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621007297 03 01 01 JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code BTL 81 Eb 15 9789027291073 06 10.1075/btl.81 13 2008039151 DG 002 02 01 BTL 02 0929-7316 Benjamins Translation Library 81 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Agents of Translation</TitleText> 01 btl.81 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/btl.81 1 B01 John Milton Milton, John John Milton University of Sao Paulo 2 B01 Paul Bandia Bandia, Paul Paul Bandia Concordia University, Montréal 01 eng 347 vi 337 LAN023000 v.2006 CFP 2 24 JB Subject Scheme COMM.CGEN Communication Studies 24 JB Subject Scheme TRAN.TRANSL Translation Studies 06 01 <i>Agents of Translation</i> contains thirteen case studies by internationally recognized scholars in which translation has been used as a way of influencing the target culture and furthering literary, political and personal interests.<br /> The articles describe Francisco Miranda, the “precursor” of Venezuelan independence, who promoted translations of works on the French Revolution and American independence; 19th century Brazilian translations of articles taken from the <i>Révue Britannique</i> about England; Ahmed Midhat, a late 19th century Turkish journalist who widely translated from Western languages; Henry Vizetelly , who (unsuccessfully) attempted to introduce the works of Zola to a wider public in Victorian Britain; and Henry Bohn, who, also in Victorian Britain, (successfully) published a series of works from the classics, many of which were expurgated; Yukichi Fukuzawa, whose adaptation of a North American geography textbook in the Meiji period promoted the concept of the superiority of the Japanese over their Asian neighbours; Samuli Suomalainen and Juhani Konkka, whose translations helped establish Finnish as a literary language; Hasan Alî Yücel, the Turkish Minister of Education, who set up the Turkish Translation Bureau in 1939; the Senegalese intellectual, Cheikh Anta Diop, whose work showed that the Ancient Egyptians had African rather than Indo-European roots; the Centro Cultural de Évora theatre group, which introduced Brecht and other contemporary drama into Portugal after the 1974 Carnation Revolution; 20<sup>th</sup> century Argentine translators of poetry; Haroldo and Augusto de Campos, who have brought translation to the forefront of literary activity in Brazil; and, finally, translators of Bosnian poetry, many of whom work in exile. 05 This collection provides a rich and multifaceted approach to the agents of translation understood not only as individuals but also as collective entities, using translation as a means to an end, with a defined political or cultural agenda. The book also interestingly presents diverse conceptions of translation which emerge from the agents’ translation strategies, their theoretical writings, the critiques or paratexts. Sandra Poupaud, Tarragona, in Target, Vol. 24:1 (2012) 05 The new and improved edition of Daniel Gile's (1995) seminal work on training interpreters and translators through a process-oriented approach is a must-have for every interpreter trainer/educator. [...] If you are familiar with the first edition, you will instantly notice that this edition unerwent a serious rewrite for flow, readability, economy of expression, and clarity. [...] Format modifications (e.g., spacing, fonts) make the text and comfortable read. In fact, it is such a "comfortable read" that it is difficult to put down, no matter how many times you have reread the first edition. If it has been a while, you might just find yourself becoming so engrossed in Gile's discussions that the work impacts you again with all of its practical applications to your work as an interpreter trainer. [...] For its stimulating and comprehensive presentation of models and concepts that are explained so that they will make sense to students and teachers, the revised edition is a welcome addition to any interpreter trainer's (and student's) personal library. Sherry Shaw, University of North Florida, in International Journal of Interpreter Eduction, 2, 2010 05 This is a broad-based and thought-provoking collection of studies that reminds us that translation seldom takes place in a vacuum, and that it is motivated by an often complex set of agendas formulated by a diversity of actors. Humphrey Tonkin, University of Hartford, in Language Problems and Language Planning Vol. 36:1 (2012) 04 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/btl.81.png 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027216908.jpg 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027216908.tif 06 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/btl.81.hb.png 07 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/btl.81.png 25 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/btl.81.hb.png 27 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/btl.81.hb.png 10 01 JB code btl.81.01int 1 18 18 Miscellaneous 1 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Introduction: Agents of translation and Translation Studies</TitleText> 1 A01 John Milton Milton, John John Milton 2 A01 Paul Bandia Bandia, Paul Paul Bandia 10 01 JB code btl.81.02bas 19 42 24 Article 2 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Francisco de Miranda, intercultural forerunner</TitleText> 1 A01 Georges L. Bastin Bastin, Georges L. Georges L. Bastin Université de Montreal 20 Francisco de Miranda 20 Lettre aux Espagnols-américains 20 translation in revolutionary movements 20 Viscardo 01 Latin America as a whole is a translation continent, a continent with a transcultural history in which translation has a place of honour. It is not surprising therefore that there have been so many important figures who have translated, encouraged translations and publications of translated books, or reflected on the ways of translating and its impact on the construction of a genuine culture and identity.<br />This paper highlights the trajectory of the major player and agent of translation during the so-called emancipation period, that is, from the end of the 18th century to the first decades of the 19th century, namely Francisco de Miranda (1750–1816).<br />The hypothesis of this study is that the real role played by translation in the Hispano-American subcontinent, described and interpreted by a detailed examination of translation content and the acts of translation performed by the ‘agent’ studied here, is that of having contributed to the emancipation movement, to the creation of a national and continental identity, and to the construction of a new culture in the region. The study goes through Miranda’s biographical data and intellectual life and examines Miranda’s translation of Viscardo’s<i>Lettre aux Espagnols-américains</i>. It then looks into Miranda’s influence on Latin American intellectuals and revolutionary leaders from his home in London and especially into his role as an agent of propaganda through sponsoring newspapers and books. 10 01 JB code btl.81.03ram 43 61 19 Article 3 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Translating cultural paradigms: The role of the <i>Revue Britannique</i> for the first Brazilian fiction writers</TitleText> 1 A01 Maria Eulália Ramicelli Ramicelli, Maria Eulália Maria Eulália Ramicelli Federal University of Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil 20 British fiction in periodicals 20 cultural translation 20 first Brazilian fictional narratives 20 nineteenth century 20 Revue Britannique 01 From the 1830s on, Brazilian men of letters largely borrowed fictional and nonfictional texts from French and British magazines to publish in periodicals which they founded, directed, and/or contributed to in the city of Rio de Janeiro. The translation and publication of these texts were seen as a means of paving the way for Brazilian society towards civilization and cultural progress as Brazil was just coming out of a long period of colonization marked by severe restrictions on intellectual production. In this circulation of texts, the French magazine <i>Revue Britannique </i>played an important role as agent of translation of British ideas and cultural forms for Brazilians. As the French version of British narratives has strong correspondences with the first Brazilian fictional texts, this article discusses the Brazilian grounds for the selection of the <i>Revue Britannique </i>as a mediator of British fiction. This discussion takes into account the specific British, French, and Brazilian contexts of periodical production at the time. 10 01 JB code btl.81.04uch 63 83 21 Article 4 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Translation as representation: Fukuzawa Yukichi's representation of the "Others"</TitleText> 1 A01 Akiko Uchiyama Uchiyama, Akiko Akiko Uchiyama University of Queensland, Australia 20 Fukuzawa Yukichi 20 Meiji period 20 translation in Japan 20 translation of textbooks 01 The focus of this essay is Fukuzawa Yukichi’s representation, or translation, of non-Western cultures, which had a significant bearing on the Japanese reader’s perception of these cultures. He was a renowned nineteenth-century educator and intellectual whose translation work is recognized to have contributed to modernization of the country. However, Fukuzawa’s representation of these cultures, specifically his writings on China and Korea, has been under scrutiny as evidence for him being a nationalistic expansionist who contributed to instigating Japan’s aggression towards Asia. This essay examines how his act of translation is linked to the image of Fukuzawa as a proponent of Japan’s aggression and how Fukuzawa is responsible for ideologically framing Japan’s relationship with other non-Western cultures. Although Fukuzawa lived in the nineteenth century, his representation is still important for contemporary Japan. 10 01 JB code btl.81.05mer 85 105 21 Article 5 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Vizetelly &amp; Company as (ex)change agent: Towards the modernization of the British publishing industry</TitleText> 1 A01 Denise Merkle Merkle, Denise Denise Merkle Université de Moncton, Canada 20 censorship in translation 20 Ernest Vizetelly 20 Henry Vizetelly 20 Zola in translation 01 This chapter sets out to examine the role of the publishing house Vizetelly &#38; Company, its founder Henry Vizetelly and his son Ernest, as agents of change who contributed to the modernization of the publishing industry in late-Victorian Britain. This case study will show that these agents were loosely affiliated with progressive social movements that were resisting the confines of rigid Victorian class structure and public morality. Vizetelly &#38; Company’s innovations consisted in publishing foreign works in translation, especially realist and naturalist fiction, as well as Anglo-Irish fiction (e.g., George Moore’s novels), in cheap editions destined for a new reading market, the product of the 1870 Elementary Education Act (The Forster Act). By contrast to many periods when it is easier to publish translated works than indigenous ones, it was the opposite in Victorian Britain and being associated with progressive, socially disruptive thought and movements made the task that much more risky. Censorial mechanisms came into play in reaction to Vizetelly &#38; Company’s translation and publishing projects, to which Henry Vizetelly devoted the better part of the 1880s. His career ended on a bitter note: his firm went bankrupt, and he spent three months in prison in 1889 for having published what was labeled by the courts to be “obscene” literature in translation. Yet, he is credited with having contributed to successfully undermining the monopoly of the circulating libraries and introducing to the British publishing marketplace inexpensive editions in a single volume through his translation and publishing activities. The paper concludes that these innovative agents were agents of metamorphosis. Living abroad had changed the worldview of Henry and Ernest Vizetelly. As a result, they operated from within a changed universe that was no longer late Victorian. This case study could prove useful to understanding the dynamics at play in intercultural relations and the role of the translator as intercultural agent. 10 01 JB code btl.81.06os 107 129 23 Article 6 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Translation within the margin: The "Libraries" of Henry Bohn</TitleText> 1 A01 Carol O'Sullivan O'Sullivan, Carol Carol O'Sullivan University of Portsmouth 20 censorship in translation 20 Classical Library 20 Henry Bohn 20 paratext 20 Standard Library 01 This chapter considers the Victorian publisher Henry G. Bohn as a pioneer in the publishing of translated classics for a general market. Through his ‘Standard Library’, established in 1846, and the equally successful ‘Classical Library’ (1848), Bohn made literature in translation available to a mass readership at the then low prices of three shillings and sixpence or five shillings. Targeted at the Victorian reader eager for self-improvement, most of the volumes in Bohn’s Libraries were highly improving in nature, with an emphasis on history, biography and philosophy, much of it by Continental authors. Bohn’s catalogue also included, however, some of the more notorious classics of European literature, including the <i>Decameron </i>(published 1855), Marguerite de Navarre’s <i>Heptameron </i>(1855), the <i>Satyricon </i>of Petronius (1854), the poems of Catullus (1854), Apuleius’s <i>Golden Ass </i>(1853) and the epigrams of Martial (1860). While ‘unexpurgated’ translations of some of these works would be published for private circulation in the Victorian period, the norms of the period required that they be censored to fit them for a general market. 10 01 JB code btl.81.07dem 131 159 29 Article 7 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Translating Europe: The case of Ahmed Midhat as an Ottoman agent of translation</TitleText> 1 A01 Cemal Demircioğlu Demircioğlu, Cemal Cemal Demircioğlu Okan University, Istanbul, Turkey 20 Ahmed Midhat 20 Classics debate 20 Ottoman translation 20 Tanzimat 20 Tercüman-i Hakikat (Interpreter of Truth) 01 This paper examines the concept of agency by focusing retrospectively on the diverse translation practice of Ahmed Midhat (1844–1913), who was an important Ottoman novelist, translator, publisher, journalist and the owner of the newspaper <i>Tercüman-&#305; Hakikat </i>[Interpreter of Truth]. Ahmed Midhat’s writings provide an exemplary framework for rethinking agency in terms of multiple translation-related practices in a period of Ottoman contact with European culture in the late 19th century. Through the examination of his translation activity and discourse on translation, this paper will emphasize that Ahmed Midhat was a good example of provocative agency, (i) which generated significant dynamism in Ottoman writing, publishing and journalism, (ii) and which functioned as a “mediator” in conveying Western culture to Ottoman society by performing different forms of translation practices. He was also the major provocative figure in the so-called “classics debate” of 1897 which was on translating neo-European classical works into Ottoman Turkish. Thus, in his dialogue with Europe, Ahmed Midhat appears as an agent of translation in the private sphere who made a great contribution to the shaping and modernization of Ottoman culture and literature in the late 19th century. 10 01 JB code btl.81.08tah 161 188 28 Article 8 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">A cultural agent against the forces of culture: Hasan-&#194;li Y&#252;cel</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>A </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">cultural agent against the forces of culture: Hasan-&#194;li Y&#252;cel</TitleWithoutPrefix> 1 A01 Şehnaz Tahir Gürçağlar Tahir Gürçağlar, Şehnaz Şehnaz Tahir Gürçağlar Bogaziçi University, Istanbul 20 agents of change 20 Hasan-Âli Yücel 20 Republican Turkey 20 Translation Bureau 01 Hasan-Âli Yücel (1897–1961) was one of the most prominent politicians of the Republican era in Turkey. He served as a member of the Turkish Grand National Assembly for fifteen years (1935–1950), eight of which he spent as the Minister of Education. Yücel’s term of office as Minister of Education (1938–1946) was one of the most revolutionary periods in the early republican era otherwise marked by a series of radical reforms covering the alphabet, dress, unification of education, and women’s voting rights in the late 1920s and early 1930s. Yücel embarked on a number of projects across various fields of culture, including the setting up of the Translation Bureau which would produce 1,247 translations from mainly Western and Eastern classics until 1966 and the launching of the influential translation journal Tercüme. He set up the revolutionary and controversial Village Institutes, which were primary and secondary schools set up in the rural areas with a unique curriculum. He oversaw the establishment of various institutions of higher education. He organized various artistic and cultural exhibitions. He took the initiative to publish several encyclopedias and dictionaries. Hasan-Âli Yücel was also a writer of both literary and scholarly works, so he was not only interested in providing patronage and guidance to cultural affairs but was also active in literary and cultural production. 10 01 JB code btl.81.09pal 189 208 20 Article 9 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Limits of freedom: Agency, choice and constraints in the work of the translator</TitleText> 1 A01 Outi Paloposki Paloposki, Outi Outi Paloposki University of Helsinki 20 agency 20 choice 20 negotiation 20 norms 01 Translators’ agency has been under increasing attention lately, from several different viewpoints and using different kinds of data. The present paper is an attempt at outlining concrete day-to-day routines and decision-making of two translators in Finland, one in the late 19th century and the other in the mid-20th century, on the basis of their correspondence and other documents. The study of their lives can shed light on issues such as the selection (or rejection) of books to be translated, translation strategies, the use of source texts and versions, typographical and layout design, and fees. I will outline the interaction between the translators and their publishers and readers and explore the issues which determine the balance between individual agency and collective norms. 10 01 JB code btl.81.10ban 209 227 19 Article 10 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Cheikh Anta Diop: Translation at the service of history</TitleText> 1 A01 Paul Bandia Bandia, Paul Paul Bandia Concordia University, Montréal 20 Cheikh Anta Diop 20 Egyptology 20 Meroitic script 20 translation in Africa 01 This is a case study of how the knowledge and practice of translation can be put to the service of history. The study addresses in particular the efforts of a renowned African scholar, Cheikh Anta Diop, in tracing the African antecedents of the Ancient Egyptian civilization. The focus is on Cheikh Anta Diop’s mastery and translation (or deciphering) of Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs and Meroitic script into a modern written language script. Diop’s ultimate goal was to establish a historical and cultural connection between ancient Egypt and Black Africa, through a systematic translation of certain keywords and a comparative linguistic study of Ancient Egyptian and African languages. Diop was also interested in refuting arguments or hypotheses regarding the untranslatability of cultures, particularly between so-called primitive languages and modern, highly scientific languages. Although the debate about the link between Black Africa and Ancient Egypt had lost steam by the end of the 20th century, Diop’s work still carries weight in some scholarly circles, especially given the contemporary ideological importance of issues related to ethnicity and “identities” in disciplines such as postcolonialism and cultural studies. Whatever position one chooses to take on the debate on the subject of a ‘Black Egypt’, one cannot deny the considerable impact of Diop’s scholarship and, from a translation studies perspective, his role as an agent of translation in the writing of history. 10 01 JB code btl.81.11bra 229 256 28 Article 11 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">The agency of the poets and the impact of their translations: <i>Sur, Poesía Buenos Aires</i>, and <i>Diario de Poesía</i> as aesthetic arenas for twentieth-century Argentine letters</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>The </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">agency of the poets and the impact of their translations: <i>Sur, Poesía Buenos Aires</i>, and <i>Diario de Poesía</i> as aesthetic arenas for twentieth-century Argentine letters</TitleWithoutPrefix> 1 A01 Lisa Rose Bradford Bradford, Lisa Rose Lisa Rose Bradford Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Argentina 20 Daniel Samoilovich 20 Diario de poesía 20 Poesía Buenos Aires 20 Sur 20 Victoria Ocampo 01 In an attempt to locate the role of poetry translation in the development of Argentine twentieth-century literature, this essay focuses on the work done by specific groups of poet/translators associated with three major literary magazines. An overview of the relationship between national production and translation in Argentina is first presented, and then, through a brief summary of the century’s political events, certain parallelisms with literary movements are established. This is followed by an analysis of the imported expressions, which are often found to be incongruent or de/recontextualized within the local repertoire. Notions of cultural agency (Bourdieu) and cultural poetics (Greenblatt) serve to reveal both how these groups maintain a tradition of discernable discourse practices in their translations and how the imported schools of poetry generally served to legitimize the poet/translators’ own poetic practices in forming a readership for their works by enforcing modes of reception through the inclusion of selected foreign poets. 10 01 JB code btl.81.12nob 257 277 21 Article 12 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">The role of Haroldo and Augusto de Campos in bringing translation to the fore of literary activity in Brazil</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>The </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">role of Haroldo and Augusto de Campos in bringing translation to the fore of literary activity in Brazil</TitleWithoutPrefix> 1 A01 Thelma Médici Nóbrega Nóbrega, Thelma Médici Thelma Médici Nóbrega Pontifícia Universidade Católica, São Paulo 2 A01 John Milton Milton, John John Milton Universidade de São Paulo 20 Augusto de Campos 20 Concrete poetry 20 Décio Pignatari 20 Haroldo de Campos 20 translation in Brazil 01 This article is a review of the implications of the Campos brothers’ practical and theoretical activity as translators on the translation field in Brazil, focusing on Haroldo de Campos’ role as translator, translation theorist and literary critic. 10 01 JB code btl.81.13zur 279 299 21 Article 13 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">The theatre translator as a cultural agent: A case study</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>The </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">theatre translator as a cultural agent: A case study</TitleWithoutPrefix> 1 A01 Christine Zurbach Zurbach, Christine Christine Zurbach Universidade de Évora, Portugal 20 innovation 20 Portuguese theatre 20 socio-cultural project 20 theatre translation 01 This case study describes the activities between 1975 and the end of the 1980s by a group of theatre translators associated with the cultural project of a collective agent, the Centro Cultural de Évora (CCE), a professional theatre group, set up in 1975 by the Ministry of Culture. Established in the interior of Portugal, in Évora, the CCE aimed at making theatre at both a regional and national level more dynamic. The company used a repertoire of plays most of which were by classic and contemporary foreign authors. The list of authors shows us that a large number of them are French, demonstrating the traditional presence of French culture in Portugal. Other authors are German, revealing the influence of the theatre of Brecht after 1974 in Portugal. Certain authors, both contemporary and older authors, were translated into Portuguese for the first time. Others, generally classics like Molière and Shakespeare, are retranslated in contemporary versions. The intervention of the CCE corresponds to what Even-Zohar calls cultural planning as the aesthetic choices of the programmes of this company correspond to the importation of the theatrical and cultural model which had already been experienced in France from 1950 to 1970, that of the decentralization of the theatre, where the reading of the classics and the promotion of certain contemporary authors are vital. Translation played a central role in the choices of this cultural agent, showing the dramatic and artistic choices in the theatrical innovation following the 25 April 1974 revolution, after the end of censorship, when Portugal was open again to other languages and ideas. The translations have generally been linked to a type of theatre which had considerable influence during the period of the development of new projects after 1975, especially with young or new companies performing the same translated texts and which has benefited from the support of the CCE, which founded this decentralization movement. 10 01 JB code btl.81.14jon 301 325 25 Article 14 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Embassy networks: Translating post-war Bosnian poetry into English</TitleText> 1 A01 Francis Jones Jones, Francis Francis Jones Newcastle University 20 Activity Theory 20 Actor Network Theory 20 Bosnian poetry 20 Social Game Theory 20 translation in Bosnia 01 This article is based on a web survey of on-line and print translations into English of poetry by writers from Bosnia since the 1992–1995 war. Combining insights from Actor Network Theory, Activity Theory and Goffman’s Social Game Theory, it examines the relationships between human and textual agents in the production of poetry translations. It maps these relationships onto agents’ geographic ‘positionality’. Among the findings are:<br />(1) Poetry translation is produced by networks of agents working across a ‘distributed’ space. This implies that it is simplistic to conceptualise literary translation in terms of one agent’s loyalty to one cultural space.<br />(2) Translators often carry less power in a production network than an anthology/journal editor or a living source poet.<br />(3) Networks involving players from source-language regions working in a target-language country are particularly effective in publication terms. 10 01 JB code btl.81.15not 327 329 3 Miscellaneous 15 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Notes on contributors</TitleText> 10 01 JB code btl.81.16ind 331 337 7 Miscellaneous 16 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Index</TitleText> 02 JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam/Philadelphia NL 04 20090212 2009 John Benjamins 02 WORLD 13 15 9789027216908 01 JB 3 John Benjamins e-Platform 03 jbe-platform.com 09 WORLD 21 01 00 95.00 EUR R 01 00 80.00 GBP Z 01 gen 00 143.00 USD S 458007296 03 01 01 JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code BTL 81 Hb 15 9789027216908 13 2008039151 BB 01 BTL 02 0929-7316 Benjamins Translation Library 81 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Agents of Translation</TitleText> 01 btl.81 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/btl.81 1 B01 John Milton Milton, John John Milton University of Sao Paulo 2 B01 Paul Bandia Bandia, Paul Paul Bandia Concordia University, Montréal 01 eng 347 vi 337 LAN023000 v.2006 CFP 2 24 JB Subject Scheme COMM.CGEN Communication Studies 24 JB Subject Scheme TRAN.TRANSL Translation Studies 06 01 <i>Agents of Translation</i> contains thirteen case studies by internationally recognized scholars in which translation has been used as a way of influencing the target culture and furthering literary, political and personal interests.<br /> The articles describe Francisco Miranda, the “precursor” of Venezuelan independence, who promoted translations of works on the French Revolution and American independence; 19th century Brazilian translations of articles taken from the <i>Révue Britannique</i> about England; Ahmed Midhat, a late 19th century Turkish journalist who widely translated from Western languages; Henry Vizetelly , who (unsuccessfully) attempted to introduce the works of Zola to a wider public in Victorian Britain; and Henry Bohn, who, also in Victorian Britain, (successfully) published a series of works from the classics, many of which were expurgated; Yukichi Fukuzawa, whose adaptation of a North American geography textbook in the Meiji period promoted the concept of the superiority of the Japanese over their Asian neighbours; Samuli Suomalainen and Juhani Konkka, whose translations helped establish Finnish as a literary language; Hasan Alî Yücel, the Turkish Minister of Education, who set up the Turkish Translation Bureau in 1939; the Senegalese intellectual, Cheikh Anta Diop, whose work showed that the Ancient Egyptians had African rather than Indo-European roots; the Centro Cultural de Évora theatre group, which introduced Brecht and other contemporary drama into Portugal after the 1974 Carnation Revolution; 20<sup>th</sup> century Argentine translators of poetry; Haroldo and Augusto de Campos, who have brought translation to the forefront of literary activity in Brazil; and, finally, translators of Bosnian poetry, many of whom work in exile. 05 This collection provides a rich and multifaceted approach to the agents of translation understood not only as individuals but also as collective entities, using translation as a means to an end, with a defined political or cultural agenda. The book also interestingly presents diverse conceptions of translation which emerge from the agents’ translation strategies, their theoretical writings, the critiques or paratexts. Sandra Poupaud, Tarragona, in Target, Vol. 24:1 (2012) 05 The new and improved edition of Daniel Gile's (1995) seminal work on training interpreters and translators through a process-oriented approach is a must-have for every interpreter trainer/educator. [...] If you are familiar with the first edition, you will instantly notice that this edition unerwent a serious rewrite for flow, readability, economy of expression, and clarity. [...] Format modifications (e.g., spacing, fonts) make the text and comfortable read. In fact, it is such a "comfortable read" that it is difficult to put down, no matter how many times you have reread the first edition. If it has been a while, you might just find yourself becoming so engrossed in Gile's discussions that the work impacts you again with all of its practical applications to your work as an interpreter trainer. [...] For its stimulating and comprehensive presentation of models and concepts that are explained so that they will make sense to students and teachers, the revised edition is a welcome addition to any interpreter trainer's (and student's) personal library. Sherry Shaw, University of North Florida, in International Journal of Interpreter Eduction, 2, 2010 05 This is a broad-based and thought-provoking collection of studies that reminds us that translation seldom takes place in a vacuum, and that it is motivated by an often complex set of agendas formulated by a diversity of actors. Humphrey Tonkin, University of Hartford, in Language Problems and Language Planning Vol. 36:1 (2012) 04 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/btl.81.png 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027216908.jpg 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027216908.tif 06 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/btl.81.hb.png 07 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/btl.81.png 25 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/btl.81.hb.png 27 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/btl.81.hb.png 10 01 JB code btl.81.01int 1 18 18 Miscellaneous 1 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Introduction: Agents of translation and Translation Studies</TitleText> 1 A01 John Milton Milton, John John Milton 2 A01 Paul Bandia Bandia, Paul Paul Bandia 10 01 JB code btl.81.02bas 19 42 24 Article 2 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Francisco de Miranda, intercultural forerunner</TitleText> 1 A01 Georges L. Bastin Bastin, Georges L. Georges L. Bastin Université de Montreal 20 Francisco de Miranda 20 Lettre aux Espagnols-américains 20 translation in revolutionary movements 20 Viscardo 01 Latin America as a whole is a translation continent, a continent with a transcultural history in which translation has a place of honour. It is not surprising therefore that there have been so many important figures who have translated, encouraged translations and publications of translated books, or reflected on the ways of translating and its impact on the construction of a genuine culture and identity.<br />This paper highlights the trajectory of the major player and agent of translation during the so-called emancipation period, that is, from the end of the 18th century to the first decades of the 19th century, namely Francisco de Miranda (1750–1816).<br />The hypothesis of this study is that the real role played by translation in the Hispano-American subcontinent, described and interpreted by a detailed examination of translation content and the acts of translation performed by the ‘agent’ studied here, is that of having contributed to the emancipation movement, to the creation of a national and continental identity, and to the construction of a new culture in the region. The study goes through Miranda’s biographical data and intellectual life and examines Miranda’s translation of Viscardo’s<i>Lettre aux Espagnols-américains</i>. It then looks into Miranda’s influence on Latin American intellectuals and revolutionary leaders from his home in London and especially into his role as an agent of propaganda through sponsoring newspapers and books. 10 01 JB code btl.81.03ram 43 61 19 Article 3 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Translating cultural paradigms: The role of the <i>Revue Britannique</i> for the first Brazilian fiction writers</TitleText> 1 A01 Maria Eulália Ramicelli Ramicelli, Maria Eulália Maria Eulália Ramicelli Federal University of Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil 20 British fiction in periodicals 20 cultural translation 20 first Brazilian fictional narratives 20 nineteenth century 20 Revue Britannique 01 From the 1830s on, Brazilian men of letters largely borrowed fictional and nonfictional texts from French and British magazines to publish in periodicals which they founded, directed, and/or contributed to in the city of Rio de Janeiro. The translation and publication of these texts were seen as a means of paving the way for Brazilian society towards civilization and cultural progress as Brazil was just coming out of a long period of colonization marked by severe restrictions on intellectual production. In this circulation of texts, the French magazine <i>Revue Britannique </i>played an important role as agent of translation of British ideas and cultural forms for Brazilians. As the French version of British narratives has strong correspondences with the first Brazilian fictional texts, this article discusses the Brazilian grounds for the selection of the <i>Revue Britannique </i>as a mediator of British fiction. This discussion takes into account the specific British, French, and Brazilian contexts of periodical production at the time. 10 01 JB code btl.81.04uch 63 83 21 Article 4 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Translation as representation: Fukuzawa Yukichi's representation of the "Others"</TitleText> 1 A01 Akiko Uchiyama Uchiyama, Akiko Akiko Uchiyama University of Queensland, Australia 20 Fukuzawa Yukichi 20 Meiji period 20 translation in Japan 20 translation of textbooks 01 The focus of this essay is Fukuzawa Yukichi’s representation, or translation, of non-Western cultures, which had a significant bearing on the Japanese reader’s perception of these cultures. He was a renowned nineteenth-century educator and intellectual whose translation work is recognized to have contributed to modernization of the country. However, Fukuzawa’s representation of these cultures, specifically his writings on China and Korea, has been under scrutiny as evidence for him being a nationalistic expansionist who contributed to instigating Japan’s aggression towards Asia. This essay examines how his act of translation is linked to the image of Fukuzawa as a proponent of Japan’s aggression and how Fukuzawa is responsible for ideologically framing Japan’s relationship with other non-Western cultures. Although Fukuzawa lived in the nineteenth century, his representation is still important for contemporary Japan. 10 01 JB code btl.81.05mer 85 105 21 Article 5 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Vizetelly &amp; Company as (ex)change agent: Towards the modernization of the British publishing industry</TitleText> 1 A01 Denise Merkle Merkle, Denise Denise Merkle Université de Moncton, Canada 20 censorship in translation 20 Ernest Vizetelly 20 Henry Vizetelly 20 Zola in translation 01 This chapter sets out to examine the role of the publishing house Vizetelly &#38; Company, its founder Henry Vizetelly and his son Ernest, as agents of change who contributed to the modernization of the publishing industry in late-Victorian Britain. This case study will show that these agents were loosely affiliated with progressive social movements that were resisting the confines of rigid Victorian class structure and public morality. Vizetelly &#38; Company’s innovations consisted in publishing foreign works in translation, especially realist and naturalist fiction, as well as Anglo-Irish fiction (e.g., George Moore’s novels), in cheap editions destined for a new reading market, the product of the 1870 Elementary Education Act (The Forster Act). By contrast to many periods when it is easier to publish translated works than indigenous ones, it was the opposite in Victorian Britain and being associated with progressive, socially disruptive thought and movements made the task that much more risky. Censorial mechanisms came into play in reaction to Vizetelly &#38; Company’s translation and publishing projects, to which Henry Vizetelly devoted the better part of the 1880s. His career ended on a bitter note: his firm went bankrupt, and he spent three months in prison in 1889 for having published what was labeled by the courts to be “obscene” literature in translation. Yet, he is credited with having contributed to successfully undermining the monopoly of the circulating libraries and introducing to the British publishing marketplace inexpensive editions in a single volume through his translation and publishing activities. The paper concludes that these innovative agents were agents of metamorphosis. Living abroad had changed the worldview of Henry and Ernest Vizetelly. As a result, they operated from within a changed universe that was no longer late Victorian. This case study could prove useful to understanding the dynamics at play in intercultural relations and the role of the translator as intercultural agent. 10 01 JB code btl.81.06os 107 129 23 Article 6 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Translation within the margin: The "Libraries" of Henry Bohn</TitleText> 1 A01 Carol O'Sullivan O'Sullivan, Carol Carol O'Sullivan University of Portsmouth 20 censorship in translation 20 Classical Library 20 Henry Bohn 20 paratext 20 Standard Library 01 This chapter considers the Victorian publisher Henry G. Bohn as a pioneer in the publishing of translated classics for a general market. Through his ‘Standard Library’, established in 1846, and the equally successful ‘Classical Library’ (1848), Bohn made literature in translation available to a mass readership at the then low prices of three shillings and sixpence or five shillings. Targeted at the Victorian reader eager for self-improvement, most of the volumes in Bohn’s Libraries were highly improving in nature, with an emphasis on history, biography and philosophy, much of it by Continental authors. Bohn’s catalogue also included, however, some of the more notorious classics of European literature, including the <i>Decameron </i>(published 1855), Marguerite de Navarre’s <i>Heptameron </i>(1855), the <i>Satyricon </i>of Petronius (1854), the poems of Catullus (1854), Apuleius’s <i>Golden Ass </i>(1853) and the epigrams of Martial (1860). While ‘unexpurgated’ translations of some of these works would be published for private circulation in the Victorian period, the norms of the period required that they be censored to fit them for a general market. 10 01 JB code btl.81.07dem 131 159 29 Article 7 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Translating Europe: The case of Ahmed Midhat as an Ottoman agent of translation</TitleText> 1 A01 Cemal Demircioğlu Demircioğlu, Cemal Cemal Demircioğlu Okan University, Istanbul, Turkey 20 Ahmed Midhat 20 Classics debate 20 Ottoman translation 20 Tanzimat 20 Tercüman-i Hakikat (Interpreter of Truth) 01 This paper examines the concept of agency by focusing retrospectively on the diverse translation practice of Ahmed Midhat (1844–1913), who was an important Ottoman novelist, translator, publisher, journalist and the owner of the newspaper <i>Tercüman-&#305; Hakikat </i>[Interpreter of Truth]. Ahmed Midhat’s writings provide an exemplary framework for rethinking agency in terms of multiple translation-related practices in a period of Ottoman contact with European culture in the late 19th century. Through the examination of his translation activity and discourse on translation, this paper will emphasize that Ahmed Midhat was a good example of provocative agency, (i) which generated significant dynamism in Ottoman writing, publishing and journalism, (ii) and which functioned as a “mediator” in conveying Western culture to Ottoman society by performing different forms of translation practices. He was also the major provocative figure in the so-called “classics debate” of 1897 which was on translating neo-European classical works into Ottoman Turkish. Thus, in his dialogue with Europe, Ahmed Midhat appears as an agent of translation in the private sphere who made a great contribution to the shaping and modernization of Ottoman culture and literature in the late 19th century. 10 01 JB code btl.81.08tah 161 188 28 Article 8 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">A cultural agent against the forces of culture: Hasan-&#194;li Y&#252;cel</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>A </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">cultural agent against the forces of culture: Hasan-&#194;li Y&#252;cel</TitleWithoutPrefix> 1 A01 Şehnaz Tahir Gürçağlar Tahir Gürçağlar, Şehnaz Şehnaz Tahir Gürçağlar Bogaziçi University, Istanbul 20 agents of change 20 Hasan-Âli Yücel 20 Republican Turkey 20 Translation Bureau 01 Hasan-Âli Yücel (1897–1961) was one of the most prominent politicians of the Republican era in Turkey. He served as a member of the Turkish Grand National Assembly for fifteen years (1935–1950), eight of which he spent as the Minister of Education. Yücel’s term of office as Minister of Education (1938–1946) was one of the most revolutionary periods in the early republican era otherwise marked by a series of radical reforms covering the alphabet, dress, unification of education, and women’s voting rights in the late 1920s and early 1930s. Yücel embarked on a number of projects across various fields of culture, including the setting up of the Translation Bureau which would produce 1,247 translations from mainly Western and Eastern classics until 1966 and the launching of the influential translation journal Tercüme. He set up the revolutionary and controversial Village Institutes, which were primary and secondary schools set up in the rural areas with a unique curriculum. He oversaw the establishment of various institutions of higher education. He organized various artistic and cultural exhibitions. He took the initiative to publish several encyclopedias and dictionaries. Hasan-Âli Yücel was also a writer of both literary and scholarly works, so he was not only interested in providing patronage and guidance to cultural affairs but was also active in literary and cultural production. 10 01 JB code btl.81.09pal 189 208 20 Article 9 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Limits of freedom: Agency, choice and constraints in the work of the translator</TitleText> 1 A01 Outi Paloposki Paloposki, Outi Outi Paloposki University of Helsinki 20 agency 20 choice 20 negotiation 20 norms 01 Translators’ agency has been under increasing attention lately, from several different viewpoints and using different kinds of data. The present paper is an attempt at outlining concrete day-to-day routines and decision-making of two translators in Finland, one in the late 19th century and the other in the mid-20th century, on the basis of their correspondence and other documents. The study of their lives can shed light on issues such as the selection (or rejection) of books to be translated, translation strategies, the use of source texts and versions, typographical and layout design, and fees. I will outline the interaction between the translators and their publishers and readers and explore the issues which determine the balance between individual agency and collective norms. 10 01 JB code btl.81.10ban 209 227 19 Article 10 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Cheikh Anta Diop: Translation at the service of history</TitleText> 1 A01 Paul Bandia Bandia, Paul Paul Bandia Concordia University, Montréal 20 Cheikh Anta Diop 20 Egyptology 20 Meroitic script 20 translation in Africa 01 This is a case study of how the knowledge and practice of translation can be put to the service of history. The study addresses in particular the efforts of a renowned African scholar, Cheikh Anta Diop, in tracing the African antecedents of the Ancient Egyptian civilization. The focus is on Cheikh Anta Diop’s mastery and translation (or deciphering) of Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs and Meroitic script into a modern written language script. Diop’s ultimate goal was to establish a historical and cultural connection between ancient Egypt and Black Africa, through a systematic translation of certain keywords and a comparative linguistic study of Ancient Egyptian and African languages. Diop was also interested in refuting arguments or hypotheses regarding the untranslatability of cultures, particularly between so-called primitive languages and modern, highly scientific languages. Although the debate about the link between Black Africa and Ancient Egypt had lost steam by the end of the 20th century, Diop’s work still carries weight in some scholarly circles, especially given the contemporary ideological importance of issues related to ethnicity and “identities” in disciplines such as postcolonialism and cultural studies. Whatever position one chooses to take on the debate on the subject of a ‘Black Egypt’, one cannot deny the considerable impact of Diop’s scholarship and, from a translation studies perspective, his role as an agent of translation in the writing of history. 10 01 JB code btl.81.11bra 229 256 28 Article 11 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">The agency of the poets and the impact of their translations: <i>Sur, Poesía Buenos Aires</i>, and <i>Diario de Poesía</i> as aesthetic arenas for twentieth-century Argentine letters</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>The </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">agency of the poets and the impact of their translations: <i>Sur, Poesía Buenos Aires</i>, and <i>Diario de Poesía</i> as aesthetic arenas for twentieth-century Argentine letters</TitleWithoutPrefix> 1 A01 Lisa Rose Bradford Bradford, Lisa Rose Lisa Rose Bradford Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Argentina 20 Daniel Samoilovich 20 Diario de poesía 20 Poesía Buenos Aires 20 Sur 20 Victoria Ocampo 01 In an attempt to locate the role of poetry translation in the development of Argentine twentieth-century literature, this essay focuses on the work done by specific groups of poet/translators associated with three major literary magazines. An overview of the relationship between national production and translation in Argentina is first presented, and then, through a brief summary of the century’s political events, certain parallelisms with literary movements are established. This is followed by an analysis of the imported expressions, which are often found to be incongruent or de/recontextualized within the local repertoire. Notions of cultural agency (Bourdieu) and cultural poetics (Greenblatt) serve to reveal both how these groups maintain a tradition of discernable discourse practices in their translations and how the imported schools of poetry generally served to legitimize the poet/translators’ own poetic practices in forming a readership for their works by enforcing modes of reception through the inclusion of selected foreign poets. 10 01 JB code btl.81.12nob 257 277 21 Article 12 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">The role of Haroldo and Augusto de Campos in bringing translation to the fore of literary activity in Brazil</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>The </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">role of Haroldo and Augusto de Campos in bringing translation to the fore of literary activity in Brazil</TitleWithoutPrefix> 1 A01 Thelma Médici Nóbrega Nóbrega, Thelma Médici Thelma Médici Nóbrega Pontifícia Universidade Católica, São Paulo 2 A01 John Milton Milton, John John Milton Universidade de São Paulo 20 Augusto de Campos 20 Concrete poetry 20 Décio Pignatari 20 Haroldo de Campos 20 translation in Brazil 01 This article is a review of the implications of the Campos brothers’ practical and theoretical activity as translators on the translation field in Brazil, focusing on Haroldo de Campos’ role as translator, translation theorist and literary critic. 10 01 JB code btl.81.13zur 279 299 21 Article 13 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">The theatre translator as a cultural agent: A case study</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>The </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">theatre translator as a cultural agent: A case study</TitleWithoutPrefix> 1 A01 Christine Zurbach Zurbach, Christine Christine Zurbach Universidade de Évora, Portugal 20 innovation 20 Portuguese theatre 20 socio-cultural project 20 theatre translation 01 This case study describes the activities between 1975 and the end of the 1980s by a group of theatre translators associated with the cultural project of a collective agent, the Centro Cultural de Évora (CCE), a professional theatre group, set up in 1975 by the Ministry of Culture. Established in the interior of Portugal, in Évora, the CCE aimed at making theatre at both a regional and national level more dynamic. The company used a repertoire of plays most of which were by classic and contemporary foreign authors. The list of authors shows us that a large number of them are French, demonstrating the traditional presence of French culture in Portugal. Other authors are German, revealing the influence of the theatre of Brecht after 1974 in Portugal. Certain authors, both contemporary and older authors, were translated into Portuguese for the first time. Others, generally classics like Molière and Shakespeare, are retranslated in contemporary versions. The intervention of the CCE corresponds to what Even-Zohar calls cultural planning as the aesthetic choices of the programmes of this company correspond to the importation of the theatrical and cultural model which had already been experienced in France from 1950 to 1970, that of the decentralization of the theatre, where the reading of the classics and the promotion of certain contemporary authors are vital. Translation played a central role in the choices of this cultural agent, showing the dramatic and artistic choices in the theatrical innovation following the 25 April 1974 revolution, after the end of censorship, when Portugal was open again to other languages and ideas. The translations have generally been linked to a type of theatre which had considerable influence during the period of the development of new projects after 1975, especially with young or new companies performing the same translated texts and which has benefited from the support of the CCE, which founded this decentralization movement. 10 01 JB code btl.81.14jon 301 325 25 Article 14 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Embassy networks: Translating post-war Bosnian poetry into English</TitleText> 1 A01 Francis Jones Jones, Francis Francis Jones Newcastle University 20 Activity Theory 20 Actor Network Theory 20 Bosnian poetry 20 Social Game Theory 20 translation in Bosnia 01 This article is based on a web survey of on-line and print translations into English of poetry by writers from Bosnia since the 1992–1995 war. Combining insights from Actor Network Theory, Activity Theory and Goffman’s Social Game Theory, it examines the relationships between human and textual agents in the production of poetry translations. It maps these relationships onto agents’ geographic ‘positionality’. Among the findings are:<br />(1) Poetry translation is produced by networks of agents working across a ‘distributed’ space. This implies that it is simplistic to conceptualise literary translation in terms of one agent’s loyalty to one cultural space.<br />(2) Translators often carry less power in a production network than an anthology/journal editor or a living source poet.<br />(3) Networks involving players from source-language regions working in a target-language country are particularly effective in publication terms. 10 01 JB code btl.81.15not 327 329 3 Miscellaneous 15 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Notes on contributors</TitleText> 10 01 JB code btl.81.16ind 331 337 7 Miscellaneous 16 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Index</TitleText> 02 JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam/Philadelphia NL 04 20090212 2009 John Benjamins 02 WORLD 01 245 mm 02 164 mm 08 770 gr 01 JB 1 John Benjamins Publishing Company +31 20 6304747 +31 20 6739773 bookorder@benjamins.nl 01 https://benjamins.com 01 WORLD US CA MX 21 11 16 01 02 JB 1 00 95.00 EUR R 02 02 JB 1 00 100.70 EUR R 01 JB 10 bebc +44 1202 712 934 +44 1202 712 913 sales@bebc.co.uk 03 GB 21 16 02 02 JB 1 00 80.00 GBP Z 01 JB 2 John Benjamins North America +1 800 562-5666 +1 703 661-1501 benjamins@presswarehouse.com 01 https://benjamins.com 01 US CA MX 21 1 16 01 gen 02 JB 1 00 143.00 USD