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499007276 03 01 01 JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code BTL 79 Eb 15 9789027291097 06 10.1075/btl.79 13 2008035296 DG 002 02 01 BTL 02 0929-7316 Benjamins Translation Library 79 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Topics in Language Resources for Translation and Localisation</TitleText> 01 btl.79 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/btl.79 1 B01 Elia Yuste Rodrigo Yuste Rodrigo, Elia Elia Yuste Rodrigo University of Zurich 01 eng 235 xii 220 LAN023000 v.2006 CFP 2 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.APPL Applied linguistics 24 JB Subject Scheme TRAN.TRANSL Translation Studies 06 01 Language Resources (LRs) are sets of language data and descriptions in machine readable form, such as written and spoken language corpora, terminological databases, computational lexica and dictionaries, and linguistic software tools. Over the past few decades, mainly within research environments, LRs have been specifically used to create, optimise or evaluate natural language processing (NLP) and human language technologies (HLT) applications, including translation-related technologies. Gradually the infrastructures and exploitation tools of LRs are being perceived as core resources in the language services industries and in localisation production settings. However, some efforts ought yet to be made to raise further awareness about LRs in general, and LRs for translation and localisation in particular to a wider audience in all corners of the world. <i>Topics in Language Resources for Translation and Localisation</i> sets out to establish the state of the art of this ever expanding field and underscores the usefulness that LRs can potentially have in the process of creating, adapting, managing, standardising and leveraging content for more than one language and culture from various perspectives. 05 Students, educators, researchers and professionals related to the translation and localisation arena will surely benefit from the different and enlightening contributions in this volume. Bartolomé Mesa Lao, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, in Journal of Specialised Translation, issue 12, 2009 05 Over recent decades, the breathtaking evolution of resources for application to human translation practice has left researchers, practitioners, training specialists, and students of the discipline scurrying to keep abreast of developments in both academic and industry venues. In this new contribution to the Benjamins Translation Library, Elia Yuste has brought together a round dozen of leading experts to address a spectrum of topics ranging through corpus applications, content management, community computing, and standards development, rounding out the excursion with a view of the latest trends in resources for localization frameworks. This text provides the experienced "techie" with a state-of-the-art overview, while offering a sound introduction to newcomers to the field. Sue Ellen Wright, Kent State University 04 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/btl.79.png 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027216885.jpg 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027216885.tif 06 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/btl.79.hb.png 07 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/btl.79.png 25 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/btl.79.hb.png 27 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/btl.79.hb.png 10 01 JB code btl.79.01int vii xii 6 Miscellaneous 1 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Introduction</TitleText> 10 01 JB code btl.79.02bow 1 22 22 Article 2 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">1. A comparative evaluation of bilingual concordancers and translation memory systems</TitleText> 1 A01 Lynne Bowker Bowker, Lynne Lynne Bowker University of Ottawa 2 A01 Michael Barlow Barlow, Michael Michael Barlow University of Auckland 01 Translators are turning to electronic language resources and tools to help cope with the increased demand for fast, high-quality translation. While translation memory tools are well known in the translation industry at large, bilingual concordancers appear to be familiar primarily within academic circles. In this chapter, the strengths and limitations of these two types of tool are analysed with respect to automation, search flexibility, consistency and other quality-related issues in an effort to identify those circumstances in which each could best be applied. 10 01 JB code btl.79.03han 23 37 15 Article 3 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">2. Interactive reference grammars: Exploiting parallel and comparable treebanks for translation</TitleText> 1 A01 Silvia Hansen-Schirra Hansen-Schirra, Silvia Silvia Hansen-Schirra Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz 01 This paper discusses the role of annotated corpora as works of reference for grammatical translation problems. Within this context, the English-German CroCo Corpus and its multi-layer alignment and annotation are introduced. It is described how the corpus is exploited as interactive resource to display translation solutions for typologically problematic constructions. Additionally, the Penn and TiGer Treebanks are used as comparable corpora for English and German. The linguistic enrichment of the treebanks, i.e. their syntactic annotation, is described and corpus query techniques relevant for translation problems are shown. Relevant structures are extracted from the treebanks and translation candidates are displayed and discussed. The advantage of this technique is that translation solutions are extracted from published translations, i.e. language in use. Consequently, they are more comprehensive and inventive than dictionary entries or descriptions in grammars are. Treebanks could thus be used as an interactive reference grammar in translation education and practice. 10 01 JB code btl.79.04ber 39 55 17 Article 4 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">3. Corpora for translator education and translation practice</TitleText> 1 A01 Silvia Bernardini Bernardini, Silvia Silvia Bernardini University of Bologna at Forlì, Italy 2 A01 Sara Castagnoli Castagnoli, Sara Sara Castagnoli University of Bologna at Forlì, Italy 01 This article reviews the role currently played by corpora in translation teaching and practice. With regard to the former, classroom experiences involving corpusinformed approaches to translation teaching are discussed, and it is argued that such approaches should adopt an <i>educational </i>rather than a <i>training </i>attitude, giving more weight to awareness-raising uses of corpora, along with their obvious documentation roles. Examples of introductory e-learningmaterials about corpus use are presented which are addressed to students and professionals and which take an education-oriented view of translation teaching.With regard to the related issue of corpora in translation practice, the article presents the results of a survey that aimed to find out whether professional translators use corpora or at least know what they are. On the basis of the respondents’ replies, it argues that a more widespread use of these resources is likely to depend on the availability of fast and user-friendly tools for constructing and consulting corpora, and describes some available tools that address this need. 10 01 JB code btl.79.05mai 57 70 14 Article 5 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">4. CORPÓGRAFO V.4: Tools for educating translators</TitleText> 1 A01 Belinda Maia Maia, Belinda Belinda Maia University of Porto and Linguateca, Portugal 01 It is clearly essential for future translators to learn to use the available translation technology but, given the many linguistic skills translators also need to acquire, the process needs to focus not just on the ability to use the technology, but also on encouraging a good understanding of the objectives, possibilities and limitations of the technology itself. Skilful use of the technology will come later after practice in the professional contexts in which it is needed. An understanding of the problems posed by integrating technology into both the curriculumand teaching practice led us to develop the Corpógrafo at the PoloCLUP of Linguateca1 at the University of Porto. It allows for the building and analysis of parallel and comparable corpora, extraction and management of terminology, as well as the collection and analysis of lexical items, particularly multi-word expressions that are relevant to text, genre or discourse analysis. It is a research environment for autonomous study, but it also offers various possibilities for education in translation, text analysis and terminology management, and has the advantage over commercial software of being freely available online. 10 01 JB code btl.79.06col 71 88 18 Article 6 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">5. The real use of corpora in teaching and research contexts</TitleText> 1 A01 Carme Colominas Colominas, Carme Carme Colominas Universitat Pompeu Fabra 2 A01 Toni Badia Badia, Toni Toni Badia Universitat Pompeu Fabra 01 The relevance of corpora in translation studies has often been stressed in the literature during the last decade (Zanettin et al. 2003; Olohan 2004; Laviosa 2003). The advantages of corpora as complementary resources to dictionaries, terminologies, etc. have been recognised, and actually the use of corpora as translation resources and of corpus analysis software in general has become part of the syllabus of translation studies. However, the real use of corpora in translation studies still faces (some) practical problems/limitations, as already pointed out by Granger (2003): on the one hand, in some cases, sufficiently large corpora that are representative of modern language do not exist, and on the other, interfaces for accessing corpora are not user-friendly enough to satisfy the real needs of translation students and researchers. In this chapter we deal with these kinds of problems by discussing the weak and strong points of current corpora interfaces and referring to improvements that have already been made and that should continue to be developed in the future. The chapter ends with a revision of corpus-based applications in translation training contexts and in cross-linguistic research. 10 01 JB code btl.79.07gau 89 106 18 Article 7 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">6. The use of corpora in translator training in the African language classroom: A perspective from South Africa</TitleText> 1 A01 Rachélle Gauton Gauton, Rachélle Rachélle Gauton University of Pretoria 01 This chapter presents the translator training curriculum at the University of Pretoria as a case study to show how corpora can be used successfully in the training of African language translators, with particular reference to translating into the South African Bantu languages. These languages were marginalised and disadvantaged during the apartheid era, particularly as far as the development, elaboration and standardisation of terminology is concerned. Consequently, these languages lack (standardised) terminology in the majority of (specialist) subject fields which makes translation into these languages (and not only technical translation), an activity fraught with challenges. This chapter focuses on how training in the use of electronic text corpora, corpus query tools and translation memory tools can enable the African language translator to:<br />– mine existing target language texts for possible translation equivalents for source language terms that have not been lexicalised (in standardised form) in the target language;<br />– coin terms in the absence of clear and standard guidelines regarding termformation strategies, bymaking use of those term formation strategies preferred by the majority of professional translators;<br />– re-use existing translations in order to translate more efficiently and effectively and to attain some formof standardisation as far as terminology is concerned, given the lack of up-to-date and usable standardised terminologies in these languages. 10 01 JB code btl.79.08de 107 119 13 Article 8 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">7. CAT tools in international organisations: Lessons learnt from the experience of the Languages Service of the United Nations Office at Geneva</TitleText> 1 A01 Marie-Josée de Saint Robert Saint Robert, Marie-Josée de Marie-Josée de Saint Robert United Nations Office at Geneva 01 The language staff at the United Nations Office at Geneva (UNOG) has a very selective attitude towards language technologies despite the fact that these technologies are widely spread in the work environment of translators. Tests and pilot projects with computer-assisted translation software have been conducted over the past five years at UNOG and have amply shown that such software is neither a source of improvement of quality nor a source of improvement of quantity in translation. Obstacles to efficiency gains that have been identified prior to the introduction of CAT remained the same as those identified after its introduction. New obstacles also appeared with the introduction of CAT in the work of language staff of an international organisation that point to the following conclusion: the usefulness of work habit changes may not be found in the area in which the changes occur but in other somewhat unexpected areas. In the case of translation in international organisations, as translation is not an isolated activity, synergies with other, sometimes far related business processes are required. 10 01 JB code btl.79.09bud 121 134 14 Article 9 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">8. Global content management: Challenges and opportunities for creating and using digital translation resources</TitleText> 1 A01 Gerhard Budin Budin, Gerhard Gerhard Budin University of Vienna 01 In this chapter the concepts of content management and cross-cultural communication are combined under the perspective of translation resources. Global content management becomes an integrative paradigm in which specialised translation is taking place. Within a case study framework, we discuss the Global Content Management strategy of the Centre for Translation Studies at the University of Vienna. 10 01 JB code btl.79.10bey 135 150 16 Article 10 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">9. BEYTrans: A Wiki-based environment for helping online volunteer translators</TitleText> 1 A01 Youcef Bey Bey, Youcef Youcef Bey Graduate School of Education, The University of Tokyo and GETALP, LIG laboratory, Université Joseph Fourier 2 A01 Christian Boitet Boitet, Christian Christian Boitet GETALP, LIG laboratory, Université Joseph Fourier 3 A01 Kyo Kageura Kageura, Kyo Kyo Kageura Graduate School of Education, The University of Tokyo 01 The aim of our research is to design and develop a new online collaborative translation environment suitable for the way online volunteer translators work. In this chapter, we discuss how to exploit collaborative Wiki-based technology for the design of the online collaborative computer-aided translation (CAT) environment BEYTrans, which is currently under development. The system facilitates the management and use of existing language resources and fills the gap between the needs of online volunteer translator communities and existing CAT systems/tools. 10 01 JB code btl.79.11cru 151 172 22 Article 11 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">10. Standardising the management and the representation of multilingual data: The Multi Lingual Information Framework</TitleText> 1 A01 Samuel Cruz-Lara Cruz-Lara, Samuel Samuel Cruz-Lara LORIA / INRIA, Nancy University 2 A01 Nadia Bellalem Bellalem, Nadia Nadia Bellalem LORIA / INRIA, Nancy University 3 A01 Julien Ducret Ducret, Julien Julien Ducret LORIA / INRIA, Nancy University 4 A01 Isabelle Kramer Kramer, Isabelle Isabelle Kramer LORIA / INRIA, Nancy University 01 Due to the critical role that normalisation plays during the translation and localisation processes, we propose here to analyse some standards, as well as the related software tools that are used by professional translators and by several automatic translating services. We will first point out the importance of normalisation within the translation and localisation activities. Next, we will introduce a methodology of standardisation, whose objective is to harmonise the management and the representation of multilingual data. The control of the interoperability between the industrial standards currently used for localisation [XLIFF], translation memory [TMX], or with some recent initiatives such as the internationalisation tag set [ITS], constitutes a major objective for a coherent and global management of multilingual data. The Multi Lingual Information Framework MLIF [ISO AWI 24616] is based on a methodology of standardisation resulting from the ISO (sub-committees TC37/SC3 “Computer Applications for Terminology” and SC4 “Language Resources Management”). MLIF aims at proposing a high-level abstract specification platform for a computer-oriented representation of multilingual data within a large variety of applications such as translation memories, localisation, computer-aided translation, multimedia, or electronic document management. The major benefit of MLIF is interoperability because it allows experts to gather, under the same conceptual model, various tools and representations related to multilingual data. In addition, MLIF should also make it possible to evaluate and to compare these multilingual resources and tools. 10 01 JB code btl.79.12kat 173 194 22 Article 12 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">11. Tagging and tracing Program Integrated Information</TitleText> 1 A01 Naotaka Kato Kato, Naotaka Naotaka Kato Translation Services Center, IBM Japan, Ltd. 2 A01 Makoto Arisawa Arisawa, Makoto Makoto Arisawa Faculty of Graduate School of Media and Governance, Keio University 01 There are two main types of translation involving computer programs. One involves manuals and the other involves ProgramIntegrated Information (PII). This chapter focuses on PII translation. PII translation is substantially different from ordinary text translation. PII is separated out of the programs into externalised text resource files to allow for translation outside the program development laboratory. The contexts of the operations have been discarded. The translators have to translate phrases and words without context in these text resource files. The Translation Verification Test (TVT), which is done with the normal operations of the program, compensates for the lack of context during translation. If the TVT tester finds an inappropriate translation in the GUI (Graphical User Interface), the file it came from and which line in the file is unknown. We have developed a utility program to make it easy to find a source location. The utility adds a short group of ID characters in front of every PII string. We used this systematic approach for CATIA®1 and found many advantages, such as locating the hard-coded strings that are the biggest problems in programinternationalisation. This ID can be inserted independently of program development. We also developed a utility program that helps TVT testers refer to both the original and target PII strings as pairs. This chapter describes the approach in detail. In addition, this chapter presents statistics about PII files. This important statistical information has not been considered in the program internationalisation communities. 10 01 JB code btl.79.13sch 195 214 20 Article 13 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">12. Linguistic resources and localisation</TitleText> 1 A01 Reinhard Schäler Schäler, Reinhard Reinhard Schäler Localisation Research Centre (LRC), University of Limerick 01 Traditional mainstream localisation processes, tools and technologies supporting a business approach whose principal purpose it is to achieve a short-term return on a minimum investment have reached their limits. In order to respond effectively to today’s localisation challenges disruptive approaches are needed and an overhaul of current practices is required. This contribution makes a solid case for localisation as a long-term investment that is backed up by case studies and advocates the innovative use of language technologies and language resources. 10 01 JB code btl.79.14ind 215 220 6 Miscellaneous 14 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Index</TitleText> 02 JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam/Philadelphia NL 04 20081112 2008 John Benjamins 02 WORLD 13 15 9789027216885 01 JB 3 John Benjamins e-Platform 03 jbe-platform.com 09 WORLD 21 01 00 90.00 EUR R 01 00 76.00 GBP Z 01 gen 00 135.00 USD S 177007275 03 01 01 JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code BTL 79 Hb 15 9789027216885 13 2008035296 BB 01 BTL 02 0929-7316 Benjamins Translation Library 79 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Topics in Language Resources for Translation and Localisation</TitleText> 01 btl.79 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/btl.79 1 B01 Elia Yuste Rodrigo Yuste Rodrigo, Elia Elia Yuste Rodrigo University of Zurich 01 eng 235 xii 220 LAN023000 v.2006 CFP 2 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.APPL Applied linguistics 24 JB Subject Scheme TRAN.TRANSL Translation Studies 06 01 Language Resources (LRs) are sets of language data and descriptions in machine readable form, such as written and spoken language corpora, terminological databases, computational lexica and dictionaries, and linguistic software tools. Over the past few decades, mainly within research environments, LRs have been specifically used to create, optimise or evaluate natural language processing (NLP) and human language technologies (HLT) applications, including translation-related technologies. Gradually the infrastructures and exploitation tools of LRs are being perceived as core resources in the language services industries and in localisation production settings. However, some efforts ought yet to be made to raise further awareness about LRs in general, and LRs for translation and localisation in particular to a wider audience in all corners of the world. <i>Topics in Language Resources for Translation and Localisation</i> sets out to establish the state of the art of this ever expanding field and underscores the usefulness that LRs can potentially have in the process of creating, adapting, managing, standardising and leveraging content for more than one language and culture from various perspectives. 05 Students, educators, researchers and professionals related to the translation and localisation arena will surely benefit from the different and enlightening contributions in this volume. Bartolomé Mesa Lao, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, in Journal of Specialised Translation, issue 12, 2009 05 Over recent decades, the breathtaking evolution of resources for application to human translation practice has left researchers, practitioners, training specialists, and students of the discipline scurrying to keep abreast of developments in both academic and industry venues. In this new contribution to the Benjamins Translation Library, Elia Yuste has brought together a round dozen of leading experts to address a spectrum of topics ranging through corpus applications, content management, community computing, and standards development, rounding out the excursion with a view of the latest trends in resources for localization frameworks. This text provides the experienced "techie" with a state-of-the-art overview, while offering a sound introduction to newcomers to the field. Sue Ellen Wright, Kent State University 04 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/btl.79.png 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027216885.jpg 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027216885.tif 06 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/btl.79.hb.png 07 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/btl.79.png 25 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/btl.79.hb.png 27 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/btl.79.hb.png 10 01 JB code btl.79.01int vii xii 6 Miscellaneous 1 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Introduction</TitleText> 10 01 JB code btl.79.02bow 1 22 22 Article 2 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">1. A comparative evaluation of bilingual concordancers and translation memory systems</TitleText> 1 A01 Lynne Bowker Bowker, Lynne Lynne Bowker University of Ottawa 2 A01 Michael Barlow Barlow, Michael Michael Barlow University of Auckland 01 Translators are turning to electronic language resources and tools to help cope with the increased demand for fast, high-quality translation. While translation memory tools are well known in the translation industry at large, bilingual concordancers appear to be familiar primarily within academic circles. In this chapter, the strengths and limitations of these two types of tool are analysed with respect to automation, search flexibility, consistency and other quality-related issues in an effort to identify those circumstances in which each could best be applied. 10 01 JB code btl.79.03han 23 37 15 Article 3 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">2. Interactive reference grammars: Exploiting parallel and comparable treebanks for translation</TitleText> 1 A01 Silvia Hansen-Schirra Hansen-Schirra, Silvia Silvia Hansen-Schirra Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz 01 This paper discusses the role of annotated corpora as works of reference for grammatical translation problems. Within this context, the English-German CroCo Corpus and its multi-layer alignment and annotation are introduced. It is described how the corpus is exploited as interactive resource to display translation solutions for typologically problematic constructions. Additionally, the Penn and TiGer Treebanks are used as comparable corpora for English and German. The linguistic enrichment of the treebanks, i.e. their syntactic annotation, is described and corpus query techniques relevant for translation problems are shown. Relevant structures are extracted from the treebanks and translation candidates are displayed and discussed. The advantage of this technique is that translation solutions are extracted from published translations, i.e. language in use. Consequently, they are more comprehensive and inventive than dictionary entries or descriptions in grammars are. Treebanks could thus be used as an interactive reference grammar in translation education and practice. 10 01 JB code btl.79.04ber 39 55 17 Article 4 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">3. Corpora for translator education and translation practice</TitleText> 1 A01 Silvia Bernardini Bernardini, Silvia Silvia Bernardini University of Bologna at Forlì, Italy 2 A01 Sara Castagnoli Castagnoli, Sara Sara Castagnoli University of Bologna at Forlì, Italy 01 This article reviews the role currently played by corpora in translation teaching and practice. With regard to the former, classroom experiences involving corpusinformed approaches to translation teaching are discussed, and it is argued that such approaches should adopt an <i>educational </i>rather than a <i>training </i>attitude, giving more weight to awareness-raising uses of corpora, along with their obvious documentation roles. Examples of introductory e-learningmaterials about corpus use are presented which are addressed to students and professionals and which take an education-oriented view of translation teaching.With regard to the related issue of corpora in translation practice, the article presents the results of a survey that aimed to find out whether professional translators use corpora or at least know what they are. On the basis of the respondents’ replies, it argues that a more widespread use of these resources is likely to depend on the availability of fast and user-friendly tools for constructing and consulting corpora, and describes some available tools that address this need. 10 01 JB code btl.79.05mai 57 70 14 Article 5 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">4. CORPÓGRAFO V.4: Tools for educating translators</TitleText> 1 A01 Belinda Maia Maia, Belinda Belinda Maia University of Porto and Linguateca, Portugal 01 It is clearly essential for future translators to learn to use the available translation technology but, given the many linguistic skills translators also need to acquire, the process needs to focus not just on the ability to use the technology, but also on encouraging a good understanding of the objectives, possibilities and limitations of the technology itself. Skilful use of the technology will come later after practice in the professional contexts in which it is needed. An understanding of the problems posed by integrating technology into both the curriculumand teaching practice led us to develop the Corpógrafo at the PoloCLUP of Linguateca1 at the University of Porto. It allows for the building and analysis of parallel and comparable corpora, extraction and management of terminology, as well as the collection and analysis of lexical items, particularly multi-word expressions that are relevant to text, genre or discourse analysis. It is a research environment for autonomous study, but it also offers various possibilities for education in translation, text analysis and terminology management, and has the advantage over commercial software of being freely available online. 10 01 JB code btl.79.06col 71 88 18 Article 6 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">5. The real use of corpora in teaching and research contexts</TitleText> 1 A01 Carme Colominas Colominas, Carme Carme Colominas Universitat Pompeu Fabra 2 A01 Toni Badia Badia, Toni Toni Badia Universitat Pompeu Fabra 01 The relevance of corpora in translation studies has often been stressed in the literature during the last decade (Zanettin et al. 2003; Olohan 2004; Laviosa 2003). The advantages of corpora as complementary resources to dictionaries, terminologies, etc. have been recognised, and actually the use of corpora as translation resources and of corpus analysis software in general has become part of the syllabus of translation studies. However, the real use of corpora in translation studies still faces (some) practical problems/limitations, as already pointed out by Granger (2003): on the one hand, in some cases, sufficiently large corpora that are representative of modern language do not exist, and on the other, interfaces for accessing corpora are not user-friendly enough to satisfy the real needs of translation students and researchers. In this chapter we deal with these kinds of problems by discussing the weak and strong points of current corpora interfaces and referring to improvements that have already been made and that should continue to be developed in the future. The chapter ends with a revision of corpus-based applications in translation training contexts and in cross-linguistic research. 10 01 JB code btl.79.07gau 89 106 18 Article 7 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">6. The use of corpora in translator training in the African language classroom: A perspective from South Africa</TitleText> 1 A01 Rachélle Gauton Gauton, Rachélle Rachélle Gauton University of Pretoria 01 This chapter presents the translator training curriculum at the University of Pretoria as a case study to show how corpora can be used successfully in the training of African language translators, with particular reference to translating into the South African Bantu languages. These languages were marginalised and disadvantaged during the apartheid era, particularly as far as the development, elaboration and standardisation of terminology is concerned. Consequently, these languages lack (standardised) terminology in the majority of (specialist) subject fields which makes translation into these languages (and not only technical translation), an activity fraught with challenges. This chapter focuses on how training in the use of electronic text corpora, corpus query tools and translation memory tools can enable the African language translator to:<br />– mine existing target language texts for possible translation equivalents for source language terms that have not been lexicalised (in standardised form) in the target language;<br />– coin terms in the absence of clear and standard guidelines regarding termformation strategies, bymaking use of those term formation strategies preferred by the majority of professional translators;<br />– re-use existing translations in order to translate more efficiently and effectively and to attain some formof standardisation as far as terminology is concerned, given the lack of up-to-date and usable standardised terminologies in these languages. 10 01 JB code btl.79.08de 107 119 13 Article 8 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">7. CAT tools in international organisations: Lessons learnt from the experience of the Languages Service of the United Nations Office at Geneva</TitleText> 1 A01 Marie-Josée de Saint Robert Saint Robert, Marie-Josée de Marie-Josée de Saint Robert United Nations Office at Geneva 01 The language staff at the United Nations Office at Geneva (UNOG) has a very selective attitude towards language technologies despite the fact that these technologies are widely spread in the work environment of translators. Tests and pilot projects with computer-assisted translation software have been conducted over the past five years at UNOG and have amply shown that such software is neither a source of improvement of quality nor a source of improvement of quantity in translation. Obstacles to efficiency gains that have been identified prior to the introduction of CAT remained the same as those identified after its introduction. New obstacles also appeared with the introduction of CAT in the work of language staff of an international organisation that point to the following conclusion: the usefulness of work habit changes may not be found in the area in which the changes occur but in other somewhat unexpected areas. In the case of translation in international organisations, as translation is not an isolated activity, synergies with other, sometimes far related business processes are required. 10 01 JB code btl.79.09bud 121 134 14 Article 9 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">8. Global content management: Challenges and opportunities for creating and using digital translation resources</TitleText> 1 A01 Gerhard Budin Budin, Gerhard Gerhard Budin University of Vienna 01 In this chapter the concepts of content management and cross-cultural communication are combined under the perspective of translation resources. Global content management becomes an integrative paradigm in which specialised translation is taking place. Within a case study framework, we discuss the Global Content Management strategy of the Centre for Translation Studies at the University of Vienna. 10 01 JB code btl.79.10bey 135 150 16 Article 10 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">9. BEYTrans: A Wiki-based environment for helping online volunteer translators</TitleText> 1 A01 Youcef Bey Bey, Youcef Youcef Bey Graduate School of Education, The University of Tokyo and GETALP, LIG laboratory, Université Joseph Fourier 2 A01 Christian Boitet Boitet, Christian Christian Boitet GETALP, LIG laboratory, Université Joseph Fourier 3 A01 Kyo Kageura Kageura, Kyo Kyo Kageura Graduate School of Education, The University of Tokyo 01 The aim of our research is to design and develop a new online collaborative translation environment suitable for the way online volunteer translators work. In this chapter, we discuss how to exploit collaborative Wiki-based technology for the design of the online collaborative computer-aided translation (CAT) environment BEYTrans, which is currently under development. The system facilitates the management and use of existing language resources and fills the gap between the needs of online volunteer translator communities and existing CAT systems/tools. 10 01 JB code btl.79.11cru 151 172 22 Article 11 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">10. Standardising the management and the representation of multilingual data: The Multi Lingual Information Framework</TitleText> 1 A01 Samuel Cruz-Lara Cruz-Lara, Samuel Samuel Cruz-Lara LORIA / INRIA, Nancy University 2 A01 Nadia Bellalem Bellalem, Nadia Nadia Bellalem LORIA / INRIA, Nancy University 3 A01 Julien Ducret Ducret, Julien Julien Ducret LORIA / INRIA, Nancy University 4 A01 Isabelle Kramer Kramer, Isabelle Isabelle Kramer LORIA / INRIA, Nancy University 01 Due to the critical role that normalisation plays during the translation and localisation processes, we propose here to analyse some standards, as well as the related software tools that are used by professional translators and by several automatic translating services. We will first point out the importance of normalisation within the translation and localisation activities. Next, we will introduce a methodology of standardisation, whose objective is to harmonise the management and the representation of multilingual data. The control of the interoperability between the industrial standards currently used for localisation [XLIFF], translation memory [TMX], or with some recent initiatives such as the internationalisation tag set [ITS], constitutes a major objective for a coherent and global management of multilingual data. The Multi Lingual Information Framework MLIF [ISO AWI 24616] is based on a methodology of standardisation resulting from the ISO (sub-committees TC37/SC3 “Computer Applications for Terminology” and SC4 “Language Resources Management”). MLIF aims at proposing a high-level abstract specification platform for a computer-oriented representation of multilingual data within a large variety of applications such as translation memories, localisation, computer-aided translation, multimedia, or electronic document management. The major benefit of MLIF is interoperability because it allows experts to gather, under the same conceptual model, various tools and representations related to multilingual data. In addition, MLIF should also make it possible to evaluate and to compare these multilingual resources and tools. 10 01 JB code btl.79.12kat 173 194 22 Article 12 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">11. Tagging and tracing Program Integrated Information</TitleText> 1 A01 Naotaka Kato Kato, Naotaka Naotaka Kato Translation Services Center, IBM Japan, Ltd. 2 A01 Makoto Arisawa Arisawa, Makoto Makoto Arisawa Faculty of Graduate School of Media and Governance, Keio University 01 There are two main types of translation involving computer programs. One involves manuals and the other involves ProgramIntegrated Information (PII). This chapter focuses on PII translation. PII translation is substantially different from ordinary text translation. PII is separated out of the programs into externalised text resource files to allow for translation outside the program development laboratory. The contexts of the operations have been discarded. The translators have to translate phrases and words without context in these text resource files. The Translation Verification Test (TVT), which is done with the normal operations of the program, compensates for the lack of context during translation. If the TVT tester finds an inappropriate translation in the GUI (Graphical User Interface), the file it came from and which line in the file is unknown. We have developed a utility program to make it easy to find a source location. The utility adds a short group of ID characters in front of every PII string. We used this systematic approach for CATIA®1 and found many advantages, such as locating the hard-coded strings that are the biggest problems in programinternationalisation. This ID can be inserted independently of program development. We also developed a utility program that helps TVT testers refer to both the original and target PII strings as pairs. This chapter describes the approach in detail. In addition, this chapter presents statistics about PII files. This important statistical information has not been considered in the program internationalisation communities. 10 01 JB code btl.79.13sch 195 214 20 Article 13 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">12. Linguistic resources and localisation</TitleText> 1 A01 Reinhard Schäler Schäler, Reinhard Reinhard Schäler Localisation Research Centre (LRC), University of Limerick 01 Traditional mainstream localisation processes, tools and technologies supporting a business approach whose principal purpose it is to achieve a short-term return on a minimum investment have reached their limits. In order to respond effectively to today’s localisation challenges disruptive approaches are needed and an overhaul of current practices is required. This contribution makes a solid case for localisation as a long-term investment that is backed up by case studies and advocates the innovative use of language technologies and language resources. 10 01 JB code btl.79.14ind 215 220 6 Miscellaneous 14 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Index</TitleText> 02 JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam/Philadelphia NL 04 20081112 2008 John Benjamins 02 WORLD 01 245 mm 02 164 mm 08 585 gr 01 JB 1 John Benjamins Publishing Company +31 20 6304747 +31 20 6739773 bookorder@benjamins.nl 01 https://benjamins.com 01 WORLD US CA MX 21 40 24 01 02 JB 1 00 90.00 EUR R 02 02 JB 1 00 95.40 EUR R 01 JB 10 bebc +44 1202 712 934 +44 1202 712 913 sales@bebc.co.uk 03 GB 21 24 02 02 JB 1 00 76.00 GBP Z 01 JB 2 John Benjamins North America +1 800 562-5666 +1 703 661-1501 benjamins@presswarehouse.com 01 https://benjamins.com 01 US CA MX 21 24 01 gen 02 JB 1 00 135.00 USD