29025805 03 01 01 JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code CILT 346 Eb 15 9789027262479 06 10.1075/cilt.346 13 2019018915 DG 002 02 01 CILT 02 0304-0763 Current Issues in Linguistic Theory 346 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Developments in English Historical Morpho-Syntax</TitleText> 01 cilt.346 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/cilt.346 1 B01 Claudia Claridge Claridge, Claudia Claudia Claridge University of Augsburg 2 B01 Birte Bös Bös, Birte Birte Bös University of Duisburg-Essen 01 eng 318 vi 312 LAN009010 v.2006 CFF 2 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.ENG English linguistics 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.GERM Germanic linguistics 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.HL Historical linguistics 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.MORPH Morphology 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.SYNTAX Syntax 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.THEOR Theoretical linguistics 06 01 Spanning the time from Old English to modern American English, this volume provides fresh perspectives on core issues and theories in the morphosyntactic history of English nominal, verbal and adverbial constructions. The contributions discuss the loss, rise and restructuring of morphonological marking, periphrastic verbal constructions, auxiliary variation and evolution, as well as changing word order options. Favouring corpus-linguistic, frequency-based and statistical approaches, the studies are firmly empirically grounded. The book is aimed at scholars interested in the history of the English language and in language variation and change. 04 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/cilt.346.png 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027203236.jpg 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027203236.tif 06 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/cilt.346.hb.png 07 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/cilt.346.png 25 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/cilt.346.hb.png 27 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/cilt.346.hb.png 10 01 JB code cilt.346.01cla 1 8 8 Chapter 1 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Introduction</TitleText> 1 A01 Claudia Claridge Claridge, Claudia Claudia Claridge 2 A01 Birte Bös Bös, Birte Birte Bös 10 01 JB code cilt.346.02ada 9 34 26 Chapter 2 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">The dynamics of changes in the early English inflection</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>The </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">dynamics of changes in the early English inflection</TitleWithoutPrefix> <Subtitle textformat="02">Evidence from the Old English nominal system</Subtitle> 1 A01 Elżbieta Adamczyk Adamczyk, Elżbieta Elżbieta Adamczyk 20 frequency of occurrence 20 morpho-phonological salience 20 nominal morphology 20 Old English 01 This study examines the mechanisms of the reorganisation of the Old English nominal morphology, which embraced a range of phonological and analogical developments conditioned by a variety of factors deriving from different domains. The immediate consequences of these changes are most prominent in the minor (unproductive) declensional classes, whose inflection tended to be remodelled on the patterns of the major (productive) paradigms. The focus of the study is primarily on three factors which had a major impact on the restructuring patterns of the Old English nominal morphology: frequency of occurrence, morpho-phonological salience of inflectional exponents and the formal inflectional overlap across paradigms. Interacting mostly in a synergetic way, they largely determined the shape of the nominal system as it is known now in modern English. The analysed material demonstrates as well that the dynamics of the changes in the nominal system worked towards retaining or enhancing the functionality of the system. 10 01 JB code cilt.346.03mid 35 56 22 Chapter 3 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">&#8220;Subsumed under the dative&#8221;?</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">The status of the Old English instrumental</Subtitle> 1 A01 Kirsten Middeke Middeke, Kirsten Kirsten Middeke 20 case 20 collexeme analysis 20 noun phrase 20 Old English 20 productivity 01 Most descriptions of Old English grammar do not count the instrumental as a separate case, since distinctly instrumental forms are not available for all lexical categories that are inflected for case in Old English. Assuming that the instrumental has been completely subsumed under the dative is misleading, however. In actual fact, any definite, quantified or adjective-modified masculine or neuter NP in the singular can be marked either dative or instrumental, and a clear functional difference emerges if we contrast noun phrases containing instrumental forms with those containing exclusively dative forms. Instrumental-case NPs are adverbials of time, manner and place, whereas dative-case NPs usually refer to persons and are often verbal arguments. This paper explores the extent to which the instrumental and the dative can be distinguished in Old English, the functional load of the distinction and the degree of its productivity, drawing on the results of collexeme analyses carried out on data from the <i>York-Toronto-Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Old English Prose</i>. 10 01 JB code cilt.346.04nyk 57 76 20 Chapter 4 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">&#8216;Thone vpon thother&#8217;</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">On pronouns <i>one</i> and <i>other</i> with initial <i>th</i>- and <i>t</i>- in Middle English</Subtitle> 1 A01 Jerzy Nykiel Nykiel, Jerzy Jerzy Nykiel 20 definiteness 20 determiner 20 DP cycle 20 Middle English 20 pronoun 01 A frequent result produced by a search of the digital corpora of Middle English (henceforth ME) for instances of reduced <i>th</i>&#8217; is a nominal involving the pronouns <i>one</i> or <i>other</i> with initial <i>th</i><b>-</b> or <i>t-</i> attached. In this study I argue that two different mechanisms, that is reduction of the definite article and misanalysis of the preceding demonstrative, need to be taken into account when scrutinizing the emergence of what turns out to be four different pronouns, namely <i>thone, thother, tone</i>, and <i>tother</i>. First I flesh out the ways in which these pronouns were used in ME. Then I analyze textual evidence which sheds light on the question when and how these pronouns emerged. Finally I argue that while initial <i>th-</i> is always a definite determiner reduced as expected given the DP cycle, initial <i>t</i><b>-</b> can be either a definite determiner or, less likely, part of a lexicalized pronoun. 10 01 JB code cilt.346.05col 77 110 34 Chapter 5 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Leveraging grammaticalization</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">The origins of Old Frisian and Old English</Subtitle> 1 A01 Rebecca Colleran Colleran, Rebecca Rebecca Colleran 20 Anglo-Frisian hypothesis 20 contact 20 drift 20 grammaticalization 20 inheritance 01 For a long time, the striking similarities between OFris (Old Frisian) and Old English (OE) were attributed to an exclusive shared ancestor (Anglo-Frisian), but in the late 20th century that view was ousted in favor of a dialect continuum model. Recent developments in genetics, textual analysis, and archaeology, however, suggest that the earlier model is more accurate. This paper explores a series of diagnostics to distinguish between shared grammaticalizations caused by linguistic relatedness and those caused by geographical proximity. Those diagnostics are then applied to two developments exclusive to OFris and OE: the grammaticalization of <i>aga(n)</i> &#8216;have&#8217; into auxiliary &#8216;have to&#8217;, and the development of a verb complement based on the OE/OFris present participle. In both cases, the diagnostics indicate that the changes occurred due to a shared ancestor, supporting the Anglo-Frisian hypothesis. 10 01 JB code cilt.346.06wis 111 128 18 Chapter 6 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Old English <i>wolde</i> and <i>sceolde</i></TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">A semantic and syntactic analysis</Subtitle> 1 A01 Ilse Wischer Wischer, Ilse Ilse Wischer 20 grammaticalization 20 modality 20 Old English 20 sculan 20 willan 01 The Old English (OE) pre-modals <i>willan</i> and *<i>sculan</i> are generally considered less grammaticalized than their Modern English counterparts <i>will</i> and <i>shall</i>; nevertheless they most often function as auxiliary verbs (cf. Wischer, 2006:&#8239;173). Their present tense forms have already been studied in considerable detail, often in the context of their development into future tense markers, while their morphologically past tense forms have received comparatively little attention. In this paper I examine the past forms of <i>willan</i> and *<i>sculan</i> in the poetry texts from the <i>Dictionary of Old English Corpus</i> and categorize them according to their syntactic contexts and the lexical or grammatical meanings they express. Thus, the aim of this paper is to shed light on their past and non-past time-reference, their main verb use versus auxiliary use and the type of modality or other function they can express in periphrastic constructions, and hence their degree of grammaticalization in Old English. 10 01 JB code cilt.346.07riv 129 148 20 Chapter 7 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">A corpus-based study on the development of <i>dare</i> in Middle English and Early Modern English</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>A </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">corpus-based study on the development of <i>dare</i> in Middle English and Early Modern English</TitleWithoutPrefix> 1 A01 Sofia Bemposta-Rivas Bemposta-Rivas, Sofia Sofia Bemposta-Rivas 20 assertivity 20 blend construction 20 impersonal verbs 20 pre-modal verbs 20 regularisation 01 This study argues that the changes undergone by <i>dare</i> in late Middle English cannot be explained solely in terms of the phonological similarity between <i>dare</i> and <i>tharf</i>, but also by the relationship between <i>tharf</i> and the verb <i>need</i>, plus the influence that the latter exerted on <i>dare.</i> The aim of this study is to analyse the semantic and structural changes that the verbs <i>dare</i>, <i>tharf</i> and <i>need</i> undergo in the period between Middle English and Early Modern English. The data are drawn from <i>The Penn-Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Middle English</i>, <i>The Penn-Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Early Modern English</i> and <i>The Penn Corpus of Early English Correspondence</i>. The analysis confirms that the verbs <i>dare</i> and <i>tharf</i> were confused in Middle English in non-assertive and 'fear' contexts. With the obsolescence of <i>tharf</i>, <i>dare</i> begins to occur more frequently in assertive contexts, and also starts to exhibit lexical features due to the influence exerted by <i>need</i>. 10 01 JB code cilt.346.08hub 149 174 26 Chapter 8 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Counterfactuality and aktionsart</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Predictors for <i>BE</i> vs. <i>HAVE</i>&#8239;+&#8239;past participle in Middle English</Subtitle> 1 A01 Judith Huber Huber, Judith Judith Huber 20 aktionsart 20 auxiliary selection 20 construal 20 counterfactuality 20 manner of motion verb 20 Middle English 20 mixed logistic regression 20 perfect 01 In Middle English (ME), manner of motion verbs occur in perfect periphrases with both <i>BE</i> and <i>HAVE</i> as auxiliaries (e.g. <i>is</i>/<i>has run</i>, <i>is</i>/<i>has ridden</i>), the <i>BE</i>-variant being the older, the <i>HAVE</i>-variant the more recent form with these verbs. Los (2015) hypothesizes that the choice of auxiliary with manner of motion verbs in ME might depend systematically on aktionsart in that <i>HAVE</i> is chosen when the verb denotes a controlled process (e.g. <i>he has run fast for an hour</i>), and <i>BE</i> when the verb denotes a change of location (e.g. <i>he is run into town</i>), much as in Present-Day Dutch. Also taking into account other factors that have been suggested to influence the choice of <i>BE</i> vs. <i>HAVE</i> in Middle English (such as counterfactuality, infinitive, or past perfect), I test this hypothesis on data from the <i>Corpus of Middle English Prose and Verse</i>. I show that aktionsart is indeed a very reliable predictor, but overridden by counterfactuality. 10 01 JB code cilt.346.09cor 175 198 24 Chapter 9 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Conservatism or the influence of the semantics of motion situation in the choice of perfect auxiliaries in Jane Austen&#8217;s letters and novels</TitleText> 1 A01 Nuria Calvo Cortés Calvo Cortés, Nuria Nuria Calvo Cortés 20 auxiliary 20 cognitive approach 20 motion verbs 20 perfect 20 stylistics 01 The present study focuses on the analysis of the choice of either <i>be</i> or <i>have</i> in combination with the past participles of eleven motion verbs (<i>arrive</i>, <i>become</i>, <i>come</i>, <i>enter</i>, <i>fall</i>, <i>go</i>, <i>get</i>, <i>grow</i>, <i>pass</i>, <i>return</i> and <i>run</i>) to form perfective structures in Jane Austen&#8217;s letters and novels. She has previously been considered conservative in her grammar, specifically in relation to her preference for <i>be</i> as opposed to <i>have</i> in this type of structure. A corpus-based study shows that although she could indeed be considered conservative, the option of the auxiliary might also have been motivated by the different components of the motion situation involved in each instance. The conclusions show that some tendencies can be observed in relation to the behaviour of some of these verbs, despite the low number of occurrences of some of the verbs included in the analysis. 10 01 JB code cilt.346.10sch 199 222 24 Chapter 10 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Signs of grammaticalization</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Tracking the <sc>get</sc>-passive through COHA</Subtitle> 1 A01 Sarah Schwarz Schwarz, Sarah Sarah Schwarz 20 get-passive 20 grammaticalization 20 morphosyntactic generalization 20 semantic bleaching 20 situation type 01 In this study, I examine a large number of <sc>get</sc>-passives from different genres and time periods in the <i>Corpus of Historical American English</i> for signs of grammaticalization by looking for evidence of semantic bleaching and morphosyntactic generalization. A comparable set of <sc>be</sc>-passives is included as a control group throughout. The study shows a dramatic increase in the frequency of central <sc>get</sc>-passives between the 1870s and the 1990s. Changes in situation type, subject type, and range of past-participle collocates, which are traced through all four genres in the corpus, provide further indications that the <sc>get</sc>-passive is continuing to grammaticalize over the period. 10 01 JB code cilt.346.11chr 223 246 24 Chapter 11 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">From <i>time-before-place</i> to <i>place-before-time</i> in the history of English</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">A corpus-based analysis of adverbial clusters</Subtitle> 1 A01 Susanne Chrambach Chrambach, Susanne Susanne Chrambach 20 adverbial 20 information structure 20 proximity principle 20 word order 01 In Present-day English, place adverbials tend to precede adverbials of time in clusters (cf. Hasselg&#229;rd, 1996). In this paper, this word order preference is investigated from a diachronic perspective. The corpus-based analysis shows that the preferred order changes from time-before-place in Old English to place-before-time towards the end of the Middle English period. In a number of binary logistic regressions this study explores which factors might motivate these preferences respectively. The obligatoriness of the adverbials and their realization form emerge as two crucial factors. Their effect can be related to the proximity principle (cf. Hasselg&#229;rd, 2010), the principle of end weight, and the principle of given-before-new. Comparing the different periods of English from Old English to Early Modern English, this paper shows how the increasingly fixed position of the lexical verb can be linked to the reversal of the ordering preference from time-before-place to place-before-time. 10 01 JB code cilt.346.12sch 247 268 22 Chapter 12 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Variation and change at the interface of syntax and semantics</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Concessive clauses in American English</Subtitle> 1 A01 Ole Schützler Schützler, Ole Ole Schützler 20 American English 20 concessives 20 conjunctions 20 Corpus Linguistics 20 syntax 01 Based on the <i>Corpus of Historical American English</i> (COHA), this chapter inspects diachronic changes of constructions involving the concessive conjunctions <i>although</i>, <i>though</i> and <i>even though</i> from the 1860s to the present day. Following a short summary of changes in semantics and clause structures, the main focus lies on factors that have an effect on the position of the subordinate clause relative to the matrix clause. A Bayesian logistic regression model is used to investigate in how far the position of a subordinate clause can be predicted from the semantics of the entire construction, the connective that is used, and the weight (or length) of the complement, and whether the preferred positions of subordinate clauses change over time. 10 01 JB code cilt.346.13roh 269 286 18 Chapter 13 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Further explorations in the grammar of intensifier marking in Modern English</TitleText> 1 A01 Günter Rohdenburg Rohdenburg, Günter Günter Rohdenburg 20 grammatical constraints 20 past/present participles 20 predicative/attributive/complemented adjectives 20 predicatively used prepositional phrases 20 unmarked/suffixed intensifiers 20 verbality 01 Picking up on earlier analyses, this paper explores a number of further issues bearing on the replacement of unmarked intensifiers by suffixed ones. While the evolutions of individual intensifiers may vary enormously, almost all grammatical constraints on intensifier marking can be accounted for in terms of a verbality cline: Structures displaying a high degree of verbality promote the establishment of suffixed intensifiers whereas less verbal structures tend to delay the process. The major findings supporting this generalization include the following:<br />• Past participles, which virtually always function as predicatives, represent one of the earliest categories to implement the change. In this respect, they contrast with present participles, which tend to behave like ordinary adjectives.<br />• Compared with predicative adjectives, attributive adjectives have been slow to replace unmarked intensifiers by suffixed ones.<br />• The establishment of the suffix is further advanced with complemented (non-attributive) adjectives than uncomplemented ones.<br /><br /> 10 01 JB code cilt.346.14vos 287 308 22 Chapter 14 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">The rivalry between <i>far from being</i>&#8239;+&#8239;predicative item and its counterpart omitting the copula in Modern English</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>The </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">rivalry between <i>far from being</i>&#8239;+&#8239;predicative item and its counterpart omitting the copula in Modern English</TitleWithoutPrefix> 1 A01 Uwe Vosberg Vosberg, Uwe Uwe Vosberg 2 A01 Günter Rohdenburg Rohdenburg, Günter Günter Rohdenburg 20 British-American contrasts 20 complex predicatives 20 complexity/morphological/syntactic constraints 20 contrasts between OED quotations and narrative textbases 20 optional function word 20 the lag and overtake scenario 01 Distinguishing between several subtypes of the frame <i>far from</i>&#8239;+&#8239;optional and recessive <i>being</i>&#8239;+&#8239;predicative phrase, this paper charts the evolution of the rivalling variants in British and American English over the last few centuries. The paper reports on two major findings. First, in line with the Complexity Principle, there is a tendency for more complex predicatives to help preserve the more explicit <i>being</i> variant better than simpler ones. In particular, morphologically complex adjectives and syntactically complex noun phrases in the predicative slot are shown to retain the <i>being</i> variant longer than less complex ones. Second, as regards the establishment of the less explicit zero variant, the relation between British and American English corresponds to the so-called lag and overtake scenario. While initially trailing behind British English, American English has - in more recent times - adopted the zero variant much faster than British English. 10 01 JB code cilt.346.ind 309 311 3 Miscellaneous 15 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Index</TitleText> 02 JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam/Philadelphia NL 04 20190527 2019 John Benjamins B.V. 02 WORLD 13 15 9789027203236 01 JB 3 John Benjamins e-Platform 03 jbe-platform.com 09 WORLD 21 01 00 99.00 EUR R 01 00 83.00 GBP Z 01 gen 00 149.00 USD S 988025804 03 01 01 JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code CILT 346 Hb 15 9789027203236 13 2019003730 BB 01 CILT 02 0304-0763 Current Issues in Linguistic Theory 346 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Developments in English Historical Morpho-Syntax</TitleText> 01 cilt.346 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/cilt.346 1 B01 Claudia Claridge Claridge, Claudia Claudia Claridge University of Augsburg 2 B01 Birte Bös Bös, Birte Birte Bös University of Duisburg-Essen 01 eng 318 vi 312 LAN009010 v.2006 CFF 2 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.ENG English linguistics 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.GERM Germanic linguistics 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.HL Historical linguistics 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.MORPH Morphology 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.SYNTAX Syntax 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.THEOR Theoretical linguistics 06 01 Spanning the time from Old English to modern American English, this volume provides fresh perspectives on core issues and theories in the morphosyntactic history of English nominal, verbal and adverbial constructions. The contributions discuss the loss, rise and restructuring of morphonological marking, periphrastic verbal constructions, auxiliary variation and evolution, as well as changing word order options. Favouring corpus-linguistic, frequency-based and statistical approaches, the studies are firmly empirically grounded. The book is aimed at scholars interested in the history of the English language and in language variation and change. 04 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/cilt.346.png 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027203236.jpg 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027203236.tif 06 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/cilt.346.hb.png 07 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/cilt.346.png 25 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/cilt.346.hb.png 27 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/cilt.346.hb.png 10 01 JB code cilt.346.01cla 1 8 8 Chapter 1 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Introduction</TitleText> 1 A01 Claudia Claridge Claridge, Claudia Claudia Claridge 2 A01 Birte Bös Bös, Birte Birte Bös 10 01 JB code cilt.346.02ada 9 34 26 Chapter 2 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">The dynamics of changes in the early English inflection</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>The </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">dynamics of changes in the early English inflection</TitleWithoutPrefix> <Subtitle textformat="02">Evidence from the Old English nominal system</Subtitle> 1 A01 Elżbieta Adamczyk Adamczyk, Elżbieta Elżbieta Adamczyk 20 frequency of occurrence 20 morpho-phonological salience 20 nominal morphology 20 Old English 01 This study examines the mechanisms of the reorganisation of the Old English nominal morphology, which embraced a range of phonological and analogical developments conditioned by a variety of factors deriving from different domains. The immediate consequences of these changes are most prominent in the minor (unproductive) declensional classes, whose inflection tended to be remodelled on the patterns of the major (productive) paradigms. The focus of the study is primarily on three factors which had a major impact on the restructuring patterns of the Old English nominal morphology: frequency of occurrence, morpho-phonological salience of inflectional exponents and the formal inflectional overlap across paradigms. Interacting mostly in a synergetic way, they largely determined the shape of the nominal system as it is known now in modern English. The analysed material demonstrates as well that the dynamics of the changes in the nominal system worked towards retaining or enhancing the functionality of the system. 10 01 JB code cilt.346.03mid 35 56 22 Chapter 3 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">&#8220;Subsumed under the dative&#8221;?</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">The status of the Old English instrumental</Subtitle> 1 A01 Kirsten Middeke Middeke, Kirsten Kirsten Middeke 20 case 20 collexeme analysis 20 noun phrase 20 Old English 20 productivity 01 Most descriptions of Old English grammar do not count the instrumental as a separate case, since distinctly instrumental forms are not available for all lexical categories that are inflected for case in Old English. Assuming that the instrumental has been completely subsumed under the dative is misleading, however. In actual fact, any definite, quantified or adjective-modified masculine or neuter NP in the singular can be marked either dative or instrumental, and a clear functional difference emerges if we contrast noun phrases containing instrumental forms with those containing exclusively dative forms. Instrumental-case NPs are adverbials of time, manner and place, whereas dative-case NPs usually refer to persons and are often verbal arguments. This paper explores the extent to which the instrumental and the dative can be distinguished in Old English, the functional load of the distinction and the degree of its productivity, drawing on the results of collexeme analyses carried out on data from the <i>York-Toronto-Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Old English Prose</i>. 10 01 JB code cilt.346.04nyk 57 76 20 Chapter 4 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">&#8216;Thone vpon thother&#8217;</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">On pronouns <i>one</i> and <i>other</i> with initial <i>th</i>- and <i>t</i>- in Middle English</Subtitle> 1 A01 Jerzy Nykiel Nykiel, Jerzy Jerzy Nykiel 20 definiteness 20 determiner 20 DP cycle 20 Middle English 20 pronoun 01 A frequent result produced by a search of the digital corpora of Middle English (henceforth ME) for instances of reduced <i>th</i>&#8217; is a nominal involving the pronouns <i>one</i> or <i>other</i> with initial <i>th</i><b>-</b> or <i>t-</i> attached. In this study I argue that two different mechanisms, that is reduction of the definite article and misanalysis of the preceding demonstrative, need to be taken into account when scrutinizing the emergence of what turns out to be four different pronouns, namely <i>thone, thother, tone</i>, and <i>tother</i>. First I flesh out the ways in which these pronouns were used in ME. Then I analyze textual evidence which sheds light on the question when and how these pronouns emerged. Finally I argue that while initial <i>th-</i> is always a definite determiner reduced as expected given the DP cycle, initial <i>t</i><b>-</b> can be either a definite determiner or, less likely, part of a lexicalized pronoun. 10 01 JB code cilt.346.05col 77 110 34 Chapter 5 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Leveraging grammaticalization</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">The origins of Old Frisian and Old English</Subtitle> 1 A01 Rebecca Colleran Colleran, Rebecca Rebecca Colleran 20 Anglo-Frisian hypothesis 20 contact 20 drift 20 grammaticalization 20 inheritance 01 For a long time, the striking similarities between OFris (Old Frisian) and Old English (OE) were attributed to an exclusive shared ancestor (Anglo-Frisian), but in the late 20th century that view was ousted in favor of a dialect continuum model. Recent developments in genetics, textual analysis, and archaeology, however, suggest that the earlier model is more accurate. This paper explores a series of diagnostics to distinguish between shared grammaticalizations caused by linguistic relatedness and those caused by geographical proximity. Those diagnostics are then applied to two developments exclusive to OFris and OE: the grammaticalization of <i>aga(n)</i> &#8216;have&#8217; into auxiliary &#8216;have to&#8217;, and the development of a verb complement based on the OE/OFris present participle. In both cases, the diagnostics indicate that the changes occurred due to a shared ancestor, supporting the Anglo-Frisian hypothesis. 10 01 JB code cilt.346.06wis 111 128 18 Chapter 6 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Old English <i>wolde</i> and <i>sceolde</i></TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">A semantic and syntactic analysis</Subtitle> 1 A01 Ilse Wischer Wischer, Ilse Ilse Wischer 20 grammaticalization 20 modality 20 Old English 20 sculan 20 willan 01 The Old English (OE) pre-modals <i>willan</i> and *<i>sculan</i> are generally considered less grammaticalized than their Modern English counterparts <i>will</i> and <i>shall</i>; nevertheless they most often function as auxiliary verbs (cf. Wischer, 2006:&#8239;173). Their present tense forms have already been studied in considerable detail, often in the context of their development into future tense markers, while their morphologically past tense forms have received comparatively little attention. In this paper I examine the past forms of <i>willan</i> and *<i>sculan</i> in the poetry texts from the <i>Dictionary of Old English Corpus</i> and categorize them according to their syntactic contexts and the lexical or grammatical meanings they express. Thus, the aim of this paper is to shed light on their past and non-past time-reference, their main verb use versus auxiliary use and the type of modality or other function they can express in periphrastic constructions, and hence their degree of grammaticalization in Old English. 10 01 JB code cilt.346.07riv 129 148 20 Chapter 7 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">A corpus-based study on the development of <i>dare</i> in Middle English and Early Modern English</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>A </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">corpus-based study on the development of <i>dare</i> in Middle English and Early Modern English</TitleWithoutPrefix> 1 A01 Sofia Bemposta-Rivas Bemposta-Rivas, Sofia Sofia Bemposta-Rivas 20 assertivity 20 blend construction 20 impersonal verbs 20 pre-modal verbs 20 regularisation 01 This study argues that the changes undergone by <i>dare</i> in late Middle English cannot be explained solely in terms of the phonological similarity between <i>dare</i> and <i>tharf</i>, but also by the relationship between <i>tharf</i> and the verb <i>need</i>, plus the influence that the latter exerted on <i>dare.</i> The aim of this study is to analyse the semantic and structural changes that the verbs <i>dare</i>, <i>tharf</i> and <i>need</i> undergo in the period between Middle English and Early Modern English. The data are drawn from <i>The Penn-Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Middle English</i>, <i>The Penn-Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Early Modern English</i> and <i>The Penn Corpus of Early English Correspondence</i>. The analysis confirms that the verbs <i>dare</i> and <i>tharf</i> were confused in Middle English in non-assertive and 'fear' contexts. With the obsolescence of <i>tharf</i>, <i>dare</i> begins to occur more frequently in assertive contexts, and also starts to exhibit lexical features due to the influence exerted by <i>need</i>. 10 01 JB code cilt.346.08hub 149 174 26 Chapter 8 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Counterfactuality and aktionsart</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Predictors for <i>BE</i> vs. <i>HAVE</i>&#8239;+&#8239;past participle in Middle English</Subtitle> 1 A01 Judith Huber Huber, Judith Judith Huber 20 aktionsart 20 auxiliary selection 20 construal 20 counterfactuality 20 manner of motion verb 20 Middle English 20 mixed logistic regression 20 perfect 01 In Middle English (ME), manner of motion verbs occur in perfect periphrases with both <i>BE</i> and <i>HAVE</i> as auxiliaries (e.g. <i>is</i>/<i>has run</i>, <i>is</i>/<i>has ridden</i>), the <i>BE</i>-variant being the older, the <i>HAVE</i>-variant the more recent form with these verbs. Los (2015) hypothesizes that the choice of auxiliary with manner of motion verbs in ME might depend systematically on aktionsart in that <i>HAVE</i> is chosen when the verb denotes a controlled process (e.g. <i>he has run fast for an hour</i>), and <i>BE</i> when the verb denotes a change of location (e.g. <i>he is run into town</i>), much as in Present-Day Dutch. Also taking into account other factors that have been suggested to influence the choice of <i>BE</i> vs. <i>HAVE</i> in Middle English (such as counterfactuality, infinitive, or past perfect), I test this hypothesis on data from the <i>Corpus of Middle English Prose and Verse</i>. I show that aktionsart is indeed a very reliable predictor, but overridden by counterfactuality. 10 01 JB code cilt.346.09cor 175 198 24 Chapter 9 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Conservatism or the influence of the semantics of motion situation in the choice of perfect auxiliaries in Jane Austen&#8217;s letters and novels</TitleText> 1 A01 Nuria Calvo Cortés Calvo Cortés, Nuria Nuria Calvo Cortés 20 auxiliary 20 cognitive approach 20 motion verbs 20 perfect 20 stylistics 01 The present study focuses on the analysis of the choice of either <i>be</i> or <i>have</i> in combination with the past participles of eleven motion verbs (<i>arrive</i>, <i>become</i>, <i>come</i>, <i>enter</i>, <i>fall</i>, <i>go</i>, <i>get</i>, <i>grow</i>, <i>pass</i>, <i>return</i> and <i>run</i>) to form perfective structures in Jane Austen&#8217;s letters and novels. She has previously been considered conservative in her grammar, specifically in relation to her preference for <i>be</i> as opposed to <i>have</i> in this type of structure. A corpus-based study shows that although she could indeed be considered conservative, the option of the auxiliary might also have been motivated by the different components of the motion situation involved in each instance. The conclusions show that some tendencies can be observed in relation to the behaviour of some of these verbs, despite the low number of occurrences of some of the verbs included in the analysis. 10 01 JB code cilt.346.10sch 199 222 24 Chapter 10 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Signs of grammaticalization</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Tracking the <sc>get</sc>-passive through COHA</Subtitle> 1 A01 Sarah Schwarz Schwarz, Sarah Sarah Schwarz 20 get-passive 20 grammaticalization 20 morphosyntactic generalization 20 semantic bleaching 20 situation type 01 In this study, I examine a large number of <sc>get</sc>-passives from different genres and time periods in the <i>Corpus of Historical American English</i> for signs of grammaticalization by looking for evidence of semantic bleaching and morphosyntactic generalization. A comparable set of <sc>be</sc>-passives is included as a control group throughout. The study shows a dramatic increase in the frequency of central <sc>get</sc>-passives between the 1870s and the 1990s. Changes in situation type, subject type, and range of past-participle collocates, which are traced through all four genres in the corpus, provide further indications that the <sc>get</sc>-passive is continuing to grammaticalize over the period. 10 01 JB code cilt.346.11chr 223 246 24 Chapter 11 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">From <i>time-before-place</i> to <i>place-before-time</i> in the history of English</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">A corpus-based analysis of adverbial clusters</Subtitle> 1 A01 Susanne Chrambach Chrambach, Susanne Susanne Chrambach 20 adverbial 20 information structure 20 proximity principle 20 word order 01 In Present-day English, place adverbials tend to precede adverbials of time in clusters (cf. Hasselg&#229;rd, 1996). In this paper, this word order preference is investigated from a diachronic perspective. The corpus-based analysis shows that the preferred order changes from time-before-place in Old English to place-before-time towards the end of the Middle English period. In a number of binary logistic regressions this study explores which factors might motivate these preferences respectively. The obligatoriness of the adverbials and their realization form emerge as two crucial factors. Their effect can be related to the proximity principle (cf. Hasselg&#229;rd, 2010), the principle of end weight, and the principle of given-before-new. Comparing the different periods of English from Old English to Early Modern English, this paper shows how the increasingly fixed position of the lexical verb can be linked to the reversal of the ordering preference from time-before-place to place-before-time. 10 01 JB code cilt.346.12sch 247 268 22 Chapter 12 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Variation and change at the interface of syntax and semantics</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Concessive clauses in American English</Subtitle> 1 A01 Ole Schützler Schützler, Ole Ole Schützler 20 American English 20 concessives 20 conjunctions 20 Corpus Linguistics 20 syntax 01 Based on the <i>Corpus of Historical American English</i> (COHA), this chapter inspects diachronic changes of constructions involving the concessive conjunctions <i>although</i>, <i>though</i> and <i>even though</i> from the 1860s to the present day. Following a short summary of changes in semantics and clause structures, the main focus lies on factors that have an effect on the position of the subordinate clause relative to the matrix clause. A Bayesian logistic regression model is used to investigate in how far the position of a subordinate clause can be predicted from the semantics of the entire construction, the connective that is used, and the weight (or length) of the complement, and whether the preferred positions of subordinate clauses change over time. 10 01 JB code cilt.346.13roh 269 286 18 Chapter 13 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Further explorations in the grammar of intensifier marking in Modern English</TitleText> 1 A01 Günter Rohdenburg Rohdenburg, Günter Günter Rohdenburg 20 grammatical constraints 20 past/present participles 20 predicative/attributive/complemented adjectives 20 predicatively used prepositional phrases 20 unmarked/suffixed intensifiers 20 verbality 01 Picking up on earlier analyses, this paper explores a number of further issues bearing on the replacement of unmarked intensifiers by suffixed ones. While the evolutions of individual intensifiers may vary enormously, almost all grammatical constraints on intensifier marking can be accounted for in terms of a verbality cline: Structures displaying a high degree of verbality promote the establishment of suffixed intensifiers whereas less verbal structures tend to delay the process. The major findings supporting this generalization include the following:<br />• Past participles, which virtually always function as predicatives, represent one of the earliest categories to implement the change. In this respect, they contrast with present participles, which tend to behave like ordinary adjectives.<br />• Compared with predicative adjectives, attributive adjectives have been slow to replace unmarked intensifiers by suffixed ones.<br />• The establishment of the suffix is further advanced with complemented (non-attributive) adjectives than uncomplemented ones.<br /><br /> 10 01 JB code cilt.346.14vos 287 308 22 Chapter 14 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">The rivalry between <i>far from being</i>&#8239;+&#8239;predicative item and its counterpart omitting the copula in Modern English</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>The </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">rivalry between <i>far from being</i>&#8239;+&#8239;predicative item and its counterpart omitting the copula in Modern English</TitleWithoutPrefix> 1 A01 Uwe Vosberg Vosberg, Uwe Uwe Vosberg 2 A01 Günter Rohdenburg Rohdenburg, Günter Günter Rohdenburg 20 British-American contrasts 20 complex predicatives 20 complexity/morphological/syntactic constraints 20 contrasts between OED quotations and narrative textbases 20 optional function word 20 the lag and overtake scenario 01 Distinguishing between several subtypes of the frame <i>far from</i>&#8239;+&#8239;optional and recessive <i>being</i>&#8239;+&#8239;predicative phrase, this paper charts the evolution of the rivalling variants in British and American English over the last few centuries. The paper reports on two major findings. First, in line with the Complexity Principle, there is a tendency for more complex predicatives to help preserve the more explicit <i>being</i> variant better than simpler ones. In particular, morphologically complex adjectives and syntactically complex noun phrases in the predicative slot are shown to retain the <i>being</i> variant longer than less complex ones. Second, as regards the establishment of the less explicit zero variant, the relation between British and American English corresponds to the so-called lag and overtake scenario. While initially trailing behind British English, American English has - in more recent times - adopted the zero variant much faster than British English. 10 01 JB code cilt.346.ind 309 311 3 Miscellaneous 15 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Index</TitleText> 02 JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam/Philadelphia NL 04 20190527 2019 John Benjamins B.V. 02 WORLD 08 725 gr 01 JB 1 John Benjamins Publishing Company +31 20 6304747 +31 20 6739773 bookorder@benjamins.nl 01 https://benjamins.com 01 WORLD US CA MX 21 17 20 01 02 JB 1 00 99.00 EUR R 02 02 JB 1 00 104.94 EUR R 01 JB 10 bebc +44 1202 712 934 +44 1202 712 913 sales@bebc.co.uk 03 GB 21 20 02 02 JB 1 00 83.00 GBP Z 01 JB 2 John Benjamins North America +1 800 562-5666 +1 703 661-1501 benjamins@presswarehouse.com 01 https://benjamins.com 01 US CA MX 21 1 20 01 gen 02 JB 1 00 149.00 USD