology 1 A01 01 JB code 1296161 Mira Goral Goral, Mira Mira Goral Lehman College and the Graduate Center, CUNY 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/1296161 30 00

Difficulty retrieving words that are known to the speaker is common in certain pathologies, such as aphasia and dementia, but may also occur in apathological change associated with healthy aging and with first language attrition. This chapter reviews findings from bilingual individuals who experience compromised lexical retrieval, focusing on three sub-populations. We first review lexical change in the first language of healthy bilingual adults who are immersed in their second language. Studies of bilingual speakers who acquire aphasia resulting from brain damage are then reviewed, demonstrating the complex influence of a variety of speaker- and language-related variables. Finally, data from studies with older bilinguals who experience typical and pathological aging-related language change are addressed. These three sources of evidence highlight the dynamic nature of the mental lexicon and the complex nature of lexical change in adulthood.

01 01 JB code bpa.6.09lib 06 10.1075/bpa.6.09lib 197 216 20 Chapter 12 01 04 Morphological integration and the bilingual lexicon Morphological integration and the bilingual lexicon 1 A01 01 JB code 669296162 Gary Libben Libben, Gary Gary Libben Brock University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/669296162 2 A01 01 JB code 980296163 Mira Goral Goral, Mira Mira Goral Lehman College and the Garudate Center of the City University of New York 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/980296163 3 A01 01 JB code 237296164 Harald Baayen Baayen, Harald Harald Baayen University of Tübingen 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/237296164 30 00

In English, as in most of the world’s languages, the majority of words are multimorphemic. In the psycholinguistic literature on lexical processing in bilinguals, however, multimorphemic words have thus far received relatively little treatment. In this chapter, we discuss the opportunities that the study of multimorphemic words afford. We also consider the consequences that a multimorphemic perspective may have on the conceptualization of the bilingual mental lexicon in general and on the links among lexical reoperations within in. We present a study of compound processing among Hebrew-English bilinguals. These bilinguals performed a lexical decision task with constituent priming in both their languages. We investigated within and between language priming effects as well as differences among compound word types. Results point to a highly integrated lexical organization but also illustrate the complexity of such experimental studies.

01 01 JB code bpa.6.10cla 06 10.1075/bpa.6.10cla 217 248 32 Chapter 13 01 04 Morphological processing in old-age bilinguals Morphological processing in old-age bilinguals 1 A01 01 JB code 889296165 Harald Clahsen Clahsen, Harald Harald Clahsen Potsdam Research Institute for Multilingualism (PRIM) 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/889296165 2 A01 01 JB code 83296166 Jana Reifegerste Reifegerste, Jana Jana Reifegerste University of Potsdam 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/83296166 30 00

Language processing in older adults has been the subject of much recent research. While previous research on language processing in bilingual older adults has focused on vocabulary and lexical access, very little is known about potential effects of aging on grammar in bilinguals. The current study investigates morphologically complex words in old-age bilinguals using German past participle formation as a test case, for which grammar-based processes (-t suffixation) can be distinguished from memory-based properties (e.g., stem changes). We will discuss results from two experimental studies with young and old bilinguals as well as with young and old monolinguals relying on lexical priming and speeded production, to determine changes of morphological processing across the lifespan. Our findings indicate that lexically mediated priming effects, which require access of inflected word forms from memory, are affected by aging. The combinatorial aspects of morphological processing (viz. stem+affix decomposition), however, seem to be more stable.

01 01 JB code bpa.6.index 06 10.1075/bpa.6.index 249 252 4 Miscellaneous 14 01 04 Index Index 01 eng
01 JB code JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/bpa.6 Amsterdam NL 00 John Benjamins Publishing Company Marketing Department / Karin Plijnaar, Pieter Lamers onix@benjamins.nl 04 01 00 20171220 C 2017 John Benjamins D 2017 John Benjamins 02 WORLD WORLD US CA MX 09 01 JB 1 John Benjamins Publishing Company +31 20 6304747 +31 20 6739773 bookorder@benjamins.nl 01 https://benjamins.com 21 50 24 01 00 Unqualified price 02 JB 1 02 95.00 EUR 02 00 Unqualified price 02 80.00 01 Z 0 GBP GB US CA MX 01 01 JB 2 John Benjamins Publishing Company +1 800 562-5666 +1 703 661-1501 benjamins@presswarehouse.com 01 https://benjamins.com 21 50 24 01 00 Unqualified price 02 JB 1 02 143.00 USD
381015776 03 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code BPA 6 Eb 15 9789027264893 06 10.1075/bpa.6 00 EA E107 10 01 JB code BPA 02 2352-0531 02 6.00 01 02 Bilingual Processing and Acquisition Bilingual Processing and Acquisition 11 01 JB code jbe-all 01 02 Full EBA collection (ca. 4,200 titles) 11 01 JB code jbe-2017 01 02 2017 collection (152 titles) 05 02 2017 collection 01 01 Bilingualism A framework for understanding the mental lexicon Bilingualism: A framework for understanding the mental lexicon 1 B01 01 JB code 172219192 Maya Libben Libben, Maya Maya Libben University of British Columbia 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/172219192 2 B01 01 JB code 307219193 Mira Goral Goral, Mira Mira Goral City University of New York 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/307219193 3 B01 01 JB code 181219194 Gary Libben Libben, Gary Gary Libben Brock University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/181219194 01 eng 11 270 03 03 xvii 03 00 252 03 01 23 404/.2 03 2017 P115 04 Bilingualism. 10 LAN009040 12 CFDM 24 JB code LIN.MORPH Morphology 24 JB code LIN.BIL Multilingualism 24 JB code LIN.PSYLIN Psycholinguistics 24 JB code LIN.SEMAN Semantics 01 06 02 00 This volume serves to generate new directions and advances in bilingualism research. 03 00 In the world today, bilingualism is more common than monolingualism. Thus, the default mental lexicon may in fact be the bilingual lexicon. More than ever, social and technological innovation have created a situation in which lexical knowledge may change dramatically throughout an individual’s lifetime. This book offers a new perspective for the understanding of these phenomena and their consequences for the representation of words in the mind and brain. Contributing authors are leaders in the field who provide a re-analysis of key assumptions and a re-focusing of research. They bring new insights and new findings that advance the understanding of both bilingualism and the mental lexicon. This volume serves to generate new directions and advances in bilingualism research. 01 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/bpa.6.png 01 01 D502 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027243775.jpg 01 01 D504 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027243775.tif 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/bpa.6.hb.png 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/bpa.6.png 02 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/bpa.6.hb.png 03 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/bpa.6.hb.png 01 01 JB code bpa.6.aut 06 10.1075/bpa.6.aut ix xii 4 Miscellaneous 1 01 04 Author information Author information 01 01 JB code bpa.6.002pro 06 10.1075/bpa.6.002pro 1 5 5 Introduction 2 01 04 Prologue Prologue 01 04 Polyglossia as a personal journey Polyglossia as a personal journey 1 A01 01 JB code 542296142 Gonia Jarema Jarema, Gonia Gonia Jarema Université de Montréal/Centre universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/542296142 30 00

Write a piece about your experience as a multilingual, I was asked. A personal piece, then. Maybe not as belaboured an enterprise as producing a scientific thesis on one of the many facets of multilingualism, but infinitely more intimidating. A baring of the soul of sorts, because the history of one’s languages is essentially one’s own history, and personal histories are intimate. Yet my story cannot be a factual chronology of my life as a polyglot, of my meanderings across political and linguistic borders. The relationship I have to my languages is too visceral for precise dates, precise geographies, precise events. There will be no exact whens, whys and hows. I can only tell an emic tale.

01 01 JB code bpa.6.003int 06 10.1075/bpa.6.003int 1 6 6 Introduction 3 01 04 The dynamic lexicon The dynamic lexicon 01 04 Complex words in bilingual minds Complex words in bilingual minds 1 A01 01 JB code 281296143 Maya Libben Libben, Maya Maya Libben University of British Columbia 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/281296143 2 A01 01 JB code 520296144 Mira Goral Goral, Mira Mira Goral Lehman College and the Graduate Center, City University of New York 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/520296144 3 A01 01 JB code 870296145 Gary Libben Libben, Gary Gary Libben Brock University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/870296145 01 01 JB code bpa.6.01vai 06 10.1075/bpa.6.01vai 7 26 20 Chapter 4 01 04 Languages without borders Languages without borders 01 04 Reframing the study of the bilingual mental lexicon Reframing the study of the bilingual mental lexicon 1 A01 01 JB code 586296146 Jyotsna Vaid Vaid, Jyotsna Jyotsna Vaid Texas A&M University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/586296146 2 A01 01 JB code 674296147 Renata F. I. Meuter Meuter, Renata F. I. Renata F. I. Meuter Queensland University of Technology 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/674296147 30 00

What might the study of language processing look like if the canonical language user were assumed to be bilingual? In this chapter we offer some reflections on how the origins, assumptions and practices of psycholinguistics constructed a particular view of language and of the typical language user, with distinct consequences for the construction of bilingualism as an object of inquiry. We suggest that if psycholinguistics is to fully embrace its “bilingual turn” it will benefit from exploring new ways of conceptualizing and approaching the study of bilingual language processing rather than uncritically adopting questions and approaches that were initially framed to understand single language use. Specifically, we suggest that research designs that allow language phenomena to emerge, rather than be expressly manipulated or restricted by researchers’ preconceived assumptions and that build in a broader range of variables and consider an expanded range of bilingual groups, will advance our understanding of the bilingual mental lexicon in important ways.

01 01 JB code bpa.6.02kro 06 10.1075/bpa.6.02kro 27 48 22 Chapter 5 01 04 The bilingual lexicon The bilingual lexicon 01 04 A window into language dynamics and cognition A window into language dynamics and cognition 1 A01 01 JB code 422296148 Judith F. Kroll Kroll, Judith F. Judith F. Kroll University of California, Riverside 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/422296148 30 00

In some circles in psycholinguistics, there is the view that words are the least interesting aspect of language processing. In others, there is the view that monolingual speakers will tell us all that we need to know about language in the mind and the brain. In the past two decades there has been an upsurge of research on bilingualism and much of it has examined the lexicon. The new research on lexical processing in bilinguals has revealed persistent activation of words in both languages even when comprehending or producing one language alone. The consequences of this discovery have been profound for understanding the architecture of the lexicon and the dynamics of lexical access more generally. Cross-language activation changes both languages and engages domain general cognitive mechanisms that extend beyond language. There is a level of interaction between the bilingual‘s two languages that shapes a dynamic system to enable comprehension and production in each language and that is reflected in both behavior and in the brain. Most critically, research on the bilingual lexicon has become a model for the examination of cross-language interactions at every level of language processing, including the grammar and phonology. It also exposes the dynamics of the lexicon in a way that would not be known if we examined monolingual performance alone. In this chapter we review the most exciting new behavioral and neural evidence on the bilingual lexicon and consider the implications for learning new words, adapting existing ones, and for acquiring cognitive control more generally.

01 01 JB code bpa.6.03mea 06 10.1075/bpa.6.03mea 49 72 24 Chapter 6 01 04 Mechanisms underlying word learning in second language acquisition Mechanisms underlying word learning in second language acquisition 1 A01 01 JB code 226296149 Gabriela Meade Meade, Gabriela Gabriela Meade Radboud University Nijmegen 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/226296149 2 A01 01 JB code 454296150 Ton Dijkstra Dijkstra, Ton Ton Dijkstra Radboud University Nijmegen 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/454296150 30 00

One common assumption in the second language acquisition literature is that learning words in a second language (L2) is somehow distinct from acquiring new words in a native language (L1), particularly for beginning adult learners. Indeed, several models of the bilingual lexicon ascribe a special status or protection mechanism (often lexical mediation via the L1 translation equivalent) to new L2 words during early stages of acquisition (e.g., Grainger, Midgley, & Holcomb, 2010; Kroll & Stewart, 1994; Kroll, Van Hell, Tokowicz, & Green, 2010). In this chapter, we examine this assumption by comparing parasitic models, which posit such separate learning processes for L1 and L2 words, and non-parasitic models, which do not. To do so, we review empirical evidence related to word learning in beginning adult L2 learners, with a focus on the influence of the lexical and conceptual knowledge from their L1. Are there factors that differentially affect word learning in the L1 versus the L2 or at different levels of L2 proficiency? If so, how can identifying these factors inform our understanding of the underlying mechanisms? Answering these questions challenges the notion that a special mechanism is necessary for L2 word learning in adults and outlines a research agenda to gain further insight into these issues.

01 01 JB code bpa.6.04sai 06 10.1075/bpa.6.04sai 73 102 30 Chapter 7 01 04 The bilingual mental lexicon The bilingual mental lexicon 01 04 A dynamic knowledge system A dynamic knowledge system 1 A01 01 JB code 172296151 Ladan Ghazi-Saidi Ghazi-Saidi, Ladan Ladan Ghazi-Saidi Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/172296151 2 A01 01 JB code 400296152 Tanya Dash Dash, Tanya Tanya Dash Centre de recherche de l'Institut, Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal Université de Montréal/Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology School, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/400296152 3 A01 01 JB code 641296153 Ana Inés Ansaldo Ansaldo, Ana Inés Ana Inés Ansaldo 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/641296153 30 00

Several theoretical accounts have been developed to describe the nature of the bilingual mental lexicon. In the last decades, functional magnetic resonance studies have provided some insight into the neural basis of lexical processing in healthy bilinguals and in bilinguals with aphasia. This chapter will discuss the bilingual mental lexicon as a complex knowledge system, which behaves dynamically as a function of various factors, including L1 and L2 proficiency level (exposure and use), psycholinguistic (semantic and phonological) characteristics of words within and across the spoken languages, learning methods, and the environment where learning happens (formal vs. informal), which in turn have an impact on the type of memory processing (implicit vs. explicit) involved in word storage. The bilingual mental lexicon is revealed as even more complex when phonological and semantic similarities and differences within and across languages are taken into account.

01 01 JB code bpa.6.05lib 06 10.1075/bpa.6.05lib 103 122 20 Chapter 8 01 04 Non-selective language activation and bilingualism as the default mental lexicon Non-selective language activation and bilingualism as the default mental lexicon 1 A01 01 JB code 483296154 Maya Libben Libben, Maya Maya Libben University of British Columbia - Okanagan 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/483296154 30 00

The current chapter takes the approach that the default mental lexicon is the bilingual mental lexicon. We present a subset of models from the bilingual research literature and argue that such models could be adapted to simultaneously explain multilingual and monolingual language functioning. We specifically focus on how these models address the issue of selective vs. non-selective language access in the multilingual language user and discuss how these conceptual paradigms can be applied to human language processing in general. We focus specifically on three factors that modulate selective/non-selective access: (1) lexical features (2) language dominance and (3) semantic context.

01 01 JB code bpa.6.06tim 06 10.1075/bpa.6.06tim 123 142 20 Chapter 9 01 04 The influence of contextual cues on representations in the mental lexicon for bilinguals The influence of contextual cues on representations in the mental lexicon for bilinguals 1 A01 01 JB code 209296155 Kalinka Timmer Timmer, Kalinka Kalinka Timmer Department of Psychology, York University /Departament de Tecnologies de la Informació i les Comunicacions, Universitat Pompeu Fabra 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/209296155 2 A01 01 JB code 482296156 John G. Grundy Grundy, John G. John G. Grundy 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/482296156 3 A01 01 JB code 740296157 Ellen Bialystok Bialystok, Ellen Ellen Bialystok 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/740296157 30 00

The strength of each representation in the mental lexicon depends on factors such as word frequency and conceptual concreteness. For bilinguals, each concept has two lexical representations, and so representational strength also depends on the salience of first- and second-language activation and the dominance of each language. The relative salience of the dominant language is a critical reason for observed asymmetric language switching costs, but the language context can reverse this effect. Therefore, context is another important influence on the relative level of activation in the mental lexicon, a factor that is often overlooked in the literature. Here we explore the contribution of contextual cues on salience of representations in the mental lexicon for bilinguals.

01 01 JB code bpa.6.07dus 06 10.1075/bpa.6.07dus 143 180 38 Chapter 10 01 04 When cognate status produces no benefits When cognate status produces no benefits 01 04 Investigating cognate effects during the processing of code-switched sentences Investigating cognate effects during the processing of code-switched sentences 1 A01 01 JB code 21296158 Paola E. Dussias Dussias, Paola E. Paola E. Dussias Penn State University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/21296158 2 A01 01 JB code 214296159 Jorge R. Valdés Kroff Valdés Kroff, Jorge R. Jorge R. Valdés Kroff University of Florida 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/214296159 3 A01 01 JB code 22296160 Rosa E. Guzzardo Tamargo Guzzardo Tamargo, Rosa E. Rosa E. Guzzardo Tamargo University of Puerto Rico 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/22296160 30 00

Experimental studies examining the production and comprehension of language switches have provided evidence for a subtle but significant “switch cost:” switched words take longer to process than non-switched words (e.g., Altarriba, Kroll, Sholl, & Rayner, 1996; Gollan & Ferreira, 2009; Gollan, Montoya, & Werner, 2002; Meuter & Allport, 1999). However, bilingual speakers produce code-switches seamlessly and effortlessly (Myers-Scotton, 2002) and do not experience disruptions during the comprehension of naturally occurring code-switches (Guzzardo Tamargo, 2012). These two observations suggest that bilinguals make use of particular sources of information to seemingly alleviate the challenges associated with switching between two languages. In the work presented here, we ask whether the cognate status of switched words may be one such source of information. To examine this question, the eye movements of Spanish-English early and late bilinguals were recorded while they read sentences on a computer screen. The experimental stimuli consisted of 4 versions of the same sentence, corresponding to 4 experimental conditions. Conditions 1 and 2 were code-switched conditions with a progressive verb. In Condition 1 the switch occurred immediately before the verb (…los instructores are preparing) and in Condition 2 it occurred at the verb (…los instructores están preparing). Conditions 3 and 4 were analogous to Conditions 1 and Conditions 2 but involved a verb in the perfect form (…los instructores have prepared and los instructores han prepared). Critically, half of the verbs (48) were cognates (‘prepare’/ ‘preparar’) and half were non-cognates (‘ship’/ ‘enviar’). Bilinguals demonstrated an asymmetry in how they process code-switched sentences with the perfect structure vis-à-vis code-switched sentences with the progressive structure, and how cognate status impacted the integration of code-switch.

01 01 JB code bpa.6.08gor 06 10.1075/bpa.6.08gor 181 196 16 Chapter 11 01 04 Lexical retrieval difficulty in bilingual speakers with and without pathology Lexical retrieval difficulty in bilingual speakers with and without pathology 1 A01 01 JB code 1296161 Mira Goral Goral, Mira Mira Goral Lehman College and the Graduate Center, CUNY 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/1296161 30 00

Difficulty retrieving words that are known to the speaker is common in certain pathologies, such as aphasia and dementia, but may also occur in apathological change associated with healthy aging and with first language attrition. This chapter reviews findings from bilingual individuals who experience compromised lexical retrieval, focusing on three sub-populations. We first review lexical change in the first language of healthy bilingual adults who are immersed in their second language. Studies of bilingual speakers who acquire aphasia resulting from brain damage are then reviewed, demonstrating the complex influence of a variety of speaker- and language-related variables. Finally, data from studies with older bilinguals who experience typical and pathological aging-related language change are addressed. These three sources of evidence highlight the dynamic nature of the mental lexicon and the complex nature of lexical change in adulthood.

01 01 JB code bpa.6.09lib 06 10.1075/bpa.6.09lib 197 216 20 Chapter 12 01 04 Morphological integration and the bilingual lexicon Morphological integration and the bilingual lexicon 1 A01 01 JB code 669296162 Gary Libben Libben, Gary Gary Libben Brock University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/669296162 2 A01 01 JB code 980296163 Mira Goral Goral, Mira Mira Goral Lehman College and the Garudate Center of the City University of New York 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/980296163 3 A01 01 JB code 237296164 Harald Baayen Baayen, Harald Harald Baayen University of Tübingen 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/237296164 30 00

In English, as in most of the world’s languages, the majority of words are multimorphemic. In the psycholinguistic literature on lexical processing in bilinguals, however, multimorphemic words have thus far received relatively little treatment. In this chapter, we discuss the opportunities that the study of multimorphemic words afford. We also consider the consequences that a multimorphemic perspective may have on the conceptualization of the bilingual mental lexicon in general and on the links among lexical reoperations within in. We present a study of compound processing among Hebrew-English bilinguals. These bilinguals performed a lexical decision task with constituent priming in both their languages. We investigated within and between language priming effects as well as differences among compound word types. Results point to a highly integrated lexical organization but also illustrate the complexity of such experimental studies.

01 01 JB code bpa.6.10cla 06 10.1075/bpa.6.10cla 217 248 32 Chapter 13 01 04 Morphological processing in old-age bilinguals Morphological processing in old-age bilinguals 1 A01 01 JB code 889296165 Harald Clahsen Clahsen, Harald Harald Clahsen Potsdam Research Institute for Multilingualism (PRIM) 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/889296165 2 A01 01 JB code 83296166 Jana Reifegerste Reifegerste, Jana Jana Reifegerste University of Potsdam 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/83296166 30 00

Language processing in older adults has been the subject of much recent research. While previous research on language processing in bilingual older adults has focused on vocabulary and lexical access, very little is known about potential effects of aging on grammar in bilinguals. The current study investigates morphologically complex words in old-age bilinguals using German past participle formation as a test case, for which grammar-based processes (-t suffixation) can be distinguished from memory-based properties (e.g., stem changes). We will discuss results from two experimental studies with young and old bilinguals as well as with young and old monolinguals relying on lexical priming and speeded production, to determine changes of morphological processing across the lifespan. Our findings indicate that lexically mediated priming effects, which require access of inflected word forms from memory, are affected by aging. The combinatorial aspects of morphological processing (viz. stem+affix decomposition), however, seem to be more stable.

01 01 JB code bpa.6.index 06 10.1075/bpa.6.index 249 252 4 Miscellaneous 14 01 04 Index Index 01 eng
01 JB code JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/bpa.6 Amsterdam NL 00 John Benjamins Publishing Company Marketing Department / Karin Plijnaar, Pieter Lamers onix@benjamins.nl 04 01 00 20171220 C 2017 John Benjamins D 2017 John Benjamins 02 WORLD 13 15 9789027243775 WORLD 09 01 JB 3 John Benjamins e-Platform 03 https://jbe-platform.com 29 https://jbe-platform.com/content/books/9789027264893 21 01 00 Unqualified price 02 95.00 EUR 01 00 Unqualified price 02 80.00 GBP GB 01 00 Unqualified price 02 143.00 USD