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371008580 03 01 01 JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code CILT 316 Eb 15 9789027287137 06 10.1075/cilt.316 13 2011000203 DG 002 02 01 CILT 02 0304-0763 Current Issues in Linguistic Theory 316 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Compound Words in Spanish</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Theory and history</Subtitle> 01 cilt.316 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/cilt.316 1 A01 María Irene Moyna Moyna, María Irene María Irene Moyna Texas A&M University 01 eng 478 xxv 451 LAN009000 v.2006 CF 2 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.HL Historical linguistics 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.ROM Romance linguistics 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.THEOR Theoretical linguistics 06 01 This is the first book devoted entirely to the history of compound words in Spanish. Based on data obtained from Spanish dictionaries and databases of the past thousand years, it documents the evolution of the major compounding patterns of the language. It analyzes the structural, semantic, and orthographic features of each compound type, and also provides a description of its Latin antecedents, early attestations, and relative frequency and productivity over the centuries. The combination of qualitative and quantitative data shows that although most compound types have survived, they have undergone changes in word order and relative frequency. Moreover, the book shows that the evolution of compounding in Spanish may be accounted for by processes of language acquisition in children. This book, which includes all the data in chronological and alphabetical order, will be a valuable resource for morphologists, Romance linguists, and historical linguists more generally. 04 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/cilt.316.png 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027248343.jpg 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027248343.tif 06 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/cilt.316.hb.png 07 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/cilt.316.png 25 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/cilt.316.hb.png 27 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/cilt.316.hb.png 10 01 JB code cilt.316.01fig xv xvi 2 Miscellaneous 1 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">List of figures</TitleText> 10 01 JB code cilt.316.02tab xvii xx 4 Miscellaneous 2 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">List of tables</TitleText> 10 01 JB code cilt.316.03abb xxi xxii 2 Miscellaneous 3 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">List of abbreviations used</TitleText> 10 01 JB code cilt.316.04ack xxiii xxvi 4 Miscellaneous 4 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Preface &#38; acknowledgments</TitleText> 10 01 JB code cilt.316.05int 1 10 10 Chapter 5 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Introduction</TitleText> 10 01 JB code cilt.316.06ch1 11 44 34 Chapter 6 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 1. Definitions</TitleText> 10 01 JB code cilt.316.07ch2 45 66 22 Chapter 7 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 2. The internal structure of compounds</TitleText> 01 Chapter 1 covered some general definitions of what is and is not considered a compound in this study. The present chapter completes the presentation of the notion of compounding by considering the internal structure and semantic properties of various compound types. It shows that compounds exhibit two basic general structures, viz., hierarchical and non-hierarchical. In the former, one of the constituents is the head, and the other one is subordinate to it in some way (e.g., hombre lobo &#8216;werewolf&#8217;, lit. &#8216;man wolf&#8217;). In non-hierarchical compounds, there are no dependent constituents, so both (or all, in the case of compounds with more than two constituents) are heads (e.g., sof&#225; cama &#8216;sofa bed&#8217;). Both hierarchical and non-hierarchical compounds exhibit a variety of syntactic relationships between their constituents, as we shall see. Independently of these internal relationships, one must also consider the relationship between the constituents and the higher node, which stands for the entire compounded structure. When constituents pass on their syntactico-semantic properties to the whole, then the compound is said to be endocentric (e.g., a p&#225;jaro campana &#8216;bell bird&#8217;, lit. &#8216;bird bell&#8217; is a type of bird). If they do not, the resulting compound is exocentric (e.g., a sacacorchos &#8216;corkscrew&#8217;, lit. &#8216;remove-corks&#8217; is neither a type of saca &#8216;remove&#8217; nor of corchos &#8216;corks&#8217;). This chapter explores these different structural configurations and their semantic consequences. 10 01 JB code cilt.316.08ch3 67 98 32 Chapter 8 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 3. Finding compounds</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Data sources, collection, and classification</Subtitle> 01 Chapters 1 and 2 outlined the definition of compounding that underpins this entire work, informing data selection and classification for all historical periods. This third chapter presents the historical periods considered, together with a description of the data sources selected for each one. Subsequently, the procedures used to find compounds and ascertain their status are discussed, together with the dating of first attestations and the measurements of relative pattern frequency and productivity. The chapter closes with an explanation of the criteria used to classify compounds. 10 01 JB code cilt.316.09ch4 99 124 26 Chapter 9 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 4. Endocentric compounds with adverbial non-heads</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Bienquerer, bienquisto, bienquerencia</Subtitle> 01 This chapter starts the description of the history of Spanish compounding patterns whose head constituent appears on the right, by tackling specifically those that have adverbial non-heads. There are three main such patterns: [Adv + V]V, [Adv + A]A, and [Adv + N]N. As the examples, show, the three compound patterns form a natural cluster with related structure and meaning, and, very often, with derivational relationships. They also share a very early appearance and higher levels of productivity in the earliest periods, with waning vitality over time. After each of the three patterns is described individually, these connections are explored at some length (cf. Section 4.4). 10 01 JB code cilt.316.10ch5 125 162 38 Chapter 10 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 5. Endocentric compounds with nominal non-heads</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Maniatar, manirroto, maniobra</Subtitle> 01 This chapter continues with the treatment of head-final compounding by focusing on three patterns whose non-head is a nominal. Among them, the most productive are adjectival [N + A]A patterns. There is also a truly archaic verbal [N + V]V pattern, with very few examples and virtually no present productivity. Although some of its exponents are related to the [N + A]A pattern, it has not shared its productivity or evolution. The last head-final pattern is [N + N]N, whose nominal head on the right is related to the verbal or adjectival classes mentioned above. For [N + N]N head-final patterns whose head is not deverbal, readers are directed to Chapter 6, where those patterns are explored together with their head-initial counterparts. 10 01 JB code cilt.316.11ch6 163 196 34 Chapter 11 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 6. Endocentric compounds with nominal heads and nominal/adjectival modifiers</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">P&#225;jaro campana, pavipollo, avetarda, falsa abeja</Subtitle> 01 This chapter describes the structure and evolution of Spanish compounding patterns whose head constituent is a nominal, modified by either another nominal or an adjective. Since the head can appear first or last, this yields a total of four possible patterns (Table 6.1). All four have moderate to high productivity over the centuries. Those with adjectival heads have syntactic parallels, from which they are sometimes hard to distinguish unequivocally. Numerous tests have been designed to do so, but even then, the nature of historical data sometimes precludes their systematic application, resulting in some uncertainty in the demarcation of these classes, as shall be discussed in the relevant sections. 10 01 JB code cilt.316.12ch7 197 218 22 Chapter 12 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 7. Exocentric patterns</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Cuajaleche, mil leches</Subtitle> 01 In all the patterns presented so far, one of the two compound constituents can be identified as the head, from which the compound inherits its syntactic properties and often also its semantic specifications. However, it is also true that in most compound classes seen so far, a subset of tokens &#8216;jump&#8217; grammatical category, exhibiting distributional properties incompatible with those of the head constituent. In those cases, the resulting compound is said to be exocentric. In Spanish this conversion process can lead to the recategorization of any compound as a nominal (<i>bienestar</i> &#8216;welfare&#8217;, lit. &#8216;well-be&#8217;, <i>subibaja</i> &#8216;see-saw&#8217;, lit. &#8216;go up-go down&#8217;), or of nominal compounds as adjectives (<i>muy cararrota</i> &#8216;very cheeky&#8217;, lit. &#8216;very face-broken&#8217;). In addition to these sporadic examples of exocentricity, some productive and stable compound patterns of Spanish are <i>always</i> exocentric, i.e., neither of their constituents is ever the head of the compound. In all cases of exocentric patterns, the resulting compound is a noun. Consequently, rather than proposing ad hoc conversion for each compounded token, it is more theoretically sound to incorporate the process of conversion or &#248;-derivation into the pattern itself. In Chapter 2, Section 2.4.1.2, it was proposed that the first merge operation between constituents is followed by a second merge with an empty (unpronounced) head, which corresponds to the WCM and is responsible for the conversion of the compound. In Spanish the two most common exocentric compounding patterns are [V + N]N and, to a much lesser extent, [Q + N]N compounds (Table 7.1). Each one of them will be considered separately. 10 01 JB code cilt.316.13ch8 219 252 34 Chapter 13 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 8. Concatenative compounds</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Ajoqueso, agridulce, subibaja, diecis&#233;is</Subtitle> 01 This chapter deals with compounds with hierarchically identical constituents, referred to as dvandvas in the Sanskrit tradition and with a variety of other names in many accounts (e.g., co-compounds, copulative, binominals, etc.) (cf. discussion in Bauer 2008 and W&#228;lchli 2005). In Spanish the two largest groups are made up of two nouns or two adjectives. These nominal and adjectival concatenative patterns have several subtypes each, which are discussed in Section 8.1 and 8.2, respectively. A much smaller group is made up of two concatenated verbs; this is an exocentric class, because the resulting compound is always nominal (8.3). Finally, there are complex additive numerals, which are possibly the clearest example of a productive class, since they are infinite by definition (8.4) (Table 8.1). 10 01 JB code cilt.316.14ch9 253 292 40 Chapter 14 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 9. Historical developments in Spanish compounding</TitleText> 10 01 JB code cilt.316.15ref 293 302 10 Miscellaneous 15 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">References</TitleText> 10 01 JB code cilt.316.16app 303 432 130 Miscellaneous 16 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Appendix 1. Compound dataset</TitleText> 10 01 JB code cilt.316.17sub 433 442 10 Miscellaneous 17 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Subject index</TitleText> 10 01 JB code cilt.316.18wor 443 452 10 Miscellaneous 18 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Word index</TitleText> 02 JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam/Philadelphia NL 04 20110712 2011 John Benjamins 02 WORLD 13 15 9789027248343 01 JB 3 John Benjamins e-Platform 03 jbe-platform.com 09 WORLD 21 01 00 105.00 EUR R 01 00 88.00 GBP Z 01 gen 00 158.00 USD S 85006146 03 01 01 JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code CILT 316 Hb 15 9789027248343 13 2011000203 BB 01 CILT 02 0304-0763 Current Issues in Linguistic Theory 316 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Compound Words in Spanish</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Theory and history</Subtitle> 01 cilt.316 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/cilt.316 1 A01 María Irene Moyna Moyna, María Irene María Irene Moyna Texas A&M University 01 eng 478 xxv 451 LAN009000 v.2006 CF 2 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.HL Historical linguistics 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.ROM Romance linguistics 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.THEOR Theoretical linguistics 06 01 This is the first book devoted entirely to the history of compound words in Spanish. Based on data obtained from Spanish dictionaries and databases of the past thousand years, it documents the evolution of the major compounding patterns of the language. It analyzes the structural, semantic, and orthographic features of each compound type, and also provides a description of its Latin antecedents, early attestations, and relative frequency and productivity over the centuries. The combination of qualitative and quantitative data shows that although most compound types have survived, they have undergone changes in word order and relative frequency. Moreover, the book shows that the evolution of compounding in Spanish may be accounted for by processes of language acquisition in children. This book, which includes all the data in chronological and alphabetical order, will be a valuable resource for morphologists, Romance linguists, and historical linguists more generally. 04 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/cilt.316.png 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027248343.jpg 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027248343.tif 06 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/cilt.316.hb.png 07 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/cilt.316.png 25 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/cilt.316.hb.png 27 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/cilt.316.hb.png 10 01 JB code cilt.316.01fig xv xvi 2 Miscellaneous 1 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">List of figures</TitleText> 10 01 JB code cilt.316.02tab xvii xx 4 Miscellaneous 2 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">List of tables</TitleText> 10 01 JB code cilt.316.03abb xxi xxii 2 Miscellaneous 3 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">List of abbreviations used</TitleText> 10 01 JB code cilt.316.04ack xxiii xxvi 4 Miscellaneous 4 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Preface &#38; acknowledgments</TitleText> 10 01 JB code cilt.316.05int 1 10 10 Chapter 5 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Introduction</TitleText> 10 01 JB code cilt.316.06ch1 11 44 34 Chapter 6 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 1. Definitions</TitleText> 10 01 JB code cilt.316.07ch2 45 66 22 Chapter 7 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 2. The internal structure of compounds</TitleText> 01 Chapter 1 covered some general definitions of what is and is not considered a compound in this study. The present chapter completes the presentation of the notion of compounding by considering the internal structure and semantic properties of various compound types. It shows that compounds exhibit two basic general structures, viz., hierarchical and non-hierarchical. In the former, one of the constituents is the head, and the other one is subordinate to it in some way (e.g., hombre lobo &#8216;werewolf&#8217;, lit. &#8216;man wolf&#8217;). In non-hierarchical compounds, there are no dependent constituents, so both (or all, in the case of compounds with more than two constituents) are heads (e.g., sof&#225; cama &#8216;sofa bed&#8217;). Both hierarchical and non-hierarchical compounds exhibit a variety of syntactic relationships between their constituents, as we shall see. Independently of these internal relationships, one must also consider the relationship between the constituents and the higher node, which stands for the entire compounded structure. When constituents pass on their syntactico-semantic properties to the whole, then the compound is said to be endocentric (e.g., a p&#225;jaro campana &#8216;bell bird&#8217;, lit. &#8216;bird bell&#8217; is a type of bird). If they do not, the resulting compound is exocentric (e.g., a sacacorchos &#8216;corkscrew&#8217;, lit. &#8216;remove-corks&#8217; is neither a type of saca &#8216;remove&#8217; nor of corchos &#8216;corks&#8217;). This chapter explores these different structural configurations and their semantic consequences. 10 01 JB code cilt.316.08ch3 67 98 32 Chapter 8 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 3. Finding compounds</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Data sources, collection, and classification</Subtitle> 01 Chapters 1 and 2 outlined the definition of compounding that underpins this entire work, informing data selection and classification for all historical periods. This third chapter presents the historical periods considered, together with a description of the data sources selected for each one. Subsequently, the procedures used to find compounds and ascertain their status are discussed, together with the dating of first attestations and the measurements of relative pattern frequency and productivity. The chapter closes with an explanation of the criteria used to classify compounds. 10 01 JB code cilt.316.09ch4 99 124 26 Chapter 9 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 4. Endocentric compounds with adverbial non-heads</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Bienquerer, bienquisto, bienquerencia</Subtitle> 01 This chapter starts the description of the history of Spanish compounding patterns whose head constituent appears on the right, by tackling specifically those that have adverbial non-heads. There are three main such patterns: [Adv + V]V, [Adv + A]A, and [Adv + N]N. As the examples, show, the three compound patterns form a natural cluster with related structure and meaning, and, very often, with derivational relationships. They also share a very early appearance and higher levels of productivity in the earliest periods, with waning vitality over time. After each of the three patterns is described individually, these connections are explored at some length (cf. Section 4.4). 10 01 JB code cilt.316.10ch5 125 162 38 Chapter 10 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 5. Endocentric compounds with nominal non-heads</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Maniatar, manirroto, maniobra</Subtitle> 01 This chapter continues with the treatment of head-final compounding by focusing on three patterns whose non-head is a nominal. Among them, the most productive are adjectival [N + A]A patterns. There is also a truly archaic verbal [N + V]V pattern, with very few examples and virtually no present productivity. Although some of its exponents are related to the [N + A]A pattern, it has not shared its productivity or evolution. The last head-final pattern is [N + N]N, whose nominal head on the right is related to the verbal or adjectival classes mentioned above. For [N + N]N head-final patterns whose head is not deverbal, readers are directed to Chapter 6, where those patterns are explored together with their head-initial counterparts. 10 01 JB code cilt.316.11ch6 163 196 34 Chapter 11 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 6. Endocentric compounds with nominal heads and nominal/adjectival modifiers</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">P&#225;jaro campana, pavipollo, avetarda, falsa abeja</Subtitle> 01 This chapter describes the structure and evolution of Spanish compounding patterns whose head constituent is a nominal, modified by either another nominal or an adjective. Since the head can appear first or last, this yields a total of four possible patterns (Table 6.1). All four have moderate to high productivity over the centuries. Those with adjectival heads have syntactic parallels, from which they are sometimes hard to distinguish unequivocally. Numerous tests have been designed to do so, but even then, the nature of historical data sometimes precludes their systematic application, resulting in some uncertainty in the demarcation of these classes, as shall be discussed in the relevant sections. 10 01 JB code cilt.316.12ch7 197 218 22 Chapter 12 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 7. Exocentric patterns</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Cuajaleche, mil leches</Subtitle> 01 In all the patterns presented so far, one of the two compound constituents can be identified as the head, from which the compound inherits its syntactic properties and often also its semantic specifications. However, it is also true that in most compound classes seen so far, a subset of tokens &#8216;jump&#8217; grammatical category, exhibiting distributional properties incompatible with those of the head constituent. In those cases, the resulting compound is said to be exocentric. In Spanish this conversion process can lead to the recategorization of any compound as a nominal (<i>bienestar</i> &#8216;welfare&#8217;, lit. &#8216;well-be&#8217;, <i>subibaja</i> &#8216;see-saw&#8217;, lit. &#8216;go up-go down&#8217;), or of nominal compounds as adjectives (<i>muy cararrota</i> &#8216;very cheeky&#8217;, lit. &#8216;very face-broken&#8217;). In addition to these sporadic examples of exocentricity, some productive and stable compound patterns of Spanish are <i>always</i> exocentric, i.e., neither of their constituents is ever the head of the compound. In all cases of exocentric patterns, the resulting compound is a noun. Consequently, rather than proposing ad hoc conversion for each compounded token, it is more theoretically sound to incorporate the process of conversion or &#248;-derivation into the pattern itself. In Chapter 2, Section 2.4.1.2, it was proposed that the first merge operation between constituents is followed by a second merge with an empty (unpronounced) head, which corresponds to the WCM and is responsible for the conversion of the compound. In Spanish the two most common exocentric compounding patterns are [V + N]N and, to a much lesser extent, [Q + N]N compounds (Table 7.1). Each one of them will be considered separately. 10 01 JB code cilt.316.13ch8 219 252 34 Chapter 13 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 8. Concatenative compounds</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Ajoqueso, agridulce, subibaja, diecis&#233;is</Subtitle> 01 This chapter deals with compounds with hierarchically identical constituents, referred to as dvandvas in the Sanskrit tradition and with a variety of other names in many accounts (e.g., co-compounds, copulative, binominals, etc.) (cf. discussion in Bauer 2008 and W&#228;lchli 2005). In Spanish the two largest groups are made up of two nouns or two adjectives. These nominal and adjectival concatenative patterns have several subtypes each, which are discussed in Section 8.1 and 8.2, respectively. A much smaller group is made up of two concatenated verbs; this is an exocentric class, because the resulting compound is always nominal (8.3). Finally, there are complex additive numerals, which are possibly the clearest example of a productive class, since they are infinite by definition (8.4) (Table 8.1). 10 01 JB code cilt.316.14ch9 253 292 40 Chapter 14 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 9. Historical developments in Spanish compounding</TitleText> 10 01 JB code cilt.316.15ref 293 302 10 Miscellaneous 15 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">References</TitleText> 10 01 JB code cilt.316.16app 303 432 130 Miscellaneous 16 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Appendix 1. Compound dataset</TitleText> 10 01 JB code cilt.316.17sub 433 442 10 Miscellaneous 17 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Subject index</TitleText> 10 01 JB code cilt.316.18wor 443 452 10 Miscellaneous 18 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Word index</TitleText> 02 JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam/Philadelphia NL 04 20110712 2011 John Benjamins 02 WORLD 01 245 mm 02 164 mm 08 1010 gr 01 JB 1 John Benjamins Publishing Company +31 20 6304747 +31 20 6739773 bookorder@benjamins.nl 01 https://benjamins.com 01 WORLD US CA MX 21 10 12 01 02 JB 1 00 105.00 EUR R 02 02 JB 1 00 111.30 EUR R 01 JB 10 bebc +44 1202 712 934 +44 1202 712 913 sales@bebc.co.uk 03 GB 21 12 02 02 JB 1 00 88.00 GBP Z 01 JB 2 John Benjamins North America +1 800 562-5666 +1 703 661-1501 benjamins@presswarehouse.com 01 https://benjamins.com 01 US CA MX 21 12 01 gen 02 JB 1 00 158.00 USD