219-7677 10 7500817 John Benjamins Publishing Company Marketing Department / Karin Plijnaar, Pieter Lamers onix@benjamins.nl 201707062303 ONIX title feed eng 01 EUR
995007709 03 01 01 JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code BTL 87 Eb 15 9789027288844 06 10.1075/btl.87 13 2009033364 DG 002 02 01 BTL 02 0929-7316 Benjamins Translation Library 87 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">The Critical Link 5</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>The </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">Critical Link 5</TitleWithoutPrefix> <Subtitle textformat="02">Quality in interpreting – a shared responsibility</Subtitle> 01 btl.87 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/btl.87 1 B01 Sandra Hale Hale, Sandra Sandra Hale University of Western Sydney 2 B01 Uldis Ozolins Ozolins, Uldis Uldis Ozolins Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University 3 B01 Ludmila Stern Stern, Ludmila Ludmila Stern The University of New South Wales 01 eng 264 vii 255 LAN023000 v.2006 CFP 2 24 JB Subject Scheme TRAN.INTERP Interpreting 06 01 The current volume contains selected papers submitted after Critical Link 5 (Sydney 2007) and arises from its topic – quality interpreting being a communal responsibility of all the participants. It takes the much discussed theme of professionalisation of community interpreting to a new level by stating that achieving quality depends not only on the technical skills and ethics of interpreters, but equally upon all other parties that serve multilingual populations: speakers, employers and administrators, educational institutions, researchers, and interpreters. Major articles outline both innovative practices in legal and medical settings and prevailing deficiencies in community interpreting in different countries. While Part I, A<i> shared responsibility: The policy dimension</i>, addresses the macro environment of specific social policy contexts with constrains that affect interpreting, Part II, <i>Investigations and innovations in quality interpreting</i>, reveals a number of admirable cases of interpreters working together with their client institutions in a variety of social settings. Part III is dedicated to the questions of Pedagogy, ethics and responsibility in interpreting. The collection is an important reference book catering to the interpreting community: interpreting practitioners and interpreter users, researchers, educators, and students. 05 This ongoing series of international papers from the triennial conference Critical Link is a valuable resource for anyone who wants to know what's happening in community interpreting around the world. INTERSECT: A Newsletter About Language, Culture and Interpreting, November 2011 05 Like the landmark conference that inspired it, the selected papers of Critical Link 5 offer a diverse and highly informative array of topics, methods and directions shaping the community interpreting professions today. The breadth of the volume and the depth of many of its chapters cannot but impress and entice practitioners and scholars, jurists and trainers, minority-language speakers and community activists, providers and policy-makers – and the public at large. Miriam Shlesinger, Bar-Ilan University 05 Volume Five of the Critical Link Series brings a wealth of interesting information and insights into problems of specialized interpretation. Andrzej Kopczynski, Warsaw School of Social Psychology, Poland 04 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/btl.87.png 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027224316.jpg 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027224316.tif 06 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/btl.87.hb.png 07 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/btl.87.png 25 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/btl.87.hb.png 27 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/btl.87.hb.png 10 01 JB code btl.87.00ack vii 1 Miscellaneous 1 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Acknowledgements</TitleText> 10 01 JB code btl.87.01ozo 1 10 10 Article 2 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">1. Introduction. Quality in interpreting</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">A shared responsibility</Subtitle> 1 A01 Uldis Ozolins Ozolins, Uldis Uldis Ozolins 2 A01 Sandra Hale Hale, Sandra Sandra Hale 10 01 JB code btl.87.02p1 Section header 3 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Part I. A shared responsibility</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">The policy dimension</Subtitle> 10 01 JB code btl.87.03rob 13 35 23 Article 4 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">2. Forensic interpreting</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Trial and error</Subtitle> 1 A01 Len Roberts-Smith Roberts-Smith, Len Len Roberts-Smith 01 This chapter reviews a number of key cases from different English speaking countries where poor interpretation created legal problems. The author attributes these problems to three major reasons: (1) The complete absence of an interpreter; (2) the provision of unqualified bilinguals or interpreters in the wrong language; and (3) the services of &#8220;professional accredited&#8221; but untrained interpreters who do not possess the required high level skills to perform as legal interpreters. The author argues that monocultural or Anglophone lawyers and judges often lack an understanding of the interpreting process and the work of interpreters, which may lead to forensic error. The chapter ends with recommendations for the way forward. 10 01 JB code btl.87.04ng 37 54 18 Article 5 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">3. The tension between adequacy and acceptability in legal interpreting and translation</TitleText> 1 A01 Eva N.S. Ng Ng, Eva N.S. Eva N.S. Ng 01 For over a century, English was the only language in which law was practiced in Hong Kong, yet the handover of Hong Kong to China in 1997 has made legal bilingualism inevitable. In translating existing laws into Chinese, the Law Drafting Division emphasises the need to establish a semantic mapping between the Chinese statutes and their English counterparts, and to strive for both adequacy and acceptability when selecting a Chinese term or expression to represent a common-law concept. This paper examines how legal translators and interpreters resolve the tension between adequacy and acceptability, and concludes that the effort to achieve adequacy at the expense of acceptability may not always pay off. 10 01 JB code btl.87.05ken 55 70 16 Article 6 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">4. A discourse of danger and loss</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Interpreters on interpreting for the European Parliament</Subtitle> 1 A01 Stephanie Jo Kent Kent, Stephanie Jo Stephanie Jo Kent 01 Community and conference interpreters are concerned by misunderstanding and for the preservation of linguistic diversity. Rather than emphasizing differences in context or mode, this chapter seeks to deepen parallels and similarities across the spectrum of professional simultaneous interpretation by describing a discourse of simultaneous interpreters within &#8220;the largest professional interpreting community in the world&#8221; (Interpreter #2). The multilingual and democratic institution of the European Parliament (EP) provides a unique venue to explore shared responsibility between interpreters and interlocutors. As policy makers who regularly use interpreters, the effectiveness of interpreted communication in the EP is of imminent interest to all participants in interpreted interaction. Because codes of ethics typically constrain interpreters&#8217; ability to provide coherent feedback to the interlocutors with whom we work; this paper summarizes one specific and situated interpreter concern. A contrast between the ritual and transmission views for conceptualizing the purpose of communication is used to illuminate the struggle in Interpreting Studies to clearly distinguish linguistic meaning from socially-emergent meaningfulness. 10 01 JB code btl.87.06gar 71 81 11 Article 7 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">5. Is healthcare interpreter policy left in the seventies?</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Does current interpreter policy match the stringent realities of modern healthcare?</Subtitle> 1 A01 Pamela W Garrett Garrett, Pamela W Pamela W Garrett 01 This chapter explores healthcare interpreter policy in the wider context of broader healthcare agendas and changing multicultural policies. It questions whether the interpreter policy objective of universal access for limited English speakers is viable in the context of the rapidly changing modern healthcare environment. This chapter reviews some interesting new material derived from my research on modes of language facilitation in a pilot hospital and the experiences of patients with limited English proficiency. The chapter makes a series of challenging suggestions for future healthcare interpreter service policy. 10 01 JB code btl.87.07p2 Section header 8 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Part II. Investigations and innovations in quality interpreting</TitleText> 10 01 JB code btl.87.08coo 85 97 13 Article 9 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">6. Interpreter ethics versus customary law</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Quality and compromise in Aboriginal languages interpreting</Subtitle> 1 A01 Michael S. Cooke Cooke, Michael S. Michael S. Cooke 01 This is is an exploration of the tensions between interpreting ethics and customary law distilled from interviews with interpreters in Aboriginal languages as part of research commissioned by the Law Reform Commission of Western Australia (2006). While accuracy, impartiality and confidentiality are key principles in interpreting ethics, it was found that for Australian Indigenous interpreters each of these principles may be seriously compromised in practice by rules of customary law.&#160;Suggested strategies for resolving potential conflict between interpreting ethics and customary law include: Indigenous communities requiring public education about the interpreter&#8217;s role; health and legal professionals undertaking cultural awareness training; requiring use of trained and accredited interpreters; and an expanded role for interpreters to occasionally act as cultural broker. 10 01 JB code btl.87.09nap 99 118 20 Article 10 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">7. A shared responsibility in the administration of justice</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">A pilot study of signed language interpretation access for deaf jurors</Subtitle> 1 A01 Jemina Napier Napier, Jemina Jemina Napier 2 A01 David Spencer Spencer, David David Spencer 3 A01 Joe Sabolcec Sabolcec, Joe Joe Sabolcec 01 To date, no research has been conducted on interpreting for deaf jurors, as people are not typically eligible to serve as jurors if they cannot understand the language of the court. This chapter reports one aspect of a pioneering pilot study in Australia, which sought to investigate the capacity for deaf people to serve as jurors in criminal court by accessing courtroom discourse via signed language interpreters. Results of an experimental comprehension test administered to six deaf and six hearing mock &#8220;jurors&#8221; revealed that levels of comprehension between deaf and hearing participants were similar. Thus it appears that the deaf participants were not disadvantaged by accessing information indirectly via interpreting, and could legitimately serve as jurors, although this needs to be further investigated. 10 01 JB code btl.87.10poc 119 134 16 Article 11 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">8. Interpreting for the record</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">A case study of asylum review hearings</Subtitle> 1 A01 Franz Pöchhacker Pöchhacker, Franz Franz Pöchhacker 2 A01 Waltraud Kolb Kolb, Waltraud Waltraud Kolb 01 This paper addresses a specific aspect of interpreting in Austrian asylum review hearings, i.e., the interpreter&#8217;s role as a co-producer of the written record. The interpreter-mediated encounter is viewed as a joint, co-constructed activity, with responsibility for its content, progression and outcome shared by all the interacting parties. This includes the production of the written record of the interview, which is typed by a recording clerk under the supervision of the adjudicator. The discourse-based analysis of fourteen hearings with English-speaking asylum seekers from African countries shows that most interpreters tend to adjust to a striking degree to the needs of record production. This perceived need to interpret &#8220;for the record&#8221; not only entails an increased cognitive task load but also a significant degree of shared responsibility on the interpreter&#8217;s part for the legally relevant manifestation of the interview. 10 01 JB code btl.87.11gon 135 148 14 Article 12 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">9. Court interpreting in Basque</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Mainstreaming and quality: The challenges of court interpreting in Basque</Subtitle> 1 A01 Erika Gonzalez Gonzalez, Erika Erika Gonzalez 2 A01 Lurdes Auzmendi Auzmendi, Lurdes Lurdes Auzmendi 01 Basque is one of the official languages of the Basque Country, a region in &#173;Northern Spain. Within the legal system, translators and interpreters are mandatory, in order to guarantee the linguistic rights of citizens in their dealings with that system.&#8233;Because of the nature of the Basque language itself and because of the delicate political situation in the Basque Country, the interpreter&#8217;s job is extremely arduous. This chapter will report on the results of an analysis of court cases compiled over the last decade. The cases were classified according to the nature of the trials and hearings in which Basque was used. The strategies developed by Basque interpreters in order to meet the quality criteria which the profession requires are also part of the analysis. 10 01 JB code btl.87.12ort 149 167 19 Article 13 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">10. Community interpreting in Spain</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">A comparative study of interpreters&#8217; self perception of role in different settings</Subtitle> 1 A01 Juan Miguel Ortega Herráez Ortega Herráez, Juan Miguel Juan Miguel Ortega Herráez 2 A01 María Isabel Abril Abril, María Isabel María Isabel Abril 3 A01 Anne Martin Martin, Anne Anne Martin 01 This paper presents the results of a study aimed at determining how community interpreters in Spain perceive their work. The study involves interpreters in different settings including hospitals, social services, emergency and civil defense organisations, the security forces and the law courts. It has basically been conducted in Andaluc&#237;a and in the case of the justice system it includes data gathered nationwide. The aim is to explore the interpreters&#8217; perception of their role and specifically the limits of that role with regard to adaptation of language register, cultural explanations, expansion and omission of information, the relation with clients, and specialized terminology, amongst other aspects. As in previous studies by the GRETI research group, the methodology is questionnaire-based and has also resorted to a structured interview. The results show that in terms of professionalisation there are certain differences between the law courts (where interpreting is explicitly legally provided for), and other settings. However, in both instances interpreters seem to shape their role according to intuition, and the majority would seem to go beyond the function that most codes of ethics stipulate. Moreover, the results reveal a total lack of knowledge regarding interpreting as a specialized professional activity. 10 01 JB code btl.87.13p3 Section header 14 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Part III. Pedagogy, ethics and responsibility in interpreting</TitleText> 10 01 JB code btl.87.14lee 171 185 15 Article 15 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">11. Toward more reliable assessment of interpreting performance</TitleText> 1 A01 Jieun Lee Lee, Jieun Jieun Lee 01 This pilot study examines the use of rating scales in the assessment of interpreting performance quality. The three criteria and descriptors in the band scale were developed a priori based on intuitive understanding of different levels of interpreting quality and the rating scale models used in second language assessment. Nine professional Korean interpreters rated five English Korean consecutive interpreting performances using the scales, and provided feedback on the use of rating scales. The results indicate that rating scales may enhance the reliability of assessment of interpreting performance. 10 01 JB code btl.87.15mer 187 200 14 Article 16 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">12. Quality in healthcare interpreter training</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Working with norms through recorded interaction</Subtitle> 1 A01 Raffaela Merlini Merlini, Raffaela Raffaela Merlini 2 A01 Roberta Favaron Favaron, Roberta Roberta Favaron 01 This paper presents an interpreter training program recently implemented at an Italo-American healthcare facility and illustrates how the notion of &#8220;norm&#8221;, as developed within Descriptive Translation Studies, successfully shifted the trainees&#8217; attention away from externally imposed instructions onto internally generated behavioural patterns. The process of critical rethinking was carried out through guided self-assessment of both authentic and simulated interpreting performances, based on transcript analysis. Exemplification is provided here by the use of first vs. third person. Given the highly specific context of the medical institution in question, the experience described in this study is significant only insofar as it indicates how to make rigid and undifferentiated rules superfluous while, at the same time, assuring quality services and enhancing the professionalisation of healthcare interpreting. 10 01 JB code btl.87.16teb 201 219 19 Article 17 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">13. What can interpreters learn from discourse studies?</TitleText> 1 A01 Helen Tebble Tebble, Helen Helen Tebble 01 The literature on discourse studies is vast yet the field of community interpreting has been fairly slow in making good use of it. This chapter briefly outlines three approaches to discourse analysis and emphasizes the sociolinguistic importance of the speech event. Implications of some of the findings from discourse studies of medical interpreting using the social semiotic approach (systemic functional linguistics) are discussed. They are: the generic structure of the interpreted medical consultation; interpreting everything that is said including organisational discourse markers and feedback to the patient; understanding the physician&#8217;s checking strategies; and the role of cohesion in the interpreted exchange. All are relevant for high quality curriculum design and teaching of community interpreting courses; and high quality professional practice. 10 01 JB code btl.87.17bli 221 234 14 Article 18 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">14. Achieving quality in health care interpreting</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Insights from interpreters</Subtitle> 1 A01 Ilse Blignault Blignault, Ilse Ilse Blignault 2 A01 Maria Stephanou Stephanou, Maria Maria Stephanou 3 A01 Cassandra Barrett Barrett, Cassandra Cassandra Barrett 01 The cultural and linguistic diversity of Australian society presents an ongoing challenge to the health care system. The 30th anniversary of the New South Wales Health Care Interpreter Service (HCIS) provided stimulus to reflect on the interpreter&#8217;s contribution to improved health care and better health outcomes, from the viewpoint of the interpreters themselves. This paper, based on an examination of case studies prepared by eighteen staff at one HCIS centre in metropolitan Sydney, highlights the importance of technical skills, a professional approach and experience in achieving quality in health care interpreting. Dealing successfully with the scope and challenges of the interpreter role, and being a valued member of the health care team, leads to job satisfaction which also leads to increased quality. 10 01 JB code btl.87.18kau 235 250 16 Article 19 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">15. Research ethics, interpreters and biomedical research</TitleText> 1 A01 Patricia Kaufert Kaufert, Patricia Patricia Kaufert 2 A01 Joseph M. Kaufert Kaufert, Joseph M. Joseph M. Kaufert 3 A01 Lisa LaBine LaBine, Lisa Lisa LaBine 01 This paper is based on a project with the title Centering the Human Subject in Health Research: The Meaning and Experience of Research Participation. This paper looks at research interpreters and research workers who are influenced by both professional and ethical codes and broader research policies which govern the ethical conduct of clinical and community-based research. It is based on a review of the research ethics literature and a series of semi-structured in-depth interviews with fourteen key informants including researchers, interpreters and members of Research Ethics Boards (REBs). These interviews were completed with individuals with direct experience working across language barriers, sometimes as interpreters and sometimes as researchers; it is these interviews that provide the framework for this paper. It asks two main questions: (1) What are the differences and similarities between interpreters working in research and medical interpreters; and (2) How do the codes and policies governing research ethics compare with the professional codes of ethical conduct applied to interpreters. &#8233;To answer the first question we revisit the three models of the medical interpreter: the interpreter as conduit, the interpreter as cultural broker, and the community embedded interpreter (Avery, 2001). We provide a brief description of each model and discuss the roles of interpreters, focusing on language and relationships. We also examine the implications of language barriers for research ethics, focusing on informed consent and the technical and ethical challenges of translating consent forms from one language to another. We then compare the professional codes of ethical conduct developed for medical interpreters by their own profession with the rules and regulations issued by government policy and research funding agencies and implemented by Research Ethics Boards. Lastly, we look at the question of community consent and at the roles played by some interpreters in speaking &#8220;for&#8221; a researcher and a research project. 10 01 JB code btl.87.19con 251 252 2 Miscellaneous 20 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Contributors</TitleText> 10 01 JB code btl.87.20ind 253 255 3 Miscellaneous 21 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Index</TitleText> 02 JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam/Philadelphia NL 04 20091210 2009 John Benjamins 02 WORLD 13 15 9789027224316 01 JB 3 John Benjamins e-Platform 03 jbe-platform.com 09 WORLD 21 01 00 95.00 EUR R 01 00 80.00 GBP Z 01 gen 00 143.00 USD S 456007708 03 01 01 JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code BTL 87 Hb 15 9789027224316 13 2009033364 BB 01 BTL 02 0929-7316 Benjamins Translation Library 87 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">The Critical Link 5</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>The </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">Critical Link 5</TitleWithoutPrefix> <Subtitle textformat="02">Quality in interpreting – a shared responsibility</Subtitle> 01 btl.87 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/btl.87 1 B01 Sandra Hale Hale, Sandra Sandra Hale University of Western Sydney 2 B01 Uldis Ozolins Ozolins, Uldis Uldis Ozolins Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University 3 B01 Ludmila Stern Stern, Ludmila Ludmila Stern The University of New South Wales 01 eng 264 vii 255 LAN023000 v.2006 CFP 2 24 JB Subject Scheme TRAN.INTERP Interpreting 06 01 The current volume contains selected papers submitted after Critical Link 5 (Sydney 2007) and arises from its topic – quality interpreting being a communal responsibility of all the participants. It takes the much discussed theme of professionalisation of community interpreting to a new level by stating that achieving quality depends not only on the technical skills and ethics of interpreters, but equally upon all other parties that serve multilingual populations: speakers, employers and administrators, educational institutions, researchers, and interpreters. Major articles outline both innovative practices in legal and medical settings and prevailing deficiencies in community interpreting in different countries. While Part I, A<i> shared responsibility: The policy dimension</i>, addresses the macro environment of specific social policy contexts with constrains that affect interpreting, Part II, <i>Investigations and innovations in quality interpreting</i>, reveals a number of admirable cases of interpreters working together with their client institutions in a variety of social settings. Part III is dedicated to the questions of Pedagogy, ethics and responsibility in interpreting. The collection is an important reference book catering to the interpreting community: interpreting practitioners and interpreter users, researchers, educators, and students. 05 This ongoing series of international papers from the triennial conference Critical Link is a valuable resource for anyone who wants to know what's happening in community interpreting around the world. INTERSECT: A Newsletter About Language, Culture and Interpreting, November 2011 05 Like the landmark conference that inspired it, the selected papers of Critical Link 5 offer a diverse and highly informative array of topics, methods and directions shaping the community interpreting professions today. The breadth of the volume and the depth of many of its chapters cannot but impress and entice practitioners and scholars, jurists and trainers, minority-language speakers and community activists, providers and policy-makers – and the public at large. Miriam Shlesinger, Bar-Ilan University 05 Volume Five of the Critical Link Series brings a wealth of interesting information and insights into problems of specialized interpretation. Andrzej Kopczynski, Warsaw School of Social Psychology, Poland 04 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/btl.87.png 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027224316.jpg 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027224316.tif 06 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/btl.87.hb.png 07 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/btl.87.png 25 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/btl.87.hb.png 27 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/btl.87.hb.png 10 01 JB code btl.87.00ack vii 1 Miscellaneous 1 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Acknowledgements</TitleText> 10 01 JB code btl.87.01ozo 1 10 10 Article 2 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">1. Introduction. Quality in interpreting</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">A shared responsibility</Subtitle> 1 A01 Uldis Ozolins Ozolins, Uldis Uldis Ozolins 2 A01 Sandra Hale Hale, Sandra Sandra Hale 10 01 JB code btl.87.02p1 Section header 3 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Part I. A shared responsibility</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">The policy dimension</Subtitle> 10 01 JB code btl.87.03rob 13 35 23 Article 4 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">2. Forensic interpreting</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Trial and error</Subtitle> 1 A01 Len Roberts-Smith Roberts-Smith, Len Len Roberts-Smith 01 This chapter reviews a number of key cases from different English speaking countries where poor interpretation created legal problems. The author attributes these problems to three major reasons: (1) The complete absence of an interpreter; (2) the provision of unqualified bilinguals or interpreters in the wrong language; and (3) the services of &#8220;professional accredited&#8221; but untrained interpreters who do not possess the required high level skills to perform as legal interpreters. The author argues that monocultural or Anglophone lawyers and judges often lack an understanding of the interpreting process and the work of interpreters, which may lead to forensic error. The chapter ends with recommendations for the way forward. 10 01 JB code btl.87.04ng 37 54 18 Article 5 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">3. The tension between adequacy and acceptability in legal interpreting and translation</TitleText> 1 A01 Eva N.S. Ng Ng, Eva N.S. Eva N.S. Ng 01 For over a century, English was the only language in which law was practiced in Hong Kong, yet the handover of Hong Kong to China in 1997 has made legal bilingualism inevitable. In translating existing laws into Chinese, the Law Drafting Division emphasises the need to establish a semantic mapping between the Chinese statutes and their English counterparts, and to strive for both adequacy and acceptability when selecting a Chinese term or expression to represent a common-law concept. This paper examines how legal translators and interpreters resolve the tension between adequacy and acceptability, and concludes that the effort to achieve adequacy at the expense of acceptability may not always pay off. 10 01 JB code btl.87.05ken 55 70 16 Article 6 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">4. A discourse of danger and loss</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Interpreters on interpreting for the European Parliament</Subtitle> 1 A01 Stephanie Jo Kent Kent, Stephanie Jo Stephanie Jo Kent 01 Community and conference interpreters are concerned by misunderstanding and for the preservation of linguistic diversity. Rather than emphasizing differences in context or mode, this chapter seeks to deepen parallels and similarities across the spectrum of professional simultaneous interpretation by describing a discourse of simultaneous interpreters within &#8220;the largest professional interpreting community in the world&#8221; (Interpreter #2). The multilingual and democratic institution of the European Parliament (EP) provides a unique venue to explore shared responsibility between interpreters and interlocutors. As policy makers who regularly use interpreters, the effectiveness of interpreted communication in the EP is of imminent interest to all participants in interpreted interaction. Because codes of ethics typically constrain interpreters&#8217; ability to provide coherent feedback to the interlocutors with whom we work; this paper summarizes one specific and situated interpreter concern. A contrast between the ritual and transmission views for conceptualizing the purpose of communication is used to illuminate the struggle in Interpreting Studies to clearly distinguish linguistic meaning from socially-emergent meaningfulness. 10 01 JB code btl.87.06gar 71 81 11 Article 7 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">5. Is healthcare interpreter policy left in the seventies?</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Does current interpreter policy match the stringent realities of modern healthcare?</Subtitle> 1 A01 Pamela W Garrett Garrett, Pamela W Pamela W Garrett 01 This chapter explores healthcare interpreter policy in the wider context of broader healthcare agendas and changing multicultural policies. It questions whether the interpreter policy objective of universal access for limited English speakers is viable in the context of the rapidly changing modern healthcare environment. This chapter reviews some interesting new material derived from my research on modes of language facilitation in a pilot hospital and the experiences of patients with limited English proficiency. The chapter makes a series of challenging suggestions for future healthcare interpreter service policy. 10 01 JB code btl.87.07p2 Section header 8 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Part II. Investigations and innovations in quality interpreting</TitleText> 10 01 JB code btl.87.08coo 85 97 13 Article 9 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">6. Interpreter ethics versus customary law</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Quality and compromise in Aboriginal languages interpreting</Subtitle> 1 A01 Michael S. Cooke Cooke, Michael S. Michael S. Cooke 01 This is is an exploration of the tensions between interpreting ethics and customary law distilled from interviews with interpreters in Aboriginal languages as part of research commissioned by the Law Reform Commission of Western Australia (2006). While accuracy, impartiality and confidentiality are key principles in interpreting ethics, it was found that for Australian Indigenous interpreters each of these principles may be seriously compromised in practice by rules of customary law.&#160;Suggested strategies for resolving potential conflict between interpreting ethics and customary law include: Indigenous communities requiring public education about the interpreter&#8217;s role; health and legal professionals undertaking cultural awareness training; requiring use of trained and accredited interpreters; and an expanded role for interpreters to occasionally act as cultural broker. 10 01 JB code btl.87.09nap 99 118 20 Article 10 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">7. A shared responsibility in the administration of justice</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">A pilot study of signed language interpretation access for deaf jurors</Subtitle> 1 A01 Jemina Napier Napier, Jemina Jemina Napier 2 A01 David Spencer Spencer, David David Spencer 3 A01 Joe Sabolcec Sabolcec, Joe Joe Sabolcec 01 To date, no research has been conducted on interpreting for deaf jurors, as people are not typically eligible to serve as jurors if they cannot understand the language of the court. This chapter reports one aspect of a pioneering pilot study in Australia, which sought to investigate the capacity for deaf people to serve as jurors in criminal court by accessing courtroom discourse via signed language interpreters. Results of an experimental comprehension test administered to six deaf and six hearing mock &#8220;jurors&#8221; revealed that levels of comprehension between deaf and hearing participants were similar. Thus it appears that the deaf participants were not disadvantaged by accessing information indirectly via interpreting, and could legitimately serve as jurors, although this needs to be further investigated. 10 01 JB code btl.87.10poc 119 134 16 Article 11 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">8. Interpreting for the record</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">A case study of asylum review hearings</Subtitle> 1 A01 Franz Pöchhacker Pöchhacker, Franz Franz Pöchhacker 2 A01 Waltraud Kolb Kolb, Waltraud Waltraud Kolb 01 This paper addresses a specific aspect of interpreting in Austrian asylum review hearings, i.e., the interpreter&#8217;s role as a co-producer of the written record. The interpreter-mediated encounter is viewed as a joint, co-constructed activity, with responsibility for its content, progression and outcome shared by all the interacting parties. This includes the production of the written record of the interview, which is typed by a recording clerk under the supervision of the adjudicator. The discourse-based analysis of fourteen hearings with English-speaking asylum seekers from African countries shows that most interpreters tend to adjust to a striking degree to the needs of record production. This perceived need to interpret &#8220;for the record&#8221; not only entails an increased cognitive task load but also a significant degree of shared responsibility on the interpreter&#8217;s part for the legally relevant manifestation of the interview. 10 01 JB code btl.87.11gon 135 148 14 Article 12 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">9. Court interpreting in Basque</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Mainstreaming and quality: The challenges of court interpreting in Basque</Subtitle> 1 A01 Erika Gonzalez Gonzalez, Erika Erika Gonzalez 2 A01 Lurdes Auzmendi Auzmendi, Lurdes Lurdes Auzmendi 01 Basque is one of the official languages of the Basque Country, a region in &#173;Northern Spain. Within the legal system, translators and interpreters are mandatory, in order to guarantee the linguistic rights of citizens in their dealings with that system.&#8233;Because of the nature of the Basque language itself and because of the delicate political situation in the Basque Country, the interpreter&#8217;s job is extremely arduous. This chapter will report on the results of an analysis of court cases compiled over the last decade. The cases were classified according to the nature of the trials and hearings in which Basque was used. The strategies developed by Basque interpreters in order to meet the quality criteria which the profession requires are also part of the analysis. 10 01 JB code btl.87.12ort 149 167 19 Article 13 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">10. Community interpreting in Spain</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">A comparative study of interpreters&#8217; self perception of role in different settings</Subtitle> 1 A01 Juan Miguel Ortega Herráez Ortega Herráez, Juan Miguel Juan Miguel Ortega Herráez 2 A01 María Isabel Abril Abril, María Isabel María Isabel Abril 3 A01 Anne Martin Martin, Anne Anne Martin 01 This paper presents the results of a study aimed at determining how community interpreters in Spain perceive their work. The study involves interpreters in different settings including hospitals, social services, emergency and civil defense organisations, the security forces and the law courts. It has basically been conducted in Andaluc&#237;a and in the case of the justice system it includes data gathered nationwide. The aim is to explore the interpreters&#8217; perception of their role and specifically the limits of that role with regard to adaptation of language register, cultural explanations, expansion and omission of information, the relation with clients, and specialized terminology, amongst other aspects. As in previous studies by the GRETI research group, the methodology is questionnaire-based and has also resorted to a structured interview. The results show that in terms of professionalisation there are certain differences between the law courts (where interpreting is explicitly legally provided for), and other settings. However, in both instances interpreters seem to shape their role according to intuition, and the majority would seem to go beyond the function that most codes of ethics stipulate. Moreover, the results reveal a total lack of knowledge regarding interpreting as a specialized professional activity. 10 01 JB code btl.87.13p3 Section header 14 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Part III. Pedagogy, ethics and responsibility in interpreting</TitleText> 10 01 JB code btl.87.14lee 171 185 15 Article 15 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">11. Toward more reliable assessment of interpreting performance</TitleText> 1 A01 Jieun Lee Lee, Jieun Jieun Lee 01 This pilot study examines the use of rating scales in the assessment of interpreting performance quality. The three criteria and descriptors in the band scale were developed a priori based on intuitive understanding of different levels of interpreting quality and the rating scale models used in second language assessment. Nine professional Korean interpreters rated five English Korean consecutive interpreting performances using the scales, and provided feedback on the use of rating scales. The results indicate that rating scales may enhance the reliability of assessment of interpreting performance. 10 01 JB code btl.87.15mer 187 200 14 Article 16 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">12. Quality in healthcare interpreter training</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Working with norms through recorded interaction</Subtitle> 1 A01 Raffaela Merlini Merlini, Raffaela Raffaela Merlini 2 A01 Roberta Favaron Favaron, Roberta Roberta Favaron 01 This paper presents an interpreter training program recently implemented at an Italo-American healthcare facility and illustrates how the notion of &#8220;norm&#8221;, as developed within Descriptive Translation Studies, successfully shifted the trainees&#8217; attention away from externally imposed instructions onto internally generated behavioural patterns. The process of critical rethinking was carried out through guided self-assessment of both authentic and simulated interpreting performances, based on transcript analysis. Exemplification is provided here by the use of first vs. third person. Given the highly specific context of the medical institution in question, the experience described in this study is significant only insofar as it indicates how to make rigid and undifferentiated rules superfluous while, at the same time, assuring quality services and enhancing the professionalisation of healthcare interpreting. 10 01 JB code btl.87.16teb 201 219 19 Article 17 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">13. What can interpreters learn from discourse studies?</TitleText> 1 A01 Helen Tebble Tebble, Helen Helen Tebble 01 The literature on discourse studies is vast yet the field of community interpreting has been fairly slow in making good use of it. This chapter briefly outlines three approaches to discourse analysis and emphasizes the sociolinguistic importance of the speech event. Implications of some of the findings from discourse studies of medical interpreting using the social semiotic approach (systemic functional linguistics) are discussed. They are: the generic structure of the interpreted medical consultation; interpreting everything that is said including organisational discourse markers and feedback to the patient; understanding the physician&#8217;s checking strategies; and the role of cohesion in the interpreted exchange. All are relevant for high quality curriculum design and teaching of community interpreting courses; and high quality professional practice. 10 01 JB code btl.87.17bli 221 234 14 Article 18 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">14. Achieving quality in health care interpreting</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Insights from interpreters</Subtitle> 1 A01 Ilse Blignault Blignault, Ilse Ilse Blignault 2 A01 Maria Stephanou Stephanou, Maria Maria Stephanou 3 A01 Cassandra Barrett Barrett, Cassandra Cassandra Barrett 01 The cultural and linguistic diversity of Australian society presents an ongoing challenge to the health care system. The 30th anniversary of the New South Wales Health Care Interpreter Service (HCIS) provided stimulus to reflect on the interpreter&#8217;s contribution to improved health care and better health outcomes, from the viewpoint of the interpreters themselves. This paper, based on an examination of case studies prepared by eighteen staff at one HCIS centre in metropolitan Sydney, highlights the importance of technical skills, a professional approach and experience in achieving quality in health care interpreting. Dealing successfully with the scope and challenges of the interpreter role, and being a valued member of the health care team, leads to job satisfaction which also leads to increased quality. 10 01 JB code btl.87.18kau 235 250 16 Article 19 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">15. Research ethics, interpreters and biomedical research</TitleText> 1 A01 Patricia Kaufert Kaufert, Patricia Patricia Kaufert 2 A01 Joseph M. Kaufert Kaufert, Joseph M. Joseph M. Kaufert 3 A01 Lisa LaBine LaBine, Lisa Lisa LaBine 01 This paper is based on a project with the title Centering the Human Subject in Health Research: The Meaning and Experience of Research Participation. This paper looks at research interpreters and research workers who are influenced by both professional and ethical codes and broader research policies which govern the ethical conduct of clinical and community-based research. It is based on a review of the research ethics literature and a series of semi-structured in-depth interviews with fourteen key informants including researchers, interpreters and members of Research Ethics Boards (REBs). These interviews were completed with individuals with direct experience working across language barriers, sometimes as interpreters and sometimes as researchers; it is these interviews that provide the framework for this paper. It asks two main questions: (1) What are the differences and similarities between interpreters working in research and medical interpreters; and (2) How do the codes and policies governing research ethics compare with the professional codes of ethical conduct applied to interpreters. &#8233;To answer the first question we revisit the three models of the medical interpreter: the interpreter as conduit, the interpreter as cultural broker, and the community embedded interpreter (Avery, 2001). We provide a brief description of each model and discuss the roles of interpreters, focusing on language and relationships. We also examine the implications of language barriers for research ethics, focusing on informed consent and the technical and ethical challenges of translating consent forms from one language to another. We then compare the professional codes of ethical conduct developed for medical interpreters by their own profession with the rules and regulations issued by government policy and research funding agencies and implemented by Research Ethics Boards. Lastly, we look at the question of community consent and at the roles played by some interpreters in speaking &#8220;for&#8221; a researcher and a research project. 10 01 JB code btl.87.19con 251 252 2 Miscellaneous 20 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Contributors</TitleText> 10 01 JB code btl.87.20ind 253 255 3 Miscellaneous 21 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Index</TitleText> 02 JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam/Philadelphia NL 04 20091210 2009 John Benjamins 02 WORLD 01 245 mm 02 164 mm 08 620 gr 01 JB 1 John Benjamins Publishing Company +31 20 6304747 +31 20 6739773 bookorder@benjamins.nl 01 https://benjamins.com 01 WORLD US CA MX 21 54 24 01 02 JB 1 00 95.00 EUR R 02 02 JB 1 00 100.70 EUR R 01 JB 10 bebc +44 1202 712 934 +44 1202 712 913 sales@bebc.co.uk 03 GB 21 24 02 02 JB 1 00 80.00 GBP Z 01 JB 2 John Benjamins North America +1 800 562-5666 +1 703 661-1501 benjamins@presswarehouse.com 01 https://benjamins.com 01 US CA MX 21 1 24 01 gen 02 JB 1 00 143.00 USD