219-7677
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7500817
John Benjamins Publishing Company
Marketing Department / Karin Plijnaar, Pieter Lamers
onix@benjamins.nl
201802091127
ONIX title feed
eng
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John Benjamins Publishing Company
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Benjamins Translation Library
122
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New Insights in the History of Interpreting
01
btl.122
01
https://benjamins.com
02
https://benjamins.com/catalog/btl.122
1
B01
Kayoko Takeda
Takeda, Kayoko
Kayoko
Takeda
Rikkyo University
2
B01
Jesús Baigorri-Jalón
Baigorri-Jalón, Jesús
Jesús
Baigorri-Jalón
University of Salamanca
01
eng
294
xvi
278
LAN023000
v.2006
CFP
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24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.HOL
History of linguistics
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JB Subject Scheme
TRAN.INTERP
Interpreting
24
JB Subject Scheme
TRAN.TRANSL
Translation Studies
06
01
Who mediated intercultural exchanges in 9th-century East Asia or in early voyages to the Americas? Did the Soviets or the Americans invent simultaneous interpreting equipment? How did the US government train its first Chinese interpreters? Why is it that Taiwanese interpreters were executed for Japanese war crimes? Bringing together papers from an international symposium held at Rikkyo University in 2014 along with two select pieces, this volume pursues such questions in an eclectic exploration of the practice of interpreting, the recruitment of interpreters, and the challenges interpreters have faced in diplomacy, colonization, religion, war, and occupation. It also introduces innovative use of photography, artifacts, personal journals, and fiction as tools for the historical study of interpreters and interpreting. Targeted at practitioners, scholars, and students of interpreting, translation, and history, the new insights presented in the ten original articles aim to spark discussion and research on the vital roles interpreters have played in intercultural communication through history.<br />As of February 2018, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1075/btl.122">this e-book</a> is freely available, thanks to the support of libraries working with <a target="_blank" href="http://www.knowledgeunlatched.org/past-collections/">Knowledge Unlatched</a>.
46
01
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
47
Open access -- this title is available under a CC BY-NC-ND license. For full details, see: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
05
In my view, the editors’ hope that the book will lead to subsequent conferences and publications as well as to a heightening of international dialogue on the topics at hand is justified. The greatest strength of this volume is that it will provide everyone who is interested in historical research on translating and interpreting with a wealth of invaluable new information on topics that have so far been relatively little studied. Readers will also acquire insight into various methodological procedures, and find a range of stimulating ideas for further research in this domain.
Dörte Andres, University of Mainz at Germersheim, in Interpreting 19:2 (2017)
05
This edited volume provides interpreting researchers with valuable information on the interpreter’s role, as well as an insight into the practices, standards and ethics of interpreting at various times and places in history, making it possible to draw parallels with interpreters and interpreting today and to see interpreting as part of a broader continuum.
Seyda Eraslan, Dokuz Eylül University, in RIELMA Special Issue 2017
04
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Articles
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JB code
btl.122.001int
vii
xvi
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Article
2
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Introduction
1
A01
Jesús Baigorri-Jalón
Baigorri-Jalón, Jesús
Jesús
Baigorri-Jalón
2
A01
Kayoko Takeda
Takeda, Kayoko
Kayoko
Takeda
10
01
JB code
btl.122.01lun
1
26
26
Article
3
01
Defining Sillan interpreters in first-millennium East Asian exchanges
1
A01
Rachel Lung
Lung, Rachel
Rachel
Lung
20
East Asian interpreting
20
Ennin’s travelogue
20
Silla (ancient Korea)
20
Sillan interpreters
20
Textual analysis
01
Interpreting officials are rarely documented in standard histories of imperial
China; civilian interpreters are even harder to trace. Surprisingly, however,
Japanese monk Ennin’s (794‒864) diary of his China sojourn (838–847) contains
thirty-eight references to Sillan interpreters. It is a significant firsthand
archive that throws light on Sillan interpreters and interpreting in first-millennium
East Asia. Based on a close reading of this diary, I attempt to clarify
the idiosyncratic title of “Sillan interpreters.” Using quantitative and qualitative
analyses, I outline finer categories of these interpreters, which in turn address
questions pertaining to their identities and roles. This chapter demonstrates the
value of textual analysis in empirically pursuing the definitions of “interpreter”
at a particular place and time.
10
01
JB code
btl.122.02alo
27
46
20
Article
4
01
Interpreting practices in the Age of Discovery
The early stages of the Spanish empire in the Americas
1
A01
Icíar Alonso Araguás
Alonso Araguás, Icíar
Icíar
Alonso Araguás
20
colonial Audiencias
20
early colonial
Mexico
20
interpreting practices
20
Laws of the Indies
20
linguistic intermediaries
20
staff interpreters
10
01
JB code
btl.122.03sar
47
74
28
Article
5
01
Interpreting for the Inquisition
1
A01
Marcos Sarmiento Pérez
Sarmiento Pérez, Marcos
Marcos
Sarmiento Pérez
20
appointment of interpreters
20
court interpreting
20
multilingualism
20
Spanish Inquisition
01
One of the singularities of the Spanish Inquisition was its multilingualism. This
chapter looks at mediation in this institution, which carried out its activities
throughout practically the whole of the Spanish Empire over three and a half
centuries (1478–1834). After the initial delimitation of the historical, geographical
and social areas in which it was active, the most common situations in which
interpreters were needed are presented, together with the most relevant aspects
of their work, including references to the regulations that governed their interventions.
Although this is a first approach to this area of the history of linguistic
mediation, we can conclude that the Inquisition involved a considerable amount
of interpreting, most of which was of a legal nature.
10
01
JB code
btl.122.04kum
75
98
24
Article
6
01
Nagasaki <i>Tsūji</i> in historical novels by Yoshimura Akira
An alternative way of studying the history of interpreters
1
A01
Kumiko Torikai
Torikai, Kumiko
Kumiko
Torikai
20
historical novel
20
history and fiction
20
Nagasaki Tsuji
20
Oranda Tsuji
01
This chapter attempts to illustrate the significance of studying the history of
interpreting through novels, focusing on Yoshimura Akira who portrayed
pre-modern interpreters within socio-political contexts of the time. Four
of Yoshimura’s novels will be analyzed: (1) Fuyu no Taka (1974), describing
the translation of a medical book in Dutch into Japanese; (2) Von Siebold no
Musume (1978), offering an insight into the role of interpreters; (3) Umi no
Sairei (1989) illustrating how Ranald MacDonald taught English in Japan; and
(4) Kurofune (1978), depicting interpreters at the time when American battleships
came. Yoshimura’s works testify the potential of historical novels as an
alternative way of studying past interpreters to help us understand how they
lived and how they worked.
10
01
JB code
btl.122.05saw
99
134
36
Article
7
01
The U.S. Department of State’s Corps of Student Interpreters
The
U.S. Department of State’s Corps of Student Interpreters
A precursor to the diplomatic interpreting of today?
1
A01
David B. Sawyer
Sawyer, David B.
David B.
Sawyer
20
diplomatic interpreting
20
interpreter education
20
interpreter training
01
Following the examples of European nations, China and Japan, the United
States Department of State established a Corps of Student Interpreters (1902–
1924) to provide in-country language training in China, Japan, and Turkey. This
chapter discusses the program’s rationale, precursors and models, and factors
impacting its establishment and implementation. Recruitment challenges, selection
criteria, and the career progression of student interpreters are examined
on the basis of program documentation. Excerpts of correspondence between
senior diplomats provide insight into the program’s genesis, and the memoirs of
student interpreters posted to China relate personal impressions of in-country
experience. A possible precursor to the diplomatic interpreting of today, the
Corps is situated in a broader framework of language training for interpreters
and diplomats.
10
01
JB code
btl.122.06che
135
166
32
Article
8
01
At the dawn of simultaneous interpreting in the USSR
Filling some gaps in history
1
A01
Sergei Chernov
Chernov, Sergei
Sergei
Chernov
20
Comintern
20
Filene-Finlay system
20
simultaneous interpreting
20
telephonization of interpreting
20
three-interpreter method
01
This chapter provides new evidence on the invention of simultaneous interpreting
(SI) in the 1920s using records from Russian archives discovered by this
author. SI was first implemented in the USSR in 1928, which coincided with the first full-scale
use of SI at the International Labor Organization (ILO) in Geneva. Language
problems of the era due to the declining use of French and waste of
time associated with consecutive interpreting (CI) required a new solution,
which was SI, proposed by E. Filene in the West and Dr. Epshtein in the USSR.
Epshtein’s three-interpreter method was perfected by engineer Goron and
implemented at the 6th Comintern Congress in 1928. Finally, interpreters/
translators’ profiles and working conditions in the 1930s are described briefly.
10
01
JB code
btl.122.07bai
167
192
26
Article
9
01
The use of photographs as historical sources, a case study
The
use of photographs as historical sources, a case study
Early simultaneous interpreting at the United Nations.
1
A01
Jesús Baigorri-Jalón
Baigorri-Jalón, Jesús
Jesús
Baigorri-Jalón
20
photographs as historical sources
20
simultaneous interpreting
20
United Nations interpreters
01
This chapter presents a case study of how photographs can offer different angles
of the dynamics involved in a complex observable event or series of events. As
shown in previous research, photographs can only be valid historical sources if
we are able to interpret them, and that requires the observer’s active participation
and the use of additional sources, such as written or oral records. I analyze
eight United Nations (UN) official photographs as part of the founding narrative
of simultaneous interpreting (SI) history. After introducing the theoretical
and methodological background, I present the historical context of SI at the
UN. The analysis of the photographs focuses on (1) the SI equipment, (2) the
interpreters, and (3) the users of their services.
10
01
JB code
btl.122.08lan
193
224
32
Article
10
01
“Crime” of interpreting
Taiwanese interpreters as war criminals of World War II
1
A01
Shichi Lan
Lan, Shichi
Shichi
Lan
20
ad hoc interpreter
20
Chinese language
20
Second World War
20
Taiwanese
20
war crimes trials
01
After WWII, 173 Taiwanese who had served in the Japanese army were
convicted as war criminals. Among the 21 executed Taiwanese, at least 13
were convicted for crimes committed while working as interpreters, formal or
informal, during the war. In addition, a handful of Taiwanese interpreters were
sentenced to various prison terms. In the Australian, British, Chinese, Dutch,
and US courts established in Asian regions, most of those Taiwanese interpreters
were prosecuted for crimes against local civilians and prisoners of war. Some
were originally recruited as laborers, but they were assigned to ad hoc interpreting
duty because of their unique language proficiency and forced into situations
where war crimes occurred. They took the responsibility of the Japanese
military and suffered the consequences.
10
01
JB code
btl.122.09tak
225
246
22
Article
11
01
Guilt, survival, opportunities, and stigma
Japanese interpreters in the postwar occupation period (1945-1952)
1
A01
Kayoko Takeda
Takeda, Kayoko
Kayoko
Takeda
20
court interpreting
20
Japanese
women
20
postwar occupation
20
social stigma
20
war crimes
01
Following the end of World War II, Japanese interpreters faced unique and
complex opportunities and hardships. In occupied Japan, thousands of local
interpreters (and translators) were recruited to assist in a variety of occupation operations led by
the US forces. In war crimes trials, Japanese linguists played an important role
as interpreters in court proceedings against their former superiors and compatriots.
At the same time, some interpreters who had served in the Japanese
Army were prosecuted as war criminals. Wartime interpreters were also tapped
as witnesses to testify for the prosecution during trials. These
diverse experiences of Japanese interpreters during the occupation period shine
light on some issues and risks faced by wartime interpreters and local interpreters
serving foreign military occupiers.
10
01
JB code
btl.122.10pym
247
268
22
Article
12
01
Risk analysis as a heuristic tool in the historiography of interpreters
For an understanding of worst practices
1
A01
Anthony Pym
Pym, Anthony
Anthony
Pym
20
conflict situations
20
interpreting
20
proximate action
20
risk management
20
spokenness
01
The specificities of the interpreter’s work can be considered in terms of the
way people interact in spoken encounters. Underlying the competing interests
and implicit search for cooperation, there is always the relative proximity of
alternative non-linguistic action. This gives mediated encounters an element of
potential danger, at the same time as it makes them particularly suitable for risk
analysis. Study of an extreme example of proximate alternative action, a mediated
military encounter in Afghanistan, shows that an interpreter’s failure to
render significant material may be considered rational in terms of his possible
distribution of risk priorities. Indeed, risk analysis can enable us to understand
multiple cases of what would otherwise appear to be unethical or non-standard
practices.
10
01
JB code
btl.122.11nind
269
272
4
Miscellaneous
13
01
Name index
10
01
JB code
btl.122.12sind
273
278
6
Miscellaneous
14
01
Subject index
02
JBENJAMINS
John Benjamins Publishing Company
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John Benjamins Publishing Company
Amsterdam/Philadelphia
NL
04
20160310
2016
John Benjamins B.V.
02
WORLD
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15
9789027258670
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JB
3
John Benjamins e-Platform
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jbe-platform.com
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John Benjamins Publishing Company
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Benjamins Translation Library
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New Insights in the History of Interpreting
01
btl.122
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https://benjamins.com
02
https://benjamins.com/catalog/btl.122
1
B01
Kayoko Takeda
Takeda, Kayoko
Kayoko
Takeda
Rikkyo University
2
B01
Jesús Baigorri-Jalón
Baigorri-Jalón, Jesús
Jesús
Baigorri-Jalón
University of Salamanca
01
eng
294
xvi
278
LAN023000
v.2006
CFP
2
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.HOL
History of linguistics
24
JB Subject Scheme
TRAN.INTERP
Interpreting
24
JB Subject Scheme
TRAN.TRANSL
Translation Studies
06
01
Who mediated intercultural exchanges in 9th-century East Asia or in early voyages to the Americas? Did the Soviets or the Americans invent simultaneous interpreting equipment? How did the US government train its first Chinese interpreters? Why is it that Taiwanese interpreters were executed for Japanese war crimes? Bringing together papers from an international symposium held at Rikkyo University in 2014 along with two select pieces, this volume pursues such questions in an eclectic exploration of the practice of interpreting, the recruitment of interpreters, and the challenges interpreters have faced in diplomacy, colonization, religion, war, and occupation. It also introduces innovative use of photography, artifacts, personal journals, and fiction as tools for the historical study of interpreters and interpreting. Targeted at practitioners, scholars, and students of interpreting, translation, and history, the new insights presented in the ten original articles aim to spark discussion and research on the vital roles interpreters have played in intercultural communication through history.<br />As of February 2018, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1075/btl.122">this e-book</a> is freely available, thanks to the support of libraries working with <a target="_blank" href="http://www.knowledgeunlatched.org/past-collections/">Knowledge Unlatched</a>.
05
In my view, the editors’ hope that the book will lead to subsequent conferences and publications as well as to a heightening of international dialogue on the topics at hand is justified. The greatest strength of this volume is that it will provide everyone who is interested in historical research on translating and interpreting with a wealth of invaluable new information on topics that have so far been relatively little studied. Readers will also acquire insight into various methodological procedures, and find a range of stimulating ideas for further research in this domain.
Dörte Andres, University of Mainz at Germersheim, in Interpreting 19:2 (2017)
05
This edited volume provides interpreting researchers with valuable information on the interpreter’s role, as well as an insight into the practices, standards and ethics of interpreting at various times and places in history, making it possible to draw parallels with interpreters and interpreting today and to see interpreting as part of a broader continuum.
Seyda Eraslan, Dokuz Eylül University, in RIELMA Special Issue 2017
04
09
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https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027258670.jpg
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Articles
10
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JB code
btl.122.001int
vii
xvi
10
Article
2
01
Introduction
1
A01
Jesús Baigorri-Jalón
Baigorri-Jalón, Jesús
Jesús
Baigorri-Jalón
2
A01
Kayoko Takeda
Takeda, Kayoko
Kayoko
Takeda
10
01
JB code
btl.122.01lun
1
26
26
Article
3
01
Defining Sillan interpreters in first-millennium East Asian exchanges
1
A01
Rachel Lung
Lung, Rachel
Rachel
Lung
20
East Asian interpreting
20
Ennin’s travelogue
20
Silla (ancient Korea)
20
Sillan interpreters
20
Textual analysis
01
Interpreting officials are rarely documented in standard histories of imperial
China; civilian interpreters are even harder to trace. Surprisingly, however,
Japanese monk Ennin’s (794‒864) diary of his China sojourn (838–847) contains
thirty-eight references to Sillan interpreters. It is a significant firsthand
archive that throws light on Sillan interpreters and interpreting in first-millennium
East Asia. Based on a close reading of this diary, I attempt to clarify
the idiosyncratic title of “Sillan interpreters.” Using quantitative and qualitative
analyses, I outline finer categories of these interpreters, which in turn address
questions pertaining to their identities and roles. This chapter demonstrates the
value of textual analysis in empirically pursuing the definitions of “interpreter”
at a particular place and time.
10
01
JB code
btl.122.02alo
27
46
20
Article
4
01
Interpreting practices in the Age of Discovery
The early stages of the Spanish empire in the Americas
1
A01
Icíar Alonso Araguás
Alonso Araguás, Icíar
Icíar
Alonso Araguás
20
colonial Audiencias
20
early colonial
Mexico
20
interpreting practices
20
Laws of the Indies
20
linguistic intermediaries
20
staff interpreters
10
01
JB code
btl.122.03sar
47
74
28
Article
5
01
Interpreting for the Inquisition
1
A01
Marcos Sarmiento Pérez
Sarmiento Pérez, Marcos
Marcos
Sarmiento Pérez
20
appointment of interpreters
20
court interpreting
20
multilingualism
20
Spanish Inquisition
01
One of the singularities of the Spanish Inquisition was its multilingualism. This
chapter looks at mediation in this institution, which carried out its activities
throughout practically the whole of the Spanish Empire over three and a half
centuries (1478–1834). After the initial delimitation of the historical, geographical
and social areas in which it was active, the most common situations in which
interpreters were needed are presented, together with the most relevant aspects
of their work, including references to the regulations that governed their interventions.
Although this is a first approach to this area of the history of linguistic
mediation, we can conclude that the Inquisition involved a considerable amount
of interpreting, most of which was of a legal nature.
10
01
JB code
btl.122.04kum
75
98
24
Article
6
01
Nagasaki <i>Tsūji</i> in historical novels by Yoshimura Akira
An alternative way of studying the history of interpreters
1
A01
Kumiko Torikai
Torikai, Kumiko
Kumiko
Torikai
20
historical novel
20
history and fiction
20
Nagasaki Tsuji
20
Oranda Tsuji
01
This chapter attempts to illustrate the significance of studying the history of
interpreting through novels, focusing on Yoshimura Akira who portrayed
pre-modern interpreters within socio-political contexts of the time. Four
of Yoshimura’s novels will be analyzed: (1) Fuyu no Taka (1974), describing
the translation of a medical book in Dutch into Japanese; (2) Von Siebold no
Musume (1978), offering an insight into the role of interpreters; (3) Umi no
Sairei (1989) illustrating how Ranald MacDonald taught English in Japan; and
(4) Kurofune (1978), depicting interpreters at the time when American battleships
came. Yoshimura’s works testify the potential of historical novels as an
alternative way of studying past interpreters to help us understand how they
lived and how they worked.
10
01
JB code
btl.122.05saw
99
134
36
Article
7
01
The U.S. Department of State’s Corps of Student Interpreters
The
U.S. Department of State’s Corps of Student Interpreters
A precursor to the diplomatic interpreting of today?
1
A01
David B. Sawyer
Sawyer, David B.
David B.
Sawyer
20
diplomatic interpreting
20
interpreter education
20
interpreter training
01
Following the examples of European nations, China and Japan, the United
States Department of State established a Corps of Student Interpreters (1902–
1924) to provide in-country language training in China, Japan, and Turkey. This
chapter discusses the program’s rationale, precursors and models, and factors
impacting its establishment and implementation. Recruitment challenges, selection
criteria, and the career progression of student interpreters are examined
on the basis of program documentation. Excerpts of correspondence between
senior diplomats provide insight into the program’s genesis, and the memoirs of
student interpreters posted to China relate personal impressions of in-country
experience. A possible precursor to the diplomatic interpreting of today, the
Corps is situated in a broader framework of language training for interpreters
and diplomats.
10
01
JB code
btl.122.06che
135
166
32
Article
8
01
At the dawn of simultaneous interpreting in the USSR
Filling some gaps in history
1
A01
Sergei Chernov
Chernov, Sergei
Sergei
Chernov
20
Comintern
20
Filene-Finlay system
20
simultaneous interpreting
20
telephonization of interpreting
20
three-interpreter method
01
This chapter provides new evidence on the invention of simultaneous interpreting
(SI) in the 1920s using records from Russian archives discovered by this
author. SI was first implemented in the USSR in 1928, which coincided with the first full-scale
use of SI at the International Labor Organization (ILO) in Geneva. Language
problems of the era due to the declining use of French and waste of
time associated with consecutive interpreting (CI) required a new solution,
which was SI, proposed by E. Filene in the West and Dr. Epshtein in the USSR.
Epshtein’s three-interpreter method was perfected by engineer Goron and
implemented at the 6th Comintern Congress in 1928. Finally, interpreters/
translators’ profiles and working conditions in the 1930s are described briefly.
10
01
JB code
btl.122.07bai
167
192
26
Article
9
01
The use of photographs as historical sources, a case study
The
use of photographs as historical sources, a case study
Early simultaneous interpreting at the United Nations.
1
A01
Jesús Baigorri-Jalón
Baigorri-Jalón, Jesús
Jesús
Baigorri-Jalón
20
photographs as historical sources
20
simultaneous interpreting
20
United Nations interpreters
01
This chapter presents a case study of how photographs can offer different angles
of the dynamics involved in a complex observable event or series of events. As
shown in previous research, photographs can only be valid historical sources if
we are able to interpret them, and that requires the observer’s active participation
and the use of additional sources, such as written or oral records. I analyze
eight United Nations (UN) official photographs as part of the founding narrative
of simultaneous interpreting (SI) history. After introducing the theoretical
and methodological background, I present the historical context of SI at the
UN. The analysis of the photographs focuses on (1) the SI equipment, (2) the
interpreters, and (3) the users of their services.
10
01
JB code
btl.122.08lan
193
224
32
Article
10
01
“Crime” of interpreting
Taiwanese interpreters as war criminals of World War II
1
A01
Shichi Lan
Lan, Shichi
Shichi
Lan
20
ad hoc interpreter
20
Chinese language
20
Second World War
20
Taiwanese
20
war crimes trials
01
After WWII, 173 Taiwanese who had served in the Japanese army were
convicted as war criminals. Among the 21 executed Taiwanese, at least 13
were convicted for crimes committed while working as interpreters, formal or
informal, during the war. In addition, a handful of Taiwanese interpreters were
sentenced to various prison terms. In the Australian, British, Chinese, Dutch,
and US courts established in Asian regions, most of those Taiwanese interpreters
were prosecuted for crimes against local civilians and prisoners of war. Some
were originally recruited as laborers, but they were assigned to ad hoc interpreting
duty because of their unique language proficiency and forced into situations
where war crimes occurred. They took the responsibility of the Japanese
military and suffered the consequences.
10
01
JB code
btl.122.09tak
225
246
22
Article
11
01
Guilt, survival, opportunities, and stigma
Japanese interpreters in the postwar occupation period (1945-1952)
1
A01
Kayoko Takeda
Takeda, Kayoko
Kayoko
Takeda
20
court interpreting
20
Japanese
women
20
postwar occupation
20
social stigma
20
war crimes
01
Following the end of World War II, Japanese interpreters faced unique and
complex opportunities and hardships. In occupied Japan, thousands of local
interpreters (and translators) were recruited to assist in a variety of occupation operations led by
the US forces. In war crimes trials, Japanese linguists played an important role
as interpreters in court proceedings against their former superiors and compatriots.
At the same time, some interpreters who had served in the Japanese
Army were prosecuted as war criminals. Wartime interpreters were also tapped
as witnesses to testify for the prosecution during trials. These
diverse experiences of Japanese interpreters during the occupation period shine
light on some issues and risks faced by wartime interpreters and local interpreters
serving foreign military occupiers.
10
01
JB code
btl.122.10pym
247
268
22
Article
12
01
Risk analysis as a heuristic tool in the historiography of interpreters
For an understanding of worst practices
1
A01
Anthony Pym
Pym, Anthony
Anthony
Pym
20
conflict situations
20
interpreting
20
proximate action
20
risk management
20
spokenness
01
The specificities of the interpreter’s work can be considered in terms of the
way people interact in spoken encounters. Underlying the competing interests
and implicit search for cooperation, there is always the relative proximity of
alternative non-linguistic action. This gives mediated encounters an element of
potential danger, at the same time as it makes them particularly suitable for risk
analysis. Study of an extreme example of proximate alternative action, a mediated
military encounter in Afghanistan, shows that an interpreter’s failure to
render significant material may be considered rational in terms of his possible
distribution of risk priorities. Indeed, risk analysis can enable us to understand
multiple cases of what would otherwise appear to be unethical or non-standard
practices.
10
01
JB code
btl.122.11nind
269
272
4
Miscellaneous
13
01
Name index
10
01
JB code
btl.122.12sind
273
278
6
Miscellaneous
14
01
Subject index
02
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