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Benjamins Translation Library
160
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Introducing New Hypertexts on Interpreting (Studies)
A tribute to Franz Pöchhacker
01
btl.160
01
https://benjamins.com
02
https://benjamins.com/catalog/btl.160
1
B01
Cornelia Zwischenberger
Zwischenberger, Cornelia
Cornelia
Zwischenberger
University of Vienna
2
B01
Karin Reithofer
Reithofer, Karin
Karin
Reithofer
University of Vienna
3
B01
Sylvi Rennert
Rennert, Sylvi
Sylvi
Rennert
University of Vienna
01
eng
293
vi
287
LAN023000
v.2006
CFP
2
24
JB Subject Scheme
TRAN.INTERP
Interpreting
24
JB Subject Scheme
TRAN.TRANSL
Translation Studies
06
01
The contributions in this volume are a reflection of the entire range of Interpreting Studies, from explorations of research methodology and interpreting quality research to public service interpreting today and in the past, risk management strategies in court interpreting, and the interdependencies of interpreters in project networks. They address questions such as who can be called an interpreter, present new approaches to interpreter education, and discuss advances in technology, both in terms of speech-to-text interpreting and the changes that the Covid-19 pandemic has brought to the lives of interpreters.<br />The breadth of this volume’s topics reflects the oeuvre of Franz Pöchhacker, who has left his mark on Interpreting Studies over more than three decades. This tribute not only reflects the many strands of his work, but also offers new research and insights by established scholars and young researchers in the ever growing field of Interpreting Studies.
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2
01
Introducing new hypertexts on Interpreting (Studies)
1
A01
Cornelia Zwischenberger
Zwischenberger, Cornelia
Cornelia
Zwischenberger
University of Vienna
2
A01
Karin Reithofer
Reithofer, Karin
Karin
Reithofer
University of Vienna
3
A01
Sylvi Rennert
Rennert, Sylvi
Sylvi
Rennert
University of Vienna
10
01
JB code
btl.160.p1
Section header
3
01
Methods and methodologies
10
01
JB code
btl.160.02nap
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43
22
Chapter
4
01
Exploring mixed methods in interpreting research
An example from a series of studies on court interpreting
1
A01
Jemina Napier
Napier, Jemina
Jemina
Napier
Heriot-Watt University
2
A01
Sandra Hale
Hale, Sandra
Sandra
Hale
Scotland and University of New South Wales
20
court interpreting
20
deaf jurors
20
mixed methods
20
research methods
20
sign language interpreters
01
Much of the research into community interpreting has used different methodologies in order to test or explore the same phenomena from different perspectives (Hale and Napier 2013). This approach is typically referred to as mixed-methods or multi-method research. Pöchhacker (2011) considers that the use of mixed methods in interpreting research is appropriate in order to account for the complexity of interpreting processes and practices. This chapter presents an overview of interpreting research methodologies and explores the meaning of mixed methods. It then discusses a mixed-methods, longitudinal multi-stage project comprising a series of studies conducted by the authors that investigated the feasibility of deaf signers serving as jurors using professional sign language interpreting services. By showcasing our own studies and why these interlinked projects employed mixed methods, we highlight the benefits of exploring various approaches to interpreting research generally.
10
01
JB code
btl.160.03liu
44
65
22
Chapter
5
01
User expectations research revisited
Methodological considerations
1
A01
Minhua Liu
Liu, Minhua
Minhua
Liu
Hong Kong Baptist University
20
construct validity
20
quality criteria
20
survey
20
user expectations
20
user research
01
Survey-based user expectations research is an important line of research on quality in the domain of simultaneous conference interpreting. Its methodology has often been criticised for a lack of rigour. However, few have treated methodology as the focus of their discussion. In this chapter, a comprehensive overview of the methodological issues of survey-based user expectations research is provided, with topics covering the construct, criteria, instrument, response format, levels of measurement, measures of central tendency, and sampling. As an illustration for the methodology under discussion, the results of the classic study by Bühler (1986) are reanalysed by using different measures of central tendency. The chapter concludes with a discussion on the importance of incorporating users’ actual experience to make user-related research on interpreting more relevant.
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JB code
btl.160.p2
Section header
6
01
Quality in (simultaneous) interpreting
10
01
JB code
btl.160.04pra
68
89
22
Chapter
7
01
A review of the evolution of survey-based research on interpreting quality using two models by Franz Pöchhacker
A
review of the evolution of survey-based research on interpreting quality using two models by Franz Pöchhacker
1
A01
Macarena Pradas Macías
Pradas Macías, Macarena
Macarena
Pradas Macías
University of Granada
20
evaluation
20
expectations
20
Granada paradigm
20
implicit theories
20
quality
20
simultaneous interpreting
20
Skopos
20
survey-based studies
01
This chapter focuses on interpreting quality research, one of the many topics studied by Franz Pöchhacker. First, two of his models will serve as tools for analysing the conditioning factors which have been addressed in this field. It is shown how individual research and broader project and research team contributions have yielded new insights by introducing innovative research methods in expectation and evaluation studies. More recently, quality research has incorporated interdisciplinary perspectives to explore the factors that condition evaluators’ perceptions. After discussing some key studies in this regard, the chapter describes a research project which applies implicit theories to reveal the impact of the receiver’s perspective on his or her evaluation of a given interpretation.
10
01
JB code
btl.160.p3
Section header
8
01
Public service interpreting
10
01
JB code
btl.160.05aha
92
107
16
Chapter
9
01
“Is there anybody out there?” – “It’s happening, it’s out there. A lot is going on”
Franz Pöchhacker’s contribution to increasing the visibility of community interpreting in theory and practice
1
A01
Vera Ahamer
Ahamer, Vera
Vera
Ahamer
University of Vienna
2
A01
Mascha Dabić
Dabić, Mascha
Mascha
Dabić
University of Vienna
20
community interpreting
20
empowerment
20
language policies
20
lay interpreters
20
migration policies
20
political discourse
20
power relations
20
professionalisation process
20
science communication
20
translation policies
01
Franz Pöchhacker is one of the most prominent scholars to address the importance of non-professional interpreting and community interpreting. Not only did he identify interpreting services for socially vulnerable and underserved groups of clients as an object of study, he also contributed to raising a general awareness of the significance of interpreting when it comes to granting access to services in institutional settings. He was one of the first to link the question of interpreting to the issue of linguistic social rights, and to advance professionalisation in this field, linking it to academic research. In this article, Franz Pöchhacker’s contribution to the visibility of community interpreting in research and practice will be highlighted with a focus on Austria.
10
01
JB code
btl.160.06pym
108
125
18
Chapter
10
01
Non-standard court interpreting as risk management
1
A01
Anthony Pym
Pym, Anthony
Anthony
Pym
Universitat Rovira i Virgili
2
A01
Judith Raigal-Aran
Raigal-Aran, Judith
Judith
Raigal-Aran
Universitat Rovira i Virgili
3
A01
Carmen Bestué Salinas
Salinas, Carmen Bestué
Carmen Bestué
Salinas
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
20
court interpreting
20
ethics of interpreting
20
non-standard interpreting
20
risk management
20
trust
01
Most codes of ethics stipulate that court interpreters should give verbatim renditions, should not have side conversations with the witness or the defendant, and should use the alien-I. However, when we find these maxims flouted by outsourced interpreters working in trials in Barcelona, the observed practices may be considered non-standard and yet constitute an expected and even accepted social practice. Here we attempt to understand why interpreters sometimes abandon all illusion of equivalence, why side conversations occur in certain hearings, and why interpreters sometimes speak in their own voice, becoming direct participants in discursive exchanges. Risk analysis enables us to model ways in which these practices can ensure that cooperation is achieved and time is not wasted. In one case study, side conversations between the defendant and the interpreter serve to inform the defendant of the possible consequences of a plea. Such a practice nevertheless requires that the officers of the court trust interpreters to exceptionally high degrees. In a second case study, disagreements between the judge and the interpreter, technically over issues of translation equivalence, lead to distrust in the interpreter to the point where cooperation becomes impossible. In this instance, a non-standard practice that might be efficient elsewhere leads to communicative failure. It is thus found that non-standard interpreting can be efficient when the participants’ risk-management strategies are aligned and trust is operative; on the other hand, it can also convert trivial differences into high-stakes disputes that throw risk-management strategies out of alignment.
10
01
JB code
btl.160.07kol
126
146
21
Chapter
11
01
Women as interpreters in colonial New Netherland
A microhistorical study of Sara Kierstede
1
A01
Waltraud Kolb
Kolb, Waltraud
Waltraud
Kolb
University of Vienna
2
A01
Sonja Pöllabauer
Pöllabauer, Sonja
Sonja
Pöllabauer
University of Vienna
20
colonial interpreting
20
Dutch colonial history
20
female agency
20
microhistory
20
Sara Kierstede
20
translation history
20
translator biography
01
This contribution presents a case study of Sara Kierstede (aka Roelof, Van Borsum, Stouthoff), a Dutch-speaking New Netherland settler and 17th-century interpreter who was proficient in Dutch and Native American languages and served as interpreter in a male-dominated colonial environment in settings that today would be labeled as public service interpreting (PSI) or, in some instances, diplomatic interpreting. Following a microhistorical approach, rooted in Translator Studies, we discuss the agency and positioning of Kierstede as one of the few female interpreters in a multilingual colonial contact zone. We use different historical and secondary sources and reinterpret them from a translatological perspective to explore Kierstede’s interactions and relations with other stakeholders as linguistic go-between and official provincial interpreter in Dutch colonial encounters and her role as an influential woman and cultural mediator in the self-contained network of relationships that characterised Dutch colonial society in New Amsterdam.
10
01
JB code
btl.160.p4
Section header
12
01
Interpreting as a profession
10
01
JB code
btl.160.08grb
148
167
20
Chapter
13
01
Who is an interpreter?
Introducing a flexible map of translation and interpreting phenomena
1
A01
Nadja Grbić
Grbić, Nadja
Nadja
Grbić
University of Graz
20
categories
20
categorisation
20
classification
20
interpreting
20
non-professional translation/interpreting
20
professional translation/interpreting
20
translation
20
typology
01
Although so-called ‘non-professionals’ are no longer instrumentalised in research solely in order to compare and contrast them with ‘professionals’, this does little to change the lasting perception of two clearly demarcated categories. Such a differentiation may be meaningful in some contexts, but it often over-simplifies and certainly perpetuates a hierarchical order. In my contribution, I will present an alternative, flexible typology in the form of a map that tries to take into account the multifaceted variety of interpreting and translation phenomena that we encounter in social practice. This typology is based on the empirical insight that a binary differentiation between ‘professional’ and ‘non-professional’ translation or interpreting is not always sufficient to capture adequately the complexity of empirical practice.
10
01
JB code
btl.160.09kad
168
193
26
Chapter
14
01
Interpreting in a project network
Dependencies and interpreters’ multidimensional alignment
1
A01
Mira Kadric
Kadric, Mira
Mira
Kadric
University of Vienna
2
A01
Katia Iacono
Iacono, Katia
Katia
Iacono
University of Vienna
20
dependencies
20
interaction management
20
interpreters in project networks
20
multidimensional interpreter alignment
20
self-referential management
01
This contribution analyses the action space of an interpreter in a project network consisting of five professionals, who travelled to Catania/Sicily on behalf of an Austrian broadcaster to interview different police and judicial authorities for a series of documentaries about white-collar crime in various European countries. The analysis was conducted with multiple methods – observation, ethnographic analysis of the interpreted communication and a retrospective interview with the interpreter – as discussed in Pöchhacker (2011a: 21). It shows different interdependences in the project network, which evolve within the structure of the project and continuously influence the strategies adopted by all the participants, including the interpreter, as their input and output are closely interconnected.
10
01
JB code
btl.160.p5
Section header
15
01
Interpreter education
10
01
JB code
btl.160.10and
196
213
18
Chapter
16
01
‘The times they are a-changin’
Competency-based conference interpreter training and the role of situational intelligence and adaptive expertise
1
A01
Dörte Andres
Andres, Dörte
Dörte
Andres
University of Mainz
20
adaptive expertise
20
competence-based training
20
interpreter training
20
knowledge
20
preparation
20
problem-based learning
20
routine expertise
20
situational intelligence
01
Today’s interpreter training methods have largely been developed towards the end of the 20th century, and we must ask ourselves whether they still meet the requirements of today’s markets and how we can constantly adapt our training to meet new challenges and circumstances. To this end, the intensive linkage of research, training and practice is of fundamental importance in order to guarantee the type of professional training which enables students to learn the specific competencies required for professional practice. This paper first discusses competencies in general before turning to interpreting competencies in particular. It then focusses on one example, the competency of preparation, which might become ever more important in the future and thus warrants more attention in interpreter training. The scientific starting point is the general competency model of Kouwenhoven (2009). It serves as the basis for the Interpreting Studies view of preparation competency which will be examined from the perspective of situational intelligence (Jonnaert et al. 2007: 196). Although preparation is a topic of discussion in Interpreting Studies publications, it is argued here that it needs to be more intensively integrated into regular conference interpreter training courses than has been the case in the past. After all, it plays an essential role in situational intelligence, which constitutes an important factor in competency-based interpreter training. Using two special training formats, the “Freitagskonferenz” at the Department of Translation, Language and Cultural Studies in Germersheim, and “SIMinar” at the Center for Translation Studies in Vienna, which was introduced there by Franz Pöchhacker, it will be shown how useful these special training formats are in terms of improving this important competency and how significant they are in promoting situational intelligence and thereby facilitating the shift from routine expertise to adaptive expertise, which in our changing times has become more necessary than ever before.
10
01
JB code
btl.160.11beh
214
233
20
Chapter
17
01
Systemic modelling
A new approach to Interpreting Studies teaching and research
1
A01
Martina Behr
Behr, Martina
Martina
Behr
University of Innsbruck
20
complexity
20
interconnectedness
20
Interpreting Studies
20
system dynamics modelling
20
training
01
This article explains how systems theory can be used for a profound understanding of the phenomenon of interpreting. An online tool based on systems theory for the analysis and simulation of complex situations and processes was used in class for training students on how to do research in Interpreting Studies. It was found that such an approach helps to better understand and reflect the complexity of interpreting and to familiarise the students with research on interpreting. Moreover, this approach seems to be promising for interpreting research as a whole. Such a tool could be beneficial for structuring, fostering and performing interpreting research if an online model of interpreting is created jointly by the interpreting research community.
10
01
JB code
btl.160.p6
Section header
18
01
Interpreting and ‘new’ media
10
01
JB code
btl.160.12rom
236
253
18
Chapter
19
01
Interpreting for access
The long road to recognition
1
A01
Pablo Romero-Fresco
Romero-Fresco, Pablo
Pablo
Romero-Fresco
Universidade de Vigo/GALMA
20
accessibility
20
accuracy
20
interpreting
20
NER model
20
NTR model
20
quality
20
respeaking
20
speech-to-text interpreting
20
subtitling
20
translation
01
Whereas prototypical conceptions of translation and interpreting as two separate and distinct entities are still being upheld in different contexts, the professional reality shows a less clear-cut picture, where the boundaries between translation, interpreting and accessibility are increasingly blurring. A case in point is Speech-To-Text Interpreting (STTI), which allows the production of written access to live events or programmes for people with and without hearing loss. This paper introduces STTI for readers who may not be familiar with it and addresses the quality of its final product and its recognition at the European Union and the ISO normalisation committees. The article ends on a personal note dedicated to Franz Pöchhacker, whose work is fundamental to support STTI as a new form of communication that can help bring down barriers.
10
01
JB code
btl.160.13sal
254
276
23
Chapter
20
01
Are interpreters and interpreting technology ready for the post-Covid era?
1
A01
Heidi Salaets
Salaets, Heidi
Heidi
Salaets
University of Leuven
2
A01
Katalin Balogh
Balogh, Katalin
Katalin
Balogh
University of Leuven
20
(in)visibility, cognitive load
20
conference interpreting
20
dialogue interpreting
20
interpreting technology
20
interpreting technology research
20
interpreting technology training
20
sign language interpreting (SLI)
20
terminology
01
From its onset in early 2020, the Covid-19 (hereafter Covid) crisis has uncovered both the insecurity about new technologies and their flexibility. In this chapter, we will attempt to provide a non-exhaustive map of the field of interpreting technology in different settings, of research on these new technologies and research using them. Tools and resources that enhance an interpreter’s performance will also be discussed as part of technological evolution, while the final question to be answered is whether “interpreters [can] survive in an AI-dominated world” (Downie 2020). This contribution wants to be a call to do more large-scale research and to inform future interpreters better about technological development and opportunities in the classroom.
10
01
JB code
btl.160.p7
Section header
21
01
Afterword
10
01
JB code
btl.160.14sne
278
282
5
Chapter
22
01
Hidden scenes behind a meteoric career
1
A01
Mary Snell-Hornby
Snell-Hornby, Mary
Mary
Snell-Hornby
University of Vienna
10
01
JB code
btl.160.index
283
287
5
Miscellaneous
23
01
Index
02
JBENJAMINS
John Benjamins Publishing Company
01
John Benjamins Publishing Company
Amsterdam/Philadelphia
NL
04
20230414
2023
John Benjamins B.V.
02
WORLD
13
15
9789027213464
01
JB
3
John Benjamins e-Platform
03
jbe-platform.com
09
WORLD
21
01
00
99.00
EUR
R
01
00
83.00
GBP
Z
01
gen
00
149.00
USD
S
179027670
03
01
01
JB
John Benjamins Publishing Company
01
JB code
BTL 160 Hb
15
9789027213464
13
2022059246
BB
01
BTL
02
0929-7316
Benjamins Translation Library
160
01
Introducing New Hypertexts on Interpreting (Studies)
A tribute to Franz Pöchhacker
01
btl.160
01
https://benjamins.com
02
https://benjamins.com/catalog/btl.160
1
B01
Cornelia Zwischenberger
Zwischenberger, Cornelia
Cornelia
Zwischenberger
University of Vienna
2
B01
Karin Reithofer
Reithofer, Karin
Karin
Reithofer
University of Vienna
3
B01
Sylvi Rennert
Rennert, Sylvi
Sylvi
Rennert
University of Vienna
01
eng
293
vi
287
LAN023000
v.2006
CFP
2
24
JB Subject Scheme
TRAN.INTERP
Interpreting
24
JB Subject Scheme
TRAN.TRANSL
Translation Studies
06
01
The contributions in this volume are a reflection of the entire range of Interpreting Studies, from explorations of research methodology and interpreting quality research to public service interpreting today and in the past, risk management strategies in court interpreting, and the interdependencies of interpreters in project networks. They address questions such as who can be called an interpreter, present new approaches to interpreter education, and discuss advances in technology, both in terms of speech-to-text interpreting and the changes that the Covid-19 pandemic has brought to the lives of interpreters.<br />The breadth of this volume’s topics reflects the oeuvre of Franz Pöchhacker, who has left his mark on Interpreting Studies over more than three decades. This tribute not only reflects the many strands of his work, but also offers new research and insights by established scholars and young researchers in the ever growing field of Interpreting Studies.
04
09
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https://benjamins.com/covers/475/btl.160.png
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10
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1
20
20
Chapter
2
01
Introducing new hypertexts on Interpreting (Studies)
1
A01
Cornelia Zwischenberger
Zwischenberger, Cornelia
Cornelia
Zwischenberger
University of Vienna
2
A01
Karin Reithofer
Reithofer, Karin
Karin
Reithofer
University of Vienna
3
A01
Sylvi Rennert
Rennert, Sylvi
Sylvi
Rennert
University of Vienna
10
01
JB code
btl.160.p1
Section header
3
01
Methods and methodologies
10
01
JB code
btl.160.02nap
22
43
22
Chapter
4
01
Exploring mixed methods in interpreting research
An example from a series of studies on court interpreting
1
A01
Jemina Napier
Napier, Jemina
Jemina
Napier
Heriot-Watt University
2
A01
Sandra Hale
Hale, Sandra
Sandra
Hale
Scotland and University of New South Wales
20
court interpreting
20
deaf jurors
20
mixed methods
20
research methods
20
sign language interpreters
01
Much of the research into community interpreting has used different methodologies in order to test or explore the same phenomena from different perspectives (Hale and Napier 2013). This approach is typically referred to as mixed-methods or multi-method research. Pöchhacker (2011) considers that the use of mixed methods in interpreting research is appropriate in order to account for the complexity of interpreting processes and practices. This chapter presents an overview of interpreting research methodologies and explores the meaning of mixed methods. It then discusses a mixed-methods, longitudinal multi-stage project comprising a series of studies conducted by the authors that investigated the feasibility of deaf signers serving as jurors using professional sign language interpreting services. By showcasing our own studies and why these interlinked projects employed mixed methods, we highlight the benefits of exploring various approaches to interpreting research generally.
10
01
JB code
btl.160.03liu
44
65
22
Chapter
5
01
User expectations research revisited
Methodological considerations
1
A01
Minhua Liu
Liu, Minhua
Minhua
Liu
Hong Kong Baptist University
20
construct validity
20
quality criteria
20
survey
20
user expectations
20
user research
01
Survey-based user expectations research is an important line of research on quality in the domain of simultaneous conference interpreting. Its methodology has often been criticised for a lack of rigour. However, few have treated methodology as the focus of their discussion. In this chapter, a comprehensive overview of the methodological issues of survey-based user expectations research is provided, with topics covering the construct, criteria, instrument, response format, levels of measurement, measures of central tendency, and sampling. As an illustration for the methodology under discussion, the results of the classic study by Bühler (1986) are reanalysed by using different measures of central tendency. The chapter concludes with a discussion on the importance of incorporating users’ actual experience to make user-related research on interpreting more relevant.
10
01
JB code
btl.160.p2
Section header
6
01
Quality in (simultaneous) interpreting
10
01
JB code
btl.160.04pra
68
89
22
Chapter
7
01
A review of the evolution of survey-based research on interpreting quality using two models by Franz Pöchhacker
A
review of the evolution of survey-based research on interpreting quality using two models by Franz Pöchhacker
1
A01
Macarena Pradas Macías
Pradas Macías, Macarena
Macarena
Pradas Macías
University of Granada
20
evaluation
20
expectations
20
Granada paradigm
20
implicit theories
20
quality
20
simultaneous interpreting
20
Skopos
20
survey-based studies
01
This chapter focuses on interpreting quality research, one of the many topics studied by Franz Pöchhacker. First, two of his models will serve as tools for analysing the conditioning factors which have been addressed in this field. It is shown how individual research and broader project and research team contributions have yielded new insights by introducing innovative research methods in expectation and evaluation studies. More recently, quality research has incorporated interdisciplinary perspectives to explore the factors that condition evaluators’ perceptions. After discussing some key studies in this regard, the chapter describes a research project which applies implicit theories to reveal the impact of the receiver’s perspective on his or her evaluation of a given interpretation.
10
01
JB code
btl.160.p3
Section header
8
01
Public service interpreting
10
01
JB code
btl.160.05aha
92
107
16
Chapter
9
01
“Is there anybody out there?” – “It’s happening, it’s out there. A lot is going on”
Franz Pöchhacker’s contribution to increasing the visibility of community interpreting in theory and practice
1
A01
Vera Ahamer
Ahamer, Vera
Vera
Ahamer
University of Vienna
2
A01
Mascha Dabić
Dabić, Mascha
Mascha
Dabić
University of Vienna
20
community interpreting
20
empowerment
20
language policies
20
lay interpreters
20
migration policies
20
political discourse
20
power relations
20
professionalisation process
20
science communication
20
translation policies
01
Franz Pöchhacker is one of the most prominent scholars to address the importance of non-professional interpreting and community interpreting. Not only did he identify interpreting services for socially vulnerable and underserved groups of clients as an object of study, he also contributed to raising a general awareness of the significance of interpreting when it comes to granting access to services in institutional settings. He was one of the first to link the question of interpreting to the issue of linguistic social rights, and to advance professionalisation in this field, linking it to academic research. In this article, Franz Pöchhacker’s contribution to the visibility of community interpreting in research and practice will be highlighted with a focus on Austria.
10
01
JB code
btl.160.06pym
108
125
18
Chapter
10
01
Non-standard court interpreting as risk management
1
A01
Anthony Pym
Pym, Anthony
Anthony
Pym
Universitat Rovira i Virgili
2
A01
Judith Raigal-Aran
Raigal-Aran, Judith
Judith
Raigal-Aran
Universitat Rovira i Virgili
3
A01
Carmen Bestué Salinas
Salinas, Carmen Bestué
Carmen Bestué
Salinas
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
20
court interpreting
20
ethics of interpreting
20
non-standard interpreting
20
risk management
20
trust
01
Most codes of ethics stipulate that court interpreters should give verbatim renditions, should not have side conversations with the witness or the defendant, and should use the alien-I. However, when we find these maxims flouted by outsourced interpreters working in trials in Barcelona, the observed practices may be considered non-standard and yet constitute an expected and even accepted social practice. Here we attempt to understand why interpreters sometimes abandon all illusion of equivalence, why side conversations occur in certain hearings, and why interpreters sometimes speak in their own voice, becoming direct participants in discursive exchanges. Risk analysis enables us to model ways in which these practices can ensure that cooperation is achieved and time is not wasted. In one case study, side conversations between the defendant and the interpreter serve to inform the defendant of the possible consequences of a plea. Such a practice nevertheless requires that the officers of the court trust interpreters to exceptionally high degrees. In a second case study, disagreements between the judge and the interpreter, technically over issues of translation equivalence, lead to distrust in the interpreter to the point where cooperation becomes impossible. In this instance, a non-standard practice that might be efficient elsewhere leads to communicative failure. It is thus found that non-standard interpreting can be efficient when the participants’ risk-management strategies are aligned and trust is operative; on the other hand, it can also convert trivial differences into high-stakes disputes that throw risk-management strategies out of alignment.
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01
JB code
btl.160.07kol
126
146
21
Chapter
11
01
Women as interpreters in colonial New Netherland
A microhistorical study of Sara Kierstede
1
A01
Waltraud Kolb
Kolb, Waltraud
Waltraud
Kolb
University of Vienna
2
A01
Sonja Pöllabauer
Pöllabauer, Sonja
Sonja
Pöllabauer
University of Vienna
20
colonial interpreting
20
Dutch colonial history
20
female agency
20
microhistory
20
Sara Kierstede
20
translation history
20
translator biography
01
This contribution presents a case study of Sara Kierstede (aka Roelof, Van Borsum, Stouthoff), a Dutch-speaking New Netherland settler and 17th-century interpreter who was proficient in Dutch and Native American languages and served as interpreter in a male-dominated colonial environment in settings that today would be labeled as public service interpreting (PSI) or, in some instances, diplomatic interpreting. Following a microhistorical approach, rooted in Translator Studies, we discuss the agency and positioning of Kierstede as one of the few female interpreters in a multilingual colonial contact zone. We use different historical and secondary sources and reinterpret them from a translatological perspective to explore Kierstede’s interactions and relations with other stakeholders as linguistic go-between and official provincial interpreter in Dutch colonial encounters and her role as an influential woman and cultural mediator in the self-contained network of relationships that characterised Dutch colonial society in New Amsterdam.
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01
JB code
btl.160.p4
Section header
12
01
Interpreting as a profession
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01
JB code
btl.160.08grb
148
167
20
Chapter
13
01
Who is an interpreter?
Introducing a flexible map of translation and interpreting phenomena
1
A01
Nadja Grbić
Grbić, Nadja
Nadja
Grbić
University of Graz
20
categories
20
categorisation
20
classification
20
interpreting
20
non-professional translation/interpreting
20
professional translation/interpreting
20
translation
20
typology
01
Although so-called ‘non-professionals’ are no longer instrumentalised in research solely in order to compare and contrast them with ‘professionals’, this does little to change the lasting perception of two clearly demarcated categories. Such a differentiation may be meaningful in some contexts, but it often over-simplifies and certainly perpetuates a hierarchical order. In my contribution, I will present an alternative, flexible typology in the form of a map that tries to take into account the multifaceted variety of interpreting and translation phenomena that we encounter in social practice. This typology is based on the empirical insight that a binary differentiation between ‘professional’ and ‘non-professional’ translation or interpreting is not always sufficient to capture adequately the complexity of empirical practice.
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01
JB code
btl.160.09kad
168
193
26
Chapter
14
01
Interpreting in a project network
Dependencies and interpreters’ multidimensional alignment
1
A01
Mira Kadric
Kadric, Mira
Mira
Kadric
University of Vienna
2
A01
Katia Iacono
Iacono, Katia
Katia
Iacono
University of Vienna
20
dependencies
20
interaction management
20
interpreters in project networks
20
multidimensional interpreter alignment
20
self-referential management
01
This contribution analyses the action space of an interpreter in a project network consisting of five professionals, who travelled to Catania/Sicily on behalf of an Austrian broadcaster to interview different police and judicial authorities for a series of documentaries about white-collar crime in various European countries. The analysis was conducted with multiple methods – observation, ethnographic analysis of the interpreted communication and a retrospective interview with the interpreter – as discussed in Pöchhacker (2011a: 21). It shows different interdependences in the project network, which evolve within the structure of the project and continuously influence the strategies adopted by all the participants, including the interpreter, as their input and output are closely interconnected.
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01
JB code
btl.160.p5
Section header
15
01
Interpreter education
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01
JB code
btl.160.10and
196
213
18
Chapter
16
01
‘The times they are a-changin’
Competency-based conference interpreter training and the role of situational intelligence and adaptive expertise
1
A01
Dörte Andres
Andres, Dörte
Dörte
Andres
University of Mainz
20
adaptive expertise
20
competence-based training
20
interpreter training
20
knowledge
20
preparation
20
problem-based learning
20
routine expertise
20
situational intelligence
01
Today’s interpreter training methods have largely been developed towards the end of the 20th century, and we must ask ourselves whether they still meet the requirements of today’s markets and how we can constantly adapt our training to meet new challenges and circumstances. To this end, the intensive linkage of research, training and practice is of fundamental importance in order to guarantee the type of professional training which enables students to learn the specific competencies required for professional practice. This paper first discusses competencies in general before turning to interpreting competencies in particular. It then focusses on one example, the competency of preparation, which might become ever more important in the future and thus warrants more attention in interpreter training. The scientific starting point is the general competency model of Kouwenhoven (2009). It serves as the basis for the Interpreting Studies view of preparation competency which will be examined from the perspective of situational intelligence (Jonnaert et al. 2007: 196). Although preparation is a topic of discussion in Interpreting Studies publications, it is argued here that it needs to be more intensively integrated into regular conference interpreter training courses than has been the case in the past. After all, it plays an essential role in situational intelligence, which constitutes an important factor in competency-based interpreter training. Using two special training formats, the “Freitagskonferenz” at the Department of Translation, Language and Cultural Studies in Germersheim, and “SIMinar” at the Center for Translation Studies in Vienna, which was introduced there by Franz Pöchhacker, it will be shown how useful these special training formats are in terms of improving this important competency and how significant they are in promoting situational intelligence and thereby facilitating the shift from routine expertise to adaptive expertise, which in our changing times has become more necessary than ever before.
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01
JB code
btl.160.11beh
214
233
20
Chapter
17
01
Systemic modelling
A new approach to Interpreting Studies teaching and research
1
A01
Martina Behr
Behr, Martina
Martina
Behr
University of Innsbruck
20
complexity
20
interconnectedness
20
Interpreting Studies
20
system dynamics modelling
20
training
01
This article explains how systems theory can be used for a profound understanding of the phenomenon of interpreting. An online tool based on systems theory for the analysis and simulation of complex situations and processes was used in class for training students on how to do research in Interpreting Studies. It was found that such an approach helps to better understand and reflect the complexity of interpreting and to familiarise the students with research on interpreting. Moreover, this approach seems to be promising for interpreting research as a whole. Such a tool could be beneficial for structuring, fostering and performing interpreting research if an online model of interpreting is created jointly by the interpreting research community.
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JB code
btl.160.p6
Section header
18
01
Interpreting and ‘new’ media
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01
JB code
btl.160.12rom
236
253
18
Chapter
19
01
Interpreting for access
The long road to recognition
1
A01
Pablo Romero-Fresco
Romero-Fresco, Pablo
Pablo
Romero-Fresco
Universidade de Vigo/GALMA
20
accessibility
20
accuracy
20
interpreting
20
NER model
20
NTR model
20
quality
20
respeaking
20
speech-to-text interpreting
20
subtitling
20
translation
01
Whereas prototypical conceptions of translation and interpreting as two separate and distinct entities are still being upheld in different contexts, the professional reality shows a less clear-cut picture, where the boundaries between translation, interpreting and accessibility are increasingly blurring. A case in point is Speech-To-Text Interpreting (STTI), which allows the production of written access to live events or programmes for people with and without hearing loss. This paper introduces STTI for readers who may not be familiar with it and addresses the quality of its final product and its recognition at the European Union and the ISO normalisation committees. The article ends on a personal note dedicated to Franz Pöchhacker, whose work is fundamental to support STTI as a new form of communication that can help bring down barriers.
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01
JB code
btl.160.13sal
254
276
23
Chapter
20
01
Are interpreters and interpreting technology ready for the post-Covid era?
1
A01
Heidi Salaets
Salaets, Heidi
Heidi
Salaets
University of Leuven
2
A01
Katalin Balogh
Balogh, Katalin
Katalin
Balogh
University of Leuven
20
(in)visibility, cognitive load
20
conference interpreting
20
dialogue interpreting
20
interpreting technology
20
interpreting technology research
20
interpreting technology training
20
sign language interpreting (SLI)
20
terminology
01
From its onset in early 2020, the Covid-19 (hereafter Covid) crisis has uncovered both the insecurity about new technologies and their flexibility. In this chapter, we will attempt to provide a non-exhaustive map of the field of interpreting technology in different settings, of research on these new technologies and research using them. Tools and resources that enhance an interpreter’s performance will also be discussed as part of technological evolution, while the final question to be answered is whether “interpreters [can] survive in an AI-dominated world” (Downie 2020). This contribution wants to be a call to do more large-scale research and to inform future interpreters better about technological development and opportunities in the classroom.
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JB code
btl.160.p7
Section header
21
01
Afterword
10
01
JB code
btl.160.14sne
278
282
5
Chapter
22
01
Hidden scenes behind a meteoric career
1
A01
Mary Snell-Hornby
Snell-Hornby, Mary
Mary
Snell-Hornby
University of Vienna
10
01
JB code
btl.160.index
283
287
5
Miscellaneous
23
01
Index
02
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