29025805
03
01
01
JB
John Benjamins Publishing Company
01
JB code
CILT 346 Eb
15
9789027262479
06
10.1075/cilt.346
13
2019018915
DG
002
02
01
CILT
02
0304-0763
Current Issues in Linguistic Theory
346
01
Developments in English Historical Morpho-Syntax
01
cilt.346
01
https://benjamins.com
02
https://benjamins.com/catalog/cilt.346
1
B01
Claudia Claridge
Claridge, Claudia
Claudia
Claridge
University of Augsburg
2
B01
Birte Bös
Bös, Birte
Birte
Bös
University of Duisburg-Essen
01
eng
318
vi
312
LAN009010
v.2006
CFF
2
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.ENG
English linguistics
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.GERM
Germanic linguistics
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.HL
Historical linguistics
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.MORPH
Morphology
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.SYNTAX
Syntax
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.THEOR
Theoretical linguistics
06
01
Spanning the time from Old English to modern American English, this volume provides fresh perspectives on core issues and theories in the morphosyntactic history of English nominal, verbal and adverbial constructions. The contributions discuss the loss, rise and restructuring of morphonological marking, periphrastic verbal constructions, auxiliary variation and evolution, as well as changing word order options. Favouring corpus-linguistic, frequency-based and statistical approaches, the studies are firmly empirically grounded. The book is aimed at scholars interested in the history of the English language and in language variation and change.
04
09
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04
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10
01
JB code
cilt.346.01cla
1
8
8
Chapter
1
01
Introduction
1
A01
Claudia Claridge
Claridge, Claudia
Claudia
Claridge
2
A01
Birte Bös
Bös, Birte
Birte
Bös
10
01
JB code
cilt.346.02ada
9
34
26
Chapter
2
01
The dynamics of changes in the early English inflection
The
dynamics of changes in the early English inflection
Evidence from the Old English nominal system
1
A01
Elżbieta Adamczyk
Adamczyk, Elżbieta
Elżbieta
Adamczyk
20
frequency of occurrence
20
morpho-phonological salience
20
nominal morphology
20
Old English
01
This study examines the mechanisms of the reorganisation of the Old English nominal morphology, which embraced a range of phonological and analogical developments conditioned by a variety of factors deriving from different domains. The immediate consequences of these changes are most prominent in the minor (unproductive) declensional classes, whose inflection tended to be remodelled on the patterns of the major (productive) paradigms. The focus of the study is primarily on three factors which had a major impact on the restructuring patterns of the Old English nominal morphology: frequency of occurrence, morpho-phonological salience of inflectional exponents and the formal inflectional overlap across paradigms. Interacting mostly in a synergetic way, they largely determined the shape of the nominal system as it is known now in modern English. The analysed material demonstrates as well that the dynamics of the changes in the nominal system worked towards retaining or enhancing the functionality of the system.
10
01
JB code
cilt.346.03mid
35
56
22
Chapter
3
01
“Subsumed under the dative”?
The status of the Old English instrumental
1
A01
Kirsten Middeke
Middeke, Kirsten
Kirsten
Middeke
20
case
20
collexeme analysis
20
noun phrase
20
Old English
20
productivity
01
Most descriptions of Old English grammar do not count the instrumental as a separate case, since distinctly instrumental forms are not available for all lexical categories that are inflected for case in Old English. Assuming that the instrumental has been completely subsumed under the dative is misleading, however. In actual fact, any definite, quantified or adjective-modified masculine or neuter NP in the singular can be marked either dative or instrumental, and a clear functional difference emerges if we contrast noun phrases containing instrumental forms with those containing exclusively dative forms. Instrumental-case NPs are adverbials of time, manner and place, whereas dative-case NPs usually refer to persons and are often verbal arguments. This paper explores the extent to which the instrumental and the dative can be distinguished in Old English, the functional load of the distinction and the degree of its productivity, drawing on the results of collexeme analyses carried out on data from the <i>York-Toronto-Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Old English Prose</i>.
10
01
JB code
cilt.346.04nyk
57
76
20
Chapter
4
01
‘Thone vpon thother’
On pronouns <i>one</i> and <i>other</i> with initial <i>th</i>- and <i>t</i>- in Middle English
1
A01
Jerzy Nykiel
Nykiel, Jerzy
Jerzy
Nykiel
20
definiteness
20
determiner
20
DP cycle
20
Middle English
20
pronoun
01
A frequent result produced by a search of the digital corpora of Middle English (henceforth ME) for instances of reduced <i>th</i>’ is a nominal involving the pronouns <i>one</i> or <i>other</i> with initial <i>th</i><b>-</b> or <i>t-</i> attached. In this study I argue that two different mechanisms, that is reduction of the definite article and misanalysis of the preceding demonstrative, need to be taken into account when scrutinizing the emergence of what turns out to be four different pronouns, namely <i>thone, thother, tone</i>, and <i>tother</i>. First I flesh out the ways in which these pronouns were used in ME. Then I analyze textual evidence which sheds light on the question when and how these pronouns emerged. Finally I argue that while initial <i>th-</i> is always a definite determiner reduced as expected given the DP cycle, initial <i>t</i><b>-</b> can be either a definite determiner or, less likely, part of a lexicalized pronoun.
10
01
JB code
cilt.346.05col
77
110
34
Chapter
5
01
Leveraging grammaticalization
The origins of Old Frisian and Old English
1
A01
Rebecca Colleran
Colleran, Rebecca
Rebecca
Colleran
20
Anglo-Frisian hypothesis
20
contact
20
drift
20
grammaticalization
20
inheritance
01
For a long time, the striking similarities between OFris (Old Frisian) and Old English (OE) were attributed to an exclusive shared ancestor (Anglo-Frisian), but in the late 20th century that view was ousted in favor of a dialect continuum model. Recent developments in genetics, textual analysis, and archaeology, however, suggest that the earlier model is more accurate. This paper explores a series of diagnostics to distinguish between shared grammaticalizations caused by linguistic relatedness and those caused by geographical proximity. Those diagnostics are then applied to two developments exclusive to OFris and OE: the grammaticalization of <i>aga(n)</i> ‘have’ into auxiliary ‘have to’, and the development of a verb complement based on the OE/OFris present participle. In both cases, the diagnostics indicate that the changes occurred due to a shared ancestor, supporting the Anglo-Frisian hypothesis.
10
01
JB code
cilt.346.06wis
111
128
18
Chapter
6
01
Old English <i>wolde</i> and <i>sceolde</i>
A semantic and syntactic analysis
1
A01
Ilse Wischer
Wischer, Ilse
Ilse
Wischer
20
grammaticalization
20
modality
20
Old English
20
sculan
20
willan
01
The Old English (OE) pre-modals <i>willan</i> and *<i>sculan</i> are generally considered less grammaticalized than their Modern English counterparts <i>will</i> and <i>shall</i>; nevertheless they most often function as auxiliary verbs (cf. Wischer, 2006: 173). Their present tense forms have already been studied in considerable detail, often in the context of their development into future tense markers, while their morphologically past tense forms have received comparatively little attention. In this paper I examine the past forms of <i>willan</i> and *<i>sculan</i> in the poetry texts from the <i>Dictionary of Old English Corpus</i> and categorize them according to their syntactic contexts and the lexical or grammatical meanings they express. Thus, the aim of this paper is to shed light on their past and non-past time-reference, their main verb use versus auxiliary use and the type of modality or other function they can express in periphrastic constructions, and hence their degree of grammaticalization in Old English.
10
01
JB code
cilt.346.07riv
129
148
20
Chapter
7
01
A corpus-based study on the development of <i>dare</i> in Middle English and Early Modern English
A
corpus-based study on the development of <i>dare</i> in Middle English and Early Modern English
1
A01
Sofia Bemposta-Rivas
Bemposta-Rivas, Sofia
Sofia
Bemposta-Rivas
20
assertivity
20
blend construction
20
impersonal verbs
20
pre-modal verbs
20
regularisation
01
This study argues that the changes undergone by <i>dare</i> in late Middle English cannot be explained solely in terms of the phonological similarity between <i>dare</i> and <i>tharf</i>, but also by the relationship between <i>tharf</i> and the verb <i>need</i>, plus the influence that the latter exerted on <i>dare.</i> The aim of this study is to analyse the semantic and structural changes that the verbs <i>dare</i>, <i>tharf</i> and <i>need</i> undergo in the period between Middle English and Early Modern English. The data are drawn from <i>The Penn-Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Middle English</i>, <i>The Penn-Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Early Modern English</i> and <i>The Penn Corpus of Early English Correspondence</i>. The analysis confirms that the verbs <i>dare</i> and <i>tharf</i> were confused in Middle English in non-assertive and 'fear' contexts. With the obsolescence of <i>tharf</i>, <i>dare</i> begins to occur more frequently in assertive contexts, and also starts to exhibit lexical features due to the influence exerted by <i>need</i>.
10
01
JB code
cilt.346.08hub
149
174
26
Chapter
8
01
Counterfactuality and aktionsart
Predictors for <i>BE</i> vs. <i>HAVE</i> + past participle in Middle English
1
A01
Judith Huber
Huber, Judith
Judith
Huber
20
aktionsart
20
auxiliary selection
20
construal
20
counterfactuality
20
manner of motion verb
20
Middle English
20
mixed logistic regression
20
perfect
01
In Middle English (ME), manner of motion verbs occur in perfect periphrases with both <i>BE</i> and <i>HAVE</i> as auxiliaries (e.g. <i>is</i>/<i>has run</i>, <i>is</i>/<i>has ridden</i>), the <i>BE</i>-variant being the older, the <i>HAVE</i>-variant the more recent form with these verbs. Los (2015) hypothesizes that the choice of auxiliary with manner of motion verbs in ME might depend systematically on aktionsart in that <i>HAVE</i> is chosen when the verb denotes a controlled process (e.g. <i>he has run fast for an hour</i>), and <i>BE</i> when the verb denotes a change of location (e.g. <i>he is run into town</i>), much as in Present-Day Dutch. Also taking into account other factors that have been suggested to influence the choice of <i>BE</i> vs. <i>HAVE</i> in Middle English (such as counterfactuality, infinitive, or past perfect), I test this hypothesis on data from the <i>Corpus of Middle English Prose and Verse</i>. I show that aktionsart is indeed a very reliable predictor, but overridden by counterfactuality.
10
01
JB code
cilt.346.09cor
175
198
24
Chapter
9
01
Conservatism or the influence of the semantics of motion situation in the choice of perfect auxiliaries in Jane Austen’s letters and novels
1
A01
Nuria Calvo Cortés
Calvo Cortés, Nuria
Nuria
Calvo Cortés
20
auxiliary
20
cognitive approach
20
motion verbs
20
perfect
20
stylistics
01
The present study focuses on the analysis of the choice of either <i>be</i> or <i>have</i> in combination with the past participles of eleven motion verbs (<i>arrive</i>, <i>become</i>, <i>come</i>, <i>enter</i>, <i>fall</i>, <i>go</i>, <i>get</i>, <i>grow</i>, <i>pass</i>, <i>return</i> and <i>run</i>) to form perfective structures in Jane Austen’s letters and novels. She has previously been considered conservative in her grammar, specifically in relation to her preference for <i>be</i> as opposed to <i>have</i> in this type of structure. A corpus-based study shows that although she could indeed be considered conservative, the option of the auxiliary might also have been motivated by the different components of the motion situation involved in each instance. The conclusions show that some tendencies can be observed in relation to the behaviour of some of these verbs, despite the low number of occurrences of some of the verbs included in the analysis.
10
01
JB code
cilt.346.10sch
199
222
24
Chapter
10
01
Signs of grammaticalization
Tracking the <sc>get</sc>-passive through COHA
1
A01
Sarah Schwarz
Schwarz, Sarah
Sarah
Schwarz
20
get-passive
20
grammaticalization
20
morphosyntactic generalization
20
semantic bleaching
20
situation type
01
In this study, I examine a large number of <sc>get</sc>-passives from different genres and time periods in the <i>Corpus of Historical American English</i> for signs of grammaticalization by looking for evidence of semantic bleaching and morphosyntactic generalization. A comparable set of <sc>be</sc>-passives is included as a control group throughout. The study shows a dramatic increase in the frequency of central <sc>get</sc>-passives between the 1870s and the 1990s. Changes in situation type, subject type, and range of past-participle collocates, which are traced through all four genres in the corpus, provide further indications that the <sc>get</sc>-passive is continuing to grammaticalize over the period.
10
01
JB code
cilt.346.11chr
223
246
24
Chapter
11
01
From <i>time-before-place</i> to <i>place-before-time</i> in the history of English
A corpus-based analysis of adverbial clusters
1
A01
Susanne Chrambach
Chrambach, Susanne
Susanne
Chrambach
20
adverbial
20
information structure
20
proximity principle
20
word order
01
In Present-day English, place adverbials tend to precede adverbials of time in clusters (cf. Hasselgård, 1996). In this paper, this word order preference is investigated from a diachronic perspective. The corpus-based analysis shows that the preferred order changes from time-before-place in Old English to place-before-time towards the end of the Middle English period. In a number of binary logistic regressions this study explores which factors might motivate these preferences respectively. The obligatoriness of the adverbials and their realization form emerge as two crucial factors. Their effect can be related to the proximity principle (cf. Hasselgård, 2010), the principle of end weight, and the principle of given-before-new. Comparing the different periods of English from Old English to Early Modern English, this paper shows how the increasingly fixed position of the lexical verb can be linked to the reversal of the ordering preference from time-before-place to place-before-time.
10
01
JB code
cilt.346.12sch
247
268
22
Chapter
12
01
Variation and change at the interface of syntax and semantics
Concessive clauses in American English
1
A01
Ole Schützler
Schützler, Ole
Ole
Schützler
20
American English
20
concessives
20
conjunctions
20
Corpus Linguistics
20
syntax
01
Based on the <i>Corpus of Historical American English</i> (COHA), this chapter inspects diachronic changes of constructions involving the concessive conjunctions <i>although</i>, <i>though</i> and <i>even though</i> from the 1860s to the present day. Following a short summary of changes in semantics and clause structures, the main focus lies on factors that have an effect on the position of the subordinate clause relative to the matrix clause. A Bayesian logistic regression model is used to investigate in how far the position of a subordinate clause can be predicted from the semantics of the entire construction, the connective that is used, and the weight (or length) of the complement, and whether the preferred positions of subordinate clauses change over time.
10
01
JB code
cilt.346.13roh
269
286
18
Chapter
13
01
Further explorations in the grammar of intensifier marking in Modern English
1
A01
Günter Rohdenburg
Rohdenburg, Günter
Günter
Rohdenburg
20
grammatical constraints
20
past/present participles
20
predicative/attributive/complemented adjectives
20
predicatively used prepositional phrases
20
unmarked/suffixed intensifiers
20
verbality
01
Picking up on earlier analyses, this paper explores a number of further issues bearing on the replacement of unmarked intensifiers by suffixed ones. While the evolutions of individual intensifiers may vary enormously, almost all grammatical constraints on intensifier marking can be accounted for in terms of a verbality cline: Structures displaying a high degree of verbality promote the establishment of suffixed intensifiers whereas less verbal structures tend to delay the process. The major findings supporting this generalization include the following:<br />• Past participles, which virtually always function as predicatives, represent one of the earliest categories to implement the change. In this respect, they contrast with present participles, which tend to behave like ordinary adjectives.<br />• Compared with predicative adjectives, attributive adjectives have been slow to replace unmarked intensifiers by suffixed ones.<br />• The establishment of the suffix is further advanced with complemented (non-attributive) adjectives than uncomplemented ones.<br /><br />
10
01
JB code
cilt.346.14vos
287
308
22
Chapter
14
01
The rivalry between <i>far from being</i> + predicative item and its counterpart omitting the copula in Modern English
The
rivalry between <i>far from being</i> + predicative item and its counterpart omitting the copula in Modern English
1
A01
Uwe Vosberg
Vosberg, Uwe
Uwe
Vosberg
2
A01
Günter Rohdenburg
Rohdenburg, Günter
Günter
Rohdenburg
20
British-American contrasts
20
complex predicatives
20
complexity/morphological/syntactic constraints
20
contrasts between OED quotations and narrative textbases
20
optional function word
20
the lag and overtake scenario
01
Distinguishing between several subtypes of the frame <i>far from</i> + optional and recessive <i>being</i> + predicative phrase, this paper charts the evolution of the rivalling variants in British and American English over the last few centuries. The paper reports on two major findings. First, in line with the Complexity Principle, there is a tendency for more complex predicatives to help preserve the more explicit <i>being</i> variant better than simpler ones. In particular, morphologically complex adjectives and syntactically complex noun phrases in the predicative slot are shown to retain the <i>being</i> variant longer than less complex ones. Second, as regards the establishment of the less explicit zero variant, the relation between British and American English corresponds to the so-called lag and overtake scenario. While initially trailing behind British English, American English has - in more recent times - adopted the zero variant much faster than British English.
10
01
JB code
cilt.346.ind
309
311
3
Miscellaneous
15
01
Index
02
JBENJAMINS
John Benjamins Publishing Company
01
John Benjamins Publishing Company
Amsterdam/Philadelphia
NL
04
20190527
2019
John Benjamins B.V.
02
WORLD
13
15
9789027203236
01
JB
3
John Benjamins e-Platform
03
jbe-platform.com
09
WORLD
21
01
00
99.00
EUR
R
01
00
83.00
GBP
Z
01
gen
00
149.00
USD
S
988025804
03
01
01
JB
John Benjamins Publishing Company
01
JB code
CILT 346 Hb
15
9789027203236
13
2019003730
BB
01
CILT
02
0304-0763
Current Issues in Linguistic Theory
346
01
Developments in English Historical Morpho-Syntax
01
cilt.346
01
https://benjamins.com
02
https://benjamins.com/catalog/cilt.346
1
B01
Claudia Claridge
Claridge, Claudia
Claudia
Claridge
University of Augsburg
2
B01
Birte Bös
Bös, Birte
Birte
Bös
University of Duisburg-Essen
01
eng
318
vi
312
LAN009010
v.2006
CFF
2
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.ENG
English linguistics
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.GERM
Germanic linguistics
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.HL
Historical linguistics
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.MORPH
Morphology
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.SYNTAX
Syntax
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.THEOR
Theoretical linguistics
06
01
Spanning the time from Old English to modern American English, this volume provides fresh perspectives on core issues and theories in the morphosyntactic history of English nominal, verbal and adverbial constructions. The contributions discuss the loss, rise and restructuring of morphonological marking, periphrastic verbal constructions, auxiliary variation and evolution, as well as changing word order options. Favouring corpus-linguistic, frequency-based and statistical approaches, the studies are firmly empirically grounded. The book is aimed at scholars interested in the history of the English language and in language variation and change.
04
09
01
https://benjamins.com/covers/475/cilt.346.png
04
03
01
https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027203236.jpg
04
03
01
https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027203236.tif
06
09
01
https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/cilt.346.hb.png
07
09
01
https://benjamins.com/covers/125/cilt.346.png
25
09
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https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/cilt.346.hb.png
27
09
01
https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/cilt.346.hb.png
10
01
JB code
cilt.346.01cla
1
8
8
Chapter
1
01
Introduction
1
A01
Claudia Claridge
Claridge, Claudia
Claudia
Claridge
2
A01
Birte Bös
Bös, Birte
Birte
Bös
10
01
JB code
cilt.346.02ada
9
34
26
Chapter
2
01
The dynamics of changes in the early English inflection
The
dynamics of changes in the early English inflection
Evidence from the Old English nominal system
1
A01
Elżbieta Adamczyk
Adamczyk, Elżbieta
Elżbieta
Adamczyk
20
frequency of occurrence
20
morpho-phonological salience
20
nominal morphology
20
Old English
01
This study examines the mechanisms of the reorganisation of the Old English nominal morphology, which embraced a range of phonological and analogical developments conditioned by a variety of factors deriving from different domains. The immediate consequences of these changes are most prominent in the minor (unproductive) declensional classes, whose inflection tended to be remodelled on the patterns of the major (productive) paradigms. The focus of the study is primarily on three factors which had a major impact on the restructuring patterns of the Old English nominal morphology: frequency of occurrence, morpho-phonological salience of inflectional exponents and the formal inflectional overlap across paradigms. Interacting mostly in a synergetic way, they largely determined the shape of the nominal system as it is known now in modern English. The analysed material demonstrates as well that the dynamics of the changes in the nominal system worked towards retaining or enhancing the functionality of the system.
10
01
JB code
cilt.346.03mid
35
56
22
Chapter
3
01
“Subsumed under the dative”?
The status of the Old English instrumental
1
A01
Kirsten Middeke
Middeke, Kirsten
Kirsten
Middeke
20
case
20
collexeme analysis
20
noun phrase
20
Old English
20
productivity
01
Most descriptions of Old English grammar do not count the instrumental as a separate case, since distinctly instrumental forms are not available for all lexical categories that are inflected for case in Old English. Assuming that the instrumental has been completely subsumed under the dative is misleading, however. In actual fact, any definite, quantified or adjective-modified masculine or neuter NP in the singular can be marked either dative or instrumental, and a clear functional difference emerges if we contrast noun phrases containing instrumental forms with those containing exclusively dative forms. Instrumental-case NPs are adverbials of time, manner and place, whereas dative-case NPs usually refer to persons and are often verbal arguments. This paper explores the extent to which the instrumental and the dative can be distinguished in Old English, the functional load of the distinction and the degree of its productivity, drawing on the results of collexeme analyses carried out on data from the <i>York-Toronto-Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Old English Prose</i>.
10
01
JB code
cilt.346.04nyk
57
76
20
Chapter
4
01
‘Thone vpon thother’
On pronouns <i>one</i> and <i>other</i> with initial <i>th</i>- and <i>t</i>- in Middle English
1
A01
Jerzy Nykiel
Nykiel, Jerzy
Jerzy
Nykiel
20
definiteness
20
determiner
20
DP cycle
20
Middle English
20
pronoun
01
A frequent result produced by a search of the digital corpora of Middle English (henceforth ME) for instances of reduced <i>th</i>’ is a nominal involving the pronouns <i>one</i> or <i>other</i> with initial <i>th</i><b>-</b> or <i>t-</i> attached. In this study I argue that two different mechanisms, that is reduction of the definite article and misanalysis of the preceding demonstrative, need to be taken into account when scrutinizing the emergence of what turns out to be four different pronouns, namely <i>thone, thother, tone</i>, and <i>tother</i>. First I flesh out the ways in which these pronouns were used in ME. Then I analyze textual evidence which sheds light on the question when and how these pronouns emerged. Finally I argue that while initial <i>th-</i> is always a definite determiner reduced as expected given the DP cycle, initial <i>t</i><b>-</b> can be either a definite determiner or, less likely, part of a lexicalized pronoun.
10
01
JB code
cilt.346.05col
77
110
34
Chapter
5
01
Leveraging grammaticalization
The origins of Old Frisian and Old English
1
A01
Rebecca Colleran
Colleran, Rebecca
Rebecca
Colleran
20
Anglo-Frisian hypothesis
20
contact
20
drift
20
grammaticalization
20
inheritance
01
For a long time, the striking similarities between OFris (Old Frisian) and Old English (OE) were attributed to an exclusive shared ancestor (Anglo-Frisian), but in the late 20th century that view was ousted in favor of a dialect continuum model. Recent developments in genetics, textual analysis, and archaeology, however, suggest that the earlier model is more accurate. This paper explores a series of diagnostics to distinguish between shared grammaticalizations caused by linguistic relatedness and those caused by geographical proximity. Those diagnostics are then applied to two developments exclusive to OFris and OE: the grammaticalization of <i>aga(n)</i> ‘have’ into auxiliary ‘have to’, and the development of a verb complement based on the OE/OFris present participle. In both cases, the diagnostics indicate that the changes occurred due to a shared ancestor, supporting the Anglo-Frisian hypothesis.
10
01
JB code
cilt.346.06wis
111
128
18
Chapter
6
01
Old English <i>wolde</i> and <i>sceolde</i>
A semantic and syntactic analysis
1
A01
Ilse Wischer
Wischer, Ilse
Ilse
Wischer
20
grammaticalization
20
modality
20
Old English
20
sculan
20
willan
01
The Old English (OE) pre-modals <i>willan</i> and *<i>sculan</i> are generally considered less grammaticalized than their Modern English counterparts <i>will</i> and <i>shall</i>; nevertheless they most often function as auxiliary verbs (cf. Wischer, 2006: 173). Their present tense forms have already been studied in considerable detail, often in the context of their development into future tense markers, while their morphologically past tense forms have received comparatively little attention. In this paper I examine the past forms of <i>willan</i> and *<i>sculan</i> in the poetry texts from the <i>Dictionary of Old English Corpus</i> and categorize them according to their syntactic contexts and the lexical or grammatical meanings they express. Thus, the aim of this paper is to shed light on their past and non-past time-reference, their main verb use versus auxiliary use and the type of modality or other function they can express in periphrastic constructions, and hence their degree of grammaticalization in Old English.
10
01
JB code
cilt.346.07riv
129
148
20
Chapter
7
01
A corpus-based study on the development of <i>dare</i> in Middle English and Early Modern English
A
corpus-based study on the development of <i>dare</i> in Middle English and Early Modern English
1
A01
Sofia Bemposta-Rivas
Bemposta-Rivas, Sofia
Sofia
Bemposta-Rivas
20
assertivity
20
blend construction
20
impersonal verbs
20
pre-modal verbs
20
regularisation
01
This study argues that the changes undergone by <i>dare</i> in late Middle English cannot be explained solely in terms of the phonological similarity between <i>dare</i> and <i>tharf</i>, but also by the relationship between <i>tharf</i> and the verb <i>need</i>, plus the influence that the latter exerted on <i>dare.</i> The aim of this study is to analyse the semantic and structural changes that the verbs <i>dare</i>, <i>tharf</i> and <i>need</i> undergo in the period between Middle English and Early Modern English. The data are drawn from <i>The Penn-Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Middle English</i>, <i>The Penn-Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Early Modern English</i> and <i>The Penn Corpus of Early English Correspondence</i>. The analysis confirms that the verbs <i>dare</i> and <i>tharf</i> were confused in Middle English in non-assertive and 'fear' contexts. With the obsolescence of <i>tharf</i>, <i>dare</i> begins to occur more frequently in assertive contexts, and also starts to exhibit lexical features due to the influence exerted by <i>need</i>.
10
01
JB code
cilt.346.08hub
149
174
26
Chapter
8
01
Counterfactuality and aktionsart
Predictors for <i>BE</i> vs. <i>HAVE</i> + past participle in Middle English
1
A01
Judith Huber
Huber, Judith
Judith
Huber
20
aktionsart
20
auxiliary selection
20
construal
20
counterfactuality
20
manner of motion verb
20
Middle English
20
mixed logistic regression
20
perfect
01
In Middle English (ME), manner of motion verbs occur in perfect periphrases with both <i>BE</i> and <i>HAVE</i> as auxiliaries (e.g. <i>is</i>/<i>has run</i>, <i>is</i>/<i>has ridden</i>), the <i>BE</i>-variant being the older, the <i>HAVE</i>-variant the more recent form with these verbs. Los (2015) hypothesizes that the choice of auxiliary with manner of motion verbs in ME might depend systematically on aktionsart in that <i>HAVE</i> is chosen when the verb denotes a controlled process (e.g. <i>he has run fast for an hour</i>), and <i>BE</i> when the verb denotes a change of location (e.g. <i>he is run into town</i>), much as in Present-Day Dutch. Also taking into account other factors that have been suggested to influence the choice of <i>BE</i> vs. <i>HAVE</i> in Middle English (such as counterfactuality, infinitive, or past perfect), I test this hypothesis on data from the <i>Corpus of Middle English Prose and Verse</i>. I show that aktionsart is indeed a very reliable predictor, but overridden by counterfactuality.
10
01
JB code
cilt.346.09cor
175
198
24
Chapter
9
01
Conservatism or the influence of the semantics of motion situation in the choice of perfect auxiliaries in Jane Austen’s letters and novels
1
A01
Nuria Calvo Cortés
Calvo Cortés, Nuria
Nuria
Calvo Cortés
20
auxiliary
20
cognitive approach
20
motion verbs
20
perfect
20
stylistics
01
The present study focuses on the analysis of the choice of either <i>be</i> or <i>have</i> in combination with the past participles of eleven motion verbs (<i>arrive</i>, <i>become</i>, <i>come</i>, <i>enter</i>, <i>fall</i>, <i>go</i>, <i>get</i>, <i>grow</i>, <i>pass</i>, <i>return</i> and <i>run</i>) to form perfective structures in Jane Austen’s letters and novels. She has previously been considered conservative in her grammar, specifically in relation to her preference for <i>be</i> as opposed to <i>have</i> in this type of structure. A corpus-based study shows that although she could indeed be considered conservative, the option of the auxiliary might also have been motivated by the different components of the motion situation involved in each instance. The conclusions show that some tendencies can be observed in relation to the behaviour of some of these verbs, despite the low number of occurrences of some of the verbs included in the analysis.
10
01
JB code
cilt.346.10sch
199
222
24
Chapter
10
01
Signs of grammaticalization
Tracking the <sc>get</sc>-passive through COHA
1
A01
Sarah Schwarz
Schwarz, Sarah
Sarah
Schwarz
20
get-passive
20
grammaticalization
20
morphosyntactic generalization
20
semantic bleaching
20
situation type
01
In this study, I examine a large number of <sc>get</sc>-passives from different genres and time periods in the <i>Corpus of Historical American English</i> for signs of grammaticalization by looking for evidence of semantic bleaching and morphosyntactic generalization. A comparable set of <sc>be</sc>-passives is included as a control group throughout. The study shows a dramatic increase in the frequency of central <sc>get</sc>-passives between the 1870s and the 1990s. Changes in situation type, subject type, and range of past-participle collocates, which are traced through all four genres in the corpus, provide further indications that the <sc>get</sc>-passive is continuing to grammaticalize over the period.
10
01
JB code
cilt.346.11chr
223
246
24
Chapter
11
01
From <i>time-before-place</i> to <i>place-before-time</i> in the history of English
A corpus-based analysis of adverbial clusters
1
A01
Susanne Chrambach
Chrambach, Susanne
Susanne
Chrambach
20
adverbial
20
information structure
20
proximity principle
20
word order
01
In Present-day English, place adverbials tend to precede adverbials of time in clusters (cf. Hasselgård, 1996). In this paper, this word order preference is investigated from a diachronic perspective. The corpus-based analysis shows that the preferred order changes from time-before-place in Old English to place-before-time towards the end of the Middle English period. In a number of binary logistic regressions this study explores which factors might motivate these preferences respectively. The obligatoriness of the adverbials and their realization form emerge as two crucial factors. Their effect can be related to the proximity principle (cf. Hasselgård, 2010), the principle of end weight, and the principle of given-before-new. Comparing the different periods of English from Old English to Early Modern English, this paper shows how the increasingly fixed position of the lexical verb can be linked to the reversal of the ordering preference from time-before-place to place-before-time.
10
01
JB code
cilt.346.12sch
247
268
22
Chapter
12
01
Variation and change at the interface of syntax and semantics
Concessive clauses in American English
1
A01
Ole Schützler
Schützler, Ole
Ole
Schützler
20
American English
20
concessives
20
conjunctions
20
Corpus Linguistics
20
syntax
01
Based on the <i>Corpus of Historical American English</i> (COHA), this chapter inspects diachronic changes of constructions involving the concessive conjunctions <i>although</i>, <i>though</i> and <i>even though</i> from the 1860s to the present day. Following a short summary of changes in semantics and clause structures, the main focus lies on factors that have an effect on the position of the subordinate clause relative to the matrix clause. A Bayesian logistic regression model is used to investigate in how far the position of a subordinate clause can be predicted from the semantics of the entire construction, the connective that is used, and the weight (or length) of the complement, and whether the preferred positions of subordinate clauses change over time.
10
01
JB code
cilt.346.13roh
269
286
18
Chapter
13
01
Further explorations in the grammar of intensifier marking in Modern English
1
A01
Günter Rohdenburg
Rohdenburg, Günter
Günter
Rohdenburg
20
grammatical constraints
20
past/present participles
20
predicative/attributive/complemented adjectives
20
predicatively used prepositional phrases
20
unmarked/suffixed intensifiers
20
verbality
01
Picking up on earlier analyses, this paper explores a number of further issues bearing on the replacement of unmarked intensifiers by suffixed ones. While the evolutions of individual intensifiers may vary enormously, almost all grammatical constraints on intensifier marking can be accounted for in terms of a verbality cline: Structures displaying a high degree of verbality promote the establishment of suffixed intensifiers whereas less verbal structures tend to delay the process. The major findings supporting this generalization include the following:<br />• Past participles, which virtually always function as predicatives, represent one of the earliest categories to implement the change. In this respect, they contrast with present participles, which tend to behave like ordinary adjectives.<br />• Compared with predicative adjectives, attributive adjectives have been slow to replace unmarked intensifiers by suffixed ones.<br />• The establishment of the suffix is further advanced with complemented (non-attributive) adjectives than uncomplemented ones.<br /><br />
10
01
JB code
cilt.346.14vos
287
308
22
Chapter
14
01
The rivalry between <i>far from being</i> + predicative item and its counterpart omitting the copula in Modern English
The
rivalry between <i>far from being</i> + predicative item and its counterpart omitting the copula in Modern English
1
A01
Uwe Vosberg
Vosberg, Uwe
Uwe
Vosberg
2
A01
Günter Rohdenburg
Rohdenburg, Günter
Günter
Rohdenburg
20
British-American contrasts
20
complex predicatives
20
complexity/morphological/syntactic constraints
20
contrasts between OED quotations and narrative textbases
20
optional function word
20
the lag and overtake scenario
01
Distinguishing between several subtypes of the frame <i>far from</i> + optional and recessive <i>being</i> + predicative phrase, this paper charts the evolution of the rivalling variants in British and American English over the last few centuries. The paper reports on two major findings. First, in line with the Complexity Principle, there is a tendency for more complex predicatives to help preserve the more explicit <i>being</i> variant better than simpler ones. In particular, morphologically complex adjectives and syntactically complex noun phrases in the predicative slot are shown to retain the <i>being</i> variant longer than less complex ones. Second, as regards the establishment of the less explicit zero variant, the relation between British and American English corresponds to the so-called lag and overtake scenario. While initially trailing behind British English, American English has - in more recent times - adopted the zero variant much faster than British English.
10
01
JB code
cilt.346.ind
309
311
3
Miscellaneous
15
01
Index
02
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