58016876 03 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code BTL 122 GE 15 9789027267511 06 10.1075/btl.122 13 2015051364 00 EA E133 10 01 JB code BTL 02 JB code 0929-7316 02 122.00 01 02 Benjamins Translation Library Benjamins Translation Library 01 01 New Insights in the History of Interpreting New Insights in the History of Interpreting 1 B01 01 JB code 265245044 Kayoko Takeda Takeda, Kayoko Kayoko Takeda Rikkyo University 2 B01 01 JB code 903245045 Jesús Baigorri-Jalón Baigorri-Jalón, Jesús Jesús Baigorri-Jalón University of Salamanca 01 eng 11 294 03 03 xvi 03 00 278 03 24 JB code LIN.HOL History of linguistics 24 JB code TRAN.INTERP Interpreting 24 JB code TRAN.TRANSL Translation Studies 10 LAN023000 12 CFP 01 06 02 00 Targeted at practitioners, scholars, and students of interpreting, translation, and history, the new insights presented in the ten original articles aim to spark discussion and research on the vital roles interpreters have played in intercultural communication through history. 03 00

Who mediated intercultural exchanges in 9th-century East Asia or in early voyages to the Americas? Did the Soviets or the Americans invent simultaneous interpreting equipment? How did the US government train its first Chinese interpreters? Why is it that Taiwanese interpreters were executed for Japanese war crimes? Bringing together papers from an international symposium held at Rikkyo University in 2014 along with two select pieces, this volume pursues such questions in an eclectic exploration of the practice of interpreting, the recruitment of interpreters, and the challenges interpreters have faced in diplomacy, colonization, religion, war, and occupation. It also introduces innovative use of photography, artifacts, personal journals, and fiction as tools for the historical study of interpreters and interpreting. Targeted at practitioners, scholars, and students of interpreting, translation, and history, the new insights presented in the ten original articles aim to spark discussion and research on the vital roles interpreters have played in intercultural communication through history.

As of February 2018, this e-book is freely available, thanks to the support of libraries working with Knowledge Unlatched.

01 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/btl.122.png 01 01 D502 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027258670.jpg 01 01 D504 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027258670.tif 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/btl.122.hb.png 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/btl.122.png 02 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/btl.122.hb.png 03 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/btl.122.hb.png
01 01 JB code btl.122.s1 06 10.1075/btl.122.s1 Section header 1 01 04 Articles Articles 01 01 JB code btl.122.001int 06 10.1075/btl.122.001int vii xvi 10 Article 2 01 04 Introduction Introduction 1 A01 01 JB code 783257295 Jesús Baigorri-Jalón Baigorri-Jalón, Jesús Jesús Baigorri-Jalón 2 A01 01 JB code 117257296 Kayoko Takeda Takeda, Kayoko Kayoko Takeda 01 01 JB code btl.122.01lun 06 10.1075/btl.122.01lun 1 26 26 Article 3 01 04 Defining Sillan interpreters in first-millennium East Asian exchanges Defining Sillan interpreters in first-millennium East Asian exchanges 1 A01 01 JB code 829257297 Rachel Lung Lung, Rachel Rachel Lung 01 01 JB code btl.122.02alo 06 10.1075/btl.122.02alo 27 46 20 Article 4 01 04 Interpreting practices in the Age of Discovery Interpreting practices in the Age of Discovery 01 04 The early stages of the Spanish empire in the Americas The early stages of the Spanish empire in the Americas 1 A01 01 JB code 756257299 Icíar Alonso-Araguás Alonso-Araguás, Icíar Icíar Alonso-Araguás 01 01 JB code btl.122.03sar 06 10.1075/btl.122.03sar 47 74 28 Article 5 01 04 Interpreting for the Inquisition Interpreting for the Inquisition 1 A01 01 JB code 818257300 Marcos Sarmiento Pérez Sarmiento Pérez, Marcos Marcos Sarmiento Pérez 01 01 JB code btl.122.04kum 06 10.1075/btl.122.04kum 75 98 24 Article 6 01 04 Nagasaki Tsuji in historical novels by Yoshimura Akira Nagasaki Tsūji in historical novels by Yoshimura Akira 01 04 An alternative way of studying the history of interpreters An alternative way of studying the history of interpreters 1 A01 01 JB code 897250344 Kumiko Torikai Torikai, Kumiko Kumiko Torikai 01 01 JB code btl.122.05saw 06 10.1075/btl.122.05saw 99 134 36 Article 7 01 04 The U.S. Department of State's Corps of Student Interpreters The U.S. Department of State’s Corps of Student Interpreters 01 04 A precursor to the diplomatic interpreting of today? A precursor to the diplomatic interpreting of today? 1 A01 01 JB code 933257302 David B. Sawyer Sawyer, David B. David B. Sawyer 01 01 JB code btl.122.06che 06 10.1075/btl.122.06che 135 166 32 Article 8 01 04 At the dawn of simultaneous interpreting in the USSR At the dawn of simultaneous interpreting in the USSR 01 04 Filling some gaps in history Filling some gaps in history 1 A01 01 JB code 648257303 Sergei Chernov Chernov, Sergei Sergei Chernov 01 01 JB code btl.122.07bai 06 10.1075/btl.122.07bai 167 192 26 Article 9 01 04 The use of photographs as historical sources, a case study The use of photographs as historical sources, a case study 01 04 Early simultaneous interpreting at the United Nations. Early simultaneous interpreting at the United Nations. 1 A01 01 JB code 309257304 Jesús Baigorri-Jalón Baigorri-Jalón, Jesús Jesús Baigorri-Jalón 01 01 JB code btl.122.08lan 06 10.1075/btl.122.08lan 193 224 32 Article 10 01 04 "Crime" of interpreting “Crime” of interpreting 01 04 Taiwanese interpreters as war criminals of World War II Taiwanese interpreters as war criminals of World War II 1 A01 01 JB code 39257305 Shi-chi Mike Lan Lan, Shi-chi Mike Shi-chi Mike Lan 01 01 JB code btl.122.09tak 06 10.1075/btl.122.09tak 225 246 22 Article 11 01 04 Guilt, survival, opportunities, and stigma Guilt, survival, opportunities, and stigma 01 04 Japanese interpreters in the postwar occupation period (1945-1952) Japanese interpreters in the postwar occupation period (1945-1952) 1 A01 01 JB code 986257306 Kayoko Takeda Takeda, Kayoko Kayoko Takeda 01 01 JB code btl.122.10pym 06 10.1075/btl.122.10pym 247 268 22 Article 12 01 04 Risk analysis as a heuristic tool in the historiography of interpreters Risk analysis as a heuristic tool in the historiography of interpreters 01 04 For an understanding of worst practices For an understanding of worst practices 1 A01 01 JB code 569257307 Anthony Pym Pym, Anthony Anthony Pym 01 01 JB code btl.122.11nind 06 10.1075/btl.122.11nind 269 272 4 Miscellaneous 13 01 04 Name index Name index 01 01 JB code btl.122.12sind 06 10.1075/btl.122.12sind 273 278 6 Miscellaneous 14 01 04 Subject index Subject index 01 JB code JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 https://benjamins.com Amsterdam NL 00 John Benjamins Publishing Company Marketing Department / Karin Plijnaar, Pieter Lamers onix@benjamins.nl 04 01 00 20160310 C 2016 John Benjamins D 2016 John Benjamins 02 WORLD 13 15 9789027258670 WORLD 03 01 JB 17 Google 03 https://play.google.com/store/books 21 01
117016605 03 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code BTL 122 Eb 15 9789027267511 06 10.1075/btl.122 13 2015051364 00 EA E107 Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 01 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ 10 01 JB code BTL 02 0929-7316 02 122.00 01 02 Benjamins Translation Library Benjamins Translation Library 11 01 JB code jbe-openaccess 01 02 Open Access Books (ca. 70 titles) 11 01 JB code jbe-all 01 02 Full EBA collection (ca. 4,200 titles) 11 01 JB code jbe-2016 01 02 2016 collection (147 titles) 05 02 2016 collection 01 01 New Insights in the History of Interpreting New Insights in the History of Interpreting 1 B01 01 JB code 265245044 Kayoko Takeda Takeda, Kayoko Kayoko Takeda Rikkyo University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/265245044 2 B01 01 JB code 903245045 Jesús Baigorri-Jalón Baigorri-Jalón, Jesús Jesús Baigorri-Jalón University of Salamanca 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/903245045 01 eng 11 294 03 03 xvi 03 00 278 03 01 23 418/.0209 03 2016 P306.2 04 Translating and interpreting--History. 04 Simultaneous interpreting--History. 10 LAN023000 12 CFP 24 JB code LIN.HOL History of linguistics 24 JB code TRAN.INTERP Interpreting 24 JB code TRAN.TRANSL Translation Studies 01 06 02 00 Targeted at practitioners, scholars, and students of interpreting, translation, and history, the new insights presented in the ten original articles aim to spark discussion and research on the vital roles interpreters have played in intercultural communication through history. 03 00

Who mediated intercultural exchanges in 9th-century East Asia or in early voyages to the Americas? Did the Soviets or the Americans invent simultaneous interpreting equipment? How did the US government train its first Chinese interpreters? Why is it that Taiwanese interpreters were executed for Japanese war crimes? Bringing together papers from an international symposium held at Rikkyo University in 2014 along with two select pieces, this volume pursues such questions in an eclectic exploration of the practice of interpreting, the recruitment of interpreters, and the challenges interpreters have faced in diplomacy, colonization, religion, war, and occupation. It also introduces innovative use of photography, artifacts, personal journals, and fiction as tools for the historical study of interpreters and interpreting. Targeted at practitioners, scholars, and students of interpreting, translation, and history, the new insights presented in the ten original articles aim to spark discussion and research on the vital roles interpreters have played in intercultural communication through history.

As of February 2018, this e-book is freely available, thanks to the support of libraries working with Knowledge Unlatched.

01 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/btl.122.png 01 01 D502 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027258670.jpg 01 01 D504 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027258670.tif 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/btl.122.hb.png 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/btl.122.png 02 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/btl.122.hb.png 03 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/btl.122.hb.png
01 01 JB code btl.122.s1 06 10.1075/btl.122.s1 Section header 1 01 04 Articles Articles 01 eng 01 01 JB code btl.122.001int 06 10.1075/btl.122.001int vii xvi 10 Article 2 01 04 Introduction Introduction 1 A01 01 JB code 783257295 Jesús Baigorri-Jalón Baigorri-Jalón, Jesús Jesús Baigorri-Jalón 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/783257295 2 A01 01 JB code 117257296 Kayoko Takeda Takeda, Kayoko Kayoko Takeda 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/117257296 01 eng 01 01 JB code btl.122.01lun 06 10.1075/btl.122.01lun 1 26 26 Article 3 01 04 Defining Sillan interpreters in first-millennium East Asian exchanges Defining Sillan interpreters in first-millennium East Asian exchanges 1 A01 01 JB code 829257297 Rachel Lung Lung, Rachel Rachel Lung 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/829257297 01 eng 03 00 Interpreting officials are rarely documented in standard histories of imperial China; civilian interpreters are even harder to trace. Surprisingly, however, Japanese monk Ennin’s (794‒864) diary of his China sojourn (838–847) contains thirty-eight references to Sillan interpreters. It is a significant firsthand archive that throws light on Sillan interpreters and interpreting in first-millennium East Asia. Based on a close reading of this diary, I attempt to clarify the idiosyncratic title of “Sillan interpreters.” Using quantitative and qualitative analyses, I outline finer categories of these interpreters, which in turn address questions pertaining to their identities and roles. This chapter demonstrates the value of textual analysis in empirically pursuing the definitions of “interpreter” at a particular place and time. 01 01 JB code btl.122.02alo 06 10.1075/btl.122.02alo 27 46 20 Article 4 01 04 Interpreting practices in the Age of Discovery Interpreting practices in the Age of Discovery 01 04 The early stages of the Spanish empire in the Americas The early stages of the Spanish empire in the Americas 1 A01 01 JB code 756257299 Icíar Alonso Araguás Alonso Araguás, Icíar Icíar Alonso Araguás 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/756257299 01 eng 01 01 JB code btl.122.03sar 06 10.1075/btl.122.03sar 47 74 28 Article 5 01 04 Interpreting for the Inquisition Interpreting for the Inquisition 1 A01 01 JB code 818257300 Marcos Sarmiento Pérez Sarmiento Pérez, Marcos Marcos Sarmiento Pérez 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/818257300 01 eng 03 00 One of the singularities of the Spanish Inquisition was its multilingualism. This chapter looks at mediation in this institution, which carried out its activities throughout practically the whole of the Spanish Empire over three and a half centuries (1478–1834). After the initial delimitation of the historical, geographical and social areas in which it was active, the most common situations in which interpreters were needed are presented, together with the most relevant aspects of their work, including references to the regulations that governed their interventions. Although this is a first approach to this area of the history of linguistic mediation, we can conclude that the Inquisition involved a considerable amount of interpreting, most of which was of a legal nature. 01 01 JB code btl.122.04kum 06 10.1075/btl.122.04kum 75 98 24 Article 6 01 04 Nagasaki Tsuji in historical novels by Yoshimura Akira Nagasaki Tsūji in historical novels by Yoshimura Akira 01 04 An alternative way of studying the history of interpreters An alternative way of studying the history of interpreters 1 A01 01 JB code 897250344 Kumiko Torikai Torikai, Kumiko Kumiko Torikai 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/897250344 01 eng 03 00 This chapter attempts to illustrate the significance of studying the history of interpreting through novels, focusing on Yoshimura Akira who portrayed pre-modern interpreters within socio-political contexts of the time. Four of Yoshimura’s novels will be analyzed: (1) Fuyu no Taka (1974), describing the translation of a medical book in Dutch into Japanese; (2) Von Siebold no Musume (1978), offering an insight into the role of interpreters; (3) Umi no Sairei (1989) illustrating how Ranald MacDonald taught English in Japan; and (4) Kurofune (1978), depicting interpreters at the time when American battleships came. Yoshimura’s works testify the potential of historical novels as an alternative way of studying past interpreters to help us understand how they lived and how they worked. 01 01 JB code btl.122.05saw 06 10.1075/btl.122.05saw 99 134 36 Article 7 01 04 The U.S. Department of State's Corps of Student Interpreters The U.S. Department of State’s Corps of Student Interpreters 01 04 A precursor to the diplomatic interpreting of today? A precursor to the diplomatic interpreting of today? 1 A01 01 JB code 933257302 David B. Sawyer Sawyer, David B. David B. Sawyer 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/933257302 01 eng 03 00 Following the examples of European nations, China and Japan, the United States Department of State established a Corps of Student Interpreters (1902– 1924) to provide in-country language training in China, Japan, and Turkey. This chapter discusses the program’s rationale, precursors and models, and factors impacting its establishment and implementation. Recruitment challenges, selection criteria, and the career progression of student interpreters are examined on the basis of program documentation. Excerpts of correspondence between senior diplomats provide insight into the program’s genesis, and the memoirs of student interpreters posted to China relate personal impressions of in-country experience. A possible precursor to the diplomatic interpreting of today, the Corps is situated in a broader framework of language training for interpreters and diplomats. 01 01 JB code btl.122.06che 06 10.1075/btl.122.06che 135 166 32 Article 8 01 04 At the dawn of simultaneous interpreting in the USSR At the dawn of simultaneous interpreting in the USSR 01 04 Filling some gaps in history Filling some gaps in history 1 A01 01 JB code 648257303 Sergei Chernov Chernov, Sergei Sergei Chernov 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/648257303 01 eng 03 00 This chapter provides new evidence on the invention of simultaneous interpreting (SI) in the 1920s using records from Russian archives discovered by this author. SI was first implemented in the USSR in 1928, which coincided with the first full-scale use of SI at the International Labor Organization (ILO) in Geneva. Language problems of the era due to the declining use of French and waste of time associated with consecutive interpreting (CI) required a new solution, which was SI, proposed by E. Filene in the West and Dr. Epshtein in the USSR. Epshtein’s three-interpreter method was perfected by engineer Goron and implemented at the 6th Comintern Congress in 1928. Finally, interpreters/ translators’ profiles and working conditions in the 1930s are described briefly. 01 01 JB code btl.122.07bai 06 10.1075/btl.122.07bai 167 192 26 Article 9 01 04 The use of photographs as historical sources, a case study The use of photographs as historical sources, a case study 01 04 Early simultaneous interpreting at the United Nations. Early simultaneous interpreting at the United Nations. 1 A01 01 JB code 309257304 Jesús Baigorri-Jalón Baigorri-Jalón, Jesús Jesús Baigorri-Jalón 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/309257304 01 eng 03 00 This chapter presents a case study of how photographs can offer different angles of the dynamics involved in a complex observable event or series of events. As shown in previous research, photographs can only be valid historical sources if we are able to interpret them, and that requires the observer’s active participation and the use of additional sources, such as written or oral records. I analyze eight United Nations (UN) official photographs as part of the founding narrative of simultaneous interpreting (SI) history. After introducing the theoretical and methodological background, I present the historical context of SI at the UN. The analysis of the photographs focuses on (1) the SI equipment, (2) the interpreters, and (3) the users of their services. 01 01 JB code btl.122.08lan 06 10.1075/btl.122.08lan 193 224 32 Article 10 01 04 "Crime" of interpreting “Crime” of interpreting 01 04 Taiwanese interpreters as war criminals of World War II Taiwanese interpreters as war criminals of World War II 1 A01 01 JB code 39257305 Shichi Lan Lan, Shichi Shichi Lan 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/39257305 01 eng 03 00 After WWII, 173 Taiwanese who had served in the Japanese army were convicted as war criminals. Among the 21 executed Taiwanese, at least 13 were convicted for crimes committed while working as interpreters, formal or informal, during the war. In addition, a handful of Taiwanese interpreters were sentenced to various prison terms. In the Australian, British, Chinese, Dutch, and US courts established in Asian regions, most of those Taiwanese interpreters were prosecuted for crimes against local civilians and prisoners of war. Some were originally recruited as laborers, but they were assigned to ad hoc interpreting duty because of their unique language proficiency and forced into situations where war crimes occurred. They took the responsibility of the Japanese military and suffered the consequences. 01 01 JB code btl.122.09tak 06 10.1075/btl.122.09tak 225 246 22 Article 11 01 04 Guilt, survival, opportunities, and stigma Guilt, survival, opportunities, and stigma 01 04 Japanese interpreters in the postwar occupation period (1945-1952) Japanese interpreters in the postwar occupation period (1945-1952) 1 A01 01 JB code 986257306 Kayoko Takeda Takeda, Kayoko Kayoko Takeda 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/986257306 01 eng 03 00 Following the end of World War II, Japanese interpreters faced unique and complex opportunities and hardships. In occupied Japan, thousands of local interpreters (and translators) were recruited to assist in a variety of occupation operations led by the US forces. In war crimes trials, Japanese linguists played an important role as interpreters in court proceedings against their former superiors and compatriots. At the same time, some interpreters who had served in the Japanese Army were prosecuted as war criminals. Wartime interpreters were also tapped as witnesses to testify for the prosecution during trials. These diverse experiences of Japanese interpreters during the occupation period shine light on some issues and risks faced by wartime interpreters and local interpreters serving foreign military occupiers. 01 01 JB code btl.122.10pym 06 10.1075/btl.122.10pym 247 268 22 Article 12 01 04 Risk analysis as a heuristic tool in the historiography of interpreters Risk analysis as a heuristic tool in the historiography of interpreters 01 04 For an understanding of worst practices For an understanding of worst practices 1 A01 01 JB code 569257307 Anthony Pym Pym, Anthony Anthony Pym 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/569257307 01 eng 03 00 The specificities of the interpreter’s work can be considered in terms of the way people interact in spoken encounters. Underlying the competing interests and implicit search for cooperation, there is always the relative proximity of alternative non-linguistic action. This gives mediated encounters an element of potential danger, at the same time as it makes them particularly suitable for risk analysis. Study of an extreme example of proximate alternative action, a mediated military encounter in Afghanistan, shows that an interpreter’s failure to render significant material may be considered rational in terms of his possible distribution of risk priorities. Indeed, risk analysis can enable us to understand multiple cases of what would otherwise appear to be unethical or non-standard practices. 01 01 JB code btl.122.11nind 06 10.1075/btl.122.11nind 269 272 4 Miscellaneous 13 01 04 Name index Name index 01 eng 01 01 JB code btl.122.12sind 06 10.1075/btl.122.12sind 273 278 6 Miscellaneous 14 01 04 Subject index Subject index 01 eng 01 JB code JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/btl.122 Amsterdam NL 00 John Benjamins Publishing Company Marketing Department / Karin Plijnaar, Pieter Lamers onix@benjamins.nl 04 01 00 20160310 C 2016 John Benjamins D 2016 John Benjamins 02 WORLD 13 15 9789027258670 WORLD 09 01 JB 3 John Benjamins e-Platform 03 https://jbe-platform.com 29 https://jbe-platform.com/content/books/9789027267511 21 01
747016604 03 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code BTL 122 Hb 15 9789027258670 06 10.1075/btl.122 13 2015043339 00 BB 08 670 gr 10 01 JB code BTL 02 0929-7316 02 122.00 01 02 Benjamins Translation Library Benjamins Translation Library 01 01 New Insights in the History of Interpreting New Insights in the History of Interpreting 1 B01 01 JB code 265245044 Kayoko Takeda Takeda, Kayoko Kayoko Takeda Rikkyo University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/265245044 2 B01 01 JB code 903245045 Jesús Baigorri-Jalón Baigorri-Jalón, Jesús Jesús Baigorri-Jalón University of Salamanca 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/903245045 01 eng 11 294 03 03 xvi 03 00 278 03 01 23 418/.0209 03 2016 P306.2 04 Translating and interpreting--History. 04 Simultaneous interpreting--History. 10 LAN023000 12 CFP 24 JB code LIN.HOL History of linguistics 24 JB code TRAN.INTERP Interpreting 24 JB code TRAN.TRANSL Translation Studies 01 06 02 00 Targeted at practitioners, scholars, and students of interpreting, translation, and history, the new insights presented in the ten original articles aim to spark discussion and research on the vital roles interpreters have played in intercultural communication through history. 03 00

Who mediated intercultural exchanges in 9th-century East Asia or in early voyages to the Americas? Did the Soviets or the Americans invent simultaneous interpreting equipment? How did the US government train its first Chinese interpreters? Why is it that Taiwanese interpreters were executed for Japanese war crimes? Bringing together papers from an international symposium held at Rikkyo University in 2014 along with two select pieces, this volume pursues such questions in an eclectic exploration of the practice of interpreting, the recruitment of interpreters, and the challenges interpreters have faced in diplomacy, colonization, religion, war, and occupation. It also introduces innovative use of photography, artifacts, personal journals, and fiction as tools for the historical study of interpreters and interpreting. Targeted at practitioners, scholars, and students of interpreting, translation, and history, the new insights presented in the ten original articles aim to spark discussion and research on the vital roles interpreters have played in intercultural communication through history.

As of February 2018, this e-book is freely available, thanks to the support of libraries working with Knowledge Unlatched.

01 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/btl.122.png 01 01 D502 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027258670.jpg 01 01 D504 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027258670.tif 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/btl.122.hb.png 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/btl.122.png 02 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/btl.122.hb.png 03 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/btl.122.hb.png
01 01 JB code btl.122.s1 06 10.1075/btl.122.s1 Section header 1 01 04 Articles Articles 01 eng 01 01 JB code btl.122.001int 06 10.1075/btl.122.001int vii xvi 10 Article 2 01 04 Introduction Introduction 1 A01 01 JB code 783257295 Jesús Baigorri-Jalón Baigorri-Jalón, Jesús Jesús Baigorri-Jalón 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/783257295 2 A01 01 JB code 117257296 Kayoko Takeda Takeda, Kayoko Kayoko Takeda 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/117257296 01 eng 01 01 JB code btl.122.01lun 06 10.1075/btl.122.01lun 1 26 26 Article 3 01 04 Defining Sillan interpreters in first-millennium East Asian exchanges Defining Sillan interpreters in first-millennium East Asian exchanges 1 A01 01 JB code 829257297 Rachel Lung Lung, Rachel Rachel Lung 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/829257297 01 eng 03 00 Interpreting officials are rarely documented in standard histories of imperial China; civilian interpreters are even harder to trace. Surprisingly, however, Japanese monk Ennin’s (794‒864) diary of his China sojourn (838–847) contains thirty-eight references to Sillan interpreters. It is a significant firsthand archive that throws light on Sillan interpreters and interpreting in first-millennium East Asia. Based on a close reading of this diary, I attempt to clarify the idiosyncratic title of “Sillan interpreters.” Using quantitative and qualitative analyses, I outline finer categories of these interpreters, which in turn address questions pertaining to their identities and roles. This chapter demonstrates the value of textual analysis in empirically pursuing the definitions of “interpreter” at a particular place and time. 01 01 JB code btl.122.02alo 06 10.1075/btl.122.02alo 27 46 20 Article 4 01 04 Interpreting practices in the Age of Discovery Interpreting practices in the Age of Discovery 01 04 The early stages of the Spanish empire in the Americas The early stages of the Spanish empire in the Americas 1 A01 01 JB code 756257299 Icíar Alonso Araguás Alonso Araguás, Icíar Icíar Alonso Araguás 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/756257299 01 eng 01 01 JB code btl.122.03sar 06 10.1075/btl.122.03sar 47 74 28 Article 5 01 04 Interpreting for the Inquisition Interpreting for the Inquisition 1 A01 01 JB code 818257300 Marcos Sarmiento Pérez Sarmiento Pérez, Marcos Marcos Sarmiento Pérez 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/818257300 01 eng 03 00 One of the singularities of the Spanish Inquisition was its multilingualism. This chapter looks at mediation in this institution, which carried out its activities throughout practically the whole of the Spanish Empire over three and a half centuries (1478–1834). After the initial delimitation of the historical, geographical and social areas in which it was active, the most common situations in which interpreters were needed are presented, together with the most relevant aspects of their work, including references to the regulations that governed their interventions. Although this is a first approach to this area of the history of linguistic mediation, we can conclude that the Inquisition involved a considerable amount of interpreting, most of which was of a legal nature. 01 01 JB code btl.122.04kum 06 10.1075/btl.122.04kum 75 98 24 Article 6 01 04 Nagasaki Tsuji in historical novels by Yoshimura Akira Nagasaki Tsūji in historical novels by Yoshimura Akira 01 04 An alternative way of studying the history of interpreters An alternative way of studying the history of interpreters 1 A01 01 JB code 897250344 Kumiko Torikai Torikai, Kumiko Kumiko Torikai 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/897250344 01 eng 03 00 This chapter attempts to illustrate the significance of studying the history of interpreting through novels, focusing on Yoshimura Akira who portrayed pre-modern interpreters within socio-political contexts of the time. Four of Yoshimura’s novels will be analyzed: (1) Fuyu no Taka (1974), describing the translation of a medical book in Dutch into Japanese; (2) Von Siebold no Musume (1978), offering an insight into the role of interpreters; (3) Umi no Sairei (1989) illustrating how Ranald MacDonald taught English in Japan; and (4) Kurofune (1978), depicting interpreters at the time when American battleships came. Yoshimura’s works testify the potential of historical novels as an alternative way of studying past interpreters to help us understand how they lived and how they worked. 01 01 JB code btl.122.05saw 06 10.1075/btl.122.05saw 99 134 36 Article 7 01 04 The U.S. Department of State's Corps of Student Interpreters The U.S. Department of State’s Corps of Student Interpreters 01 04 A precursor to the diplomatic interpreting of today? A precursor to the diplomatic interpreting of today? 1 A01 01 JB code 933257302 David B. Sawyer Sawyer, David B. David B. Sawyer 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/933257302 01 eng 03 00 Following the examples of European nations, China and Japan, the United States Department of State established a Corps of Student Interpreters (1902– 1924) to provide in-country language training in China, Japan, and Turkey. This chapter discusses the program’s rationale, precursors and models, and factors impacting its establishment and implementation. Recruitment challenges, selection criteria, and the career progression of student interpreters are examined on the basis of program documentation. Excerpts of correspondence between senior diplomats provide insight into the program’s genesis, and the memoirs of student interpreters posted to China relate personal impressions of in-country experience. A possible precursor to the diplomatic interpreting of today, the Corps is situated in a broader framework of language training for interpreters and diplomats. 01 01 JB code btl.122.06che 06 10.1075/btl.122.06che 135 166 32 Article 8 01 04 At the dawn of simultaneous interpreting in the USSR At the dawn of simultaneous interpreting in the USSR 01 04 Filling some gaps in history Filling some gaps in history 1 A01 01 JB code 648257303 Sergei Chernov Chernov, Sergei Sergei Chernov 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/648257303 01 eng 03 00 This chapter provides new evidence on the invention of simultaneous interpreting (SI) in the 1920s using records from Russian archives discovered by this author. SI was first implemented in the USSR in 1928, which coincided with the first full-scale use of SI at the International Labor Organization (ILO) in Geneva. Language problems of the era due to the declining use of French and waste of time associated with consecutive interpreting (CI) required a new solution, which was SI, proposed by E. Filene in the West and Dr. Epshtein in the USSR. Epshtein’s three-interpreter method was perfected by engineer Goron and implemented at the 6th Comintern Congress in 1928. Finally, interpreters/ translators’ profiles and working conditions in the 1930s are described briefly. 01 01 JB code btl.122.07bai 06 10.1075/btl.122.07bai 167 192 26 Article 9 01 04 The use of photographs as historical sources, a case study The use of photographs as historical sources, a case study 01 04 Early simultaneous interpreting at the United Nations. Early simultaneous interpreting at the United Nations. 1 A01 01 JB code 309257304 Jesús Baigorri-Jalón Baigorri-Jalón, Jesús Jesús Baigorri-Jalón 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/309257304 01 eng 03 00 This chapter presents a case study of how photographs can offer different angles of the dynamics involved in a complex observable event or series of events. As shown in previous research, photographs can only be valid historical sources if we are able to interpret them, and that requires the observer’s active participation and the use of additional sources, such as written or oral records. I analyze eight United Nations (UN) official photographs as part of the founding narrative of simultaneous interpreting (SI) history. After introducing the theoretical and methodological background, I present the historical context of SI at the UN. The analysis of the photographs focuses on (1) the SI equipment, (2) the interpreters, and (3) the users of their services. 01 01 JB code btl.122.08lan 06 10.1075/btl.122.08lan 193 224 32 Article 10 01 04 "Crime" of interpreting “Crime” of interpreting 01 04 Taiwanese interpreters as war criminals of World War II Taiwanese interpreters as war criminals of World War II 1 A01 01 JB code 39257305 Shichi Lan Lan, Shichi Shichi Lan 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/39257305 01 eng 03 00 After WWII, 173 Taiwanese who had served in the Japanese army were convicted as war criminals. Among the 21 executed Taiwanese, at least 13 were convicted for crimes committed while working as interpreters, formal or informal, during the war. In addition, a handful of Taiwanese interpreters were sentenced to various prison terms. In the Australian, British, Chinese, Dutch, and US courts established in Asian regions, most of those Taiwanese interpreters were prosecuted for crimes against local civilians and prisoners of war. Some were originally recruited as laborers, but they were assigned to ad hoc interpreting duty because of their unique language proficiency and forced into situations where war crimes occurred. They took the responsibility of the Japanese military and suffered the consequences. 01 01 JB code btl.122.09tak 06 10.1075/btl.122.09tak 225 246 22 Article 11 01 04 Guilt, survival, opportunities, and stigma Guilt, survival, opportunities, and stigma 01 04 Japanese interpreters in the postwar occupation period (1945-1952) Japanese interpreters in the postwar occupation period (1945-1952) 1 A01 01 JB code 986257306 Kayoko Takeda Takeda, Kayoko Kayoko Takeda 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/986257306 01 eng 03 00 Following the end of World War II, Japanese interpreters faced unique and complex opportunities and hardships. In occupied Japan, thousands of local interpreters (and translators) were recruited to assist in a variety of occupation operations led by the US forces. In war crimes trials, Japanese linguists played an important role as interpreters in court proceedings against their former superiors and compatriots. At the same time, some interpreters who had served in the Japanese Army were prosecuted as war criminals. Wartime interpreters were also tapped as witnesses to testify for the prosecution during trials. These diverse experiences of Japanese interpreters during the occupation period shine light on some issues and risks faced by wartime interpreters and local interpreters serving foreign military occupiers. 01 01 JB code btl.122.10pym 06 10.1075/btl.122.10pym 247 268 22 Article 12 01 04 Risk analysis as a heuristic tool in the historiography of interpreters Risk analysis as a heuristic tool in the historiography of interpreters 01 04 For an understanding of worst practices For an understanding of worst practices 1 A01 01 JB code 569257307 Anthony Pym Pym, Anthony Anthony Pym 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/569257307 01 eng 03 00 The specificities of the interpreter’s work can be considered in terms of the way people interact in spoken encounters. Underlying the competing interests and implicit search for cooperation, there is always the relative proximity of alternative non-linguistic action. This gives mediated encounters an element of potential danger, at the same time as it makes them particularly suitable for risk analysis. Study of an extreme example of proximate alternative action, a mediated military encounter in Afghanistan, shows that an interpreter’s failure to render significant material may be considered rational in terms of his possible distribution of risk priorities. Indeed, risk analysis can enable us to understand multiple cases of what would otherwise appear to be unethical or non-standard practices. 01 01 JB code btl.122.11nind 06 10.1075/btl.122.11nind 269 272 4 Miscellaneous 13 01 04 Name index Name index 01 eng 01 01 JB code btl.122.12sind 06 10.1075/btl.122.12sind 273 278 6 Miscellaneous 14 01 04 Subject index Subject index 01 eng 01 JB code JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/btl.122 Amsterdam NL 00 John Benjamins Publishing Company Marketing Department / Karin Plijnaar, Pieter Lamers onix@benjamins.nl 04 01 00 20160310 C 2016 John Benjamins D 2016 John Benjamins 02 WORLD WORLD US CA MX 09 01 JB 1 John Benjamins Publishing Company +31 20 6304747 +31 20 6739773 bookorder@benjamins.nl 01 https://benjamins.com 21 23 22 01 00 Unqualified price 02 JB 1 02 95.00 EUR 02 00 Unqualified price 02 80.00 01 Z 0 GBP GB US CA MX 01 01 JB 2 John Benjamins Publishing Company +1 800 562-5666 +1 703 661-1501 benjamins@presswarehouse.com 01 https://benjamins.com 21 23 22 01 00 Unqualified price 02 JB 1 02 143.00 USD