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Current Issues in Linguistic Theory
Current Issues in Linguistic Theory
01
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Exaptation and Language Change
Exaptation and Language Change
1
B01
01
JB code
225246679
Muriel Norde
Norde, Muriel
Muriel
Norde
Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
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B01
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JB code
93246680
Freek Van de Velde
Van de Velde, Freek
Freek
Van de Velde
University of Leuven
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eng
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419
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LIN.HL
Historical linguistics
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LIN.THEOR
Theoretical linguistics
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The first collection of papers dedicated to exaptation, a notion from evolutionary biology that was introduced into linguistics by Lass in 1990. The past quarter-century has seen a heated debate on its properties, and whether it is a useful concept in historical linguistics at all. These contributions reflect these diverging points of view.
03
00
This volume is the first collection of papers that is exclusively dedicated to the concept of exaptation, a notion from evolutionary biology that was famously introduced into linguistics by Roger Lass in 1990. The past quarter-century has seen a heated debate on the properties of linguistic exaptation, its demarcation from other processes of linguistic change, and indeed the question of whether it is a useful concept in historical linguistics at all. The contributions in the present volume reflect these diverging points of view. Along with a comprehensive introduction, covering the history of the notion of exaptation from its conception in the field of biology to its adoption in linguistics, the book offers extensive discussion of the concept from various theoretical perspectives, detailed case studies as well as critical reviews of some stock examples. The book will be of interest to scholars working in the fields of evolutionary linguistics, historical linguistics, and the history of linguistics.
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Preface
Preface
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Exaptation
Exaptation
01
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Taking stock of a controversial notion in linguistics
Taking stock of a controversial notion in linguistics
1
A01
01
JB code
834256038
Freek Van de Velde
Van de Velde, Freek
Freek
Van de Velde
2
A01
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JB code
68256039
Muriel Norde
Norde, Muriel
Muriel
Norde
01
01
JB code
cilt.336.02jos
06
10.1075/cilt.336.02jos
37
55
19
Article
3
01
04
Being exacting about exapting
Being exacting about exapting
01
04
An
exaptation omnibus
An exaptation omnibus
1
A01
01
JB code
503256040
Brian D. Joseph
Joseph, Brian D.
Brian D.
Joseph
01
01
JB code
cilt.336.03gae
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10.1075/cilt.336.03gae
57
92
36
Article
4
01
04
Co-opting exaptation in a theory of language change
Co-opting exaptation in a theory of language change
1
A01
01
JB code
719256041
Livio Gaeta
Gaeta, Livio
Livio
Gaeta
01
01
JB code
cilt.336.04nar
06
10.1075/cilt.336.04nar
93
120
28
Article
5
01
04
Exaptation in Japanese and beyond
Exaptation in Japanese and beyond
1
A01
01
JB code
98256042
Heiko Narrog
Narrog, Heiko
Heiko
Narrog
01
01
JB code
cilt.336.05men
06
10.1075/cilt.336.05men
121
162
42
Article
6
01
04
Functional changes and (meta-)linguistic evolution
Functional changes and (meta-)linguistic evolution
1
A01
01
JB code
211256043
Ferdinand Mengden
Mengden, Ferdinand
Ferdinand
Mengden
01
01
JB code
cilt.336.06nor
06
10.1075/cilt.336.06nor
163
195
33
Article
7
01
04
Exaptation from the perspective of construction morphology
Exaptation from the perspective of construction morphology
1
A01
01
JB code
478256044
Muriel Norde
Norde, Muriel
Muriel
Norde
2
A01
01
JB code
529256045
Graeme Trousdale
Trousdale, Graeme
Graeme
Trousdale
01
01
JB code
cilt.336.07wil
06
10.1075/cilt.336.07wil
197
225
29
Article
8
01
04
Exaptation and degrammaticalization within an acquisition-based model of abductive reanalysis
Exaptation and degrammaticalization within an acquisition-based model of abductive reanalysis
1
A01
01
JB code
934256046
David Willis
Willis, David
David
Willis
01
01
JB code
cilt.336.08gar
06
10.1075/cilt.336.08gar
227
260
34
Article
9
01
04
Allogenous exaptation
Allogenous exaptation
1
A01
01
JB code
336256047
Francesco Gardani
Gardani, Francesco
Francesco
Gardani
01
01
JB code
cilt.336.09ver
06
10.1075/cilt.336.09ver
261
285
25
Article
10
01
04
How functionless is junk and how useful is exaptation?
How functionless is junk and how useful is exaptation?
01
04
Probing the -I/ESC- morpheme
Probing the –I/ESC- morpheme
1
A01
01
JB code
574256048
Dieter Vermandere
Vermandere, Dieter
Dieter
Vermandere
2
A01
01
JB code
808256049
Claire Meul
Meul, Claire
Claire
Meul
01
01
JB code
cilt.336.10jen
06
10.1075/cilt.336.10jen
287
316
30
Article
11
01
04
The
history of nominative -er in Danish and Swedish
The history of nominative -er in Danish and Swedish
01
04
A
case of exaptation?
A case of exaptation?
1
A01
01
JB code
701256050
Eva Skafte Jensen
Jensen, Eva Skafte
Eva Skafte
Jensen
01
01
JB code
cilt.336.11szc
06
10.1075/cilt.336.11szc
317
340
24
Article
12
01
04
Is the development of linking elements in German a case of exaptation?
Is the development of linking elements in German a case of exaptation?
1
A01
01
JB code
14256051
Renata Szczepaniak
Szczepaniak, Renata
Renata
Szczepaniak
01
01
JB code
cilt.336.12wal
06
10.1075/cilt.336.12wal
341
375
35
Article
13
01
04
Exploring and recycling
Exploring and recycling
01
04
Topichood and the evolution of Ibero-romance articles
Topichood and the evolution of Ibero-romance articles
1
A01
01
JB code
508256052
Albert Wall
Wall, Albert
Albert
Wall
2
A01
01
JB code
529256053
Álvaro S. Octavio de Toledo y Huerta
Octavio de Toledo y Huerta, Álvaro S.
Álvaro S.
Octavio de Toledo y Huerta
01
01
JB code
cilt.336.13izu
06
10.1075/cilt.336.13izu
377
401
25
Article
14
01
04
Exaptation and adaptation
Exaptation and adaptation
01
04
Two historical routes to final particles in Japanese
Two historical routes to final particles in Japanese
1
A01
01
JB code
38256054
Katsunobu Izutsu
Izutsu, Katsunobu
Katsunobu
Izutsu
2
A01
01
JB code
175256055
Mitsuko Narita Izutsu
Izutsu, Mitsuko Narita
Mitsuko Narita
Izutsu
01
01
JB code
cilt.336.14ind
06
10.1075/cilt.336.14ind
403
405
3
Miscellaneous
15
01
04
Language index
Language index
01
01
JB code
cilt.336.15ind
06
10.1075/cilt.336.15ind
407
411
5
Miscellaneous
16
01
04
Subject index
Subject index
01
JB code
JBENJAMINS
John Benjamins Publishing Company
01
01
JB code
JB
John Benjamins Publishing Company
01
https://benjamins.com
Amsterdam
NL
00
John Benjamins Publishing Company
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onix@benjamins.nl
04
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20160224
C
2016
John Benjamins
D
2016
John Benjamins
02
WORLD
13
15
9789027248558
WORLD
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JB
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Google
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https://play.google.com/store/books
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835016653
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JB
John Benjamins Publishing Company
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CILT 336 Eb
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9789027267474
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2015051351
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EA
E107
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Current Issues in Linguistic Theory
Current Issues in Linguistic Theory
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jbe-all
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Full EBA collection (ca. 4,200 titles)
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jbe-2016
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2016 collection (147 titles)
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2016 collection
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Exaptation and Language Change
Exaptation and Language Change
1
B01
01
JB code
225246679
Muriel Norde
Norde, Muriel
Muriel
Norde
Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/225246679
2
B01
01
JB code
93246680
Freek Van de Velde
Van de Velde, Freek
Freek
Van de Velde
University of Leuven
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/93246680
01
eng
11
419
03
03
viii
03
00
411
03
01
23
417/.7
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2016
P367
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English language--Variation.
04
English language--Grammar, Historical.
10
LAN009000
12
CFF
24
JB code
LIN.HL
Historical linguistics
24
JB code
LIN.THEOR
Theoretical linguistics
01
06
02
00
The first collection of papers dedicated to exaptation, a notion from evolutionary biology that was introduced into linguistics by Lass in 1990. The past quarter-century has seen a heated debate on its properties, and whether it is a useful concept in historical linguistics at all. These contributions reflect these diverging points of view.
03
00
This volume is the first collection of papers that is exclusively dedicated to the concept of exaptation, a notion from evolutionary biology that was famously introduced into linguistics by Roger Lass in 1990. The past quarter-century has seen a heated debate on the properties of linguistic exaptation, its demarcation from other processes of linguistic change, and indeed the question of whether it is a useful concept in historical linguistics at all. The contributions in the present volume reflect these diverging points of view. Along with a comprehensive introduction, covering the history of the notion of exaptation from its conception in the field of biology to its adoption in linguistics, the book offers extensive discussion of the concept from various theoretical perspectives, detailed case studies as well as critical reviews of some stock examples. The book will be of interest to scholars working in the fields of evolutionary linguistics, historical linguistics, and the history of linguistics.
01
00
03
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D503
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vii
viii
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Miscellaneous
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Preface
Preface
01
eng
01
01
JB code
cilt.336.01vel
06
10.1075/cilt.336.01vel
1
35
35
Article
2
01
04
Exaptation
Exaptation
01
04
Taking stock of a controversial notion in linguistics
Taking stock of a controversial notion in linguistics
1
A01
01
JB code
834256038
Freek Van de Velde
Van de Velde, Freek
Freek
Van de Velde
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/834256038
2
A01
01
JB code
68256039
Muriel Norde
Norde, Muriel
Muriel
Norde
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/68256039
01
eng
01
01
JB code
cilt.336.02jos
06
10.1075/cilt.336.02jos
37
55
19
Article
3
01
04
Being exacting about exapting
Being exacting about exapting
01
04
An
exaptation omnibus
An exaptation omnibus
1
A01
01
JB code
503256040
Brian D. Joseph
Joseph, Brian D.
Brian D.
Joseph
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/503256040
01
eng
30
00
For historical linguists, exaptation is an attractive notion, offering an overt link with biological evolution. Nonetheless, one can ask whether it represents something substantive about linguistic change or is merely an appealing metaphor. I critically assess exaptation, using case studies suggesting that speakers in crafting new “grammar” simply make use of material on hand. Whether it is “junk” (Lass 1990) or not is immaterial to the speaker; what matters is a model’s availability, often a very “localised” one. Through these examples, I argue that “exaptation” reduces to regular and well-understood processes of diachronic morphology, particularly analogy, not limited to any component of grammar. The material forming the model for innovation can be highly restricted and can itself be an irregular bit of the grammar. Similarly, any parallels with “grammaticalization” derive from these developments all being ways that speakers creatively make connections among elements in their language and act on them.
01
01
JB code
cilt.336.03gae
06
10.1075/cilt.336.03gae
57
92
36
Article
4
01
04
Co-opting exaptation in a theory of language change
Co-opting exaptation in a theory of language change
1
A01
01
JB code
719256041
Livio Gaeta
Gaeta, Livio
Livio
Gaeta
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/719256041
01
eng
30
00
In contrast with exaptation, which has been widely discussed over the last years, its conceptual counterpart in evolutionary biology, namely adaptation, does not seem to play any significant role in the actual linguistic debate. In the paper, the attempt is made to integrate this conceptual pair into our linguistic epistemology basically extending Lindblom’s (1998) model of adaptive changes beyond the domain of phonological change. In this light, adaptive changes are characterized as oriented and responding to a general design of economy and plasticity, while exaptive changes are normally non-oriented and result from the refunctionalization of (partially pre-adapted) linguistic material.
01
01
JB code
cilt.336.04nar
06
10.1075/cilt.336.04nar
93
120
28
Article
5
01
04
Exaptation in Japanese and beyond
Exaptation in Japanese and beyond
1
A01
01
JB code
98256042
Heiko Narrog
Narrog, Heiko
Heiko
Narrog
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/98256042
01
eng
30
00
An increasing amount of specific phenomena have been identified as exaptation in a variety of languages, but mainly of the Indo-European stock, and mainly concentrating on a specific example of the phenomenon. Furthermore, there is considerable disagreement about how the concept should be applied in the study of language change. The purpose of this paper is to (1) present a (hopefully) useful version of the concept, and (2) shed light on our understanding of exaptation by putting the focus on a historically relatively well-documented language from a different corner of the world, namely Japanese. Based on a database of grammaticalization-related changes, I will try to give an overview of exaptation phenomena across the board in this language. In this manner we arrive at some generalizations across exaptations based on empirical facts, and also get an idea of how exaptation tallies up against grammaticalization. Finally, these generalizations are reflected in an attempt at a general conceptualization of exaptation vis-à-vis grammaticalization.
01
01
JB code
cilt.336.05men
06
10.1075/cilt.336.05men
121
162
42
Article
6
01
04
Functional changes and (meta-)linguistic evolution
Functional changes and (meta-)linguistic evolution
1
A01
01
JB code
211256043
Ferdinand Mengden
Mengden, Ferdinand
Ferdinand
Mengden
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/211256043
01
eng
30
00
In this contribution I assess some mainstream approaches to functional changes of grammatical expressions with a focus on two concepts – ‘(secondary) grammaticalization’ and ‘exaptation’. As to the former, I argue that the most influential definition of ‘grammaticalization’ by Kuryłowicz’s (1965) results from a terminological accident rather than from a systematic observation or analysis of linguistic changes. The consequence is that various heterogeneous properties are nowadays associated with one and the same concept. Generally, ‘grammaticalization’ as well as other functional changes discussed in the literature are defined by the status of an expression before and after a change, not by the process itself. On this basis, I will argue that ‘exaptation’ is a concept distinct from other mainstream notions of language change, provided that the context of ‘evolution’ as a principle of variation and change, out of which ‘exaptation’ was brought into linguistics, is taken seriously.
01
01
JB code
cilt.336.06nor
06
10.1075/cilt.336.06nor
163
195
33
Article
7
01
04
Exaptation from the perspective of construction morphology
Exaptation from the perspective of construction morphology
1
A01
01
JB code
478256044
Muriel Norde
Norde, Muriel
Muriel
Norde
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/478256044
2
A01
01
JB code
529256045
Graeme Trousdale
Trousdale, Graeme
Graeme
Trousdale
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/529256045
01
eng
30
00
In this paper, we explore how the process of exaptation can be modelled within a constructional framework of morphology. Assuming that constructions (of varying levels of schematicity and complexity) are organized in constructional networks, we consider issues related to ‘obsolescence’ and ‘novelty’ using a model of morphology that draws on the work of Booij (2010). We present various case studies of linguistic changes in a number of Germanic languages (in both their standard and non-standard varieties), exploring in each case the extent to which the changes constitute cases of exaptation. For each case study, we also consider how these changes can be understood within a constructional approach to language. Our focus is on constructional morphology, though some changes involve neoanalyses of larger (syntactic) structures. The discussion also makes reference to issues in diachronic construction grammar, particularly the notion of constructional change as outlined by Traugott & Trousdale (2013).
01
01
JB code
cilt.336.07wil
06
10.1075/cilt.336.07wil
197
225
29
Article
8
01
04
Exaptation and degrammaticalization within an acquisition-based model of abductive reanalysis
Exaptation and degrammaticalization within an acquisition-based model of abductive reanalysis
1
A01
01
JB code
934256046
David Willis
Willis, David
David
Willis
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/934256046
01
eng
30
00
This article considers the relationship between exaptation and degrammaticalization. Both may involve obsolescent material being re-used, to express an existing grammatical category or a category not previously encoded. The processes involved are familiar ones: reanalysis triggering category reassignment. In both cases, change is caused by failure to acquire a grammatical category. Faced with material that expresses that category, acquirers either interpret it as some existing category or else abduce the existence of some new category. Exaptation and degrammaticalization are thus understood as cases of reanalysis within an acquisition-based framework of change. The concept of exaptation is therefore useful but not foundational: useful in highlighting unexpected pathways of development during ongoing obsolescence or opacity, but explicable in terms of other processes. I demonstrate this approach using two case studies: degrammaticalization of indefinite pronouns as nouns in Slavic and Celtic; and exaptive reinterpretation of the was-were distinction as expressing polarity in English dialects.
01
01
JB code
cilt.336.08gar
06
10.1075/cilt.336.08gar
227
260
34
Article
9
01
04
Allogenous exaptation
Allogenous exaptation
1
A01
01
JB code
336256047
Francesco Gardani
Gardani, Francesco
Francesco
Gardani
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/336256047
01
eng
30
00
This paper studies exaptation from the perspective of language contact and structural borrowing. Drawing on data from different language-contact settings, I show that exaptation differs from grammaticalization, secondary grammaticalization, and degrammaticalization. I argue that exaptation is, also from the perspective of language contact, a suitable descriptive term and provides useful insights into the investigation of diachronic change, as it shows the functions targeted and the structural properties of the linguistic elements selected for exaptation.
01
01
JB code
cilt.336.09ver
06
10.1075/cilt.336.09ver
261
285
25
Article
10
01
04
How functionless is junk and how useful is exaptation?
How functionless is junk and how useful is exaptation?
01
04
Probing the -I/ESC- morpheme
Probing the –I/ESC- morpheme
1
A01
01
JB code
574256048
Dieter Vermandere
Vermandere, Dieter
Dieter
Vermandere
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/574256048
2
A01
01
JB code
808256049
Claire Meul
Meul, Claire
Claire
Meul
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/808256049
01
eng
30
00
We address the issue of the notion of linguistic functionality in relation to exaptation. Our case is the evolution of the -i/esc- morpheme from Latin to Romance. The exaptive nature of the -i/esc- morpheme used to be considered the historical linguists’ chestnut: from Latin inchoative marker, the -i/esc- morpheme was said to have evolved into a stress-aligning device. The validity of this proposal is questioned in the light of Lass’s definitions of exaptation (Lass 1990 and 1997). Drawing on the historical evolution of the -i/esc- morpheme, we identify several issues with the core concepts of exaptation: (i) junk, (ii) innovation and (iii) functionality. We then argue that exaptation, in its strictest definition (Lass 1990), cannot be said to apply to -i/esc-.
01
01
JB code
cilt.336.10jen
06
10.1075/cilt.336.10jen
287
316
30
Article
11
01
04
The
history of nominative -er in Danish and Swedish
The history of nominative -er in Danish and Swedish
01
04
A
case of exaptation?
A case of exaptation?
1
A01
01
JB code
701256050
Eva Skafte Jensen
Skafte Jensen, Eva
Eva
Skafte Jensen
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/701256050
01
eng
30
00
A much cited example of exaptation is the development whereby the old case marker of the nominative in the masculine singular -er evolves into a derivative suffix changing adjectives into nouns in Swedish (Norde 2001, 2002, 2009; Heine 2003: 168; Narrog 2007). Recent studies based on Old and Middle Danish sources uncover how the developments of the old nominative took place (Jensen 2011); this paper presents an outline of these developments. The outline serves as the foundation for a discussion of whether the development of -er in Swedish and Danish should be taken as an example of exaptation, and if we really need the concept in historical linguistics at all, given that the developments depicted in this paper are easily and adequately covered by other well established concept of change, especially the notion of reanalysis.
01
01
JB code
cilt.336.11szc
06
10.1075/cilt.336.11szc
317
340
24
Article
12
01
04
Is the development of linking elements in German a case of exaptation?
Is the development of linking elements in German a case of exaptation?
1
A01
01
JB code
14256051
Renata Szczepaniak
Szczepaniak, Renata
Renata
Szczepaniak
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/14256051
01
eng
30
00
The development of linking elements in German has usually been analysed as a case of exaptation. In this paper, a more differentiated picture of this development is presented. What at first sight seems to be a clear case of exaptation (old form > new function) turns out to be a complex process consisting of two stages: (1) the development of a first layer of linking vowels in Old High German (new but related function) out of Proto-Germanic primary suffixes (old form); and (2) the subsequent development of a second layer of linking elements from inflectional (genitive) endings. Based on historical evidence, it is argued that the second stage should be analysed as a case of formal renovation. This is due to the fact that this reinforcement took place while the old linking system was still productive.
01
01
JB code
cilt.336.12wal
06
10.1075/cilt.336.12wal
341
375
35
Article
13
01
04
Exploring and recycling
Exploring and recycling
01
04
Topichood and the evolution of Ibero-romance articles
Topichood and the evolution of Ibero-romance articles
1
A01
01
JB code
508256052
Albert Wall
Wall, Albert
Albert
Wall
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/508256052
2
A01
01
JB code
529256053
Álvaro S. Octavio de Toledo y Huerta
Octavio de Toledo y Huerta, Álvaro S.
Álvaro S.
Octavio de Toledo y Huerta
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/529256053
01
eng
30
00
This paper discusses the concept of syntactic exaptation (see Traugott 2004) by considering two changes which involve re-use of highly grammaticalized linguistic material and have as yet received little attention. We claim that exaptation is an appropriate label to describe the outcome of both processes and suggest defining exaptation as a derived notion, which allows for a quite restricted definition. The case studies focus on (i) Brazilian Portuguese, which allows for preverbal bare singular subjects with a generic reading, but also with definite/specific referents (Wall 2013), an extension presumably due to their common interpretation as topics; and (ii) Spanish, which extended the definite article around 1600 to the head of completive that-clauses (Lapesa 1984). Later on, the article was reinterpreted as introducing sentences that convey ‘thematic’ (Serrano 2014) or topical information. Both changes concern the same category (article marking), and show recycling into a novel use through information structural properties.
01
01
JB code
cilt.336.13izu
06
10.1075/cilt.336.13izu
377
401
25
Article
14
01
04
Exaptation and adaptation
Exaptation and adaptation
01
04
Two historical routes to final particles in Japanese
Two historical routes to final particles in Japanese
1
A01
01
JB code
38256054
Katsunobu Izutsu
Izutsu, Katsunobu
Katsunobu
Izutsu
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/38256054
2
A01
01
JB code
175256055
Mitsuko Narita Izutsu
Izutsu, Mitsuko Narita
Mitsuko Narita
Izutsu
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/175256055
01
eng
30
00
This article shows that the final-particle development from coordinating conjunctions and that from subordinating conjunctions in Japanese can be best described as ‘adaptation after exaptation’ and ‘successive adaptations’, respectively. Whereas both types of developments are comparable in that conjunctions ordinarily occupying an inter-clausal position become sentence-final particles, they differ in how the conjunctions come to occur in the sentence-final position. Subordinating conjunctions are left behind in the position as a result of an adaptation, while coordinating conjunctions are coopted or exapted into the position. Although some facets of the Japanese final-particle development from conjunctions can be treated as instances of analogy or reanalysis, these notions do not explain the different pathways through which those conjunctions reach the sentence-final position. The paired notions, adaptation and exaptation, are claimed to be useful and necessary for linguistic studies in terms of parallelism between biological and linguistic evolution, permissive environment, and non-metaphorical explanation.
01
01
JB code
cilt.336.li
06
10.1075/cilt.336.14ind
403
405
3
Miscellaneous
15
01
04
Language index
Language index
01
eng
01
01
JB code
cilt.336.si
06
10.1075/cilt.336.15ind
407
411
5
Miscellaneous
16
01
04
Subject index
Subject index
01
eng
01
JB code
JBENJAMINS
John Benjamins Publishing Company
01
01
JB code
JB
John Benjamins Publishing Company
01
https://benjamins.com
02
https://benjamins.com/catalog/cilt.336
Amsterdam
NL
00
John Benjamins Publishing Company
Marketing Department / Karin Plijnaar, Pieter Lamers
onix@benjamins.nl
04
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20160224
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2016
John Benjamins
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2016
John Benjamins
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9789027248558
WORLD
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John Benjamins e-Platform
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01
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CILT 336 Hb
15
9789027248558
06
10.1075/cilt.336
13
2015043434
00
BB
08
890
gr
10
01
JB code
CILT
02
0304-0763
02
336.00
01
02
Current Issues in Linguistic Theory
Current Issues in Linguistic Theory
01
01
Exaptation and Language Change
Exaptation and Language Change
1
B01
01
JB code
225246679
Muriel Norde
Norde, Muriel
Muriel
Norde
Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/225246679
2
B01
01
JB code
93246680
Freek Van de Velde
Van de Velde, Freek
Freek
Van de Velde
University of Leuven
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/93246680
01
eng
11
419
03
03
viii
03
00
411
03
01
23
417/.7
03
2016
P367
04
English language--Variation.
04
English language--Grammar, Historical.
10
LAN009000
12
CFF
24
JB code
LIN.HL
Historical linguistics
24
JB code
LIN.THEOR
Theoretical linguistics
01
06
02
00
The first collection of papers dedicated to exaptation, a notion from evolutionary biology that was introduced into linguistics by Lass in 1990. The past quarter-century has seen a heated debate on its properties, and whether it is a useful concept in historical linguistics at all. These contributions reflect these diverging points of view.
03
00
This volume is the first collection of papers that is exclusively dedicated to the concept of exaptation, a notion from evolutionary biology that was famously introduced into linguistics by Roger Lass in 1990. The past quarter-century has seen a heated debate on the properties of linguistic exaptation, its demarcation from other processes of linguistic change, and indeed the question of whether it is a useful concept in historical linguistics at all. The contributions in the present volume reflect these diverging points of view. Along with a comprehensive introduction, covering the history of the notion of exaptation from its conception in the field of biology to its adoption in linguistics, the book offers extensive discussion of the concept from various theoretical perspectives, detailed case studies as well as critical reviews of some stock examples. The book will be of interest to scholars working in the fields of evolutionary linguistics, historical linguistics, and the history of linguistics.
01
00
03
01
01
D503
https://benjamins.com/covers/475/cilt.336.png
01
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01
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cilt.336.pre
06
10.1075/cilt.336.00pre
vii
viii
2
Miscellaneous
1
01
04
Preface
Preface
01
eng
01
01
JB code
cilt.336.01vel
06
10.1075/cilt.336.01vel
1
35
35
Article
2
01
04
Exaptation
Exaptation
01
04
Taking stock of a controversial notion in linguistics
Taking stock of a controversial notion in linguistics
1
A01
01
JB code
834256038
Freek Van de Velde
Van de Velde, Freek
Freek
Van de Velde
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/834256038
2
A01
01
JB code
68256039
Muriel Norde
Norde, Muriel
Muriel
Norde
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/68256039
01
eng
01
01
JB code
cilt.336.02jos
06
10.1075/cilt.336.02jos
37
55
19
Article
3
01
04
Being exacting about exapting
Being exacting about exapting
01
04
An
exaptation omnibus
An exaptation omnibus
1
A01
01
JB code
503256040
Brian D. Joseph
Joseph, Brian D.
Brian D.
Joseph
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/503256040
01
eng
30
00
For historical linguists, exaptation is an attractive notion, offering an overt link with biological evolution. Nonetheless, one can ask whether it represents something substantive about linguistic change or is merely an appealing metaphor. I critically assess exaptation, using case studies suggesting that speakers in crafting new “grammar” simply make use of material on hand. Whether it is “junk” (Lass 1990) or not is immaterial to the speaker; what matters is a model’s availability, often a very “localised” one. Through these examples, I argue that “exaptation” reduces to regular and well-understood processes of diachronic morphology, particularly analogy, not limited to any component of grammar. The material forming the model for innovation can be highly restricted and can itself be an irregular bit of the grammar. Similarly, any parallels with “grammaticalization” derive from these developments all being ways that speakers creatively make connections among elements in their language and act on them.
01
01
JB code
cilt.336.03gae
06
10.1075/cilt.336.03gae
57
92
36
Article
4
01
04
Co-opting exaptation in a theory of language change
Co-opting exaptation in a theory of language change
1
A01
01
JB code
719256041
Livio Gaeta
Gaeta, Livio
Livio
Gaeta
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/719256041
01
eng
30
00
In contrast with exaptation, which has been widely discussed over the last years, its conceptual counterpart in evolutionary biology, namely adaptation, does not seem to play any significant role in the actual linguistic debate. In the paper, the attempt is made to integrate this conceptual pair into our linguistic epistemology basically extending Lindblom’s (1998) model of adaptive changes beyond the domain of phonological change. In this light, adaptive changes are characterized as oriented and responding to a general design of economy and plasticity, while exaptive changes are normally non-oriented and result from the refunctionalization of (partially pre-adapted) linguistic material.
01
01
JB code
cilt.336.04nar
06
10.1075/cilt.336.04nar
93
120
28
Article
5
01
04
Exaptation in Japanese and beyond
Exaptation in Japanese and beyond
1
A01
01
JB code
98256042
Heiko Narrog
Narrog, Heiko
Heiko
Narrog
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/98256042
01
eng
30
00
An increasing amount of specific phenomena have been identified as exaptation in a variety of languages, but mainly of the Indo-European stock, and mainly concentrating on a specific example of the phenomenon. Furthermore, there is considerable disagreement about how the concept should be applied in the study of language change. The purpose of this paper is to (1) present a (hopefully) useful version of the concept, and (2) shed light on our understanding of exaptation by putting the focus on a historically relatively well-documented language from a different corner of the world, namely Japanese. Based on a database of grammaticalization-related changes, I will try to give an overview of exaptation phenomena across the board in this language. In this manner we arrive at some generalizations across exaptations based on empirical facts, and also get an idea of how exaptation tallies up against grammaticalization. Finally, these generalizations are reflected in an attempt at a general conceptualization of exaptation vis-à-vis grammaticalization.
01
01
JB code
cilt.336.05men
06
10.1075/cilt.336.05men
121
162
42
Article
6
01
04
Functional changes and (meta-)linguistic evolution
Functional changes and (meta-)linguistic evolution
1
A01
01
JB code
211256043
Ferdinand Mengden
Mengden, Ferdinand
Ferdinand
Mengden
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/211256043
01
eng
30
00
In this contribution I assess some mainstream approaches to functional changes of grammatical expressions with a focus on two concepts – ‘(secondary) grammaticalization’ and ‘exaptation’. As to the former, I argue that the most influential definition of ‘grammaticalization’ by Kuryłowicz’s (1965) results from a terminological accident rather than from a systematic observation or analysis of linguistic changes. The consequence is that various heterogeneous properties are nowadays associated with one and the same concept. Generally, ‘grammaticalization’ as well as other functional changes discussed in the literature are defined by the status of an expression before and after a change, not by the process itself. On this basis, I will argue that ‘exaptation’ is a concept distinct from other mainstream notions of language change, provided that the context of ‘evolution’ as a principle of variation and change, out of which ‘exaptation’ was brought into linguistics, is taken seriously.
01
01
JB code
cilt.336.06nor
06
10.1075/cilt.336.06nor
163
195
33
Article
7
01
04
Exaptation from the perspective of construction morphology
Exaptation from the perspective of construction morphology
1
A01
01
JB code
478256044
Muriel Norde
Norde, Muriel
Muriel
Norde
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/478256044
2
A01
01
JB code
529256045
Graeme Trousdale
Trousdale, Graeme
Graeme
Trousdale
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/529256045
01
eng
30
00
In this paper, we explore how the process of exaptation can be modelled within a constructional framework of morphology. Assuming that constructions (of varying levels of schematicity and complexity) are organized in constructional networks, we consider issues related to ‘obsolescence’ and ‘novelty’ using a model of morphology that draws on the work of Booij (2010). We present various case studies of linguistic changes in a number of Germanic languages (in both their standard and non-standard varieties), exploring in each case the extent to which the changes constitute cases of exaptation. For each case study, we also consider how these changes can be understood within a constructional approach to language. Our focus is on constructional morphology, though some changes involve neoanalyses of larger (syntactic) structures. The discussion also makes reference to issues in diachronic construction grammar, particularly the notion of constructional change as outlined by Traugott & Trousdale (2013).
01
01
JB code
cilt.336.07wil
06
10.1075/cilt.336.07wil
197
225
29
Article
8
01
04
Exaptation and degrammaticalization within an acquisition-based model of abductive reanalysis
Exaptation and degrammaticalization within an acquisition-based model of abductive reanalysis
1
A01
01
JB code
934256046
David Willis
Willis, David
David
Willis
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/934256046
01
eng
30
00
This article considers the relationship between exaptation and degrammaticalization. Both may involve obsolescent material being re-used, to express an existing grammatical category or a category not previously encoded. The processes involved are familiar ones: reanalysis triggering category reassignment. In both cases, change is caused by failure to acquire a grammatical category. Faced with material that expresses that category, acquirers either interpret it as some existing category or else abduce the existence of some new category. Exaptation and degrammaticalization are thus understood as cases of reanalysis within an acquisition-based framework of change. The concept of exaptation is therefore useful but not foundational: useful in highlighting unexpected pathways of development during ongoing obsolescence or opacity, but explicable in terms of other processes. I demonstrate this approach using two case studies: degrammaticalization of indefinite pronouns as nouns in Slavic and Celtic; and exaptive reinterpretation of the was-were distinction as expressing polarity in English dialects.
01
01
JB code
cilt.336.08gar
06
10.1075/cilt.336.08gar
227
260
34
Article
9
01
04
Allogenous exaptation
Allogenous exaptation
1
A01
01
JB code
336256047
Francesco Gardani
Gardani, Francesco
Francesco
Gardani
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/336256047
01
eng
30
00
This paper studies exaptation from the perspective of language contact and structural borrowing. Drawing on data from different language-contact settings, I show that exaptation differs from grammaticalization, secondary grammaticalization, and degrammaticalization. I argue that exaptation is, also from the perspective of language contact, a suitable descriptive term and provides useful insights into the investigation of diachronic change, as it shows the functions targeted and the structural properties of the linguistic elements selected for exaptation.
01
01
JB code
cilt.336.09ver
06
10.1075/cilt.336.09ver
261
285
25
Article
10
01
04
How functionless is junk and how useful is exaptation?
How functionless is junk and how useful is exaptation?
01
04
Probing the -I/ESC- morpheme
Probing the –I/ESC- morpheme
1
A01
01
JB code
574256048
Dieter Vermandere
Vermandere, Dieter
Dieter
Vermandere
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/574256048
2
A01
01
JB code
808256049
Claire Meul
Meul, Claire
Claire
Meul
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/808256049
01
eng
30
00
We address the issue of the notion of linguistic functionality in relation to exaptation. Our case is the evolution of the -i/esc- morpheme from Latin to Romance. The exaptive nature of the -i/esc- morpheme used to be considered the historical linguists’ chestnut: from Latin inchoative marker, the -i/esc- morpheme was said to have evolved into a stress-aligning device. The validity of this proposal is questioned in the light of Lass’s definitions of exaptation (Lass 1990 and 1997). Drawing on the historical evolution of the -i/esc- morpheme, we identify several issues with the core concepts of exaptation: (i) junk, (ii) innovation and (iii) functionality. We then argue that exaptation, in its strictest definition (Lass 1990), cannot be said to apply to -i/esc-.
01
01
JB code
cilt.336.10jen
06
10.1075/cilt.336.10jen
287
316
30
Article
11
01
04
The
history of nominative -er in Danish and Swedish
The history of nominative -er in Danish and Swedish
01
04
A
case of exaptation?
A case of exaptation?
1
A01
01
JB code
701256050
Eva Skafte Jensen
Skafte Jensen, Eva
Eva
Skafte Jensen
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/701256050
01
eng
30
00
A much cited example of exaptation is the development whereby the old case marker of the nominative in the masculine singular -er evolves into a derivative suffix changing adjectives into nouns in Swedish (Norde 2001, 2002, 2009; Heine 2003: 168; Narrog 2007). Recent studies based on Old and Middle Danish sources uncover how the developments of the old nominative took place (Jensen 2011); this paper presents an outline of these developments. The outline serves as the foundation for a discussion of whether the development of -er in Swedish and Danish should be taken as an example of exaptation, and if we really need the concept in historical linguistics at all, given that the developments depicted in this paper are easily and adequately covered by other well established concept of change, especially the notion of reanalysis.
01
01
JB code
cilt.336.11szc
06
10.1075/cilt.336.11szc
317
340
24
Article
12
01
04
Is the development of linking elements in German a case of exaptation?
Is the development of linking elements in German a case of exaptation?
1
A01
01
JB code
14256051
Renata Szczepaniak
Szczepaniak, Renata
Renata
Szczepaniak
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/14256051
01
eng
30
00
The development of linking elements in German has usually been analysed as a case of exaptation. In this paper, a more differentiated picture of this development is presented. What at first sight seems to be a clear case of exaptation (old form > new function) turns out to be a complex process consisting of two stages: (1) the development of a first layer of linking vowels in Old High German (new but related function) out of Proto-Germanic primary suffixes (old form); and (2) the subsequent development of a second layer of linking elements from inflectional (genitive) endings. Based on historical evidence, it is argued that the second stage should be analysed as a case of formal renovation. This is due to the fact that this reinforcement took place while the old linking system was still productive.
01
01
JB code
cilt.336.12wal
06
10.1075/cilt.336.12wal
341
375
35
Article
13
01
04
Exploring and recycling
Exploring and recycling
01
04
Topichood and the evolution of Ibero-romance articles
Topichood and the evolution of Ibero-romance articles
1
A01
01
JB code
508256052
Albert Wall
Wall, Albert
Albert
Wall
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/508256052
2
A01
01
JB code
529256053
Álvaro S. Octavio de Toledo y Huerta
Octavio de Toledo y Huerta, Álvaro S.
Álvaro S.
Octavio de Toledo y Huerta
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/529256053
01
eng
30
00
This paper discusses the concept of syntactic exaptation (see Traugott 2004) by considering two changes which involve re-use of highly grammaticalized linguistic material and have as yet received little attention. We claim that exaptation is an appropriate label to describe the outcome of both processes and suggest defining exaptation as a derived notion, which allows for a quite restricted definition. The case studies focus on (i) Brazilian Portuguese, which allows for preverbal bare singular subjects with a generic reading, but also with definite/specific referents (Wall 2013), an extension presumably due to their common interpretation as topics; and (ii) Spanish, which extended the definite article around 1600 to the head of completive that-clauses (Lapesa 1984). Later on, the article was reinterpreted as introducing sentences that convey ‘thematic’ (Serrano 2014) or topical information. Both changes concern the same category (article marking), and show recycling into a novel use through information structural properties.
01
01
JB code
cilt.336.13izu
06
10.1075/cilt.336.13izu
377
401
25
Article
14
01
04
Exaptation and adaptation
Exaptation and adaptation
01
04
Two historical routes to final particles in Japanese
Two historical routes to final particles in Japanese
1
A01
01
JB code
38256054
Katsunobu Izutsu
Izutsu, Katsunobu
Katsunobu
Izutsu
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/38256054
2
A01
01
JB code
175256055
Mitsuko Narita Izutsu
Izutsu, Mitsuko Narita
Mitsuko Narita
Izutsu
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/175256055
01
eng
30
00
This article shows that the final-particle development from coordinating conjunctions and that from subordinating conjunctions in Japanese can be best described as ‘adaptation after exaptation’ and ‘successive adaptations’, respectively. Whereas both types of developments are comparable in that conjunctions ordinarily occupying an inter-clausal position become sentence-final particles, they differ in how the conjunctions come to occur in the sentence-final position. Subordinating conjunctions are left behind in the position as a result of an adaptation, while coordinating conjunctions are coopted or exapted into the position. Although some facets of the Japanese final-particle development from conjunctions can be treated as instances of analogy or reanalysis, these notions do not explain the different pathways through which those conjunctions reach the sentence-final position. The paired notions, adaptation and exaptation, are claimed to be useful and necessary for linguistic studies in terms of parallelism between biological and linguistic evolution, permissive environment, and non-metaphorical explanation.
01
01
JB code
cilt.336.li
06
10.1075/cilt.336.14ind
403
405
3
Miscellaneous
15
01
04
Language index
Language index
01
eng
01
01
JB code
cilt.336.si
06
10.1075/cilt.336.15ind
407
411
5
Miscellaneous
16
01
04
Subject index
Subject index
01
eng
01
JB code
JBENJAMINS
John Benjamins Publishing Company
01
01
JB code
JB
John Benjamins Publishing Company
01
https://benjamins.com
02
https://benjamins.com/catalog/cilt.336
Amsterdam
NL
00
John Benjamins Publishing Company
Marketing Department / Karin Plijnaar, Pieter Lamers
onix@benjamins.nl
04
01
00
20160224
C
2016
John Benjamins
D
2016
John Benjamins
02
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US CA MX
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John Benjamins Publishing Company
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