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John Benjamins Publishing Company
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eng
01
EUR
371008580
03
01
01
JB
John Benjamins Publishing Company
01
JB code
CILT 316 Eb
15
9789027287137
06
10.1075/cilt.316
13
2011000203
DG
002
02
01
CILT
02
0304-0763
Current Issues in Linguistic Theory
316
01
Compound Words in Spanish
Theory and history
01
cilt.316
01
https://benjamins.com
02
https://benjamins.com/catalog/cilt.316
1
A01
María Irene Moyna
Moyna, María Irene
María Irene
Moyna
Texas A&M University
01
eng
478
xxv
451
LAN009000
v.2006
CF
2
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.HL
Historical linguistics
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.ROM
Romance linguistics
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.THEOR
Theoretical linguistics
06
01
This is the first book devoted entirely to the history of compound words in Spanish. Based on data obtained from Spanish dictionaries and databases of the past thousand years, it documents the evolution of the major compounding patterns of the language. It analyzes the structural, semantic, and orthographic features of each compound type, and also provides a description of its Latin antecedents, early attestations, and relative frequency and productivity over the centuries. The combination of qualitative and quantitative data shows that although most compound types have survived, they have undergone changes in word order and relative frequency. Moreover, the book shows that the evolution of compounding in Spanish may be accounted for by processes of language acquisition in children. This book, which includes all the data in chronological and alphabetical order, will be a valuable resource for morphologists, Romance linguists, and historical linguists more generally.
04
09
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https://benjamins.com/covers/475/cilt.316.png
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https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027248343.jpg
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cilt.316.01fig
xv
xvi
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Miscellaneous
1
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List of figures
10
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JB code
cilt.316.02tab
xvii
xx
4
Miscellaneous
2
01
List of tables
10
01
JB code
cilt.316.03abb
xxi
xxii
2
Miscellaneous
3
01
List of abbreviations used
10
01
JB code
cilt.316.04ack
xxiii
xxvi
4
Miscellaneous
4
01
Preface & acknowledgments
10
01
JB code
cilt.316.05int
1
10
10
Chapter
5
01
Introduction
10
01
JB code
cilt.316.06ch1
11
44
34
Chapter
6
01
Chapter 1. Definitions
10
01
JB code
cilt.316.07ch2
45
66
22
Chapter
7
01
Chapter 2. The internal structure of compounds
01
Chapter 1 covered some general definitions of what is and is not considered a compound in this study. The present chapter completes the presentation of the notion of compounding by considering the internal structure and semantic properties of various compound types. It shows that compounds exhibit two basic general structures, viz., hierarchical and non-hierarchical. In the former, one of the constituents is the head, and the other one is subordinate to it in some way (e.g., hombre lobo ‘werewolf’, lit. ‘man wolf’). In non-hierarchical compounds, there are no dependent constituents, so both (or all, in the case of compounds with more than two constituents) are heads (e.g., sofá cama ‘sofa bed’). Both hierarchical and non-hierarchical compounds exhibit a variety of syntactic relationships between their constituents, as we shall see. Independently of these internal relationships, one must also consider the relationship between the constituents and the higher node, which stands for the entire compounded structure. When constituents pass on their syntactico-semantic properties to the whole, then the compound is said to be endocentric (e.g., a pájaro campana ‘bell bird’, lit. ‘bird bell’ is a type of bird). If they do not, the resulting compound is exocentric (e.g., a sacacorchos ‘corkscrew’, lit. ‘remove-corks’ is neither a type of saca ‘remove’ nor of corchos ‘corks’). This chapter explores these different structural configurations and their semantic consequences.
10
01
JB code
cilt.316.08ch3
67
98
32
Chapter
8
01
Chapter 3. Finding compounds
Data sources, collection, and classification
01
Chapters 1 and 2 outlined the definition of compounding that underpins this entire work, informing data selection and classification for all historical periods. This third chapter presents the historical periods considered, together with a description of the data sources selected for each one. Subsequently, the procedures used to find compounds and ascertain their status are discussed, together with the dating of first attestations and the measurements of relative pattern frequency and productivity. The chapter closes with an explanation of the criteria used to classify compounds.
10
01
JB code
cilt.316.09ch4
99
124
26
Chapter
9
01
Chapter 4. Endocentric compounds with adverbial non-heads
Bienquerer, bienquisto, bienquerencia
01
This chapter starts the description of the history of Spanish compounding patterns whose head constituent appears on the right, by tackling specifically those that have adverbial non-heads. There are three main such patterns: [Adv + V]V, [Adv + A]A, and [Adv + N]N. As the examples, show, the three compound patterns form a natural cluster with related structure and meaning, and, very often, with derivational relationships. They also share a very early appearance and higher levels of productivity in the earliest periods, with waning vitality over time. After each of the three patterns is described individually, these connections are explored at some length (cf. Section 4.4).
10
01
JB code
cilt.316.10ch5
125
162
38
Chapter
10
01
Chapter 5. Endocentric compounds with nominal non-heads
Maniatar, manirroto, maniobra
01
This chapter continues with the treatment of head-final compounding by focusing on three patterns whose non-head is a nominal. Among them, the most productive are adjectival [N + A]A patterns. There is also a truly archaic verbal [N + V]V pattern, with very few examples and virtually no present productivity. Although some of its exponents are related to the [N + A]A pattern, it has not shared its productivity or evolution. The last head-final pattern is [N + N]N, whose nominal head on the right is related to the verbal or adjectival classes mentioned above. For [N + N]N head-final patterns whose head is not deverbal, readers are directed to Chapter 6, where those patterns are explored together with their head-initial counterparts.
10
01
JB code
cilt.316.11ch6
163
196
34
Chapter
11
01
Chapter 6. Endocentric compounds with nominal heads and nominal/adjectival modifiers
Pájaro campana, pavipollo, avetarda, falsa abeja
01
This chapter describes the structure and evolution of Spanish compounding patterns whose head constituent is a nominal, modified by either another nominal or an adjective. Since the head can appear first or last, this yields a total of four possible patterns (Table 6.1). All four have moderate to high productivity over the centuries. Those with adjectival heads have syntactic parallels, from which they are sometimes hard to distinguish unequivocally. Numerous tests have been designed to do so, but even then, the nature of historical data sometimes precludes their systematic application, resulting in some uncertainty in the demarcation of these classes, as shall be discussed in the relevant sections.
10
01
JB code
cilt.316.12ch7
197
218
22
Chapter
12
01
Chapter 7. Exocentric patterns
Cuajaleche, mil leches
01
In all the patterns presented so far, one of the two compound constituents can be identified as the head, from which the compound inherits its syntactic properties and often also its semantic specifications. However, it is also true that in most compound classes seen so far, a subset of tokens ‘jump’ grammatical category, exhibiting distributional properties incompatible with those of the head constituent. In those cases, the resulting compound is said to be exocentric. In Spanish this conversion process can lead to the recategorization of any compound as a nominal (<i>bienestar</i> ‘welfare’, lit. ‘well-be’, <i>subibaja</i> ‘see-saw’, lit. ‘go up-go down’), or of nominal compounds as adjectives (<i>muy cararrota</i> ‘very cheeky’, lit. ‘very face-broken’).
In addition to these sporadic examples of exocentricity, some productive and stable compound patterns of Spanish are <i>always</i> exocentric, i.e., neither of their constituents is ever the head of the compound. In all cases of exocentric patterns, the resulting compound is a noun. Consequently, rather than proposing ad hoc conversion for each compounded token, it is more theoretically sound to incorporate the process of conversion or ø-derivation into the pattern itself. In Chapter 2, Section 2.4.1.2, it was proposed that the first merge operation between constituents is followed by a second merge with an empty (unpronounced) head, which corresponds to the WCM and is responsible for the conversion of the compound. In Spanish the two most common exocentric compounding patterns are [V + N]N and, to a much lesser extent, [Q + N]N compounds (Table 7.1). Each one of them will be considered separately.
10
01
JB code
cilt.316.13ch8
219
252
34
Chapter
13
01
Chapter 8. Concatenative compounds
Ajoqueso, agridulce, subibaja, dieciséis
01
This chapter deals with compounds with hierarchically identical constituents, referred to as dvandvas in the Sanskrit tradition and with a variety of other names in many accounts (e.g., co-compounds, copulative, binominals, etc.) (cf. discussion in Bauer 2008 and Wälchli 2005). In Spanish the two largest groups are made up of two nouns or two adjectives. These nominal and adjectival concatenative patterns have several subtypes each, which are discussed in Section 8.1 and 8.2, respectively. A much smaller group is made up of two concatenated verbs; this is an exocentric class, because the resulting compound is always nominal (8.3). Finally, there are complex additive numerals, which are possibly the clearest example of a productive class, since they are infinite by definition (8.4) (Table 8.1).
10
01
JB code
cilt.316.14ch9
253
292
40
Chapter
14
01
Chapter 9. Historical developments in Spanish compounding
10
01
JB code
cilt.316.15ref
293
302
10
Miscellaneous
15
01
References
10
01
JB code
cilt.316.16app
303
432
130
Miscellaneous
16
01
Appendix 1. Compound dataset
10
01
JB code
cilt.316.17sub
433
442
10
Miscellaneous
17
01
Subject index
10
01
JB code
cilt.316.18wor
443
452
10
Miscellaneous
18
01
Word index
02
JBENJAMINS
John Benjamins Publishing Company
01
John Benjamins Publishing Company
Amsterdam/Philadelphia
NL
04
20110712
2011
John Benjamins
02
WORLD
13
15
9789027248343
01
JB
3
John Benjamins e-Platform
03
jbe-platform.com
09
WORLD
21
01
00
105.00
EUR
R
01
00
88.00
GBP
Z
01
gen
00
158.00
USD
S
85006146
03
01
01
JB
John Benjamins Publishing Company
01
JB code
CILT 316 Hb
15
9789027248343
13
2011000203
BB
01
CILT
02
0304-0763
Current Issues in Linguistic Theory
316
01
Compound Words in Spanish
Theory and history
01
cilt.316
01
https://benjamins.com
02
https://benjamins.com/catalog/cilt.316
1
A01
María Irene Moyna
Moyna, María Irene
María Irene
Moyna
Texas A&M University
01
eng
478
xxv
451
LAN009000
v.2006
CF
2
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.HL
Historical linguistics
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.ROM
Romance linguistics
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.THEOR
Theoretical linguistics
06
01
This is the first book devoted entirely to the history of compound words in Spanish. Based on data obtained from Spanish dictionaries and databases of the past thousand years, it documents the evolution of the major compounding patterns of the language. It analyzes the structural, semantic, and orthographic features of each compound type, and also provides a description of its Latin antecedents, early attestations, and relative frequency and productivity over the centuries. The combination of qualitative and quantitative data shows that although most compound types have survived, they have undergone changes in word order and relative frequency. Moreover, the book shows that the evolution of compounding in Spanish may be accounted for by processes of language acquisition in children. This book, which includes all the data in chronological and alphabetical order, will be a valuable resource for morphologists, Romance linguists, and historical linguists more generally.
04
09
01
https://benjamins.com/covers/475/cilt.316.png
04
03
01
https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027248343.jpg
04
03
01
https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027248343.tif
06
09
01
https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/cilt.316.hb.png
07
09
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https://benjamins.com/covers/125/cilt.316.png
25
09
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https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/cilt.316.hb.png
27
09
01
https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/cilt.316.hb.png
10
01
JB code
cilt.316.01fig
xv
xvi
2
Miscellaneous
1
01
List of figures
10
01
JB code
cilt.316.02tab
xvii
xx
4
Miscellaneous
2
01
List of tables
10
01
JB code
cilt.316.03abb
xxi
xxii
2
Miscellaneous
3
01
List of abbreviations used
10
01
JB code
cilt.316.04ack
xxiii
xxvi
4
Miscellaneous
4
01
Preface & acknowledgments
10
01
JB code
cilt.316.05int
1
10
10
Chapter
5
01
Introduction
10
01
JB code
cilt.316.06ch1
11
44
34
Chapter
6
01
Chapter 1. Definitions
10
01
JB code
cilt.316.07ch2
45
66
22
Chapter
7
01
Chapter 2. The internal structure of compounds
01
Chapter 1 covered some general definitions of what is and is not considered a compound in this study. The present chapter completes the presentation of the notion of compounding by considering the internal structure and semantic properties of various compound types. It shows that compounds exhibit two basic general structures, viz., hierarchical and non-hierarchical. In the former, one of the constituents is the head, and the other one is subordinate to it in some way (e.g., hombre lobo ‘werewolf’, lit. ‘man wolf’). In non-hierarchical compounds, there are no dependent constituents, so both (or all, in the case of compounds with more than two constituents) are heads (e.g., sofá cama ‘sofa bed’). Both hierarchical and non-hierarchical compounds exhibit a variety of syntactic relationships between their constituents, as we shall see. Independently of these internal relationships, one must also consider the relationship between the constituents and the higher node, which stands for the entire compounded structure. When constituents pass on their syntactico-semantic properties to the whole, then the compound is said to be endocentric (e.g., a pájaro campana ‘bell bird’, lit. ‘bird bell’ is a type of bird). If they do not, the resulting compound is exocentric (e.g., a sacacorchos ‘corkscrew’, lit. ‘remove-corks’ is neither a type of saca ‘remove’ nor of corchos ‘corks’). This chapter explores these different structural configurations and their semantic consequences.
10
01
JB code
cilt.316.08ch3
67
98
32
Chapter
8
01
Chapter 3. Finding compounds
Data sources, collection, and classification
01
Chapters 1 and 2 outlined the definition of compounding that underpins this entire work, informing data selection and classification for all historical periods. This third chapter presents the historical periods considered, together with a description of the data sources selected for each one. Subsequently, the procedures used to find compounds and ascertain their status are discussed, together with the dating of first attestations and the measurements of relative pattern frequency and productivity. The chapter closes with an explanation of the criteria used to classify compounds.
10
01
JB code
cilt.316.09ch4
99
124
26
Chapter
9
01
Chapter 4. Endocentric compounds with adverbial non-heads
Bienquerer, bienquisto, bienquerencia
01
This chapter starts the description of the history of Spanish compounding patterns whose head constituent appears on the right, by tackling specifically those that have adverbial non-heads. There are three main such patterns: [Adv + V]V, [Adv + A]A, and [Adv + N]N. As the examples, show, the three compound patterns form a natural cluster with related structure and meaning, and, very often, with derivational relationships. They also share a very early appearance and higher levels of productivity in the earliest periods, with waning vitality over time. After each of the three patterns is described individually, these connections are explored at some length (cf. Section 4.4).
10
01
JB code
cilt.316.10ch5
125
162
38
Chapter
10
01
Chapter 5. Endocentric compounds with nominal non-heads
Maniatar, manirroto, maniobra
01
This chapter continues with the treatment of head-final compounding by focusing on three patterns whose non-head is a nominal. Among them, the most productive are adjectival [N + A]A patterns. There is also a truly archaic verbal [N + V]V pattern, with very few examples and virtually no present productivity. Although some of its exponents are related to the [N + A]A pattern, it has not shared its productivity or evolution. The last head-final pattern is [N + N]N, whose nominal head on the right is related to the verbal or adjectival classes mentioned above. For [N + N]N head-final patterns whose head is not deverbal, readers are directed to Chapter 6, where those patterns are explored together with their head-initial counterparts.
10
01
JB code
cilt.316.11ch6
163
196
34
Chapter
11
01
Chapter 6. Endocentric compounds with nominal heads and nominal/adjectival modifiers
Pájaro campana, pavipollo, avetarda, falsa abeja
01
This chapter describes the structure and evolution of Spanish compounding patterns whose head constituent is a nominal, modified by either another nominal or an adjective. Since the head can appear first or last, this yields a total of four possible patterns (Table 6.1). All four have moderate to high productivity over the centuries. Those with adjectival heads have syntactic parallels, from which they are sometimes hard to distinguish unequivocally. Numerous tests have been designed to do so, but even then, the nature of historical data sometimes precludes their systematic application, resulting in some uncertainty in the demarcation of these classes, as shall be discussed in the relevant sections.
10
01
JB code
cilt.316.12ch7
197
218
22
Chapter
12
01
Chapter 7. Exocentric patterns
Cuajaleche, mil leches
01
In all the patterns presented so far, one of the two compound constituents can be identified as the head, from which the compound inherits its syntactic properties and often also its semantic specifications. However, it is also true that in most compound classes seen so far, a subset of tokens ‘jump’ grammatical category, exhibiting distributional properties incompatible with those of the head constituent. In those cases, the resulting compound is said to be exocentric. In Spanish this conversion process can lead to the recategorization of any compound as a nominal (<i>bienestar</i> ‘welfare’, lit. ‘well-be’, <i>subibaja</i> ‘see-saw’, lit. ‘go up-go down’), or of nominal compounds as adjectives (<i>muy cararrota</i> ‘very cheeky’, lit. ‘very face-broken’).
In addition to these sporadic examples of exocentricity, some productive and stable compound patterns of Spanish are <i>always</i> exocentric, i.e., neither of their constituents is ever the head of the compound. In all cases of exocentric patterns, the resulting compound is a noun. Consequently, rather than proposing ad hoc conversion for each compounded token, it is more theoretically sound to incorporate the process of conversion or ø-derivation into the pattern itself. In Chapter 2, Section 2.4.1.2, it was proposed that the first merge operation between constituents is followed by a second merge with an empty (unpronounced) head, which corresponds to the WCM and is responsible for the conversion of the compound. In Spanish the two most common exocentric compounding patterns are [V + N]N and, to a much lesser extent, [Q + N]N compounds (Table 7.1). Each one of them will be considered separately.
10
01
JB code
cilt.316.13ch8
219
252
34
Chapter
13
01
Chapter 8. Concatenative compounds
Ajoqueso, agridulce, subibaja, dieciséis
01
This chapter deals with compounds with hierarchically identical constituents, referred to as dvandvas in the Sanskrit tradition and with a variety of other names in many accounts (e.g., co-compounds, copulative, binominals, etc.) (cf. discussion in Bauer 2008 and Wälchli 2005). In Spanish the two largest groups are made up of two nouns or two adjectives. These nominal and adjectival concatenative patterns have several subtypes each, which are discussed in Section 8.1 and 8.2, respectively. A much smaller group is made up of two concatenated verbs; this is an exocentric class, because the resulting compound is always nominal (8.3). Finally, there are complex additive numerals, which are possibly the clearest example of a productive class, since they are infinite by definition (8.4) (Table 8.1).
10
01
JB code
cilt.316.14ch9
253
292
40
Chapter
14
01
Chapter 9. Historical developments in Spanish compounding
10
01
JB code
cilt.316.15ref
293
302
10
Miscellaneous
15
01
References
10
01
JB code
cilt.316.16app
303
432
130
Miscellaneous
16
01
Appendix 1. Compound dataset
10
01
JB code
cilt.316.17sub
433
442
10
Miscellaneous
17
01
Subject index
10
01
JB code
cilt.316.18wor
443
452
10
Miscellaneous
18
01
Word index
02
JBENJAMINS
John Benjamins Publishing Company
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