409016859 03 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code CILT 336 GE 15 9789027267474 06 10.1075/cilt.336 13 2015051351 00 EA E133 10 01 JB code CILT 02 JB code 0304-0763 02 336.00 01 02 Current Issues in Linguistic Theory Current Issues in Linguistic Theory 01 01 Exaptation and Language Change Exaptation and Language Change 1 B01 01 JB code 225246679 Muriel Norde Norde, Muriel Muriel Norde Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin 2 B01 01 JB code 93246680 Freek Van de Velde Van de Velde, Freek Freek Van de Velde University of Leuven 01 eng 11 419 03 03 viii 03 00 411 03 24 JB code LIN.HL Historical linguistics 24 JB code LIN.THEOR Theoretical linguistics 10 LAN009000 12 CFF 01 06 02 00 The first collection of papers dedicated to exaptation, a notion from evolutionary biology that was introduced into linguistics by Lass in 1990. The past quarter-century has seen a heated debate on its properties, and whether it is a useful concept in historical linguistics at all. These contributions reflect these diverging points of view. 03 00 This volume is the first collection of papers that is exclusively dedicated to the concept of exaptation, a notion from evolutionary biology that was famously introduced into linguistics by Roger Lass in 1990. The past quarter-century has seen a heated debate on the properties of linguistic exaptation, its demarcation from other processes of linguistic change, and indeed the question of whether it is a useful concept in historical linguistics at all. The contributions in the present volume reflect these diverging points of view. Along with a comprehensive introduction, covering the history of the notion of exaptation from its conception in the field of biology to its adoption in linguistics, the book offers extensive discussion of the concept from various theoretical perspectives, detailed case studies as well as critical reviews of some stock examples. The book will be of interest to scholars working in the fields of evolutionary linguistics, historical linguistics, and the history of linguistics. 01 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/cilt.336.png 01 01 D502 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027248558.jpg 01 01 D504 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027248558.tif 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/cilt.336.hb.png 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/cilt.336.png 02 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/cilt.336.hb.png 03 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/cilt.336.hb.png 01 01 JB code cilt.336.00pre 06 10.1075/cilt.336.00pre vii viii 2 Miscellaneous 1 01 04 Preface Preface 01 01 JB code cilt.336.01vel 06 10.1075/cilt.336.01vel 1 35 35 Article 2 01 04 Exaptation Exaptation 01 04 Taking stock of a controversial notion in linguistics Taking stock of a controversial notion in linguistics 1 A01 01 JB code 834256038 Freek Van de Velde Van de Velde, Freek Freek Van de Velde 2 A01 01 JB code 68256039 Muriel Norde Norde, Muriel Muriel Norde 01 01 JB code cilt.336.02jos 06 10.1075/cilt.336.02jos 37 55 19 Article 3 01 04 Being exacting about exapting Being exacting about exapting 01 04 An exaptation omnibus An exaptation omnibus 1 A01 01 JB code 503256040 Brian D. Joseph Joseph, Brian D. Brian D. Joseph 01 01 JB code cilt.336.03gae 06 10.1075/cilt.336.03gae 57 92 36 Article 4 01 04 Co-opting exaptation in a theory of language change Co-opting exaptation in a theory of language change 1 A01 01 JB code 719256041 Livio Gaeta Gaeta, Livio Livio Gaeta 01 01 JB code cilt.336.04nar 06 10.1075/cilt.336.04nar 93 120 28 Article 5 01 04 Exaptation in Japanese and beyond Exaptation in Japanese and beyond 1 A01 01 JB code 98256042 Heiko Narrog Narrog, Heiko Heiko Narrog 01 01 JB code cilt.336.05men 06 10.1075/cilt.336.05men 121 162 42 Article 6 01 04 Functional changes and (meta-)linguistic evolution Functional changes and (meta-)linguistic evolution 1 A01 01 JB code 211256043 Ferdinand Mengden Mengden, Ferdinand Ferdinand Mengden 01 01 JB code cilt.336.06nor 06 10.1075/cilt.336.06nor 163 195 33 Article 7 01 04 Exaptation from the perspective of construction morphology Exaptation from the perspective of construction morphology 1 A01 01 JB code 478256044 Muriel Norde Norde, Muriel Muriel Norde 2 A01 01 JB code 529256045 Graeme Trousdale Trousdale, Graeme Graeme Trousdale 01 01 JB code cilt.336.07wil 06 10.1075/cilt.336.07wil 197 225 29 Article 8 01 04 Exaptation and degrammaticalization within an acquisition-based model of abductive reanalysis Exaptation and degrammaticalization within an acquisition-based model of abductive reanalysis 1 A01 01 JB code 934256046 David Willis Willis, David David Willis 01 01 JB code cilt.336.08gar 06 10.1075/cilt.336.08gar 227 260 34 Article 9 01 04 Allogenous exaptation Allogenous exaptation 1 A01 01 JB code 336256047 Francesco Gardani Gardani, Francesco Francesco Gardani 01 01 JB code cilt.336.09ver 06 10.1075/cilt.336.09ver 261 285 25 Article 10 01 04 How functionless is junk and how useful is exaptation? How functionless is junk and how useful is exaptation? 01 04 Probing the -I/ESC- morpheme Probing the –I/ESC- morpheme 1 A01 01 JB code 574256048 Dieter Vermandere Vermandere, Dieter Dieter Vermandere 2 A01 01 JB code 808256049 Claire Meul Meul, Claire Claire Meul 01 01 JB code cilt.336.10jen 06 10.1075/cilt.336.10jen 287 316 30 Article 11 01 04 The history of nominative -er in Danish and Swedish The history of nominative -er in Danish and Swedish 01 04 A case of exaptation? A case of exaptation? 1 A01 01 JB code 701256050 Eva Skafte Jensen Jensen, Eva Skafte Eva Skafte Jensen 01 01 JB code cilt.336.11szc 06 10.1075/cilt.336.11szc 317 340 24 Article 12 01 04 Is the development of linking elements in German a case of exaptation? Is the development of linking elements in German a case of exaptation? 1 A01 01 JB code 14256051 Renata Szczepaniak Szczepaniak, Renata Renata Szczepaniak 01 01 JB code cilt.336.12wal 06 10.1075/cilt.336.12wal 341 375 35 Article 13 01 04 Exploring and recycling Exploring and recycling 01 04 Topichood and the evolution of Ibero-romance articles Topichood and the evolution of Ibero-romance articles 1 A01 01 JB code 508256052 Albert Wall Wall, Albert Albert Wall 2 A01 01 JB code 529256053 Álvaro S. Octavio de Toledo y Huerta Octavio de Toledo y Huerta, Álvaro S. Álvaro S. Octavio de Toledo y Huerta 01 01 JB code cilt.336.13izu 06 10.1075/cilt.336.13izu 377 401 25 Article 14 01 04 Exaptation and adaptation Exaptation and adaptation 01 04 Two historical routes to final particles in Japanese Two historical routes to final particles in Japanese 1 A01 01 JB code 38256054 Katsunobu Izutsu Izutsu, Katsunobu Katsunobu Izutsu 2 A01 01 JB code 175256055 Mitsuko Narita Izutsu Izutsu, Mitsuko Narita Mitsuko Narita Izutsu 01 01 JB code cilt.336.14ind 06 10.1075/cilt.336.14ind 403 405 3 Miscellaneous 15 01 04 Language index Language index 01 01 JB code cilt.336.15ind 06 10.1075/cilt.336.15ind 407 411 5 Miscellaneous 16 01 04 Subject index Subject index 01 JB code JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 https://benjamins.com Amsterdam NL 00 John Benjamins Publishing Company Marketing Department / Karin Plijnaar, Pieter Lamers onix@benjamins.nl 04 01 00 20160224 C 2016 John Benjamins D 2016 John Benjamins 02 WORLD 13 15 9789027248558 WORLD 03 01 JB 17 Google 03 https://play.google.com/store/books 21 01 00 Unqualified price 00 99.00 EUR 01 00 Unqualified price 00 83.00 GBP 01 00 Unqualified price 00 149.00 USD 835016653 03 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code CILT 336 Eb 15 9789027267474 06 10.1075/cilt.336 13 2015051351 00 EA E107 10 01 JB code CILT 02 0304-0763 02 336.00 01 02 Current Issues in Linguistic Theory Current Issues in Linguistic Theory 11 01 JB code jbe-all 01 02 Full EBA collection (ca. 4,200 titles) 11 01 JB code jbe-2016 01 02 2016 collection (147 titles) 05 02 2016 collection 01 01 Exaptation and Language Change Exaptation and Language Change 1 B01 01 JB code 225246679 Muriel Norde Norde, Muriel Muriel Norde Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/225246679 2 B01 01 JB code 93246680 Freek Van de Velde Van de Velde, Freek Freek Van de Velde University of Leuven 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/93246680 01 eng 11 419 03 03 viii 03 00 411 03 01 23 417/.7 03 2016 P367 04 English language--Variation. 04 English language--Grammar, Historical. 10 LAN009000 12 CFF 24 JB code LIN.HL Historical linguistics 24 JB code LIN.THEOR Theoretical linguistics 01 06 02 00 The first collection of papers dedicated to exaptation, a notion from evolutionary biology that was introduced into linguistics by Lass in 1990. The past quarter-century has seen a heated debate on its properties, and whether it is a useful concept in historical linguistics at all. These contributions reflect these diverging points of view. 03 00 This volume is the first collection of papers that is exclusively dedicated to the concept of exaptation, a notion from evolutionary biology that was famously introduced into linguistics by Roger Lass in 1990. The past quarter-century has seen a heated debate on the properties of linguistic exaptation, its demarcation from other processes of linguistic change, and indeed the question of whether it is a useful concept in historical linguistics at all. The contributions in the present volume reflect these diverging points of view. Along with a comprehensive introduction, covering the history of the notion of exaptation from its conception in the field of biology to its adoption in linguistics, the book offers extensive discussion of the concept from various theoretical perspectives, detailed case studies as well as critical reviews of some stock examples. The book will be of interest to scholars working in the fields of evolutionary linguistics, historical linguistics, and the history of linguistics. 01 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/cilt.336.png 01 01 D502 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027248558.jpg 01 01 D504 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027248558.tif 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/cilt.336.hb.png 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/cilt.336.png 02 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/cilt.336.hb.png 03 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/cilt.336.hb.png 01 01 JB code cilt.336.pre 06 10.1075/cilt.336.00pre vii viii 2 Miscellaneous 1 01 04 Preface Preface 01 eng 01 01 JB code cilt.336.01vel 06 10.1075/cilt.336.01vel 1 35 35 Article 2 01 04 Exaptation Exaptation 01 04 Taking stock of a controversial notion in linguistics Taking stock of a controversial notion in linguistics 1 A01 01 JB code 834256038 Freek Van de Velde Van de Velde, Freek Freek Van de Velde 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/834256038 2 A01 01 JB code 68256039 Muriel Norde Norde, Muriel Muriel Norde 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/68256039 01 eng 01 01 JB code cilt.336.02jos 06 10.1075/cilt.336.02jos 37 55 19 Article 3 01 04 Being exacting about exapting Being exacting about exapting 01 04 An exaptation omnibus An exaptation omnibus 1 A01 01 JB code 503256040 Brian D. Joseph Joseph, Brian D. Brian D. Joseph 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/503256040 01 eng 30 00 For historical linguists, exaptation is an attractive notion, offering an overt link with biological evolution. Nonetheless, one can ask whether it represents something substantive about linguistic change or is merely an appealing metaphor. I critically assess exaptation, using case studies suggesting that speakers in crafting new “grammar” simply make use of material on hand. Whether it is “junk” (Lass 1990) or not is immaterial to the speaker; what matters is a model’s availability, often a very “localised” one. Through these examples, I argue that “exaptation” reduces to regular and well-understood processes of diachronic morphology, particularly analogy, not limited to any component of grammar. The material forming the model for innovation can be highly restricted and can itself be an irregular bit of the grammar. Similarly, any parallels with “grammaticalization” derive from these developments all being ways that speakers creatively make connections among elements in their language and act on them. 01 01 JB code cilt.336.03gae 06 10.1075/cilt.336.03gae 57 92 36 Article 4 01 04 Co-opting exaptation in a theory of language change Co-opting exaptation in a theory of language change 1 A01 01 JB code 719256041 Livio Gaeta Gaeta, Livio Livio Gaeta 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/719256041 01 eng 30 00 In contrast with exaptation, which has been widely discussed over the last years, its conceptual counterpart in evolutionary biology, namely adaptation, does not seem to play any significant role in the actual linguistic debate. In the paper, the attempt is made to integrate this conceptual pair into our linguistic epistemology basically extending Lindblom’s (1998) model of adaptive changes beyond the domain of phonological change. In this light, adaptive changes are characterized as oriented and responding to a general design of economy and plasticity, while exaptive changes are normally non-oriented and result from the refunctionalization of (partially pre-adapted) linguistic material. 01 01 JB code cilt.336.04nar 06 10.1075/cilt.336.04nar 93 120 28 Article 5 01 04 Exaptation in Japanese and beyond Exaptation in Japanese and beyond 1 A01 01 JB code 98256042 Heiko Narrog Narrog, Heiko Heiko Narrog 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/98256042 01 eng 30 00 An increasing amount of specific phenomena have been identified as exaptation in a variety of languages, but mainly of the Indo-European stock, and mainly concentrating on a specific example of the phenomenon. Furthermore, there is considerable disagreement about how the concept should be applied in the study of language change. The purpose of this paper is to (1) present a (hopefully) useful version of the concept, and (2) shed light on our understanding of exaptation by putting the focus on a historically relatively well-documented language from a different corner of the world, namely Japanese. Based on a database of grammaticalization-related changes, I will try to give an overview of exaptation phenomena across the board in this language. In this manner we arrive at some generalizations across exaptations based on empirical facts, and also get an idea of how exaptation tallies up against grammaticalization. Finally, these generalizations are reflected in an attempt at a general conceptualization of exaptation vis-à-vis grammaticalization. 01 01 JB code cilt.336.05men 06 10.1075/cilt.336.05men 121 162 42 Article 6 01 04 Functional changes and (meta-)linguistic evolution Functional changes and (meta-)linguistic evolution 1 A01 01 JB code 211256043 Ferdinand Mengden Mengden, Ferdinand Ferdinand Mengden 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/211256043 01 eng 30 00 In this contribution I assess some mainstream approaches to functional changes of grammatical expressions with a focus on two concepts – ‘(secondary) grammaticalization’ and ‘exaptation’. As to the former, I argue that the most influential definition of ‘grammaticalization’ by Kuryłowicz’s (1965) results from a terminological accident rather than from a systematic observation or analysis of linguistic changes. The consequence is that various heterogeneous properties are nowadays associated with one and the same concept. Generally, ‘grammaticalization’ as well as other functional changes discussed in the literature are defined by the status of an expression before and after a change, not by the process itself. On this basis, I will argue that ‘exaptation’ is a concept distinct from other mainstream notions of language change, provided that the context of ‘evolution’ as a principle of variation and change, out of which ‘exaptation’ was brought into linguistics, is taken seriously. 01 01 JB code cilt.336.06nor 06 10.1075/cilt.336.06nor 163 195 33 Article 7 01 04 Exaptation from the perspective of construction morphology Exaptation from the perspective of construction morphology 1 A01 01 JB code 478256044 Muriel Norde Norde, Muriel Muriel Norde 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/478256044 2 A01 01 JB code 529256045 Graeme Trousdale Trousdale, Graeme Graeme Trousdale 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/529256045 01 eng 30 00 In this paper, we explore how the process of exaptation can be modelled within a constructional framework of morphology. Assuming that constructions (of varying levels of schematicity and complexity) are organized in constructional networks, we consider issues related to ‘obsolescence’ and ‘novelty’ using a model of morphology that draws on the work of Booij (2010). We present various case studies of linguistic changes in a number of Germanic languages (in both their standard and non-standard varieties), exploring in each case the extent to which the changes constitute cases of exaptation. For each case study, we also consider how these changes can be understood within a constructional approach to language. Our focus is on constructional morphology, though some changes involve neoanalyses of larger (syntactic) structures. The discussion also makes reference to issues in diachronic construction grammar, particularly the notion of constructional change as outlined by Traugott & Trousdale (2013). 01 01 JB code cilt.336.07wil 06 10.1075/cilt.336.07wil 197 225 29 Article 8 01 04 Exaptation and degrammaticalization within an acquisition-based model of abductive reanalysis Exaptation and degrammaticalization within an acquisition-based model of abductive reanalysis 1 A01 01 JB code 934256046 David Willis Willis, David David Willis 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/934256046 01 eng 30 00 This article considers the relationship between exaptation and degrammaticalization. Both may involve obsolescent material being re-used, to express an existing grammatical category or a category not previously encoded. The processes involved are familiar ones: reanalysis triggering category reassignment. In both cases, change is caused by failure to acquire a grammatical category. Faced with material that expresses that category, acquirers either interpret it as some existing category or else abduce the existence of some new category. Exaptation and degrammaticalization are thus understood as cases of reanalysis within an acquisition-based framework of change. The concept of exaptation is therefore useful but not foundational: useful in highlighting unexpected pathways of development during ongoing obsolescence or opacity, but explicable in terms of other processes. I demonstrate this approach using two case studies: degrammaticalization of indefinite pronouns as nouns in Slavic and Celtic; and exaptive reinterpretation of the was-were distinction as expressing polarity in English dialects. 01 01 JB code cilt.336.08gar 06 10.1075/cilt.336.08gar 227 260 34 Article 9 01 04 Allogenous exaptation Allogenous exaptation 1 A01 01 JB code 336256047 Francesco Gardani Gardani, Francesco Francesco Gardani 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/336256047 01 eng 30 00 This paper studies exaptation from the perspective of language contact and structural borrowing. Drawing on data from different language-contact settings, I show that exaptation differs from grammaticalization, secondary grammaticalization, and degrammaticalization. I argue that exaptation is, also from the perspective of language contact, a suitable descriptive term and provides useful insights into the investigation of diachronic change, as it shows the functions targeted and the structural properties of the linguistic elements selected for exaptation. 01 01 JB code cilt.336.09ver 06 10.1075/cilt.336.09ver 261 285 25 Article 10 01 04 How functionless is junk and how useful is exaptation? How functionless is junk and how useful is exaptation? 01 04 Probing the -I/ESC- morpheme Probing the –I/ESC- morpheme 1 A01 01 JB code 574256048 Dieter Vermandere Vermandere, Dieter Dieter Vermandere 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/574256048 2 A01 01 JB code 808256049 Claire Meul Meul, Claire Claire Meul 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/808256049 01 eng 30 00 We address the issue of the notion of linguistic functionality in relation to exaptation. Our case is the evolution of the -i/esc- morpheme from Latin to Romance. The exaptive nature of the -i/esc- morpheme used to be considered the historical linguists’ chestnut: from Latin inchoative marker, the -i/esc- morpheme was said to have evolved into a stress-aligning device. The validity of this proposal is questioned in the light of Lass’s definitions of exaptation (Lass 1990 and 1997). Drawing on the historical evolution of the -i/esc- morpheme, we identify several issues with the core concepts of exaptation: (i) junk, (ii) innovation and (iii) functionality. We then argue that exaptation, in its strictest definition (Lass 1990), cannot be said to apply to -i/esc-. 01 01 JB code cilt.336.10jen 06 10.1075/cilt.336.10jen 287 316 30 Article 11 01 04 The history of nominative -er in Danish and Swedish The history of nominative -er in Danish and Swedish 01 04 A case of exaptation? A case of exaptation? 1 A01 01 JB code 701256050 Eva Skafte Jensen Skafte Jensen, Eva Eva Skafte Jensen 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/701256050 01 eng 30 00 A much cited example of exaptation is the development whereby the old case marker of the nominative in the masculine singular -er evolves into a derivative suffix changing adjectives into nouns in Swedish (Norde 2001, 2002, 2009; Heine 2003: 168; Narrog 2007). Recent studies based on Old and Middle Danish sources uncover how the developments of the old nominative took place (Jensen 2011); this paper presents an outline of these developments. The outline serves as the foundation for a discussion of whether the development of -er in Swedish and Danish should be taken as an example of exaptation, and if we really need the concept in historical linguistics at all, given that the developments depicted in this paper are easily and adequately covered by other well established concept of change, especially the notion of reanalysis. 01 01 JB code cilt.336.11szc 06 10.1075/cilt.336.11szc 317 340 24 Article 12 01 04 Is the development of linking elements in German a case of exaptation? Is the development of linking elements in German a case of exaptation? 1 A01 01 JB code 14256051 Renata Szczepaniak Szczepaniak, Renata Renata Szczepaniak 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/14256051 01 eng 30 00 The development of linking elements in German has usually been analysed as a case of exaptation. In this paper, a more differentiated picture of this development is presented. What at first sight seems to be a clear case of exaptation (old form > new function) turns out to be a complex process consisting of two stages: (1) the development of a first layer of linking vowels in Old High German (new but related function) out of Proto-Germanic primary suffixes (old form); and (2) the subsequent development of a second layer of linking elements from inflectional (genitive) endings. Based on historical evidence, it is argued that the second stage should be analysed as a case of formal renovation. This is due to the fact that this reinforcement took place while the old linking system was still productive. 01 01 JB code cilt.336.12wal 06 10.1075/cilt.336.12wal 341 375 35 Article 13 01 04 Exploring and recycling Exploring and recycling 01 04 Topichood and the evolution of Ibero-romance articles Topichood and the evolution of Ibero-romance articles 1 A01 01 JB code 508256052 Albert Wall Wall, Albert Albert Wall 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/508256052 2 A01 01 JB code 529256053 Álvaro S. Octavio de Toledo y Huerta Octavio de Toledo y Huerta, Álvaro S. Álvaro S. Octavio de Toledo y Huerta 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/529256053 01 eng 30 00 This paper discusses the concept of syntactic exaptation (see Traugott 2004) by considering two changes which involve re-use of highly grammaticalized linguistic material and have as yet received little attention. We claim that exaptation is an appropriate label to describe the outcome of both processes and suggest defining exaptation as a derived notion, which allows for a quite restricted definition. The case studies focus on (i) Brazilian Portuguese, which allows for preverbal bare singular subjects with a generic reading, but also with definite/specific referents (Wall 2013), an extension presumably due to their common interpretation as topics; and (ii) Spanish, which extended the definite article around 1600 to the head of completive that-clauses (Lapesa 1984). Later on, the article was reinterpreted as introducing sentences that convey ‘thematic’ (Serrano 2014) or topical information. Both changes concern the same category (article marking), and show recycling into a novel use through information structural properties. 01 01 JB code cilt.336.13izu 06 10.1075/cilt.336.13izu 377 401 25 Article 14 01 04 Exaptation and adaptation Exaptation and adaptation 01 04 Two historical routes to final particles in Japanese Two historical routes to final particles in Japanese 1 A01 01 JB code 38256054 Katsunobu Izutsu Izutsu, Katsunobu Katsunobu Izutsu 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/38256054 2 A01 01 JB code 175256055 Mitsuko Narita Izutsu Izutsu, Mitsuko Narita Mitsuko Narita Izutsu 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/175256055 01 eng 30 00 This article shows that the final-particle development from coordinating conjunctions and that from subordinating conjunctions in Japanese can be best described as ‘adaptation after exaptation’ and ‘successive adaptations’, respectively. Whereas both types of developments are comparable in that conjunctions ordinarily occupying an inter-clausal position become sentence-final particles, they differ in how the conjunctions come to occur in the sentence-final position. Subordinating conjunctions are left behind in the position as a result of an adaptation, while coordinating conjunctions are coopted or exapted into the position. Although some facets of the Japanese final-particle development from conjunctions can be treated as instances of analogy or reanalysis, these notions do not explain the different pathways through which those conjunctions reach the sentence-final position. The paired notions, adaptation and exaptation, are claimed to be useful and necessary for linguistic studies in terms of parallelism between biological and linguistic evolution, permissive environment, and non-metaphorical explanation. 01 01 JB code cilt.336.li 06 10.1075/cilt.336.14ind 403 405 3 Miscellaneous 15 01 04 Language index Language index 01 eng 01 01 JB code cilt.336.si 06 10.1075/cilt.336.15ind 407 411 5 Miscellaneous 16 01 04 Subject index Subject index 01 eng 01 JB code JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/cilt.336 Amsterdam NL 00 John Benjamins Publishing Company Marketing Department / Karin Plijnaar, Pieter Lamers onix@benjamins.nl 04 01 00 20160224 C 2016 John Benjamins D 2016 John Benjamins 02 WORLD 13 15 9789027248558 WORLD 09 01 JB 3 John Benjamins e-Platform 03 https://jbe-platform.com 29 https://jbe-platform.com/content/books/9789027267474 21 01 00 Unqualified price 02 99.00 EUR 01 00 Unqualified price 02 83.00 GBP GB 01 00 Unqualified price 02 149.00 USD 983016652 03 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code CILT 336 Hb 15 9789027248558 06 10.1075/cilt.336 13 2015043434 00 BB 08 890 gr 10 01 JB code CILT 02 0304-0763 02 336.00 01 02 Current Issues in Linguistic Theory Current Issues in Linguistic Theory 01 01 Exaptation and Language Change Exaptation and Language Change 1 B01 01 JB code 225246679 Muriel Norde Norde, Muriel Muriel Norde Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/225246679 2 B01 01 JB code 93246680 Freek Van de Velde Van de Velde, Freek Freek Van de Velde University of Leuven 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/93246680 01 eng 11 419 03 03 viii 03 00 411 03 01 23 417/.7 03 2016 P367 04 English language--Variation. 04 English language--Grammar, Historical. 10 LAN009000 12 CFF 24 JB code LIN.HL Historical linguistics 24 JB code LIN.THEOR Theoretical linguistics 01 06 02 00 The first collection of papers dedicated to exaptation, a notion from evolutionary biology that was introduced into linguistics by Lass in 1990. The past quarter-century has seen a heated debate on its properties, and whether it is a useful concept in historical linguistics at all. These contributions reflect these diverging points of view. 03 00 This volume is the first collection of papers that is exclusively dedicated to the concept of exaptation, a notion from evolutionary biology that was famously introduced into linguistics by Roger Lass in 1990. The past quarter-century has seen a heated debate on the properties of linguistic exaptation, its demarcation from other processes of linguistic change, and indeed the question of whether it is a useful concept in historical linguistics at all. The contributions in the present volume reflect these diverging points of view. Along with a comprehensive introduction, covering the history of the notion of exaptation from its conception in the field of biology to its adoption in linguistics, the book offers extensive discussion of the concept from various theoretical perspectives, detailed case studies as well as critical reviews of some stock examples. The book will be of interest to scholars working in the fields of evolutionary linguistics, historical linguistics, and the history of linguistics. 01 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/cilt.336.png 01 01 D502 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027248558.jpg 01 01 D504 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027248558.tif 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/cilt.336.hb.png 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/cilt.336.png 02 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/cilt.336.hb.png 03 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/cilt.336.hb.png 01 01 JB code cilt.336.pre 06 10.1075/cilt.336.00pre vii viii 2 Miscellaneous 1 01 04 Preface Preface 01 eng 01 01 JB code cilt.336.01vel 06 10.1075/cilt.336.01vel 1 35 35 Article 2 01 04 Exaptation Exaptation 01 04 Taking stock of a controversial notion in linguistics Taking stock of a controversial notion in linguistics 1 A01 01 JB code 834256038 Freek Van de Velde Van de Velde, Freek Freek Van de Velde 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/834256038 2 A01 01 JB code 68256039 Muriel Norde Norde, Muriel Muriel Norde 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/68256039 01 eng 01 01 JB code cilt.336.02jos 06 10.1075/cilt.336.02jos 37 55 19 Article 3 01 04 Being exacting about exapting Being exacting about exapting 01 04 An exaptation omnibus An exaptation omnibus 1 A01 01 JB code 503256040 Brian D. Joseph Joseph, Brian D. Brian D. Joseph 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/503256040 01 eng 30 00 For historical linguists, exaptation is an attractive notion, offering an overt link with biological evolution. Nonetheless, one can ask whether it represents something substantive about linguistic change or is merely an appealing metaphor. I critically assess exaptation, using case studies suggesting that speakers in crafting new “grammar” simply make use of material on hand. Whether it is “junk” (Lass 1990) or not is immaterial to the speaker; what matters is a model’s availability, often a very “localised” one. Through these examples, I argue that “exaptation” reduces to regular and well-understood processes of diachronic morphology, particularly analogy, not limited to any component of grammar. The material forming the model for innovation can be highly restricted and can itself be an irregular bit of the grammar. Similarly, any parallels with “grammaticalization” derive from these developments all being ways that speakers creatively make connections among elements in their language and act on them. 01 01 JB code cilt.336.03gae 06 10.1075/cilt.336.03gae 57 92 36 Article 4 01 04 Co-opting exaptation in a theory of language change Co-opting exaptation in a theory of language change 1 A01 01 JB code 719256041 Livio Gaeta Gaeta, Livio Livio Gaeta 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/719256041 01 eng 30 00 In contrast with exaptation, which has been widely discussed over the last years, its conceptual counterpart in evolutionary biology, namely adaptation, does not seem to play any significant role in the actual linguistic debate. In the paper, the attempt is made to integrate this conceptual pair into our linguistic epistemology basically extending Lindblom’s (1998) model of adaptive changes beyond the domain of phonological change. In this light, adaptive changes are characterized as oriented and responding to a general design of economy and plasticity, while exaptive changes are normally non-oriented and result from the refunctionalization of (partially pre-adapted) linguistic material. 01 01 JB code cilt.336.04nar 06 10.1075/cilt.336.04nar 93 120 28 Article 5 01 04 Exaptation in Japanese and beyond Exaptation in Japanese and beyond 1 A01 01 JB code 98256042 Heiko Narrog Narrog, Heiko Heiko Narrog 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/98256042 01 eng 30 00 An increasing amount of specific phenomena have been identified as exaptation in a variety of languages, but mainly of the Indo-European stock, and mainly concentrating on a specific example of the phenomenon. Furthermore, there is considerable disagreement about how the concept should be applied in the study of language change. The purpose of this paper is to (1) present a (hopefully) useful version of the concept, and (2) shed light on our understanding of exaptation by putting the focus on a historically relatively well-documented language from a different corner of the world, namely Japanese. Based on a database of grammaticalization-related changes, I will try to give an overview of exaptation phenomena across the board in this language. In this manner we arrive at some generalizations across exaptations based on empirical facts, and also get an idea of how exaptation tallies up against grammaticalization. Finally, these generalizations are reflected in an attempt at a general conceptualization of exaptation vis-à-vis grammaticalization. 01 01 JB code cilt.336.05men 06 10.1075/cilt.336.05men 121 162 42 Article 6 01 04 Functional changes and (meta-)linguistic evolution Functional changes and (meta-)linguistic evolution 1 A01 01 JB code 211256043 Ferdinand Mengden Mengden, Ferdinand Ferdinand Mengden 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/211256043 01 eng 30 00 In this contribution I assess some mainstream approaches to functional changes of grammatical expressions with a focus on two concepts – ‘(secondary) grammaticalization’ and ‘exaptation’. As to the former, I argue that the most influential definition of ‘grammaticalization’ by Kuryłowicz’s (1965) results from a terminological accident rather than from a systematic observation or analysis of linguistic changes. The consequence is that various heterogeneous properties are nowadays associated with one and the same concept. Generally, ‘grammaticalization’ as well as other functional changes discussed in the literature are defined by the status of an expression before and after a change, not by the process itself. On this basis, I will argue that ‘exaptation’ is a concept distinct from other mainstream notions of language change, provided that the context of ‘evolution’ as a principle of variation and change, out of which ‘exaptation’ was brought into linguistics, is taken seriously. 01 01 JB code cilt.336.06nor 06 10.1075/cilt.336.06nor 163 195 33 Article 7 01 04 Exaptation from the perspective of construction morphology Exaptation from the perspective of construction morphology 1 A01 01 JB code 478256044 Muriel Norde Norde, Muriel Muriel Norde 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/478256044 2 A01 01 JB code 529256045 Graeme Trousdale Trousdale, Graeme Graeme Trousdale 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/529256045 01 eng 30 00 In this paper, we explore how the process of exaptation can be modelled within a constructional framework of morphology. Assuming that constructions (of varying levels of schematicity and complexity) are organized in constructional networks, we consider issues related to ‘obsolescence’ and ‘novelty’ using a model of morphology that draws on the work of Booij (2010). We present various case studies of linguistic changes in a number of Germanic languages (in both their standard and non-standard varieties), exploring in each case the extent to which the changes constitute cases of exaptation. For each case study, we also consider how these changes can be understood within a constructional approach to language. Our focus is on constructional morphology, though some changes involve neoanalyses of larger (syntactic) structures. The discussion also makes reference to issues in diachronic construction grammar, particularly the notion of constructional change as outlined by Traugott & Trousdale (2013). 01 01 JB code cilt.336.07wil 06 10.1075/cilt.336.07wil 197 225 29 Article 8 01 04 Exaptation and degrammaticalization within an acquisition-based model of abductive reanalysis Exaptation and degrammaticalization within an acquisition-based model of abductive reanalysis 1 A01 01 JB code 934256046 David Willis Willis, David David Willis 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/934256046 01 eng 30 00 This article considers the relationship between exaptation and degrammaticalization. Both may involve obsolescent material being re-used, to express an existing grammatical category or a category not previously encoded. The processes involved are familiar ones: reanalysis triggering category reassignment. In both cases, change is caused by failure to acquire a grammatical category. Faced with material that expresses that category, acquirers either interpret it as some existing category or else abduce the existence of some new category. Exaptation and degrammaticalization are thus understood as cases of reanalysis within an acquisition-based framework of change. The concept of exaptation is therefore useful but not foundational: useful in highlighting unexpected pathways of development during ongoing obsolescence or opacity, but explicable in terms of other processes. I demonstrate this approach using two case studies: degrammaticalization of indefinite pronouns as nouns in Slavic and Celtic; and exaptive reinterpretation of the was-were distinction as expressing polarity in English dialects. 01 01 JB code cilt.336.08gar 06 10.1075/cilt.336.08gar 227 260 34 Article 9 01 04 Allogenous exaptation Allogenous exaptation 1 A01 01 JB code 336256047 Francesco Gardani Gardani, Francesco Francesco Gardani 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/336256047 01 eng 30 00 This paper studies exaptation from the perspective of language contact and structural borrowing. Drawing on data from different language-contact settings, I show that exaptation differs from grammaticalization, secondary grammaticalization, and degrammaticalization. I argue that exaptation is, also from the perspective of language contact, a suitable descriptive term and provides useful insights into the investigation of diachronic change, as it shows the functions targeted and the structural properties of the linguistic elements selected for exaptation. 01 01 JB code cilt.336.09ver 06 10.1075/cilt.336.09ver 261 285 25 Article 10 01 04 How functionless is junk and how useful is exaptation? How functionless is junk and how useful is exaptation? 01 04 Probing the -I/ESC- morpheme Probing the –I/ESC- morpheme 1 A01 01 JB code 574256048 Dieter Vermandere Vermandere, Dieter Dieter Vermandere 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/574256048 2 A01 01 JB code 808256049 Claire Meul Meul, Claire Claire Meul 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/808256049 01 eng 30 00 We address the issue of the notion of linguistic functionality in relation to exaptation. Our case is the evolution of the -i/esc- morpheme from Latin to Romance. The exaptive nature of the -i/esc- morpheme used to be considered the historical linguists’ chestnut: from Latin inchoative marker, the -i/esc- morpheme was said to have evolved into a stress-aligning device. The validity of this proposal is questioned in the light of Lass’s definitions of exaptation (Lass 1990 and 1997). Drawing on the historical evolution of the -i/esc- morpheme, we identify several issues with the core concepts of exaptation: (i) junk, (ii) innovation and (iii) functionality. We then argue that exaptation, in its strictest definition (Lass 1990), cannot be said to apply to -i/esc-. 01 01 JB code cilt.336.10jen 06 10.1075/cilt.336.10jen 287 316 30 Article 11 01 04 The history of nominative -er in Danish and Swedish The history of nominative -er in Danish and Swedish 01 04 A case of exaptation? A case of exaptation? 1 A01 01 JB code 701256050 Eva Skafte Jensen Skafte Jensen, Eva Eva Skafte Jensen 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/701256050 01 eng 30 00 A much cited example of exaptation is the development whereby the old case marker of the nominative in the masculine singular -er evolves into a derivative suffix changing adjectives into nouns in Swedish (Norde 2001, 2002, 2009; Heine 2003: 168; Narrog 2007). Recent studies based on Old and Middle Danish sources uncover how the developments of the old nominative took place (Jensen 2011); this paper presents an outline of these developments. The outline serves as the foundation for a discussion of whether the development of -er in Swedish and Danish should be taken as an example of exaptation, and if we really need the concept in historical linguistics at all, given that the developments depicted in this paper are easily and adequately covered by other well established concept of change, especially the notion of reanalysis. 01 01 JB code cilt.336.11szc 06 10.1075/cilt.336.11szc 317 340 24 Article 12 01 04 Is the development of linking elements in German a case of exaptation? Is the development of linking elements in German a case of exaptation? 1 A01 01 JB code 14256051 Renata Szczepaniak Szczepaniak, Renata Renata Szczepaniak 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/14256051 01 eng 30 00 The development of linking elements in German has usually been analysed as a case of exaptation. In this paper, a more differentiated picture of this development is presented. What at first sight seems to be a clear case of exaptation (old form > new function) turns out to be a complex process consisting of two stages: (1) the development of a first layer of linking vowels in Old High German (new but related function) out of Proto-Germanic primary suffixes (old form); and (2) the subsequent development of a second layer of linking elements from inflectional (genitive) endings. Based on historical evidence, it is argued that the second stage should be analysed as a case of formal renovation. This is due to the fact that this reinforcement took place while the old linking system was still productive. 01 01 JB code cilt.336.12wal 06 10.1075/cilt.336.12wal 341 375 35 Article 13 01 04 Exploring and recycling Exploring and recycling 01 04 Topichood and the evolution of Ibero-romance articles Topichood and the evolution of Ibero-romance articles 1 A01 01 JB code 508256052 Albert Wall Wall, Albert Albert Wall 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/508256052 2 A01 01 JB code 529256053 Álvaro S. Octavio de Toledo y Huerta Octavio de Toledo y Huerta, Álvaro S. Álvaro S. Octavio de Toledo y Huerta 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/529256053 01 eng 30 00 This paper discusses the concept of syntactic exaptation (see Traugott 2004) by considering two changes which involve re-use of highly grammaticalized linguistic material and have as yet received little attention. We claim that exaptation is an appropriate label to describe the outcome of both processes and suggest defining exaptation as a derived notion, which allows for a quite restricted definition. The case studies focus on (i) Brazilian Portuguese, which allows for preverbal bare singular subjects with a generic reading, but also with definite/specific referents (Wall 2013), an extension presumably due to their common interpretation as topics; and (ii) Spanish, which extended the definite article around 1600 to the head of completive that-clauses (Lapesa 1984). Later on, the article was reinterpreted as introducing sentences that convey ‘thematic’ (Serrano 2014) or topical information. Both changes concern the same category (article marking), and show recycling into a novel use through information structural properties. 01 01 JB code cilt.336.13izu 06 10.1075/cilt.336.13izu 377 401 25 Article 14 01 04 Exaptation and adaptation Exaptation and adaptation 01 04 Two historical routes to final particles in Japanese Two historical routes to final particles in Japanese 1 A01 01 JB code 38256054 Katsunobu Izutsu Izutsu, Katsunobu Katsunobu Izutsu 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/38256054 2 A01 01 JB code 175256055 Mitsuko Narita Izutsu Izutsu, Mitsuko Narita Mitsuko Narita Izutsu 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/175256055 01 eng 30 00 This article shows that the final-particle development from coordinating conjunctions and that from subordinating conjunctions in Japanese can be best described as ‘adaptation after exaptation’ and ‘successive adaptations’, respectively. Whereas both types of developments are comparable in that conjunctions ordinarily occupying an inter-clausal position become sentence-final particles, they differ in how the conjunctions come to occur in the sentence-final position. Subordinating conjunctions are left behind in the position as a result of an adaptation, while coordinating conjunctions are coopted or exapted into the position. Although some facets of the Japanese final-particle development from conjunctions can be treated as instances of analogy or reanalysis, these notions do not explain the different pathways through which those conjunctions reach the sentence-final position. The paired notions, adaptation and exaptation, are claimed to be useful and necessary for linguistic studies in terms of parallelism between biological and linguistic evolution, permissive environment, and non-metaphorical explanation. 01 01 JB code cilt.336.li 06 10.1075/cilt.336.14ind 403 405 3 Miscellaneous 15 01 04 Language index Language index 01 eng 01 01 JB code cilt.336.si 06 10.1075/cilt.336.15ind 407 411 5 Miscellaneous 16 01 04 Subject index Subject index 01 eng 01 JB code JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/cilt.336 Amsterdam NL 00 John Benjamins Publishing Company Marketing Department / Karin Plijnaar, Pieter Lamers onix@benjamins.nl 04 01 00 20160224 C 2016 John Benjamins D 2016 John Benjamins 02 WORLD WORLD US CA MX 09 01 JB 1 John Benjamins Publishing Company +31 20 6304747 +31 20 6739773 bookorder@benjamins.nl 01 https://benjamins.com 21 15 16 01 00 Unqualified price 02 JB 1 02 99.00 EUR 02 00 Unqualified price 02 83.00 01 Z 0 GBP GB US CA MX 01 01 JB 2 John Benjamins Publishing Company +1 800 562-5666 +1 703 661-1501 benjamins@presswarehouse.com 01 https://benjamins.com 21 15 16 01 00 Unqualified price 02 JB 1 02 149.00 USD