Subject index

• abruptness,see instantaneous shift

• abstraction, levels of6, 21, 31, 227

• acquisition, throughout life36, 225

• adjectival phrase, as source127, 134, 137

• adjuncts209;see adverbials

• adverbials4, 69–74, 102, 137, 203, 207
  • Circumstance8, 16, 69–73
  • Conjunct8, 64–66, 69–72, 83, 89, 119, 153, 155 (fts), 162–164,168, 178, 191, 198, 201, 212, 228, 235
  • Epistemic5, 22, 40, 44, 81, 167, 232–233, 243
  • Framing70, 156, 162; see also contexts for change, topicalized use
  • Linking4, 64, 70, 103, 119, 175, 212see adverbials, Conjunct
  • Manner69, 104–107, 149, 199
  • Spatial7, 104, 114, 125, 137, 140, 230–231, 234, 237
  • Stance65, 143, 153, 213
    • stance-to-text,65, 67, 199
  • Temporal71, 76, 114, 174, 232

• alternation25, 229, 231

• ambiguity57, 106–107, 240; see also polysemy

• analyzability48, 156, 242

• analogization7, 39, 54, 58

• analogical thinking7, 39, 58; see also pattern, pattern match

• analogy7, 38, 39, 231

• apposition9, 92, 93, 96, 98, 142, 167

• article, definite47, 140 ft

• assembly,see constructions, assembly of; contexts, assembly of

• assessmentsee evaluation

• bleaching52, 86, 87. 89, 98

• borrowing38, 40, 104, 161, 230 ft

• calque176

• case, loss of inflection212
  • periphrastic56

• change,see language change; trajectory of change

• chunking9, 27, 48, 50, 52, 86, 87, 91, 96, 165; see also univerbation

• cleft construction70, 212

• coalescence87

• cognitive linguistics1, 21, 55

• combinations of markers105, 145, 150, 165f, 184

• comment clause2, 9, 92, 167

• communicative function44, 71, 92, 99, 191, 197, 198, 200, 203, 208, 214, 240

• communicative task11, 165, 167, 208, 209, 224

• community6, 29, 31, 36, 46, 50, 97, 240

• comparative morphology110, 112

• competition36, 234

• complement clause15, 95, 167

• complexity27, 88, 115

• compositionality46, 48, 93, 106; see also loss, of compositionality

• concessive meaning11, 75, 80–81, 127, 130–135, 205, 211, 215–218, 223, 224, 233

• conceptual meaning,see meaning, contentful

• conditional meaning125, 126, 196see contexts for change, conditional

• Conjunct,see adverbials, Conjunct

• connector, construction228, 233, 241
  • of clauses,4, 7, 50,, 63, 64, 66, 204–205, 211–213, 223, 224, 227, 239
  • lexical156–158,

• Connectivity construction234

• constructions (Cxns), characterized6, 24–27, 31
  • assembly of7, 24, 51 56, 58, 97–98, 135, 163
  • model of26
  • schematic25, 29, 51, 56, 64, 93

• constructicon24, 25, 47, 49–50, 51, 71, 82, 83, 165, 191, 225, 232, 243

• constructionalization, characterized8, 46–47, 49–50

• constructional changes, characterized8, 46, 51, 55
  • post-constructionalization51
  • pre-constructionalization50–51

• constructional hierarchy26

• construction grammar1, 23, 206, 224, 226

• contentful construction,see meaning, contentful

• context-absorption171, 235

• contexts, importance of7
  • assembly of58, 73–74, 132, 241, 242;; see also constructions, assembly of

• contexts for change35f
  • conditional78, 80, 133, 138, 173, 176
  • locutionary22, 73, 77, 148, 157, 199, 209
  • negative27, 38, 124, 132, 133, 134, 138, 223
  • passive43

• topicalized use7, 9, 16, 69–71, 78, 135, 143, 157, 207, 209, 215, 220, 235;; see also adverbials, Framing

• continuum, semantic-pragmatic4, 8, 30, 64, 66

• Contrastive marker, characterized4, 67, 121f

• conventional meaning,see meaning, conventional

• conventionalization6, 34, 37, 41, 42, 43, 47, 50, 58, 96, 97, 236

• cooptation92, 94–99

• coordinator103, 121

• cross-linguistic occurrence42, 44, 54, 61

• decategorialization88–90, 96, 98

• degree modifier130

• demonstrative47, 48, 194

• determiner48

• Digressive marker, characterized67, 97, 139f

• discourse3
  • framing,see function, framing
  • function,see function, discourse

• Discourse Grammar9, 92–97, 99
  • Sentence grammar9, 92–95
  • Thetical grammar9, 92, 94, 95

• Discourse Marker (DM), characterized5, 23, 61–62, 239

• Discourse Structuring Marker (DSM), characterized3–5, 17, 60, 62, 63, 69, 72, 83

• divergence36, 80, 89

• Elaborative marker, characterized67, 103f

• entrenchment37, 47, 96, 97, 110, 240

• epistemic function22, 44, 60, 108, 157, 208, 211, 213, 215, 217, 218; see also adverbials, Epistemic

• evaluation (assessment)28, 44, 45, 64, 65, 80, 123, 161, 181, 191, 194, 198, 200, 220

• negative44, 130, 132, 138, 180

• expansion51, 53, 54, 138, 231, 232
  • host-class40
  • scope89, 99

• expressive function,see function, expressive

• focus28, 70, 107 ft, 109, 141, 195, 208, 209, 212, 213, 218, 221, 232, 242

• function,
  • discourse35, 46, 49, 83, 123, 138, 156, 179, 219, 222, 223, 236
  • discourse functional properties26, 28, 64–66
  • expressive,115, 193–194
  • framing203, 208

• frequency38–40, 54, 96, 109, 134, 166, 179, 216
  • token40, 51
  • type40, 51

• future marker49
  • BE going to36, 40, 47, 49, 51, 98

• generalization24, 48, 50, 51, 64, 98

• genre2, 7, 13–15, 162, 243

• gesture, communicative7

• gradience30, 89

• gradualness9, 16, 36–7, 46–47, 50, 58, 69, 89, 91, 94–97, 134–135, 163, 184, 235–236, 242

• grammaticalization8, 9, 33, 38, 40, 42, 52–54, 56, 73, 85–90, 91, 94–6, 98, 99, 136, 196

• hapax legomenon132

• hedge, defined144

• hedging use16, 46, 61, 143, 144, 145, 149, 151, 153, 180, 181, 183, 195, 200, 211, 220, 221, 222, 225, 242

• heterosemy87

• horizontal link,see links, horizontal

• host-class40

• idiom37, 48, 185

• implicature29, 42, 44, 56, 58, 78, 87, 109, 122, 130, 135, 167, 209, 218

• individual, role in change35, 36, 45–48, 97, 240

• Inferential marker67, 71, 74, 168, 174–178, 187, 215, 223, 232–233

• inferential reasoning9, 28, 59 ft, 71, 77

• inferences, invited43, 58

• inheritance25, 227–234, 236
  • default228–229; see also links, vertical

• innovation6, 34, 35, 36, 37, 42, 43, 45–48, 50, 58, 96–97, 163, 191, 197, 198, 226, 236, 240, 241

• instantaneous shift9, 37, 46–47, 93–99

• interaction, conversational208–209, 213
  • of factors2, 34
  • by interlocutors14, 15, 60, 93, 94, 192, 194, 207; see also meaning, interactional

• interjection2, 94

• intersubjectification44, 45, 192, 193–194, 196, 197, 198, 200–201, 202

• intersubjectivity44, 65, 82, 192, 193–195, 200, 202, 213

• Invited Inferencing Theory of Semantic Change41

• Jespersen Cycle124

• knowledge of
  • language1–3, 5, 16, 21–22, 23–24, 31–36, 47, 163, 225, 227, 237, 239, 243
  • particular constructions48, 63, 186, 191, 208
  • world75, 94

• language change, defined6, 34, 36
  • systemic56, 126

• layering73, 89, 231

• lexical, connector119, 153, 157, 162

• expression24, 37, 49, 63, 66, 67, 68, 77, 89, 91, 96, 104, 116, 118, 153, 164
  • sources8, 15 30, 40, 52, 53, 73, 86, 90, 199; see also meaning, contentful, referential

• links8, 26, 27, 37, 66, 94, 155, 191, 199, 204, 223, 227, 230, 233, 234, 236
  • horizontal229
  • metaphorical227, 231
  • symbolic26, 49, 110, 230
  • vertical227, 230,; see also inheritance

• loss (obsolescence)50, 51, 52, 54, 77, 86, 87, 89, 91, 95, 99, 107, 110, 118, 124, 132, 147, 149, 153, 157, 1258, 164, 207, 212, 225, 230, 232, 234, 242, 243
  • of compositionality50, 51, 77, 107, 163, 164, 184, 242 see compositionality; reduction
  • loss-and-gain model86, 90

• macro-construction25
  • meaning26;; see also function
  • contentful4, 5, 8, 9, 28, 30, 63, 64, 68, 69, 71, 86, 89, 119, 137, 153, 158, 162, 194, 239, 242
  • conventional6, 26, 29, 30, 55, 59, 72, 82, 228
  • interactional99, 167, 176, 208,; see also interaction
  • pragmatic,see pragmatics
  • referential15, 28, 90, 160,; see also lexical, expression

• mechanisms of change38, 39, 40, 41, 54, 94, 191

• meso-construction25

• metaphor22, 111, 125, 140, 146, 157, 199, 242; see also links, metaphorical

• metonymy43

• micro-construction25, 39, 48, 49, 50, 56, 64, 66, 103, 146, 163, 179, 204, 205, 208, 223, 228, 229, 230, 234, 236, 237, 240, 242

• modal22, 77, 78, 79, 80, 91, 98, 192, 198, 203, 206, 227

• modality53, 62, 197, 202, 214

• modal particle88

• motivation for change39, 234

• negation70, 97, 124, 156, 195; see also contexts for change, negative; evaluation, negative

• negotiation of meaning42–44, 192

• neoanalysis6, 7, 33, 38, 40, 48, 54, 87, 88, 125, 160

• network, of constructions12, 25, 79, 98, 119, 126, 225f

• of language users34, 41, 49

• node46, 226

• oligatorification88

• obsolescence,see loss

• onomasiology10, 49

• paradigm49, 87

• paradigmatic dimension49, 56, 88, 227, 231

• pattern7, 15, 16, 24, 27, 34, 37, 47, 53, 56, 93, 97, 99, 136, 204, 207, 238, 243

• pattern match,39, 54, 234,see also analogical thinking

• periphery11, 61, 62, 213, 214

• periodization14

• politeness180, 182, 183,

• polysemy11, 22, 41, 57, 73, 75, 87, 229, 231, 233;see also ambiguity

• position, clausal10, 11, 12, 40, 44, 60, 61, 64, 66, 69, 71, 72, 74, 76, 81, 88, 93, 95, 96, 103, 106, 127, 128, 133, 149, 157, 167, 203–206, 213, 223, 224, 229, 232, 235, 236, 240
  • final70, 77
  • initial16, 69, 70, 72, 78, 132, 136, 141, 143, 151, 156, 160, 163
  • medial75, 79, 81, 82, 109, 152, 212
  • post-clausal61, 62, 75, 81, 107, 108, 123, 133, 209
  • pre-clausal61, 63, 75, 81, 108, 123, 151, 153, 207, 208
  • slot40, 49, 109, 186, 203, 209, 224

• position, combinatorial165, 166, 169, 175, 185, 186, 203

• plural, as distancer48

• Pragmatic Marker (PM), characterized5, 59–60, 89, 165

• pragmatics1, 6, 24, 28, 30
  • conventional6, 26, 30, 59, 65, 99, 228
  • constraints on1,; see also continuum, semantic-pragmatic

• pragmaticalization9, 85, 90–92, 94, 98, 99

• prepositional phrase116, 135, 147, 156, 162, 232

• procedural function8, 10, 15, 24, 28, 30, 38, 43, 45, 59, 60, 62, 68, 82, 86, 89, 90, 91, 96, 98, 99, 153, 163, 191, 192, 195, 202, 214, 228

• productivity46, 47, 49, 54, 230, 231

• profile shift44, 71, 79, 89, 160, 235

• prosody11, 16, 26, 71, 183, 184, 195, 210, 212, 244

• punctuation16, 71, 96

• quantifier69, 95, 104, 111, 127, 128, 130, 132

• quantitative analysis,14, 15, 37, 47, 165

• reanalysis,see neoanalysis

• reasoning,see inferential reasoning

• reduction9, 27, 46, 48, 49, 51–54, 86, 90, 96, 98, 99, 106, 136; see loss

• referentiality,see meaning, referntial

• relative clause7, 9, 92, 142, 146, 148, 158, 242

• Relevance Theory57 ft, 122

• replication34, 43, 50, 57, 58, 71, 163, 231

• scalar relation1, 42, 76, 123, 125, 126, 129

• schema7, 10, 25, 26, 39, 47, 49, 50, 51, 54, 56, 64, 66, 67, 79, 81, 87, 90, 97, 98, 109, 118, 126, 204, 205, 227, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 236, 243; see also construction, schematic

• subschema26, 109, 116, 118–119, 122, 125, 126, 203, 223, 227, 228, 230, 234

• schematicity46, 48, 49, 54

• scope, discursive9, 51, 62, 64, 68, 70, 76, 88, 89, 91, 94, 107, 124, 143, 205 ft,
  • syntactic52, 86; see also expansion

• semantic properties1, 28; see also meaning; continuum, semantic-pragmatic

• semasiology10

• Sentence grammar,see Discourse Grammar

• sign, construction as21, 27

• sign-based construction grammar24

• sign language6, 243–244

• similarity7, 54, 56
  • conceptual104, 109, 133

• slot, positional,see position, clausal, slot

• social identity194, 195, 197, 202

• social marker5, 59, 167, 168, 208, 236
  • network36, 60

• sources of Discourse Structuring Markers72, 83, 87, 88, 89, 95, 134, 137, 138, 167, 178, 191, 207

• adjectival,see adjectival phrase

• adverbial,see adverbials

• speech act meaning22, 23, 144
  • Illocutionary uses of28, 44, 55, 62, 167, 191, 195, 235, 239; see also contexts for change, locutionary

• speech-like representation14

• split,see divergence

• subordinate relation66, 125, 166 ft, 167, 218, 229, 232, 234

• subjectification10, 33, 38, 44, 45, 72, 191–194, 196–198, 200, 201, 214, 215,

• subjectivity44, 65, 72, 82, 133, 142, 192–195, 197, 198, 200, 202, 205 ft, 214,

• subschema,see schema, subschema

• symbolic link,see links, symbolic

• syntagmatic dimension49, 56, 88,

• taxonomic relation25, 27, 228, 230, 231, 232

• text-type15, 206, 213, 224

• textualization196–198, 200–202

• Thetical grammar,see Discourse Grammar

• topic shift9, 61, 62, 105, 109, 125, 138, 139, 142, 146, 149, 151, 153, 155, 162, 168, 174, 176 180, 183, 208, 209, 227, 228

• topic-orientation17, 67, 68, 156, 162, 163, 179

• topicalization,see contexts for change, topicalized use

• trajectory of change,
  • Discourse Grammar hypothesis,94

• Discourse Structuring Marker Trajectory Hypothesis,8, 9, 73, 91, 114, 119, 137, 153, 243
  • subjectification and intersubjectification hypotheses,192, 197

• translations, influence of40, 57, 111, 113, 141, 142, 153, 176, 205, 206, 243

• transparency, semantic153, 242

• truth-conditionality6, 29, 30, 31, 42, 43, 49, 55, 60, 62, 63, 71, 90, 125, 160, 162, 228, 239

• typology54, 86;; see also cross-linguistic occurrence

• unidirectionality52, 54, 90, 196

• univerbation27, 52, 77, 86, 95, 98, 169, 184, 185; see also chunking

• usage-based approach6, 24, 31, 34, 35, 47, 186, 208, 226, 234,240, 242

• V2 syntax205 ft, 207, 212

• variation25, 36, 229

• vertical link,see links, vertical

• Word Grammar55

• word order changes39, 53, 56, 86, 88, 92, 203, 206, 212