825027671 03 01 01 JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code BTL 160 Eb 15 9789027253293 06 10.1075/btl.160 13 2022059247 DG 002 02 01 BTL 02 0929-7316 Benjamins Translation Library 160 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Introducing New Hypertexts on Interpreting (Studies)</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">A tribute to Franz Pöchhacker</Subtitle> 01 btl.160 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/btl.160 1 B01 Cornelia Zwischenberger Zwischenberger, Cornelia Cornelia Zwischenberger University of Vienna 2 B01 Karin Reithofer Reithofer, Karin Karin Reithofer University of Vienna 3 B01 Sylvi Rennert Rennert, Sylvi Sylvi Rennert University of Vienna 01 eng 293 vi 287 LAN023000 v.2006 CFP 2 24 JB Subject Scheme TRAN.INTERP Interpreting 24 JB Subject Scheme TRAN.TRANSL Translation Studies 06 01 The contributions in this volume are a reflection of the entire range of Interpreting Studies, from explorations of research methodology and interpreting quality research to public service interpreting today and in the past, risk management strategies in court interpreting, and the interdependencies of interpreters in project networks. They address questions such as who can be called an interpreter, present new approaches to interpreter education, and discuss advances in technology, both in terms of speech-to-text interpreting and the changes that the Covid-19 pandemic has brought to the lives of interpreters.<br />The breadth of this volume’s topics reflects the oeuvre of Franz Pöchhacker, who has left his mark on Interpreting Studies over more than three decades. This tribute not only reflects the many strands of his work, but also offers new research and insights by established scholars and young researchers in the ever growing field of Interpreting Studies. 04 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/btl.160.png 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027213464.jpg 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027213464.tif 06 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/btl.160.hb.png 07 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/btl.160.png 25 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/btl.160.hb.png 27 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/btl.160.hb.png 10 01 JB code btl.160.01zwi 1 20 20 Chapter 2 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Introducing new hypertexts on Interpreting (Studies)</TitleText> 1 A01 Cornelia Zwischenberger Zwischenberger, Cornelia Cornelia Zwischenberger University of Vienna 2 A01 Karin Reithofer Reithofer, Karin Karin Reithofer University of Vienna 3 A01 Sylvi Rennert Rennert, Sylvi Sylvi Rennert University of Vienna 10 01 JB code btl.160.p1 Section header 3 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Methods and methodologies</TitleText> 10 01 JB code btl.160.02nap 22 43 22 Chapter 4 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Exploring mixed methods in interpreting research</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">An example from a series of studies on court interpreting</Subtitle> 1 A01 Jemina Napier Napier, Jemina Jemina Napier Heriot-Watt University 2 A01 Sandra Hale Hale, Sandra Sandra Hale Scotland and University of New South Wales 20 court interpreting 20 deaf jurors 20 mixed methods 20 research methods 20 sign language interpreters 01 Much of the research into community interpreting has used different methodologies in order to test or explore the same phenomena from different perspectives (Hale and Napier 2013). This approach is typically referred to as mixed-methods or multi-method research. Pöchhacker (2011) considers that the use of mixed methods in interpreting research is appropriate in order to account for the complexity of interpreting processes and practices. This chapter presents an overview of interpreting research methodologies and explores the meaning of mixed methods. It then discusses a mixed-methods, longitudinal multi-stage project comprising a series of studies conducted by the authors that investigated the feasibility of deaf signers serving as jurors using professional sign language interpreting services. By showcasing our own studies and why these interlinked projects employed mixed methods, we highlight the benefits of exploring various approaches to interpreting research generally. 10 01 JB code btl.160.03liu 44 65 22 Chapter 5 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">User expectations research revisited</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Methodological considerations</Subtitle> 1 A01 Minhua Liu Liu, Minhua Minhua Liu Hong Kong Baptist University 20 construct validity 20 quality criteria 20 survey 20 user expectations 20 user research 01 Survey-based user expectations research is an important line of research on quality in the domain of simultaneous conference interpreting. Its methodology has often been criticised for a lack of rigour. However, few have treated methodology as the focus of their discussion. In this chapter, a comprehensive overview of the methodological issues of survey-based user expectations research is provided, with topics covering the construct, criteria, instrument, response format, levels of measurement, measures of central tendency, and sampling. As an illustration for the methodology under discussion, the results of the classic study by Bühler (1986) are reanalysed by using different measures of central tendency. The chapter concludes with a discussion on the importance of incorporating users’ actual experience to make user-related research on interpreting more relevant. 10 01 JB code btl.160.p2 Section header 6 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Quality in (simultaneous) interpreting</TitleText> 10 01 JB code btl.160.04pra 68 89 22 Chapter 7 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">A review of the evolution of survey-based research on interpreting quality using two models by Franz Pöchhacker</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>A </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">review of the evolution of survey-based research on interpreting quality using two models by Franz Pöchhacker</TitleWithoutPrefix> 1 A01 Macarena Pradas Macías Pradas Macías, Macarena Macarena Pradas Macías University of Granada 20 evaluation 20 expectations 20 Granada paradigm 20 implicit theories 20 quality 20 simultaneous interpreting 20 Skopos 20 survey-based studies 01 This chapter focuses on interpreting quality research, one of the many topics studied by Franz Pöchhacker. First, two of his models will serve as tools for analysing the conditioning factors which have been addressed in this field. It is shown how individual research and broader project and research team contributions have yielded new insights by introducing innovative research methods in expectation and evaluation studies. More recently, quality research has incorporated interdisciplinary perspectives to explore the factors that condition evaluators’ perceptions. After discussing some key studies in this regard, the chapter describes a research project which applies implicit theories to reveal the impact of the receiver’s perspective on his or her evaluation of a given interpretation. 10 01 JB code btl.160.p3 Section header 8 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Public service interpreting</TitleText> 10 01 JB code btl.160.05aha 92 107 16 Chapter 9 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">“Is there anybody out there?” – “It’s happening, it’s out there. A lot is going on”</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Franz Pöchhacker’s contribution to increasing the visibility of community interpreting in theory and practice</Subtitle> 1 A01 Vera Ahamer Ahamer, Vera Vera Ahamer University of Vienna 2 A01 Mascha Dabić Dabić, Mascha Mascha Dabić University of Vienna 20 community interpreting 20 empowerment 20 language policies 20 lay interpreters 20 migration policies 20 political discourse 20 power relations 20 professionalisation process 20 science communication 20 translation policies 01 Franz Pöchhacker is one of the most prominent scholars to address the importance of non-professional interpreting and community interpreting. Not only did he identify interpreting services for socially vulnerable and underserved groups of clients as an object of study, he also contributed to raising a general awareness of the significance of interpreting when it comes to granting access to services in institutional settings. He was one of the first to link the question of interpreting to the issue of linguistic social rights, and to advance professionalisation in this field, linking it to academic research. In this article, Franz Pöchhacker’s contribution to the visibility of community interpreting in research and practice will be highlighted with a focus on Austria. 10 01 JB code btl.160.06pym 108 125 18 Chapter 10 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Non-standard court interpreting as risk management</TitleText> 1 A01 Anthony Pym Pym, Anthony Anthony Pym Universitat Rovira i Virgili 2 A01 Judith Raigal-Aran Raigal-Aran, Judith Judith Raigal-Aran Universitat Rovira i Virgili 3 A01 Carmen Bestué Salinas Salinas, Carmen Bestué Carmen Bestué Salinas Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona 20 court interpreting 20 ethics of interpreting 20 non-standard interpreting 20 risk management 20 trust 01 Most codes of ethics stipulate that court interpreters should give verbatim renditions, should not have side conversations with the witness or the defendant, and should use the alien-I. However, when we find these maxims flouted by outsourced interpreters working in trials in Barcelona, the observed practices may be considered non-standard and yet constitute an expected and even accepted social practice. Here we attempt to understand why interpreters sometimes abandon all illusion of equivalence, why side conversations occur in certain hearings, and why interpreters sometimes speak in their own voice, becoming direct participants in discursive exchanges. Risk analysis enables us to model ways in which these practices can ensure that cooperation is achieved and time is not wasted. In one case study, side conversations between the defendant and the interpreter serve to inform the defendant of the possible consequences of a plea. Such a practice nevertheless requires that the officers of the court trust interpreters to exceptionally high degrees. In a second case study, disagreements between the judge and the interpreter, technically over issues of translation equivalence, lead to distrust in the interpreter to the point where cooperation becomes impossible. In this instance, a non-standard practice that might be efficient elsewhere leads to communicative failure. It is thus found that non-standard interpreting can be efficient when the participants’ risk-management strategies are aligned and trust is operative; on the other hand, it can also convert trivial differences into high-stakes disputes that throw risk-management strategies out of alignment. 10 01 JB code btl.160.07kol 126 146 21 Chapter 11 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Women as interpreters in colonial New Netherland</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">A microhistorical study of Sara Kierstede</Subtitle> 1 A01 Waltraud Kolb Kolb, Waltraud Waltraud Kolb University of Vienna 2 A01 Sonja Pöllabauer Pöllabauer, Sonja Sonja Pöllabauer University of Vienna 20 colonial interpreting 20 Dutch colonial history 20 female agency 20 microhistory 20 Sara Kierstede 20 translation history 20 translator biography 01 This contribution presents a case study of Sara Kierstede (aka Roelof, Van Borsum, Stouthoff), a Dutch-speaking New Netherland settler and 17th-century interpreter who was proficient in Dutch and Native American languages and served as interpreter in a male-dominated colonial environment in settings that today would be labeled as public service interpreting (PSI) or, in some instances, diplomatic interpreting. Following a microhistorical approach, rooted in Translator Studies, we discuss the agency and positioning of Kierstede as one of the few female interpreters in a multilingual colonial contact zone. We use different historical and secondary sources and reinterpret them from a translatological perspective to explore Kierstede’s interactions and relations with other stakeholders as linguistic go-between and official provincial interpreter in Dutch colonial encounters and her role as an influential woman and cultural mediator in the self-contained network of relationships that characterised Dutch colonial society in New Amsterdam. 10 01 JB code btl.160.p4 Section header 12 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Interpreting as a profession</TitleText> 10 01 JB code btl.160.08grb 148 167 20 Chapter 13 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Who is an interpreter?</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Introducing a flexible map of translation and interpreting phenomena</Subtitle> 1 A01 Nadja Grbić Grbić, Nadja Nadja Grbić University of Graz 20 categories 20 categorisation 20 classification 20 interpreting 20 non-professional translation/interpreting 20 professional translation/interpreting 20 translation 20 typology 01 Although so-called ‘non-professionals’ are no longer instrumentalised in research solely in order to compare and contrast them with ‘professionals’, this does little to change the lasting perception of two clearly demarcated categories. Such a differentiation may be meaningful in some contexts, but it often over-simplifies and certainly perpetuates a hierarchical order. In my contribution, I will present an alternative, flexible typology in the form of a map that tries to take into account the multifaceted variety of interpreting and translation phenomena that we encounter in social practice. This typology is based on the empirical insight that a binary differentiation between ‘professional’ and ‘non-professional’ translation or interpreting is not always sufficient to capture adequately the complexity of empirical practice. 10 01 JB code btl.160.09kad 168 193 26 Chapter 14 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Interpreting in a project network</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Dependencies and interpreters’ multidimensional alignment</Subtitle> 1 A01 Mira Kadric Kadric, Mira Mira Kadric University of Vienna 2 A01 Katia Iacono Iacono, Katia Katia Iacono University of Vienna 20 dependencies 20 interaction management 20 interpreters in project networks 20 multidimensional interpreter alignment 20 self-referential management 01 This contribution analyses the action space of an interpreter in a project network consisting of five professionals, who travelled to Catania/Sicily on behalf of an Austrian broadcaster to interview different police and judicial authorities for a series of documentaries about white-collar crime in various European countries. The analysis was conducted with multiple methods – observation, ethnographic analysis of the interpreted communication and a retrospective interview with the interpreter – as discussed in Pöchhacker (2011a: 21). It shows different interdependences in the project network, which evolve within the structure of the project and continuously influence the strategies adopted by all the participants, including the interpreter, as their input and output are closely interconnected. 10 01 JB code btl.160.p5 Section header 15 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Interpreter education</TitleText> 10 01 JB code btl.160.10and 196 213 18 Chapter 16 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">‘The times they are a-changin’</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Competency-based conference interpreter training and the role of situational intelligence and adaptive expertise</Subtitle> 1 A01 Dörte Andres Andres, Dörte Dörte Andres University of Mainz 20 adaptive expertise 20 competence-based training 20 interpreter training 20 knowledge 20 preparation 20 problem-based learning 20 routine expertise 20 situational intelligence 01 Today’s interpreter training methods have largely been developed towards the end of the 20th century, and we must ask ourselves whether they still meet the requirements of today’s markets and how we can constantly adapt our training to meet new challenges and circumstances. To this end, the intensive linkage of research, training and practice is of fundamental importance in order to guarantee the type of professional training which enables students to learn the specific competencies required for professional practice. This paper first discusses competencies in general before turning to interpreting competencies in particular. It then focusses on one example, the competency of preparation, which might become ever more important in the future and thus warrants more attention in interpreter training. The scientific starting point is the general competency model of Kouwenhoven (2009). It serves as the basis for the Interpreting Studies view of preparation competency which will be examined from the perspective of situational intelligence (Jonnaert et al. 2007: 196). Although preparation is a topic of discussion in Interpreting Studies publications, it is argued here that it needs to be more intensively integrated into regular conference interpreter training courses than has been the case in the past. After all, it plays an essential role in situational intelligence, which constitutes an important factor in competency-based interpreter training. Using two special training formats, the “Freitagskonferenz” at the Department of Translation, Language and Cultural Studies in Germersheim, and “SIMinar” at the Center for Translation Studies in Vienna, which was introduced there by Franz Pöchhacker, it will be shown how useful these special training formats are in terms of improving this important competency and how significant they are in promoting situational intelligence and thereby facilitating the shift from routine expertise to adaptive expertise, which in our changing times has become more necessary than ever before. 10 01 JB code btl.160.11beh 214 233 20 Chapter 17 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Systemic modelling</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">A new approach to Interpreting Studies teaching and research</Subtitle> 1 A01 Martina Behr Behr, Martina Martina Behr University of Innsbruck 20 complexity 20 interconnectedness 20 Interpreting Studies 20 system dynamics modelling 20 training 01 This article explains how systems theory can be used for a profound understanding of the phenomenon of interpreting. An online tool based on systems theory for the analysis and simulation of complex situations and processes was used in class for training students on how to do research in Interpreting Studies. It was found that such an approach helps to better understand and reflect the complexity of interpreting and to familiarise the students with research on interpreting. Moreover, this approach seems to be promising for interpreting research as a whole. Such a tool could be beneficial for structuring, fostering and performing interpreting research if an online model of interpreting is created jointly by the interpreting research community. 10 01 JB code btl.160.p6 Section header 18 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Interpreting and ‘new’ media</TitleText> 10 01 JB code btl.160.12rom 236 253 18 Chapter 19 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Interpreting for access</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">The long road to recognition</Subtitle> 1 A01 Pablo Romero-Fresco Romero-Fresco, Pablo Pablo Romero-Fresco Universidade de Vigo/GALMA 20 accessibility 20 accuracy 20 interpreting 20 NER model 20 NTR model 20 quality 20 respeaking 20 speech-to-text interpreting 20 subtitling 20 translation 01 Whereas prototypical conceptions of translation and interpreting as two separate and distinct entities are still being upheld in different contexts, the professional reality shows a less clear-cut picture, where the boundaries between translation, interpreting and accessibility are increasingly blurring. A case in point is Speech-To-Text Interpreting (STTI), which allows the production of written access to live events or programmes for people with and without hearing loss. This paper introduces STTI for readers who may not be familiar with it and addresses the quality of its final product and its recognition at the European Union and the ISO normalisation committees. The article ends on a personal note dedicated to Franz Pöchhacker, whose work is fundamental to support STTI as a new form of communication that can help bring down barriers. 10 01 JB code btl.160.13sal 254 276 23 Chapter 20 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Are interpreters and interpreting technology ready for the post-Covid era?</TitleText> 1 A01 Heidi Salaets Salaets, Heidi Heidi Salaets University of Leuven 2 A01 Katalin Balogh Balogh, Katalin Katalin Balogh University of Leuven 20 (in)visibility, cognitive load 20 conference interpreting 20 dialogue interpreting 20 interpreting technology 20 interpreting technology research 20 interpreting technology training 20 sign language interpreting (SLI) 20 terminology 01 From its onset in early 2020, the Covid-19 (hereafter Covid) crisis has uncovered both the insecurity about new technologies and their flexibility. In this chapter, we will attempt to provide a non-exhaustive map of the field of interpreting technology in different settings, of research on these new technologies and research using them. Tools and resources that enhance an interpreter’s performance will also be discussed as part of technological evolution, while the final question to be answered is whether “interpreters [can] survive in an AI-dominated world” (Downie 2020). This contribution wants to be a call to do more large-scale research and to inform future interpreters better about technological development and opportunities in the classroom. 10 01 JB code btl.160.p7 Section header 21 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Afterword</TitleText> 10 01 JB code btl.160.14sne 278 282 5 Chapter 22 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Hidden scenes behind a meteoric career</TitleText> 1 A01 Mary Snell-Hornby Snell-Hornby, Mary Mary Snell-Hornby University of Vienna 10 01 JB code btl.160.index 283 287 5 Miscellaneous 23 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Index</TitleText> 02 JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam/Philadelphia NL 04 20230414 2023 John Benjamins B.V. 02 WORLD 13 15 9789027213464 01 JB 3 John Benjamins e-Platform 03 jbe-platform.com 09 WORLD 21 01 00 99.00 EUR R 01 00 83.00 GBP Z 01 gen 00 149.00 USD S 179027670 03 01 01 JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code BTL 160 Hb 15 9789027213464 13 2022059246 BB 01 BTL 02 0929-7316 Benjamins Translation Library 160 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Introducing New Hypertexts on Interpreting (Studies)</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">A tribute to Franz Pöchhacker</Subtitle> 01 btl.160 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/btl.160 1 B01 Cornelia Zwischenberger Zwischenberger, Cornelia Cornelia Zwischenberger University of Vienna 2 B01 Karin Reithofer Reithofer, Karin Karin Reithofer University of Vienna 3 B01 Sylvi Rennert Rennert, Sylvi Sylvi Rennert University of Vienna 01 eng 293 vi 287 LAN023000 v.2006 CFP 2 24 JB Subject Scheme TRAN.INTERP Interpreting 24 JB Subject Scheme TRAN.TRANSL Translation Studies 06 01 The contributions in this volume are a reflection of the entire range of Interpreting Studies, from explorations of research methodology and interpreting quality research to public service interpreting today and in the past, risk management strategies in court interpreting, and the interdependencies of interpreters in project networks. They address questions such as who can be called an interpreter, present new approaches to interpreter education, and discuss advances in technology, both in terms of speech-to-text interpreting and the changes that the Covid-19 pandemic has brought to the lives of interpreters.<br />The breadth of this volume’s topics reflects the oeuvre of Franz Pöchhacker, who has left his mark on Interpreting Studies over more than three decades. This tribute not only reflects the many strands of his work, but also offers new research and insights by established scholars and young researchers in the ever growing field of Interpreting Studies. 04 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/btl.160.png 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027213464.jpg 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027213464.tif 06 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/btl.160.hb.png 07 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/btl.160.png 25 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/btl.160.hb.png 27 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/btl.160.hb.png 10 01 JB code btl.160.01zwi 1 20 20 Chapter 2 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Introducing new hypertexts on Interpreting (Studies)</TitleText> 1 A01 Cornelia Zwischenberger Zwischenberger, Cornelia Cornelia Zwischenberger University of Vienna 2 A01 Karin Reithofer Reithofer, Karin Karin Reithofer University of Vienna 3 A01 Sylvi Rennert Rennert, Sylvi Sylvi Rennert University of Vienna 10 01 JB code btl.160.p1 Section header 3 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Methods and methodologies</TitleText> 10 01 JB code btl.160.02nap 22 43 22 Chapter 4 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Exploring mixed methods in interpreting research</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">An example from a series of studies on court interpreting</Subtitle> 1 A01 Jemina Napier Napier, Jemina Jemina Napier Heriot-Watt University 2 A01 Sandra Hale Hale, Sandra Sandra Hale Scotland and University of New South Wales 20 court interpreting 20 deaf jurors 20 mixed methods 20 research methods 20 sign language interpreters 01 Much of the research into community interpreting has used different methodologies in order to test or explore the same phenomena from different perspectives (Hale and Napier 2013). This approach is typically referred to as mixed-methods or multi-method research. Pöchhacker (2011) considers that the use of mixed methods in interpreting research is appropriate in order to account for the complexity of interpreting processes and practices. This chapter presents an overview of interpreting research methodologies and explores the meaning of mixed methods. It then discusses a mixed-methods, longitudinal multi-stage project comprising a series of studies conducted by the authors that investigated the feasibility of deaf signers serving as jurors using professional sign language interpreting services. By showcasing our own studies and why these interlinked projects employed mixed methods, we highlight the benefits of exploring various approaches to interpreting research generally. 10 01 JB code btl.160.03liu 44 65 22 Chapter 5 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">User expectations research revisited</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Methodological considerations</Subtitle> 1 A01 Minhua Liu Liu, Minhua Minhua Liu Hong Kong Baptist University 20 construct validity 20 quality criteria 20 survey 20 user expectations 20 user research 01 Survey-based user expectations research is an important line of research on quality in the domain of simultaneous conference interpreting. Its methodology has often been criticised for a lack of rigour. However, few have treated methodology as the focus of their discussion. In this chapter, a comprehensive overview of the methodological issues of survey-based user expectations research is provided, with topics covering the construct, criteria, instrument, response format, levels of measurement, measures of central tendency, and sampling. As an illustration for the methodology under discussion, the results of the classic study by Bühler (1986) are reanalysed by using different measures of central tendency. The chapter concludes with a discussion on the importance of incorporating users’ actual experience to make user-related research on interpreting more relevant. 10 01 JB code btl.160.p2 Section header 6 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Quality in (simultaneous) interpreting</TitleText> 10 01 JB code btl.160.04pra 68 89 22 Chapter 7 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">A review of the evolution of survey-based research on interpreting quality using two models by Franz Pöchhacker</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>A </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">review of the evolution of survey-based research on interpreting quality using two models by Franz Pöchhacker</TitleWithoutPrefix> 1 A01 Macarena Pradas Macías Pradas Macías, Macarena Macarena Pradas Macías University of Granada 20 evaluation 20 expectations 20 Granada paradigm 20 implicit theories 20 quality 20 simultaneous interpreting 20 Skopos 20 survey-based studies 01 This chapter focuses on interpreting quality research, one of the many topics studied by Franz Pöchhacker. First, two of his models will serve as tools for analysing the conditioning factors which have been addressed in this field. It is shown how individual research and broader project and research team contributions have yielded new insights by introducing innovative research methods in expectation and evaluation studies. More recently, quality research has incorporated interdisciplinary perspectives to explore the factors that condition evaluators’ perceptions. After discussing some key studies in this regard, the chapter describes a research project which applies implicit theories to reveal the impact of the receiver’s perspective on his or her evaluation of a given interpretation. 10 01 JB code btl.160.p3 Section header 8 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Public service interpreting</TitleText> 10 01 JB code btl.160.05aha 92 107 16 Chapter 9 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">“Is there anybody out there?” – “It’s happening, it’s out there. A lot is going on”</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Franz Pöchhacker’s contribution to increasing the visibility of community interpreting in theory and practice</Subtitle> 1 A01 Vera Ahamer Ahamer, Vera Vera Ahamer University of Vienna 2 A01 Mascha Dabić Dabić, Mascha Mascha Dabić University of Vienna 20 community interpreting 20 empowerment 20 language policies 20 lay interpreters 20 migration policies 20 political discourse 20 power relations 20 professionalisation process 20 science communication 20 translation policies 01 Franz Pöchhacker is one of the most prominent scholars to address the importance of non-professional interpreting and community interpreting. Not only did he identify interpreting services for socially vulnerable and underserved groups of clients as an object of study, he also contributed to raising a general awareness of the significance of interpreting when it comes to granting access to services in institutional settings. He was one of the first to link the question of interpreting to the issue of linguistic social rights, and to advance professionalisation in this field, linking it to academic research. In this article, Franz Pöchhacker’s contribution to the visibility of community interpreting in research and practice will be highlighted with a focus on Austria. 10 01 JB code btl.160.06pym 108 125 18 Chapter 10 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Non-standard court interpreting as risk management</TitleText> 1 A01 Anthony Pym Pym, Anthony Anthony Pym Universitat Rovira i Virgili 2 A01 Judith Raigal-Aran Raigal-Aran, Judith Judith Raigal-Aran Universitat Rovira i Virgili 3 A01 Carmen Bestué Salinas Salinas, Carmen Bestué Carmen Bestué Salinas Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona 20 court interpreting 20 ethics of interpreting 20 non-standard interpreting 20 risk management 20 trust 01 Most codes of ethics stipulate that court interpreters should give verbatim renditions, should not have side conversations with the witness or the defendant, and should use the alien-I. However, when we find these maxims flouted by outsourced interpreters working in trials in Barcelona, the observed practices may be considered non-standard and yet constitute an expected and even accepted social practice. Here we attempt to understand why interpreters sometimes abandon all illusion of equivalence, why side conversations occur in certain hearings, and why interpreters sometimes speak in their own voice, becoming direct participants in discursive exchanges. Risk analysis enables us to model ways in which these practices can ensure that cooperation is achieved and time is not wasted. In one case study, side conversations between the defendant and the interpreter serve to inform the defendant of the possible consequences of a plea. Such a practice nevertheless requires that the officers of the court trust interpreters to exceptionally high degrees. In a second case study, disagreements between the judge and the interpreter, technically over issues of translation equivalence, lead to distrust in the interpreter to the point where cooperation becomes impossible. In this instance, a non-standard practice that might be efficient elsewhere leads to communicative failure. It is thus found that non-standard interpreting can be efficient when the participants’ risk-management strategies are aligned and trust is operative; on the other hand, it can also convert trivial differences into high-stakes disputes that throw risk-management strategies out of alignment. 10 01 JB code btl.160.07kol 126 146 21 Chapter 11 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Women as interpreters in colonial New Netherland</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">A microhistorical study of Sara Kierstede</Subtitle> 1 A01 Waltraud Kolb Kolb, Waltraud Waltraud Kolb University of Vienna 2 A01 Sonja Pöllabauer Pöllabauer, Sonja Sonja Pöllabauer University of Vienna 20 colonial interpreting 20 Dutch colonial history 20 female agency 20 microhistory 20 Sara Kierstede 20 translation history 20 translator biography 01 This contribution presents a case study of Sara Kierstede (aka Roelof, Van Borsum, Stouthoff), a Dutch-speaking New Netherland settler and 17th-century interpreter who was proficient in Dutch and Native American languages and served as interpreter in a male-dominated colonial environment in settings that today would be labeled as public service interpreting (PSI) or, in some instances, diplomatic interpreting. Following a microhistorical approach, rooted in Translator Studies, we discuss the agency and positioning of Kierstede as one of the few female interpreters in a multilingual colonial contact zone. We use different historical and secondary sources and reinterpret them from a translatological perspective to explore Kierstede’s interactions and relations with other stakeholders as linguistic go-between and official provincial interpreter in Dutch colonial encounters and her role as an influential woman and cultural mediator in the self-contained network of relationships that characterised Dutch colonial society in New Amsterdam. 10 01 JB code btl.160.p4 Section header 12 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Interpreting as a profession</TitleText> 10 01 JB code btl.160.08grb 148 167 20 Chapter 13 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Who is an interpreter?</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Introducing a flexible map of translation and interpreting phenomena</Subtitle> 1 A01 Nadja Grbić Grbić, Nadja Nadja Grbić University of Graz 20 categories 20 categorisation 20 classification 20 interpreting 20 non-professional translation/interpreting 20 professional translation/interpreting 20 translation 20 typology 01 Although so-called ‘non-professionals’ are no longer instrumentalised in research solely in order to compare and contrast them with ‘professionals’, this does little to change the lasting perception of two clearly demarcated categories. Such a differentiation may be meaningful in some contexts, but it often over-simplifies and certainly perpetuates a hierarchical order. In my contribution, I will present an alternative, flexible typology in the form of a map that tries to take into account the multifaceted variety of interpreting and translation phenomena that we encounter in social practice. This typology is based on the empirical insight that a binary differentiation between ‘professional’ and ‘non-professional’ translation or interpreting is not always sufficient to capture adequately the complexity of empirical practice. 10 01 JB code btl.160.09kad 168 193 26 Chapter 14 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Interpreting in a project network</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Dependencies and interpreters’ multidimensional alignment</Subtitle> 1 A01 Mira Kadric Kadric, Mira Mira Kadric University of Vienna 2 A01 Katia Iacono Iacono, Katia Katia Iacono University of Vienna 20 dependencies 20 interaction management 20 interpreters in project networks 20 multidimensional interpreter alignment 20 self-referential management 01 This contribution analyses the action space of an interpreter in a project network consisting of five professionals, who travelled to Catania/Sicily on behalf of an Austrian broadcaster to interview different police and judicial authorities for a series of documentaries about white-collar crime in various European countries. The analysis was conducted with multiple methods – observation, ethnographic analysis of the interpreted communication and a retrospective interview with the interpreter – as discussed in Pöchhacker (2011a: 21). It shows different interdependences in the project network, which evolve within the structure of the project and continuously influence the strategies adopted by all the participants, including the interpreter, as their input and output are closely interconnected. 10 01 JB code btl.160.p5 Section header 15 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Interpreter education</TitleText> 10 01 JB code btl.160.10and 196 213 18 Chapter 16 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">‘The times they are a-changin’</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Competency-based conference interpreter training and the role of situational intelligence and adaptive expertise</Subtitle> 1 A01 Dörte Andres Andres, Dörte Dörte Andres University of Mainz 20 adaptive expertise 20 competence-based training 20 interpreter training 20 knowledge 20 preparation 20 problem-based learning 20 routine expertise 20 situational intelligence 01 Today’s interpreter training methods have largely been developed towards the end of the 20th century, and we must ask ourselves whether they still meet the requirements of today’s markets and how we can constantly adapt our training to meet new challenges and circumstances. To this end, the intensive linkage of research, training and practice is of fundamental importance in order to guarantee the type of professional training which enables students to learn the specific competencies required for professional practice. This paper first discusses competencies in general before turning to interpreting competencies in particular. It then focusses on one example, the competency of preparation, which might become ever more important in the future and thus warrants more attention in interpreter training. The scientific starting point is the general competency model of Kouwenhoven (2009). It serves as the basis for the Interpreting Studies view of preparation competency which will be examined from the perspective of situational intelligence (Jonnaert et al. 2007: 196). Although preparation is a topic of discussion in Interpreting Studies publications, it is argued here that it needs to be more intensively integrated into regular conference interpreter training courses than has been the case in the past. After all, it plays an essential role in situational intelligence, which constitutes an important factor in competency-based interpreter training. Using two special training formats, the “Freitagskonferenz” at the Department of Translation, Language and Cultural Studies in Germersheim, and “SIMinar” at the Center for Translation Studies in Vienna, which was introduced there by Franz Pöchhacker, it will be shown how useful these special training formats are in terms of improving this important competency and how significant they are in promoting situational intelligence and thereby facilitating the shift from routine expertise to adaptive expertise, which in our changing times has become more necessary than ever before. 10 01 JB code btl.160.11beh 214 233 20 Chapter 17 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Systemic modelling</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">A new approach to Interpreting Studies teaching and research</Subtitle> 1 A01 Martina Behr Behr, Martina Martina Behr University of Innsbruck 20 complexity 20 interconnectedness 20 Interpreting Studies 20 system dynamics modelling 20 training 01 This article explains how systems theory can be used for a profound understanding of the phenomenon of interpreting. An online tool based on systems theory for the analysis and simulation of complex situations and processes was used in class for training students on how to do research in Interpreting Studies. It was found that such an approach helps to better understand and reflect the complexity of interpreting and to familiarise the students with research on interpreting. Moreover, this approach seems to be promising for interpreting research as a whole. Such a tool could be beneficial for structuring, fostering and performing interpreting research if an online model of interpreting is created jointly by the interpreting research community. 10 01 JB code btl.160.p6 Section header 18 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Interpreting and ‘new’ media</TitleText> 10 01 JB code btl.160.12rom 236 253 18 Chapter 19 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Interpreting for access</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">The long road to recognition</Subtitle> 1 A01 Pablo Romero-Fresco Romero-Fresco, Pablo Pablo Romero-Fresco Universidade de Vigo/GALMA 20 accessibility 20 accuracy 20 interpreting 20 NER model 20 NTR model 20 quality 20 respeaking 20 speech-to-text interpreting 20 subtitling 20 translation 01 Whereas prototypical conceptions of translation and interpreting as two separate and distinct entities are still being upheld in different contexts, the professional reality shows a less clear-cut picture, where the boundaries between translation, interpreting and accessibility are increasingly blurring. A case in point is Speech-To-Text Interpreting (STTI), which allows the production of written access to live events or programmes for people with and without hearing loss. This paper introduces STTI for readers who may not be familiar with it and addresses the quality of its final product and its recognition at the European Union and the ISO normalisation committees. The article ends on a personal note dedicated to Franz Pöchhacker, whose work is fundamental to support STTI as a new form of communication that can help bring down barriers. 10 01 JB code btl.160.13sal 254 276 23 Chapter 20 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Are interpreters and interpreting technology ready for the post-Covid era?</TitleText> 1 A01 Heidi Salaets Salaets, Heidi Heidi Salaets University of Leuven 2 A01 Katalin Balogh Balogh, Katalin Katalin Balogh University of Leuven 20 (in)visibility, cognitive load 20 conference interpreting 20 dialogue interpreting 20 interpreting technology 20 interpreting technology research 20 interpreting technology training 20 sign language interpreting (SLI) 20 terminology 01 From its onset in early 2020, the Covid-19 (hereafter Covid) crisis has uncovered both the insecurity about new technologies and their flexibility. In this chapter, we will attempt to provide a non-exhaustive map of the field of interpreting technology in different settings, of research on these new technologies and research using them. Tools and resources that enhance an interpreter’s performance will also be discussed as part of technological evolution, while the final question to be answered is whether “interpreters [can] survive in an AI-dominated world” (Downie 2020). This contribution wants to be a call to do more large-scale research and to inform future interpreters better about technological development and opportunities in the classroom. 10 01 JB code btl.160.p7 Section header 21 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Afterword</TitleText> 10 01 JB code btl.160.14sne 278 282 5 Chapter 22 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Hidden scenes behind a meteoric career</TitleText> 1 A01 Mary Snell-Hornby Snell-Hornby, Mary Mary Snell-Hornby University of Vienna 10 01 JB code btl.160.index 283 287 5 Miscellaneous 23 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Index</TitleText> 02 JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam/Philadelphia NL 04 20230414 2023 John Benjamins B.V. 02 WORLD 08 665 gr 01 JB 1 John Benjamins Publishing Company +31 20 6304747 +31 20 6739773 bookorder@benjamins.nl 01 https://benjamins.com 01 WORLD US CA MX 21 81 01 02 JB 1 00 99.00 EUR R 02 02 JB 1 00 104.94 EUR R 01 JB 10 bebc +44 1202 712 934 +44 1202 712 913 sales@bebc.co.uk 03 GB 21 02 02 JB 1 00 83.00 GBP Z 01 JB 2 John Benjamins North America +1 800 562-5666 +1 703 661-1501 benjamins@presswarehouse.com 01 https://benjamins.com 01 US CA MX 21 11 01 gen 02 JB 1 00 149.00 USD