219-7677 10 7500817 John Benjamins Publishing Company Marketing Department / Karin Plijnaar, Pieter Lamers onix@benjamins.nl 201802091127 ONIX title feed eng 01 EUR
117016605 03 01 01 JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code BTL 122 Eb 15 9789027267511 06 10.1075/btl.122 13 2015051364 DG 002 02 01 BTL 02 0929-7316 Benjamins Translation Library 122 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">New Insights in the History of Interpreting</TitleText> 01 btl.122 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/btl.122 1 B01 Kayoko Takeda Takeda, Kayoko Kayoko Takeda Rikkyo University 2 B01 Jesús Baigorri-Jalón Baigorri-Jalón, Jesús Jesús Baigorri-Jalón University of Salamanca 01 eng 294 xvi 278 LAN023000 v.2006 CFP 2 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.HOL History of linguistics 24 JB Subject Scheme TRAN.INTERP Interpreting 24 JB Subject Scheme TRAN.TRANSL Translation Studies 06 01 Who mediated intercultural exchanges in 9th-century East Asia or in early voyages to the Americas? Did the Soviets or the Americans invent simultaneous interpreting equipment? How did the US government train its first Chinese interpreters? Why is it that Taiwanese interpreters were executed for Japanese war crimes? Bringing together papers from an international symposium held at Rikkyo University in 2014 along with two select pieces, this volume pursues such questions in an eclectic exploration of the practice of interpreting, the recruitment of interpreters, and the challenges interpreters have faced in diplomacy, colonization, religion, war, and occupation. It also introduces innovative use of photography, artifacts, personal journals, and fiction as tools for the historical study of interpreters and interpreting. Targeted at practitioners, scholars, and students of interpreting, translation, and history, the new insights presented in the ten original articles aim to spark discussion and research on the vital roles interpreters have played in intercultural communication through history.<br />As of February 2018, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1075/btl.122">this e-book</a> is freely available, thanks to the support of libraries working with <a target="_blank" href="http://www.knowledgeunlatched.org/past-collections/">Knowledge Unlatched</a>. 46 01 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ 47 Open access -- this title is available under a CC BY-NC-ND license. For full details, see: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ 05 In my view, the editors’ hope that the book will lead to subsequent conferences and publications as well as to a heightening of international dialogue on the topics at hand is justified. The greatest strength of this volume is that it will provide everyone who is interested in historical research on translating and interpreting with a wealth of invaluable new information on topics that have so far been relatively little studied. Readers will also acquire insight into various methodological procedures, and find a range of stimulating ideas for further research in this domain. Dörte Andres, University of Mainz at Germersheim, in Interpreting 19:2 (2017) 05 This edited volume provides interpreting researchers with valuable information on the interpreter’s role, as well as an insight into the practices, standards and ethics of interpreting at various times and places in history, making it possible to draw parallels with interpreters and interpreting today and to see interpreting as part of a broader continuum. Seyda Eraslan, Dokuz Eylül University, in RIELMA Special Issue 2017 04 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/btl.122.png 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027258670.jpg 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027258670.tif 06 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/btl.122.hb.png 07 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/btl.122.png 25 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/btl.122.hb.png 27 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/btl.122.hb.png 10 01 JB code btl.122.s1 Section header 1 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Articles</TitleText> 10 01 JB code btl.122.001int vii xvi 10 Article 2 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Introduction</TitleText> 1 A01 Jesús Baigorri-Jalón Baigorri-Jalón, Jesús Jesús Baigorri-Jalón 2 A01 Kayoko Takeda Takeda, Kayoko Kayoko Takeda 10 01 JB code btl.122.01lun 1 26 26 Article 3 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Defining Sillan interpreters in first-millennium East Asian exchanges</TitleText> 1 A01 Rachel Lung Lung, Rachel Rachel Lung 20 East Asian interpreting 20 Ennin’s travelogue 20 Silla (ancient Korea) 20 Sillan interpreters 20 Textual analysis 01 Interpreting officials are rarely documented in standard histories of imperial China; civilian interpreters are even harder to trace. Surprisingly, however, Japanese monk Ennin&#8217;s (794&#8210;864) diary of his China sojourn (838&#8211;847) contains thirty-eight references to Sillan interpreters. It is a significant firsthand archive that throws light on Sillan interpreters and interpreting in first-millennium East Asia. Based on a close reading of this diary, I attempt to clarify the idiosyncratic title of &#8220;Sillan interpreters.&#8221; Using quantitative and qualitative analyses, I outline finer categories of these interpreters, which in turn address questions pertaining to their identities and roles. This chapter demonstrates the value of textual analysis in empirically pursuing the definitions of &#8220;interpreter&#8221; at a particular place and time. 10 01 JB code btl.122.02alo 27 46 20 Article 4 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Interpreting practices in the Age of Discovery</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">The early stages of the Spanish empire in the Americas</Subtitle> 1 A01 Icíar Alonso Araguás Alonso Araguás, Icíar Icíar Alonso Araguás 20 colonial Audiencias 20 early colonial Mexico 20 interpreting practices 20 Laws of the Indies 20 linguistic intermediaries 20 staff interpreters 10 01 JB code btl.122.03sar 47 74 28 Article 5 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Interpreting for the Inquisition</TitleText> 1 A01 Marcos Sarmiento Pérez Sarmiento Pérez, Marcos Marcos Sarmiento Pérez 20 appointment of interpreters 20 court interpreting 20 multilingualism 20 Spanish Inquisition 01 One of the singularities of the Spanish Inquisition was its multilingualism. This chapter looks at mediation in this institution, which carried out its activities throughout practically the whole of the Spanish Empire over three and a half centuries (1478&#8211;1834). After the initial delimitation of the historical, geographical and social areas in which it was active, the most common situations in which interpreters were needed are presented, together with the most relevant aspects of their work, including references to the regulations that governed their interventions. Although this is a first approach to this area of the history of linguistic mediation, we can conclude that the Inquisition involved a considerable amount of interpreting, most of which was of a legal nature. 10 01 JB code btl.122.04kum 75 98 24 Article 6 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Nagasaki <i>Ts&#363;ji</i> in historical novels by Yoshimura Akira</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">An alternative way of studying the history of interpreters</Subtitle> 1 A01 Kumiko Torikai Torikai, Kumiko Kumiko Torikai 20 historical novel 20 history and fiction 20 Nagasaki Tsuji 20 Oranda Tsuji 01 This chapter attempts to illustrate the significance of studying the history of interpreting through novels, focusing on Yoshimura Akira who portrayed pre-modern interpreters within socio-political contexts of the time. Four of Yoshimura&#8217;s novels will be analyzed: (1) Fuyu no Taka (1974), describing the translation of a medical book in Dutch into Japanese; (2) Von Siebold no Musume (1978), offering an insight into the role of interpreters; (3) Umi no Sairei (1989) illustrating how Ranald MacDonald taught English in Japan; and (4) Kurofune (1978), depicting interpreters at the time when American battleships came. Yoshimura&#8217;s works testify the potential of historical novels as an alternative way of studying past interpreters to help us understand how they lived and how they worked. 10 01 JB code btl.122.05saw 99 134 36 Article 7 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">The U.S. Department of State&#8217;s Corps of Student Interpreters</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>The </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">U.S. Department of State&#8217;s Corps of Student Interpreters</TitleWithoutPrefix> <Subtitle textformat="02">A precursor to the diplomatic interpreting of today?</Subtitle> 1 A01 David B. Sawyer Sawyer, David B. David B. Sawyer 20 diplomatic interpreting 20 interpreter education 20 interpreter training 01 Following the examples of European nations, China and Japan, the United States Department of State established a Corps of Student Interpreters (1902&#8211; 1924) to provide in-country language training in China, Japan, and Turkey. This chapter discusses the program&#8217;s rationale, precursors and models, and factors impacting its establishment and implementation. Recruitment challenges, selection criteria, and the career progression of student interpreters are examined on the basis of program documentation. Excerpts of correspondence between senior diplomats provide insight into the program&#8217;s genesis, and the memoirs of student interpreters posted to China relate personal impressions of in-country experience. A possible precursor to the diplomatic interpreting of today, the Corps is situated in a broader framework of language training for interpreters and diplomats. 10 01 JB code btl.122.06che 135 166 32 Article 8 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">At the dawn of simultaneous interpreting in the USSR</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Filling some gaps in history</Subtitle> 1 A01 Sergei Chernov Chernov, Sergei Sergei Chernov 20 Comintern 20 Filene-Finlay system 20 simultaneous interpreting 20 telephonization of interpreting 20 three-interpreter method 01 This chapter provides new evidence on the invention of simultaneous interpreting (SI) in the 1920s using records from Russian archives discovered by this author. SI was first implemented in the USSR in 1928, which coincided with the first full-scale use of SI at the International Labor Organization (ILO) in Geneva. Language problems of the era due to the declining use of French and waste of time associated with consecutive interpreting (CI) required a new solution, which was SI, proposed by E. Filene in the West and Dr. Epshtein in the USSR. Epshtein&#8217;s three-interpreter method was perfected by engineer Goron and implemented at the 6th Comintern Congress in 1928. Finally, interpreters/ translators&#8217; profiles and working conditions in the 1930s are described briefly. 10 01 JB code btl.122.07bai 167 192 26 Article 9 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">The use of photographs as historical sources, a case study</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>The </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">use of photographs as historical sources, a case study</TitleWithoutPrefix> <Subtitle textformat="02">Early simultaneous interpreting at the United Nations.</Subtitle> 1 A01 Jesús Baigorri-Jalón Baigorri-Jalón, Jesús Jesús Baigorri-Jalón 20 photographs as historical sources 20 simultaneous interpreting 20 United Nations interpreters 01 This chapter presents a case study of how photographs can offer different angles of the dynamics involved in a complex observable event or series of events. As shown in previous research, photographs can only be valid historical sources if we are able to interpret them, and that requires the observer&#8217;s active participation and the use of additional sources, such as written or oral records. I analyze eight United Nations (UN) official photographs as part of the founding narrative of simultaneous interpreting (SI) history. After introducing the theoretical and methodological background, I present the historical context of SI at the UN. The analysis of the photographs focuses on (1) the SI equipment, (2) the interpreters, and (3) the users of their services. 10 01 JB code btl.122.08lan 193 224 32 Article 10 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">&#8220;Crime&#8221; of interpreting</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Taiwanese interpreters as war criminals of World War II</Subtitle> 1 A01 Shichi Lan Lan, Shichi Shichi Lan 20 ad hoc interpreter 20 Chinese language 20 Second World War 20 Taiwanese 20 war crimes trials 01 After WWII, 173 Taiwanese who had served in the Japanese army were convicted as war criminals. Among the 21 executed Taiwanese, at least 13 were convicted for crimes committed while working as interpreters, formal or informal, during the war. In addition, a handful of Taiwanese interpreters were sentenced to various prison terms. In the Australian, British, Chinese, Dutch, and US courts established in Asian regions, most of those Taiwanese interpreters were prosecuted for crimes against local civilians and prisoners of war. Some were originally recruited as laborers, but they were assigned to ad hoc interpreting duty because of their unique language proficiency and forced into situations where war crimes occurred. They took the responsibility of the Japanese military and suffered the consequences. 10 01 JB code btl.122.09tak 225 246 22 Article 11 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Guilt, survival, opportunities, and stigma</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Japanese interpreters in the postwar occupation period (1945-1952)</Subtitle> 1 A01 Kayoko Takeda Takeda, Kayoko Kayoko Takeda 20 court interpreting 20 Japanese women 20 postwar occupation 20 social stigma 20 war crimes 01 Following the end of World War II, Japanese interpreters faced unique and complex opportunities and hardships. In occupied Japan, thousands of local interpreters (and translators) were recruited to assist in a variety of occupation operations led by the US forces. In war crimes trials, Japanese linguists played an important role as interpreters in court proceedings against their former superiors and compatriots. At the same time, some interpreters who had served in the Japanese Army were prosecuted as war criminals. Wartime interpreters were also tapped as witnesses to testify for the prosecution during trials. These diverse experiences of Japanese interpreters during the occupation period shine light on some issues and risks faced by wartime interpreters and local interpreters serving foreign military occupiers. 10 01 JB code btl.122.10pym 247 268 22 Article 12 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Risk analysis as a heuristic tool in the historiography of interpreters</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">For an understanding of worst practices</Subtitle> 1 A01 Anthony Pym Pym, Anthony Anthony Pym 20 conflict situations 20 interpreting 20 proximate action 20 risk management 20 spokenness 01 The specificities of the interpreter&#8217;s work can be considered in terms of the way people interact in spoken encounters. Underlying the competing interests and implicit search for cooperation, there is always the relative proximity of alternative non-linguistic action. This gives mediated encounters an element of potential danger, at the same time as it makes them particularly suitable for risk analysis. Study of an extreme example of proximate alternative action, a mediated military encounter in Afghanistan, shows that an interpreter&#8217;s failure to render significant material may be considered rational in terms of his possible distribution of risk priorities. Indeed, risk analysis can enable us to understand multiple cases of what would otherwise appear to be unethical or non-standard practices. 10 01 JB code btl.122.11nind 269 272 4 Miscellaneous 13 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Name index</TitleText> 10 01 JB code btl.122.12sind 273 278 6 Miscellaneous 14 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Subject index</TitleText> 02 JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam/Philadelphia NL 04 20160310 2016 John Benjamins B.V. 02 WORLD 13 15 9789027258670 01 JB 3 John Benjamins e-Platform 03 jbe-platform.com 09 WORLD 40 01 747016604 03 01 01 JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code BTL 122 Hb 15 9789027258670 13 2015043339 BB 01 BTL 02 0929-7316 Benjamins Translation Library 122 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">New Insights in the History of Interpreting</TitleText> 01 btl.122 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/btl.122 1 B01 Kayoko Takeda Takeda, Kayoko Kayoko Takeda Rikkyo University 2 B01 Jesús Baigorri-Jalón Baigorri-Jalón, Jesús Jesús Baigorri-Jalón University of Salamanca 01 eng 294 xvi 278 LAN023000 v.2006 CFP 2 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.HOL History of linguistics 24 JB Subject Scheme TRAN.INTERP Interpreting 24 JB Subject Scheme TRAN.TRANSL Translation Studies 06 01 Who mediated intercultural exchanges in 9th-century East Asia or in early voyages to the Americas? Did the Soviets or the Americans invent simultaneous interpreting equipment? How did the US government train its first Chinese interpreters? Why is it that Taiwanese interpreters were executed for Japanese war crimes? Bringing together papers from an international symposium held at Rikkyo University in 2014 along with two select pieces, this volume pursues such questions in an eclectic exploration of the practice of interpreting, the recruitment of interpreters, and the challenges interpreters have faced in diplomacy, colonization, religion, war, and occupation. It also introduces innovative use of photography, artifacts, personal journals, and fiction as tools for the historical study of interpreters and interpreting. Targeted at practitioners, scholars, and students of interpreting, translation, and history, the new insights presented in the ten original articles aim to spark discussion and research on the vital roles interpreters have played in intercultural communication through history.<br />As of February 2018, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1075/btl.122">this e-book</a> is freely available, thanks to the support of libraries working with <a target="_blank" href="http://www.knowledgeunlatched.org/past-collections/">Knowledge Unlatched</a>. 05 In my view, the editors’ hope that the book will lead to subsequent conferences and publications as well as to a heightening of international dialogue on the topics at hand is justified. The greatest strength of this volume is that it will provide everyone who is interested in historical research on translating and interpreting with a wealth of invaluable new information on topics that have so far been relatively little studied. Readers will also acquire insight into various methodological procedures, and find a range of stimulating ideas for further research in this domain. Dörte Andres, University of Mainz at Germersheim, in Interpreting 19:2 (2017) 05 This edited volume provides interpreting researchers with valuable information on the interpreter’s role, as well as an insight into the practices, standards and ethics of interpreting at various times and places in history, making it possible to draw parallels with interpreters and interpreting today and to see interpreting as part of a broader continuum. Seyda Eraslan, Dokuz Eylül University, in RIELMA Special Issue 2017 04 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/btl.122.png 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027258670.jpg 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027258670.tif 06 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/btl.122.hb.png 07 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/btl.122.png 25 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/btl.122.hb.png 27 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/btl.122.hb.png 10 01 JB code btl.122.s1 Section header 1 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Articles</TitleText> 10 01 JB code btl.122.001int vii xvi 10 Article 2 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Introduction</TitleText> 1 A01 Jesús Baigorri-Jalón Baigorri-Jalón, Jesús Jesús Baigorri-Jalón 2 A01 Kayoko Takeda Takeda, Kayoko Kayoko Takeda 10 01 JB code btl.122.01lun 1 26 26 Article 3 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Defining Sillan interpreters in first-millennium East Asian exchanges</TitleText> 1 A01 Rachel Lung Lung, Rachel Rachel Lung 20 East Asian interpreting 20 Ennin’s travelogue 20 Silla (ancient Korea) 20 Sillan interpreters 20 Textual analysis 01 Interpreting officials are rarely documented in standard histories of imperial China; civilian interpreters are even harder to trace. Surprisingly, however, Japanese monk Ennin&#8217;s (794&#8210;864) diary of his China sojourn (838&#8211;847) contains thirty-eight references to Sillan interpreters. It is a significant firsthand archive that throws light on Sillan interpreters and interpreting in first-millennium East Asia. Based on a close reading of this diary, I attempt to clarify the idiosyncratic title of &#8220;Sillan interpreters.&#8221; Using quantitative and qualitative analyses, I outline finer categories of these interpreters, which in turn address questions pertaining to their identities and roles. This chapter demonstrates the value of textual analysis in empirically pursuing the definitions of &#8220;interpreter&#8221; at a particular place and time. 10 01 JB code btl.122.02alo 27 46 20 Article 4 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Interpreting practices in the Age of Discovery</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">The early stages of the Spanish empire in the Americas</Subtitle> 1 A01 Icíar Alonso Araguás Alonso Araguás, Icíar Icíar Alonso Araguás 20 colonial Audiencias 20 early colonial Mexico 20 interpreting practices 20 Laws of the Indies 20 linguistic intermediaries 20 staff interpreters 10 01 JB code btl.122.03sar 47 74 28 Article 5 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Interpreting for the Inquisition</TitleText> 1 A01 Marcos Sarmiento Pérez Sarmiento Pérez, Marcos Marcos Sarmiento Pérez 20 appointment of interpreters 20 court interpreting 20 multilingualism 20 Spanish Inquisition 01 One of the singularities of the Spanish Inquisition was its multilingualism. This chapter looks at mediation in this institution, which carried out its activities throughout practically the whole of the Spanish Empire over three and a half centuries (1478&#8211;1834). After the initial delimitation of the historical, geographical and social areas in which it was active, the most common situations in which interpreters were needed are presented, together with the most relevant aspects of their work, including references to the regulations that governed their interventions. Although this is a first approach to this area of the history of linguistic mediation, we can conclude that the Inquisition involved a considerable amount of interpreting, most of which was of a legal nature. 10 01 JB code btl.122.04kum 75 98 24 Article 6 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Nagasaki <i>Ts&#363;ji</i> in historical novels by Yoshimura Akira</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">An alternative way of studying the history of interpreters</Subtitle> 1 A01 Kumiko Torikai Torikai, Kumiko Kumiko Torikai 20 historical novel 20 history and fiction 20 Nagasaki Tsuji 20 Oranda Tsuji 01 This chapter attempts to illustrate the significance of studying the history of interpreting through novels, focusing on Yoshimura Akira who portrayed pre-modern interpreters within socio-political contexts of the time. Four of Yoshimura&#8217;s novels will be analyzed: (1) Fuyu no Taka (1974), describing the translation of a medical book in Dutch into Japanese; (2) Von Siebold no Musume (1978), offering an insight into the role of interpreters; (3) Umi no Sairei (1989) illustrating how Ranald MacDonald taught English in Japan; and (4) Kurofune (1978), depicting interpreters at the time when American battleships came. Yoshimura&#8217;s works testify the potential of historical novels as an alternative way of studying past interpreters to help us understand how they lived and how they worked. 10 01 JB code btl.122.05saw 99 134 36 Article 7 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">The U.S. Department of State&#8217;s Corps of Student Interpreters</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>The </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">U.S. Department of State&#8217;s Corps of Student Interpreters</TitleWithoutPrefix> <Subtitle textformat="02">A precursor to the diplomatic interpreting of today?</Subtitle> 1 A01 David B. Sawyer Sawyer, David B. David B. Sawyer 20 diplomatic interpreting 20 interpreter education 20 interpreter training 01 Following the examples of European nations, China and Japan, the United States Department of State established a Corps of Student Interpreters (1902&#8211; 1924) to provide in-country language training in China, Japan, and Turkey. This chapter discusses the program&#8217;s rationale, precursors and models, and factors impacting its establishment and implementation. Recruitment challenges, selection criteria, and the career progression of student interpreters are examined on the basis of program documentation. Excerpts of correspondence between senior diplomats provide insight into the program&#8217;s genesis, and the memoirs of student interpreters posted to China relate personal impressions of in-country experience. A possible precursor to the diplomatic interpreting of today, the Corps is situated in a broader framework of language training for interpreters and diplomats. 10 01 JB code btl.122.06che 135 166 32 Article 8 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">At the dawn of simultaneous interpreting in the USSR</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Filling some gaps in history</Subtitle> 1 A01 Sergei Chernov Chernov, Sergei Sergei Chernov 20 Comintern 20 Filene-Finlay system 20 simultaneous interpreting 20 telephonization of interpreting 20 three-interpreter method 01 This chapter provides new evidence on the invention of simultaneous interpreting (SI) in the 1920s using records from Russian archives discovered by this author. SI was first implemented in the USSR in 1928, which coincided with the first full-scale use of SI at the International Labor Organization (ILO) in Geneva. Language problems of the era due to the declining use of French and waste of time associated with consecutive interpreting (CI) required a new solution, which was SI, proposed by E. Filene in the West and Dr. Epshtein in the USSR. Epshtein&#8217;s three-interpreter method was perfected by engineer Goron and implemented at the 6th Comintern Congress in 1928. Finally, interpreters/ translators&#8217; profiles and working conditions in the 1930s are described briefly. 10 01 JB code btl.122.07bai 167 192 26 Article 9 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">The use of photographs as historical sources, a case study</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>The </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">use of photographs as historical sources, a case study</TitleWithoutPrefix> <Subtitle textformat="02">Early simultaneous interpreting at the United Nations.</Subtitle> 1 A01 Jesús Baigorri-Jalón Baigorri-Jalón, Jesús Jesús Baigorri-Jalón 20 photographs as historical sources 20 simultaneous interpreting 20 United Nations interpreters 01 This chapter presents a case study of how photographs can offer different angles of the dynamics involved in a complex observable event or series of events. As shown in previous research, photographs can only be valid historical sources if we are able to interpret them, and that requires the observer&#8217;s active participation and the use of additional sources, such as written or oral records. I analyze eight United Nations (UN) official photographs as part of the founding narrative of simultaneous interpreting (SI) history. After introducing the theoretical and methodological background, I present the historical context of SI at the UN. The analysis of the photographs focuses on (1) the SI equipment, (2) the interpreters, and (3) the users of their services. 10 01 JB code btl.122.08lan 193 224 32 Article 10 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">&#8220;Crime&#8221; of interpreting</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Taiwanese interpreters as war criminals of World War II</Subtitle> 1 A01 Shichi Lan Lan, Shichi Shichi Lan 20 ad hoc interpreter 20 Chinese language 20 Second World War 20 Taiwanese 20 war crimes trials 01 After WWII, 173 Taiwanese who had served in the Japanese army were convicted as war criminals. Among the 21 executed Taiwanese, at least 13 were convicted for crimes committed while working as interpreters, formal or informal, during the war. In addition, a handful of Taiwanese interpreters were sentenced to various prison terms. In the Australian, British, Chinese, Dutch, and US courts established in Asian regions, most of those Taiwanese interpreters were prosecuted for crimes against local civilians and prisoners of war. Some were originally recruited as laborers, but they were assigned to ad hoc interpreting duty because of their unique language proficiency and forced into situations where war crimes occurred. They took the responsibility of the Japanese military and suffered the consequences. 10 01 JB code btl.122.09tak 225 246 22 Article 11 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Guilt, survival, opportunities, and stigma</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Japanese interpreters in the postwar occupation period (1945-1952)</Subtitle> 1 A01 Kayoko Takeda Takeda, Kayoko Kayoko Takeda 20 court interpreting 20 Japanese women 20 postwar occupation 20 social stigma 20 war crimes 01 Following the end of World War II, Japanese interpreters faced unique and complex opportunities and hardships. In occupied Japan, thousands of local interpreters (and translators) were recruited to assist in a variety of occupation operations led by the US forces. In war crimes trials, Japanese linguists played an important role as interpreters in court proceedings against their former superiors and compatriots. At the same time, some interpreters who had served in the Japanese Army were prosecuted as war criminals. Wartime interpreters were also tapped as witnesses to testify for the prosecution during trials. These diverse experiences of Japanese interpreters during the occupation period shine light on some issues and risks faced by wartime interpreters and local interpreters serving foreign military occupiers. 10 01 JB code btl.122.10pym 247 268 22 Article 12 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Risk analysis as a heuristic tool in the historiography of interpreters</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">For an understanding of worst practices</Subtitle> 1 A01 Anthony Pym Pym, Anthony Anthony Pym 20 conflict situations 20 interpreting 20 proximate action 20 risk management 20 spokenness 01 The specificities of the interpreter&#8217;s work can be considered in terms of the way people interact in spoken encounters. Underlying the competing interests and implicit search for cooperation, there is always the relative proximity of alternative non-linguistic action. This gives mediated encounters an element of potential danger, at the same time as it makes them particularly suitable for risk analysis. Study of an extreme example of proximate alternative action, a mediated military encounter in Afghanistan, shows that an interpreter&#8217;s failure to render significant material may be considered rational in terms of his possible distribution of risk priorities. Indeed, risk analysis can enable us to understand multiple cases of what would otherwise appear to be unethical or non-standard practices. 10 01 JB code btl.122.11nind 269 272 4 Miscellaneous 13 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Name index</TitleText> 10 01 JB code btl.122.12sind 273 278 6 Miscellaneous 14 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Subject index</TitleText> 02 JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam/Philadelphia NL 04 20160310 2016 John Benjamins B.V. 02 WORLD 08 670 gr 01 JB 1 John Benjamins Publishing Company +31 20 6304747 +31 20 6739773 bookorder@benjamins.nl 01 https://benjamins.com 01 WORLD US CA MX 21 23 22 01 02 JB 1 00 95.00 EUR R 02 02 JB 1 00 100.70 EUR R 01 JB 10 bebc +44 1202 712 934 +44 1202 712 913 sales@bebc.co.uk 03 GB 21 22 02 02 JB 1 00 80.00 GBP Z 01 JB 2 John Benjamins North America +1 800 562-5666 +1 703 661-1501 benjamins@presswarehouse.com 01 https://benjamins.com 01 US CA MX 21 1 22 01 gen 02 JB 1 00 143.00 USD