24005482 03 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code CILT 277 Hb 15 9789027247926 06 10.1075/cilt.277 13 2006043055 00 BB 01 245 mm 02 164 mm 08 650 gr 10 01 JB code CILT 02 0304-0763 02 277.00 01 02 Current Issues in Linguistic Theory Current Issues in Linguistic Theory 01 01 Grammar from the Human Perspective Case, space and person in Finnish Grammar from the Human Perspective: Case, space and person in Finnish 1 B01 01 JB code 389056871 Marja-Liisa Helasvuo Helasvuo, Marja-Liisa Marja-Liisa Helasvuo University of Turku 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/389056871 2 B01 01 JB code 207056872 Lyle Campbell Campbell, Lyle Lyle Campbell University of Utah 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/207056872 01 eng 11 292 03 03 x 03 00 280 03 01 22 494/.541 03 2006 PH133 04 Finnish language--Grammar. 04 Finnish language--Case. 04 Finnish language--Person. 04 Space and time in language. 10 LAN009000 12 CF 24 JB code LIN.SYNTAX Syntax 24 JB code LIN.THEOR Theoretical linguistics 24 JB code LIN.URAL Uralic languages 01 06 03 00

The papers of this volume investigate how grammar codes the subjective viewpoint of human language users, that is, how grammar reflects human conceptualization. Some of the articles deal with spatial relations and locations. They discuss how basic attributes of human conceptualization are encoded in the grammatical expression of spatial relations. Other articles concern embodiment in language, showing how conceptualization is mediated by one’s embodied experience of the world and ourselves. Finally, some of the articles discuss coding of person focusing on the subjec­tivity of conceptualization and how it is reflected in grammar.

The articles show that conceptualization reflects the speaker’s construal of the situation, and furthermore, that it is intersubjective because it reflects the speaker’s understanding of the relations between the speech act participants. The papers deal with Finnish, utilizing the rich resources of Finnish grammar to contribute to issues in contemporary linguistics and in particular to Cognitive Grammar.

01 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/cilt.277.png 01 01 D502 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027247926.jpg 01 01 D504 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027247926.tif 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/cilt.277.hb.png 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/cilt.277.png 02 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/cilt.277.hb.png 03 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/cilt.277.hb.png
01 01 JB code cilt.277.01abb 06 10.1075/cilt.277.01abb vii viii 2 Miscellaneous 1 01 04 Abbreviations & transcription symbols Abbreviations & transcription symbols 01 eng 01 01 JB code cilt.277.02ack 06 10.1075/cilt.277.02ack ix ix 1 Miscellaneous 2 01 04 Acknowledgements Acknowledgements 01 eng 01 01 JB code cilt.277.03hel 06 10.1075/cilt.277.03hel 1 10 10 Miscellaneous 3 01 04 Introduction Introduction 01 04 Grammar from the human perspective Grammar from the human perspective 1 A01 01 JB code 186062004 Marja-Liisa Helasvuo Helasvuo, Marja-Liisa Marja-Liisa Helasvuo 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/186062004 2 A01 01 JB code 221062005 Lyle Campbell Campbell, Lyle Lyle Campbell 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/221062005 01 eng 01 01 JB code cilt.277.04huu 06 10.1075/cilt.277.04huu 11 20 10 Article 4 01 04 An introduction to Finnish spatial relations An introduction to Finnish spatial relations 01 04 Local cases and adpositions Local cases and adpositions 1 A01 01 JB code 355062006 Tuomas Huumo Huumo, Tuomas Tuomas Huumo 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/355062006 2 A01 01 JB code 436062007 Krista Ojutkangas Ojutkangas, Krista Krista Ojutkangas 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/436062007 01 eng 03 00

In their paper, Tuomas Huumo and Krista Ojutkangas first introduce the system of Finnish local cases in general and then discuss the main features of the system of adpositions. The Finnish system for expressing spatial relations consists of six local cases and many adpositions, the precise number of which cannot be determined since the borderline between adpositions and relator nouns is obscure. The local cases are divided into two series: the so-called internal cases and external cases. The internal cases express relations such as ‘inside’, ‘into’, ‘out of’, while the external cases express relations such as ‘at’,’to the outside of’ and ‘from the outside of’ or ‘on’, ‘onto’ and ‘off’. Thus, a pervasive feature in the case system is the expression of directionality: in both case series there is one static case (‘in’/ ‘at’/ ‘on’), one ‘to’ case and one ‘from’ case. Similar directional oppositions are expressed by many adpositions, since the adpositional stems generally bear locative case suffixes. This is possible because many Finnish adpositions typically originate from nouns; this is reflected in the fact that they still carry local case endings and take their complement in the genitive form. In their structure such adpositional phrases resemble noun phrases where the locative case-marked head is a relator noun preceded by a genitive modifier.

01 01 JB code cilt.277.05par 06 10.1075/cilt.277.05par Section header 5 01 04 Part I: Space and location Part I: Space and location 01 eng 01 01 JB code cilt.277.06oju 06 10.1075/cilt.277.06oju 21 39 19 Article 6 01 04 Spatial axes in language and conceptualisation Spatial axes in language and conceptualisation 01 04 The case of bidirectional constructions The case of bidirectional constructions 1 A01 01 JB code 497062008 Krista Ojutkangas Ojutkangas, Krista Krista Ojutkangas 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/497062008 01 eng 03 00

Krista Ojutkangas’ paper, “Spatial axes in language and conceptualization: the case of bidirectional constructions,” is a usage-based study of the basic axes in the conceptual partition of space. The focus is on bidirectional constructions in Finnish: on descriptions of spatial relations where both opposing poles of a spatial axis are explicitly mentioned in a single sentence, instances such as ‘the bride and the groom were sitting behind the table and the guests were sitting in front of the table’. Ojutkangas shows that the inherent bipolarity of the basic spatial axes can be utilized as a relatively systematic strategy in spatial conceptualization. It also shows that a conceptualization strategy primarily used in spatial language can have further functions in discourse, in building the narrative, and in reference tracking. The analysis of bidirectional and similar constructions contributes to our knowledge of spatial conceptualization and language generally.

01 01 JB code cilt.277.07huu 06 10.1075/cilt.277.07huu 41 65 25 Article 7 01 04 "I woke up from the sofa" “I woke up from the sofa” 01 04 Subjective directionality in Finnish expressions of a spatio-cognitive transfer Subjective directionality in Finnish expressions of a spatio-cognitive transfer 1 A01 01 JB code 552062009 Tuomas Huumo Huumo, Tuomas Tuomas Huumo 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/552062009 01 eng 03 00

Tuomas Huumo’s paper is a study on fictive motion as manifested by the uses of the Finnish directional (‘to’ vs. ‘from’) local cases in expressions that involve a cognitive change. The cognitive change takes place in the relationship between an experiencer and a stimulus, in such a way that the stimulus either enters or exits the cognitive dominion of the experiencer (i.e., its consciousness, awareness, or field of perception). Verbs that indicate such relations include verbs of perception (e.g., ‘see’, ‘hear’ ‘smell’) and verbs of more abstract cognitive contact (e.g., ‘find’, ‘lose’, ‘forget’). The general observation is that even though such situations do not involve actual spatial motion, Finnish uses the directional local cases to indicate the static spatial position of the stimulus that changes its relationship with the cognitive dominion. It is argued that such uses of the directional cases show that the conceptualization of such cognitive changes reflected by the structure of Finnish involves fictive motion between different dominions and a deep and direct interaction between cognitive dominions and space.

01 01 JB code cilt.277.08oni 06 10.1075/cilt.277.08oni 67 100 34 Article 8 01 04 Metonymy in locatives of state Metonymy in locatives of state 1 A01 01 JB code 600062010 Tiina Onikki-Rantajääskö Onikki-Rantajääskö, Tiina Tiina Onikki-Rantajääskö 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/600062010 01 eng 03 00

In “Metonymy in locatives of state,” Tiina Onikki-Rantajääskö analyzes abstract uses of locative case expressions. She focuses on expression of postures and facial expressions and other ‘locatives of state’ — expressions denoting psycho-physical and other states in Finnish. Special attention is given to the bridging role of metonymy in the abstract uses of locative case expressions. Onikki-Rantajääskö shows that metonymic and metaphorical tendencies are based on cultural models. Another organizing principle lying behind expressions of posture are image-schematic dimensions. The paper shows how metonymic-metaphorical extensions make use of these dimensions. Together they form the motivation for and organizing principle behind the abstraction tendencies observed in locatives. In such a way Onikki-Rantajääskö explores the experiential and bodily basis of metaphor and metonymy.

01 01 JB code cilt.277.09par 06 10.1075/cilt.277.09par Section header 9 01 04 Part II: The human perspective Part II: The human perspective 01 eng 01 01 JB code cilt.277.10suu 06 10.1075/cilt.277.10suu 101 128 28 Article 10 01 04 Body part names and grammaticalization Body part names and grammaticalization 1 A01 01 JB code 959062011 Toni Suutari Suutari, Toni Toni Suutari 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/959062011 01 eng 03 00

Toni Suutari investigates the development and grammaticalization of words that refer to body parts. An examination of Finno-Ugric words meaning ‘head’ reveals counterexamples to claims both about human egocentrism in semantic development and about the asserted unidirectionality of grammaticalization. Suutari shows that meanings of anatomical ‘head’ are often secondary. In other words, certain abstract relational expressions receive a concrete meaning as names for parts of the body and then subsequently become abstract once again. This claim has implications for grammaticalization. Suutari reviews the primary body-part names and the problems of the grammatical categorization of locative forms. The Finnish and Estonian locative expressions that include body-part names belong to two types, locatives and adpositions. Suutari shows that the metaphorical change from the meanings related to body parts to abstract meanings occurred after the grammaticalization had taken place. It is therefore argued that the concrete ‘body part’ > ‘object part’ meta­phor has no effect in these cases. The observations have broad implications for grammaticalization and categorization. They demonstrate that grammaticaliza­tion does not always involve changes from concrete to abstract or from lexical to grammatical, but grammaticalization may include stages where an abstract relational expression adopts a concrete meaning which in turn becomes grammaticalized.

01 01 JB code cilt.277.11kit 06 10.1075/cilt.277.11kit 129 152 24 Article 11 01 04 On distinguishing between `recipient' and `beneficiary' in Finnish On distinguishing between ‘recipient’ and ‘beneficiary’ in Finnish 1 A01 01 JB code 234062012 Seppo Kittilä Kittilä, Seppo Seppo Kittilä 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/234062012 01 eng 03 00

Seppo Kittilä’s paper discusses the (formal and semantic) distinction between recipient and beneficiary in Finnish. The paper shows that the allative case is strongly associated with the notion of reception. This means that whenever a participant can be regarded as a recipient, the allative case is used in its encoding. The participant in question may also have beneficial traits, but if there is any reception involved, the allative case is used for its coding. On the other hand, Beneficiary coding (which uses different adpositions), is possible only if the notion of reception is lacking together and the participant in question is a pure beneficiary. This paper is of special interest to functional linguists and typologists working on similar phenomena in and across different languages.

01 01 JB code cilt.277.12lau 06 10.1075/cilt.277.12lau 153 171 19 Article 12 01 04 Oblique mentions of human referents in Finnish conversation Oblique mentions of human referents in Finnish conversation 01 04 The effects of prominence in discourse and grammar The effects of prominence in discourse and grammar 1 A01 01 JB code 302062013 Ritva Laury Laury, Ritva Ritva Laury 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/302062013 01 eng 03 00

On the basis of empirical evidence it has been shown that mentions of human referents manifest features of prominence on the level of both discourse and grammar. This is so because they tend to be topical and agentive and are consequently likely to appear in core grammatical roles, especially in the subject role. Nevertheless, human referents are occasionally also mentioned in oblique cases (for example, as possessors and as recipients of various types). Ritva Laury studies these oblique mentions of human refer­ents in Finnish and investigates whether human mentions are equally distributed among all the oblique cases. She further explores what their pragmatic and semantic characteristics are and whether they take on the typical discourse profile of obliques (i.e. new, unidentifiable, and unlikely to be re-mentioned), or whether they still get treated like other human referents so that they would be identi­fiable, given and further tracked. Laury also investigates the semantic features of NPs used for oblique mentions of humans in discourse. The results of her study strongly confirm the centrality of human referents in grammar and discourse. Oblique mentions in the data show features of syntactic prominence, since they are not equally distributed among all the oblique cases, but instead cluster in only a few cases, namely those which occur in constructions with grammatical rather than local meaning. Further, human referents mentioned in oblique case roles are still pragmatically and semantically strongly human in terms of being par­ticipants in speech events, in being identifiable, given, and further tracked, that is, continuous topics in discourse, and in being lexically specified as humans.

01 01 JB code cilt.277.13par 06 10.1075/cilt.277.13par Section header 13 01 04 Part III: Person Part III: Person 01 eng 01 01 JB code cilt.277.14hel 06 10.1075/cilt.277.14hel 173 207 35 Article 14 01 04 Person in Finnish Person in Finnish 01 04 Paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations in interaction Paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations in interaction 1 A01 01 JB code 419062014 Marja-Liisa Helasvuo Helasvuo, Marja-Liisa Marja-Liisa Helasvuo 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/419062014 2 A01 01 JB code 497062015 Lea Laitinen Laitinen, Lea Lea Laitinen 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/497062015 01 eng 03 00

The paper by Marja-Liisa Helasvuo and Lea Laitinen provides an overview to person marking in Finnish. It aims to contribute to resolving some of the long-standing confusions surrounding how person has been dealt with in Finnish grammar. In Finnish, the predicate verb agrees with the subject in person (1st, 2nd and 3rd) and number (singular : plural). The verb thus shows the same person as the nominal subject, and there­fore, the nominal and the verbal person marking systems have usually not been discussed separately in Finnish linguistics (see for example Sulkala and Karja­lainen 1992, Hakulinen and Karlsson 1979). Helasvuo and Laitinen show, however, that in colloquial varieties of Finnish the coding of person is more complicated. The verbal and nominal person marking systems intersect, but not in the straightforward manner assumed in mainstream Finnish linguistics. The connections between the two form an intricate network. Helasvuo and Laitinen demonstrate that the verbal person marking is not copied from the subject pronoun in a mechanical way, nor is the personal pronoun redundant. They therefore find it useful to present the nominal and verbal person marking systems as two different paradigmatic systems. They also discuss how the two systems interrelate on the syntagmatic level.

01 01 JB code cilt.277.15lai 06 10.1075/cilt.277.15lai 209 231 23 Article 15 01 04 Zero person in Finnish Zero person in Finnish 01 04 A grammatical resource for construing human reference A grammatical resource for construing human reference 1 A01 01 JB code 561062016 Lea Laitinen Laitinen, Lea Lea Laitinen 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/561062016 01 eng 03 00

Lea Laitinen’s article deals with the grammar and meaning of Fin­nish constructions containing the so-called ‘zero person’ subject. In these constructions, there is no overt subject, and the verb is in the 3rd person singular form. The meanings of the construction are investigated in conversational data, and its globally marked non-specific reference is compared to the non-specific use of personal pronouns, used as generic forms referring to humans in many languages. As crystallizations of human experience, the zero person constructions express changes of state, emotions, perceptions, or other processes that affect human beings in particular situations. Laitinen shows how this potentiality of grammar is used in interaction by the speech act participants, and how these constructions which leave the conceptualizer of the situation implicit, provide a more subjective perspective on the experience than explicit personal pronouns. This paper has implications for the understanding of impersonal use of pronouns, non-specific pronominal reference, and zero persons in languages generally.

01 01 JB code cilt.277.16hel 06 10.1075/cilt.277.16hel 233 255 23 Article 16 01 04 Passive -- personal or impersonal? Passive — personal or impersonal? 01 04 A Finnish perspective A Finnish perspective 1 A01 01 JB code 613062017 Marja-Liisa Helasvuo Helasvuo, Marja-Liisa Marja-Liisa Helasvuo 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/613062017 01 eng 03 00

Marja-Liisa Helasvuo’s paper discusses passive constructions in Finnish. Based on a large database of spoken Finnish, she argues that contrary to the received view in Finnish linguistics, there are actually two types of passive in Finnish, namely the so-called simple passive (formed by the verb stem + passive suffix + personal marker) and a periphrastic passive; the latter is the so-called be-passive, formed with the verb ‘to be’ in its 3rd person singu­lar form (on) and a passive participle of the main verb. In the be-passive, the finite verb is in the 3rd person form, but in the simple passive, there is a special passive “personal” marker on the verb. The passive personal marker creates personal reference, but the reference is not explicit, but rather has to be con­strued from the context. Helasvuo investigates the role of these two types of passives in the Fin­nish person system and the discourse functions that they serve. She shows that the two passives have quite distinct discourse profiles.

In the linguistic literature, the Finnish passive has been described as impersonal based on the fact that argument relations do not change (see e.g. Comrie 1977). In contrast, in a personal passive, the object of the active clause takes the role of subject in a corresponding passive clause. Helasvuo shows, however, that this use of the term “personal” vs. “impersonal” is mis­leading: it equates the function of person marking with the coding of the sub­ject role. Instead, she suggests that the function of person marking on verbs is to provide a grammatical means for expressing person, either by explicit refer­ence to per­son or open reference that has to construed in the context (e.g. the passive). From this perspective, the Finnish passive is by no means impersonal, but instead, is an integral part of the person system for verbs.

01 01 JB code cilt.277.17ref 06 10.1075/cilt.277.17ref 257 275 19 Miscellaneous 17 01 04 References References 01 eng 01 01 JB code cilt.277.18ind 06 10.1075/cilt.277.18ind 277 280 4 Miscellaneous 18 01 04 Index of terms Index of terms 01 eng
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149006831 03 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code CILT 277 Eb 15 9789027293213 06 10.1075/cilt.277 00 EA E107 10 01 JB code CILT 02 0304-0763 02 277.00 01 02 Current Issues in Linguistic Theory Current Issues in Linguistic Theory 11 01 JB code jbe-all 01 02 Full EBA collection (ca. 4,200 titles) 11 01 JB code jbe-2015-cilt 01 02 Current Issues in Linguistic Theory (vols. 1–335, 1975–2015) 05 02 CILT (vols. 1–335, 1975–2015) 11 01 JB code jbe-2015-all 01 02 Complete backlist (3,208 titles, 1967–2015) 05 02 Complete backlist (1967–2015) 11 01 JB code jbe-2015-linguistics 01 02 Subject collection: Linguistics (2,773 titles, 1967–2015) 05 02 Linguistics (1967–2015) 01 01 Grammar from the Human Perspective Case, space and person in Finnish Grammar from the Human Perspective: Case, space and person in Finnish 1 B01 01 JB code 389056871 Marja-Liisa Helasvuo Helasvuo, Marja-Liisa Marja-Liisa Helasvuo University of Turku 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/389056871 2 B01 01 JB code 207056872 Lyle Campbell Campbell, Lyle Lyle Campbell University of Utah 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/207056872 01 eng 11 292 03 03 x 03 00 280 03 01 22 494/.541 03 2006 PH133 04 Finnish language--Grammar. 04 Finnish language--Case. 04 Finnish language--Person. 04 Space and time in language. 10 LAN009000 12 CF 24 JB code LIN.SYNTAX Syntax 24 JB code LIN.THEOR Theoretical linguistics 24 JB code LIN.URAL Uralic languages 01 06 03 00

The papers of this volume investigate how grammar codes the subjective viewpoint of human language users, that is, how grammar reflects human conceptualization. Some of the articles deal with spatial relations and locations. They discuss how basic attributes of human conceptualization are encoded in the grammatical expression of spatial relations. Other articles concern embodiment in language, showing how conceptualization is mediated by one’s embodied experience of the world and ourselves. Finally, some of the articles discuss coding of person focusing on the subjec­tivity of conceptualization and how it is reflected in grammar.

The articles show that conceptualization reflects the speaker’s construal of the situation, and furthermore, that it is intersubjective because it reflects the speaker’s understanding of the relations between the speech act participants. The papers deal with Finnish, utilizing the rich resources of Finnish grammar to contribute to issues in contemporary linguistics and in particular to Cognitive Grammar.

01 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/cilt.277.png 01 01 D502 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027247926.jpg 01 01 D504 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027247926.tif 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/cilt.277.hb.png 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/cilt.277.png 02 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/cilt.277.hb.png 03 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/cilt.277.hb.png
01 01 JB code cilt.277.01abb 06 10.1075/cilt.277.01abb vii viii 2 Miscellaneous 1 01 04 Abbreviations & transcription symbols Abbreviations & transcription symbols 01 eng 01 01 JB code cilt.277.02ack 06 10.1075/cilt.277.02ack ix ix 1 Miscellaneous 2 01 04 Acknowledgements Acknowledgements 01 eng 01 01 JB code cilt.277.03hel 06 10.1075/cilt.277.03hel 1 10 10 Miscellaneous 3 01 04 Introduction Introduction 01 04 Grammar from the human perspective Grammar from the human perspective 1 A01 01 JB code 186062004 Marja-Liisa Helasvuo Helasvuo, Marja-Liisa Marja-Liisa Helasvuo 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/186062004 2 A01 01 JB code 221062005 Lyle Campbell Campbell, Lyle Lyle Campbell 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/221062005 01 eng 01 01 JB code cilt.277.04huu 06 10.1075/cilt.277.04huu 11 20 10 Article 4 01 04 An introduction to Finnish spatial relations An introduction to Finnish spatial relations 01 04 Local cases and adpositions Local cases and adpositions 1 A01 01 JB code 355062006 Tuomas Huumo Huumo, Tuomas Tuomas Huumo 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/355062006 2 A01 01 JB code 436062007 Krista Ojutkangas Ojutkangas, Krista Krista Ojutkangas 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/436062007 01 eng 03 00

In their paper, Tuomas Huumo and Krista Ojutkangas first introduce the system of Finnish local cases in general and then discuss the main features of the system of adpositions. The Finnish system for expressing spatial relations consists of six local cases and many adpositions, the precise number of which cannot be determined since the borderline between adpositions and relator nouns is obscure. The local cases are divided into two series: the so-called internal cases and external cases. The internal cases express relations such as ‘inside’, ‘into’, ‘out of’, while the external cases express relations such as ‘at’,’to the outside of’ and ‘from the outside of’ or ‘on’, ‘onto’ and ‘off’. Thus, a pervasive feature in the case system is the expression of directionality: in both case series there is one static case (‘in’/ ‘at’/ ‘on’), one ‘to’ case and one ‘from’ case. Similar directional oppositions are expressed by many adpositions, since the adpositional stems generally bear locative case suffixes. This is possible because many Finnish adpositions typically originate from nouns; this is reflected in the fact that they still carry local case endings and take their complement in the genitive form. In their structure such adpositional phrases resemble noun phrases where the locative case-marked head is a relator noun preceded by a genitive modifier.

01 01 JB code cilt.277.05par 06 10.1075/cilt.277.05par Section header 5 01 04 Part I: Space and location Part I: Space and location 01 eng 01 01 JB code cilt.277.06oju 06 10.1075/cilt.277.06oju 21 39 19 Article 6 01 04 Spatial axes in language and conceptualisation Spatial axes in language and conceptualisation 01 04 The case of bidirectional constructions The case of bidirectional constructions 1 A01 01 JB code 497062008 Krista Ojutkangas Ojutkangas, Krista Krista Ojutkangas 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/497062008 01 eng 03 00

Krista Ojutkangas’ paper, “Spatial axes in language and conceptualization: the case of bidirectional constructions,” is a usage-based study of the basic axes in the conceptual partition of space. The focus is on bidirectional constructions in Finnish: on descriptions of spatial relations where both opposing poles of a spatial axis are explicitly mentioned in a single sentence, instances such as ‘the bride and the groom were sitting behind the table and the guests were sitting in front of the table’. Ojutkangas shows that the inherent bipolarity of the basic spatial axes can be utilized as a relatively systematic strategy in spatial conceptualization. It also shows that a conceptualization strategy primarily used in spatial language can have further functions in discourse, in building the narrative, and in reference tracking. The analysis of bidirectional and similar constructions contributes to our knowledge of spatial conceptualization and language generally.

01 01 JB code cilt.277.07huu 06 10.1075/cilt.277.07huu 41 65 25 Article 7 01 04 "I woke up from the sofa" “I woke up from the sofa” 01 04 Subjective directionality in Finnish expressions of a spatio-cognitive transfer Subjective directionality in Finnish expressions of a spatio-cognitive transfer 1 A01 01 JB code 552062009 Tuomas Huumo Huumo, Tuomas Tuomas Huumo 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/552062009 01 eng 03 00

Tuomas Huumo’s paper is a study on fictive motion as manifested by the uses of the Finnish directional (‘to’ vs. ‘from’) local cases in expressions that involve a cognitive change. The cognitive change takes place in the relationship between an experiencer and a stimulus, in such a way that the stimulus either enters or exits the cognitive dominion of the experiencer (i.e., its consciousness, awareness, or field of perception). Verbs that indicate such relations include verbs of perception (e.g., ‘see’, ‘hear’ ‘smell’) and verbs of more abstract cognitive contact (e.g., ‘find’, ‘lose’, ‘forget’). The general observation is that even though such situations do not involve actual spatial motion, Finnish uses the directional local cases to indicate the static spatial position of the stimulus that changes its relationship with the cognitive dominion. It is argued that such uses of the directional cases show that the conceptualization of such cognitive changes reflected by the structure of Finnish involves fictive motion between different dominions and a deep and direct interaction between cognitive dominions and space.

01 01 JB code cilt.277.08oni 06 10.1075/cilt.277.08oni 67 100 34 Article 8 01 04 Metonymy in locatives of state Metonymy in locatives of state 1 A01 01 JB code 600062010 Tiina Onikki-Rantajääskö Onikki-Rantajääskö, Tiina Tiina Onikki-Rantajääskö 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/600062010 01 eng 03 00

In “Metonymy in locatives of state,” Tiina Onikki-Rantajääskö analyzes abstract uses of locative case expressions. She focuses on expression of postures and facial expressions and other ‘locatives of state’ — expressions denoting psycho-physical and other states in Finnish. Special attention is given to the bridging role of metonymy in the abstract uses of locative case expressions. Onikki-Rantajääskö shows that metonymic and metaphorical tendencies are based on cultural models. Another organizing principle lying behind expressions of posture are image-schematic dimensions. The paper shows how metonymic-metaphorical extensions make use of these dimensions. Together they form the motivation for and organizing principle behind the abstraction tendencies observed in locatives. In such a way Onikki-Rantajääskö explores the experiential and bodily basis of metaphor and metonymy.

01 01 JB code cilt.277.09par 06 10.1075/cilt.277.09par Section header 9 01 04 Part II: The human perspective Part II: The human perspective 01 eng 01 01 JB code cilt.277.10suu 06 10.1075/cilt.277.10suu 101 128 28 Article 10 01 04 Body part names and grammaticalization Body part names and grammaticalization 1 A01 01 JB code 959062011 Toni Suutari Suutari, Toni Toni Suutari 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/959062011 01 eng 03 00

Toni Suutari investigates the development and grammaticalization of words that refer to body parts. An examination of Finno-Ugric words meaning ‘head’ reveals counterexamples to claims both about human egocentrism in semantic development and about the asserted unidirectionality of grammaticalization. Suutari shows that meanings of anatomical ‘head’ are often secondary. In other words, certain abstract relational expressions receive a concrete meaning as names for parts of the body and then subsequently become abstract once again. This claim has implications for grammaticalization. Suutari reviews the primary body-part names and the problems of the grammatical categorization of locative forms. The Finnish and Estonian locative expressions that include body-part names belong to two types, locatives and adpositions. Suutari shows that the metaphorical change from the meanings related to body parts to abstract meanings occurred after the grammaticalization had taken place. It is therefore argued that the concrete ‘body part’ > ‘object part’ meta­phor has no effect in these cases. The observations have broad implications for grammaticalization and categorization. They demonstrate that grammaticaliza­tion does not always involve changes from concrete to abstract or from lexical to grammatical, but grammaticalization may include stages where an abstract relational expression adopts a concrete meaning which in turn becomes grammaticalized.

01 01 JB code cilt.277.11kit 06 10.1075/cilt.277.11kit 129 152 24 Article 11 01 04 On distinguishing between `recipient' and `beneficiary' in Finnish On distinguishing between ‘recipient’ and ‘beneficiary’ in Finnish 1 A01 01 JB code 234062012 Seppo Kittilä Kittilä, Seppo Seppo Kittilä 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/234062012 01 eng 03 00

Seppo Kittilä’s paper discusses the (formal and semantic) distinction between recipient and beneficiary in Finnish. The paper shows that the allative case is strongly associated with the notion of reception. This means that whenever a participant can be regarded as a recipient, the allative case is used in its encoding. The participant in question may also have beneficial traits, but if there is any reception involved, the allative case is used for its coding. On the other hand, Beneficiary coding (which uses different adpositions), is possible only if the notion of reception is lacking together and the participant in question is a pure beneficiary. This paper is of special interest to functional linguists and typologists working on similar phenomena in and across different languages.

01 01 JB code cilt.277.12lau 06 10.1075/cilt.277.12lau 153 171 19 Article 12 01 04 Oblique mentions of human referents in Finnish conversation Oblique mentions of human referents in Finnish conversation 01 04 The effects of prominence in discourse and grammar The effects of prominence in discourse and grammar 1 A01 01 JB code 302062013 Ritva Laury Laury, Ritva Ritva Laury 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/302062013 01 eng 03 00

On the basis of empirical evidence it has been shown that mentions of human referents manifest features of prominence on the level of both discourse and grammar. This is so because they tend to be topical and agentive and are consequently likely to appear in core grammatical roles, especially in the subject role. Nevertheless, human referents are occasionally also mentioned in oblique cases (for example, as possessors and as recipients of various types). Ritva Laury studies these oblique mentions of human refer­ents in Finnish and investigates whether human mentions are equally distributed among all the oblique cases. She further explores what their pragmatic and semantic characteristics are and whether they take on the typical discourse profile of obliques (i.e. new, unidentifiable, and unlikely to be re-mentioned), or whether they still get treated like other human referents so that they would be identi­fiable, given and further tracked. Laury also investigates the semantic features of NPs used for oblique mentions of humans in discourse. The results of her study strongly confirm the centrality of human referents in grammar and discourse. Oblique mentions in the data show features of syntactic prominence, since they are not equally distributed among all the oblique cases, but instead cluster in only a few cases, namely those which occur in constructions with grammatical rather than local meaning. Further, human referents mentioned in oblique case roles are still pragmatically and semantically strongly human in terms of being par­ticipants in speech events, in being identifiable, given, and further tracked, that is, continuous topics in discourse, and in being lexically specified as humans.

01 01 JB code cilt.277.13par 06 10.1075/cilt.277.13par Section header 13 01 04 Part III: Person Part III: Person 01 eng 01 01 JB code cilt.277.14hel 06 10.1075/cilt.277.14hel 173 207 35 Article 14 01 04 Person in Finnish Person in Finnish 01 04 Paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations in interaction Paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations in interaction 1 A01 01 JB code 419062014 Marja-Liisa Helasvuo Helasvuo, Marja-Liisa Marja-Liisa Helasvuo 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/419062014 2 A01 01 JB code 497062015 Lea Laitinen Laitinen, Lea Lea Laitinen 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/497062015 01 eng 03 00

The paper by Marja-Liisa Helasvuo and Lea Laitinen provides an overview to person marking in Finnish. It aims to contribute to resolving some of the long-standing confusions surrounding how person has been dealt with in Finnish grammar. In Finnish, the predicate verb agrees with the subject in person (1st, 2nd and 3rd) and number (singular : plural). The verb thus shows the same person as the nominal subject, and there­fore, the nominal and the verbal person marking systems have usually not been discussed separately in Finnish linguistics (see for example Sulkala and Karja­lainen 1992, Hakulinen and Karlsson 1979). Helasvuo and Laitinen show, however, that in colloquial varieties of Finnish the coding of person is more complicated. The verbal and nominal person marking systems intersect, but not in the straightforward manner assumed in mainstream Finnish linguistics. The connections between the two form an intricate network. Helasvuo and Laitinen demonstrate that the verbal person marking is not copied from the subject pronoun in a mechanical way, nor is the personal pronoun redundant. They therefore find it useful to present the nominal and verbal person marking systems as two different paradigmatic systems. They also discuss how the two systems interrelate on the syntagmatic level.

01 01 JB code cilt.277.15lai 06 10.1075/cilt.277.15lai 209 231 23 Article 15 01 04 Zero person in Finnish Zero person in Finnish 01 04 A grammatical resource for construing human reference A grammatical resource for construing human reference 1 A01 01 JB code 561062016 Lea Laitinen Laitinen, Lea Lea Laitinen 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/561062016 01 eng 03 00

Lea Laitinen’s article deals with the grammar and meaning of Fin­nish constructions containing the so-called ‘zero person’ subject. In these constructions, there is no overt subject, and the verb is in the 3rd person singular form. The meanings of the construction are investigated in conversational data, and its globally marked non-specific reference is compared to the non-specific use of personal pronouns, used as generic forms referring to humans in many languages. As crystallizations of human experience, the zero person constructions express changes of state, emotions, perceptions, or other processes that affect human beings in particular situations. Laitinen shows how this potentiality of grammar is used in interaction by the speech act participants, and how these constructions which leave the conceptualizer of the situation implicit, provide a more subjective perspective on the experience than explicit personal pronouns. This paper has implications for the understanding of impersonal use of pronouns, non-specific pronominal reference, and zero persons in languages generally.

01 01 JB code cilt.277.16hel 06 10.1075/cilt.277.16hel 233 255 23 Article 16 01 04 Passive -- personal or impersonal? Passive — personal or impersonal? 01 04 A Finnish perspective A Finnish perspective 1 A01 01 JB code 613062017 Marja-Liisa Helasvuo Helasvuo, Marja-Liisa Marja-Liisa Helasvuo 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/613062017 01 eng 03 00

Marja-Liisa Helasvuo’s paper discusses passive constructions in Finnish. Based on a large database of spoken Finnish, she argues that contrary to the received view in Finnish linguistics, there are actually two types of passive in Finnish, namely the so-called simple passive (formed by the verb stem + passive suffix + personal marker) and a periphrastic passive; the latter is the so-called be-passive, formed with the verb ‘to be’ in its 3rd person singu­lar form (on) and a passive participle of the main verb. In the be-passive, the finite verb is in the 3rd person form, but in the simple passive, there is a special passive “personal” marker on the verb. The passive personal marker creates personal reference, but the reference is not explicit, but rather has to be con­strued from the context. Helasvuo investigates the role of these two types of passives in the Fin­nish person system and the discourse functions that they serve. She shows that the two passives have quite distinct discourse profiles.

In the linguistic literature, the Finnish passive has been described as impersonal based on the fact that argument relations do not change (see e.g. Comrie 1977). In contrast, in a personal passive, the object of the active clause takes the role of subject in a corresponding passive clause. Helasvuo shows, however, that this use of the term “personal” vs. “impersonal” is mis­leading: it equates the function of person marking with the coding of the sub­ject role. Instead, she suggests that the function of person marking on verbs is to provide a grammatical means for expressing person, either by explicit refer­ence to per­son or open reference that has to construed in the context (e.g. the passive). From this perspective, the Finnish passive is by no means impersonal, but instead, is an integral part of the person system for verbs.

01 01 JB code cilt.277.17ref 06 10.1075/cilt.277.17ref 257 275 19 Miscellaneous 17 01 04 References References 01 eng 01 01 JB code cilt.277.18ind 06 10.1075/cilt.277.18ind 277 280 4 Miscellaneous 18 01 04 Index of terms Index of terms 01 eng
01 JB code JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/cilt.277 Amsterdam NL 00 John Benjamins Publishing Company Marketing Department / Karin Plijnaar, Pieter Lamers onix@benjamins.nl 04 01 00 20061019 C 2006 John Benjamins Publishing Company D 2006 John Benjamins Publishing Company 02 WORLD 13 15 9789027247926 WORLD 09 01 JB 3 John Benjamins e-Platform 03 https://jbe-platform.com 29 https://jbe-platform.com/content/books/9789027293213 21 01 00 Unqualified price 02 110.00 EUR 01 00 Unqualified price 02 92.00 GBP GB 01 00 Unqualified price 02 165.00 USD
485013055 03 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code CILT 277 GE 15 9789027293213 06 10.1075/cilt.277 00 EA E133 10 01 JB code CILT 02 JB code 0304-0763 02 277.00 01 02 Current Issues in Linguistic Theory Current Issues in Linguistic Theory 01 01 Grammar from the Human Perspective Grammar from the Human Perspective 1 B01 01 JB code 389056871 Marja-Liisa Helasvuo Helasvuo, Marja-Liisa Marja-Liisa Helasvuo University of Turku 2 B01 01 JB code 207056872 Lyle Campbell Campbell, Lyle Lyle Campbell University of Utah 01 eng 11 292 03 03 x 03 00 280 03 24 JB code LIN.SYNTAX Syntax 24 JB code LIN.THEOR Theoretical linguistics 24 JB code LIN.URAL Uralic languages 10 LAN009000 12 CF 01 06 03 00

The papers of this volume investigate how grammar codes the subjective viewpoint of human language users, that is, how grammar reflects human conceptualization. Some of the articles deal with spatial relations and locations. They discuss how basic attributes of human conceptualization are encoded in the grammatical expression of spatial relations. Other articles concern embodiment in language, showing how conceptualization is mediated by one’s embodied experience of the world and ourselves. Finally, some of the articles discuss coding of person focusing on the subjec­tivity of conceptualization and how it is reflected in grammar.

The articles show that conceptualization reflects the speaker’s construal of the situation, and furthermore, that it is intersubjective because it reflects the speaker’s understanding of the relations between the speech act participants. The papers deal with Finnish, utilizing the rich resources of Finnish grammar to contribute to issues in contemporary linguistics and in particular to Cognitive Grammar.

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01 01 JB code cilt.277.01abb 06 10.1075/cilt.277.01abb vii viii 2 Miscellaneous 1 01 04 Abbreviations & transcription symbols Abbreviations & transcription symbols 01 01 JB code cilt.277.02ack 06 10.1075/cilt.277.02ack ix ix 1 Miscellaneous 2 01 04 Acknowledgements Acknowledgements 01 01 JB code cilt.277.03hel 06 10.1075/cilt.277.03hel 1 10 10 Miscellaneous 3 01 04 Introduction Introduction 01 04 Grammar from the human perspective Grammar from the human perspective 1 A01 01 JB code 186062004 Marja-Liisa Helasvuo Helasvuo, Marja-Liisa Marja-Liisa Helasvuo 2 A01 01 JB code 221062005 Lyle Campbell Campbell, Lyle Lyle Campbell 01 01 JB code cilt.277.04huu 06 10.1075/cilt.277.04huu 11 20 10 Article 4 01 04 An introduction to Finnish spatial relations An introduction to Finnish spatial relations 01 04 Local cases and adpositions Local cases and adpositions 1 A01 01 JB code 355062006 Tuomas Huumo Huumo, Tuomas Tuomas Huumo 2 A01 01 JB code 436062007 Krista Ojutkangas Ojutkangas, Krista Krista Ojutkangas 01 01 JB code cilt.277.05par 06 10.1075/cilt.277.05par Section header 5 01 04 Part I: Space and location Part I: Space and location 01 01 JB code cilt.277.06oju 06 10.1075/cilt.277.06oju 21 39 19 Article 6 01 04 Spatial axes in language and conceptualisation Spatial axes in language and conceptualisation 01 04 The case of bidirectional constructions The case of bidirectional constructions 1 A01 01 JB code 497062008 Krista Ojutkangas Ojutkangas, Krista Krista Ojutkangas 01 01 JB code cilt.277.07huu 06 10.1075/cilt.277.07huu 41 65 25 Article 7 01 04 "I woke up from the sofa" “I woke up from the sofa” 01 04 Subjective directionality in Finnish expressions of a spatio-cognitive transfer Subjective directionality in Finnish expressions of a spatio-cognitive transfer 1 A01 01 JB code 552062009 Tuomas Huumo Huumo, Tuomas Tuomas Huumo 01 01 JB code cilt.277.08oni 06 10.1075/cilt.277.08oni 67 100 34 Article 8 01 04 Metonymy in locatives of state Metonymy in locatives of state 1 A01 01 JB code 600062010 Tiina Onikki-Rantajääskö Onikki-Rantajääskö, Tiina Tiina Onikki-Rantajääskö 01 01 JB code cilt.277.09par 06 10.1075/cilt.277.09par Section header 9 01 04 Part II: The human perspective Part II: The human perspective 01 01 JB code cilt.277.10suu 06 10.1075/cilt.277.10suu 101 128 28 Article 10 01 04 Body part names and grammaticalization Body part names and grammaticalization 1 A01 01 JB code 959062011 Toni Suutari Suutari, Toni Toni Suutari 01 01 JB code cilt.277.11kit 06 10.1075/cilt.277.11kit 129 152 24 Article 11 01 04 On distinguishing between `recipient' and `beneficiary' in Finnish On distinguishing between ‘recipient’ and ‘beneficiary’ in Finnish 1 A01 01 JB code 234062012 Seppo Kittilä Kittilä, Seppo Seppo Kittilä 01 01 JB code cilt.277.12lau 06 10.1075/cilt.277.12lau 153 171 19 Article 12 01 04 Oblique mentions of human referents in Finnish conversation Oblique mentions of human referents in Finnish conversation 01 04 The effects of prominence in discourse and grammar The effects of prominence in discourse and grammar 1 A01 01 JB code 302062013 Ritva Laury Laury, Ritva Ritva Laury 01 01 JB code cilt.277.13par 06 10.1075/cilt.277.13par Section header 13 01 04 Part III: Person Part III: Person 01 01 JB code cilt.277.14hel 06 10.1075/cilt.277.14hel 173 207 35 Article 14 01 04 Person in Finnish Person in Finnish 01 04 Paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations in interaction Paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations in interaction 1 A01 01 JB code 419062014 Marja-Liisa Helasvuo Helasvuo, Marja-Liisa Marja-Liisa Helasvuo 2 A01 01 JB code 497062015 Lea Laitinen Laitinen, Lea Lea Laitinen 01 01 JB code cilt.277.15lai 06 10.1075/cilt.277.15lai 209 231 23 Article 15 01 04 Zero person in Finnish Zero person in Finnish 01 04 A grammatical resource for construing human reference A grammatical resource for construing human reference 1 A01 01 JB code 561062016 Lea Laitinen Laitinen, Lea Lea Laitinen 01 01 JB code cilt.277.16hel 06 10.1075/cilt.277.16hel 233 255 23 Article 16 01 04 Passive -- personal or impersonal? Passive — personal or impersonal? 01 04 A Finnish perspective A Finnish perspective 1 A01 01 JB code 613062017 Marja-Liisa Helasvuo Helasvuo, Marja-Liisa Marja-Liisa Helasvuo 01 01 JB code cilt.277.17ref 06 10.1075/cilt.277.17ref 257 275 19 Miscellaneous 17 01 04 References References 01 01 JB code cilt.277.18ind 06 10.1075/cilt.277.18ind 277 280 4 Miscellaneous 18 01 04 Index of terms Index of terms 01 JB code JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 https://benjamins.com Amsterdam NL 00 John Benjamins Publishing Company Marketing Department / Karin Plijnaar, Pieter Lamers onix@benjamins.nl 04 01 00 20061019 C 2006 John Benjamins Publishing Company D 2006 John Benjamins Publishing Company 02 WORLD 13 15 9789027247926 WORLD 03 01 JB 17 Google 03 https://play.google.com/store/books 21 01 00 Unqualified price 00 110.00 EUR 01 00 Unqualified price 00 92.00 GBP 01 00 Unqualified price 00 165.00 USD