139026735 03 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code CILT 352 Eb 15 9789027260901 06 10.1075/cilt.352 13 2020018990 00 EA E107 10 01 JB code CILT 02 0304-0763 02 352.00 01 02 Current Issues in Linguistic Theory Current Issues in Linguistic Theory 11 01 JB code jbe-all 01 02 Full EBA collection (ca. 4,200 titles) 11 01 JB code jbe-eba-2023 01 02 Compact EBA Collection 2023 (ca. 700 titles, starting 2018) 11 01 JB code jbe-2020 01 02 2020 collection (131 titles) 01 01 Perfects in Indo-European Languages and Beyond Perfects in Indo-European Languages and Beyond 1 B01 01 JB code 341398534 Robert Crellin Crellin, Robert Robert Crellin University of Cambridge 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/341398534 2 B01 01 JB code 506398535 Thomas Jügel Jügel, Thomas Thomas Jügel Goethe University Frankfurt am Main 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/506398535 01 eng 11 700 03 03 xiv 03 00 686 03 01 23 415/.62 03 2020 P649 04 Indo-European languages--Tense. 04 Grammar, Comparative and general--Tense. 10 LAN009010 12 CFF 24 JB code LIN.HL Historical linguistics 24 JB code LIN.SEMAN Semantics 24 JB code LIN.SYNTAX Syntax 24 JB code LIN.THEOR Theoretical linguistics 01 06 02 00 This volume provides a detailed investigation of perfects from all the branches of the Indo-European language family. The cross-linguistic perspective and the inclusion of contributions beyond the boundaries of the IE family per se, facilitate typological comparison and permit the investigation of TAME systems over time. 03 00 This volume provides a detailed investigation of perfects from all the branches of the Indo-European language family, in some cases representing the first ever comprehensive description. Thorough philological examinations result in empirically well-founded analyses illustrated with over 940 examples. The unique temporal depth and diatopic breadth of attested Indo-European languages permits the investigation of both TAME (Tense-Aspect-Mood-Evidentiality) systems over time and recurring cycles of change, as well as synchronic patterns of areal distribution and contact phenomena. These possibilities are fully exploited in the volume. Furthermore, the cross-linguistic perspective adopted by many authors, as well as the inclusion of contributions which go beyond the boundaries of the Indo-European family per se, facilitates typological comparison. As such, the volume is intended to serve as a springboard for future research both into the semantics of the perfect in Indo-European itself, and verb systems across the world’s languages. 01 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/cilt.352.png 01 01 D502 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027207371.jpg 01 01 D504 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027207371.tif 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/cilt.352.hb.png 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/cilt.352.png 02 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/cilt.352.hb.png 03 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/cilt.352.hb.png 01 01 JB code cilt.352.for 06 10.1075/cilt.352.for vii x 4 Miscellaneous 1 01 04 Editors' foreword Editors’ foreword 01 eng 01 01 JB code cilt.352.abb 06 10.1075/cilt.352.abb xi xiv 4 Miscellaneous 2 01 04 Abbreviations Abbreviations 01 eng 01 01 JB code cilt.352.01com 06 10.1075/cilt.352.01com 1 14 14 Chapter 3 01 04 Chapter 1. Introduction Chapter 1. Introduction 1 A01 01 JB code 956418422 Bernard Comrie Comrie, Bernard Bernard Comrie University of California, Santa Barbara 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/956418422 01 eng 03 00

This Introduction highlights some of the recurrent themes of the volume, in particular two diachronic paths: (i) resultative > perfect > perfective past; (ii) relaxation of an initial constraint restricting the perfect to results attributed to the patient. The latter leads to a discussion of be and have perfects, including English and Dutch data that point to important methodological caveats.

01 01 JB code cilt.352.02kum 06 10.1075/cilt.352.02kum 15 48 34 Chapter 4 01 04 Chapter 2. The development of the perfect within IE verbal systems Chapter 2. The development of the perfect within IE verbal systems 01 04 An overview An overview 1 A01 01 JB code 796418423 Martin Joachim Kümmel Kümmel, Martin Joachim Martin Joachim Kümmel Friedrich Schiller University Jena 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/796418423 01 eng 03 00

This paper gives an overview of the development of perfect forms in the branches of Indo-European. It begins with a discussion of the perfect in Proto-Indo-European and problems with its reconstruction. Special attention is paid to the formal and functional discrepancies between the Common Indo-European perfect and related forms in the Anatolian branch. The paper then traces the continuation of the Proto-Indo-European perfect form and gives an overview of various new constructions which take the place of the original form. It concludes with a short discussion of the semantic shifts which take place in the different Indo-European branches.

01 01 JB code cilt.352.03wig 06 10.1075/cilt.352.03wig 49 94 46 Chapter 5 01 04 Chapter 3. Celtic past tenses past and present Chapter 3. Celtic past tenses past and present 1 A01 01 JB code 674418424 Arndt Wigger Wigger, Arndt Arndt Wigger Studienhaus für Keltische Sprachen und Kulturen (SKSK), Königswinter 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/674418424 01 eng 03 00

Past tense marked for perfective aspect, resultative, or other typical features of grammatical perfect forms is clearly in evidence in all of the modern Celtic languages, although not normally listed in the standard paradigms. An overview of usages in the modern languages will be given here, the major structures being of fairly recent origin. The formal structure is periphrastic throughout, divided between an older type employing the preposition ‘after’, and a newer one which shows some resemblance to the have-perfects in many other European languages. In agreement with previous authors, these major formal types will be referred to as p1 and p2 respectively. As the question of active vs. passive is crucial here, this side of the matter will be discussed to some extent, as will be the issue of syntactically reduced structures containing traces of a perfect tense. Questions of contact-induced change will not be addressed in this descriptive overview, except on some minor points. Given the grammatical and semantic complexity of this matter, with different developments over six literary languages and a multitude of dialectal varieties, the early (pre)history will not be discussed in much detail here.

01 01 JB code cilt.352.04fis 06 10.1075/cilt.352.04fis 95 122 28 Chapter 6 01 04 Chapter 4. The development of the perfect in selected Middle and New Germanic languages Chapter 4. The development of the perfect in selected Middle and New Germanic languages 1 A01 01 JB code 589418425 Hanna Fischer Fischer, Hanna Hanna Fischer Philipps-University Marburg 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/589418425 01 eng 03 00

This article gives an overview of the most important similarities and differences in perfect constructions in modern Germanic languages. The focus is on the German present perfect form and its developments, which will be compared with the perfect constructions of English and Dutch (West Germanic) and Swedish (North Germanic) throughout. First, I introduce and compare the perfect forms in a selection of modern Germanic languages. I then focus on the emergence and development of the German perfect, before I compare the degrees of perfect expansion in the languages under investigation. In a final step, I investigate some of the consequences of the described processes: i.e. the loss of the German preterite form (Präteritumschwund), the emergence of the double perfect constructions in German substandard varieties, and the re-introduction of a semantic opposition in English.

01 01 JB code cilt.352.05ark 06 10.1075/cilt.352.05ark 123 214 92 Chapter 7 01 04 Chapter 5. Perfects in Baltic and Slavic Chapter 5. Perfects in Baltic and Slavic 1 A01 01 JB code 492418426 Peter M. Arkadiev Arkadiev, Peter M. Peter M. Arkadiev Institute of Slavic Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences/Russian State University for the Humanities/Vilnius University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/492418426 2 A01 01 JB code 150418427 Björn Wiemer Wiemer, Björn Björn Wiemer Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/150418427 01 eng 03 00

This survey presents a comprehensive account of perfect constructions (based on an anteriority participle and an often optional auxiliary) in Baltic and Slavic over space and time, including dialects and high-contact minority varieties. Based on a classification by participle types and their combinations with be- and have-verbs, it provides a systematic check of renowned functions of perfect grams and evaluates accepted parameters of grammaticalisation. The most consistent common denominator of perfects in Baltic and Slavic lies in the irrelevance of most such parameters but an increase in admissible lexical input and a decrease in paradigmatic variability. The two most salient differences between Slavic and Baltic are (i) the high level of stability of voice orientation of participles in Baltic vs. the diathetic lability and repeated changes in voice orientation in Slavic, and (ii) stable systems of perfects of likely great antiquity in Baltic vs. the lack of consistently employed perfect systems in most Slavic languages.

01 01 JB code cilt.352.06ser 06 10.1075/cilt.352.06ser 215 244 30 Chapter 8 01 04 Chapter 6. Paradigmatisation of the perfect and resultative in Tocharian Chapter 6. Paradigmatisation of the perfect and resultative in Tocharian 1 A01 01 JB code 99418428 Ilja A. Seržant Seržant, Ilja A. Ilja A. Seržant Leipzig University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/99418428 01 eng 03 00

In this chapter I consider a periphrastic construction based on the resultative participle and the auxiliary. The semantics are those typical of a perfect grammaticalized from a resultative construction. The combination with time adverbials as well as contextual information show that the reference time coincides with the moment of speech and is not prior to it. In addition to the inherited meaning of the resultative perfect, other meanings typical of a perfect are also found, e.g., the experiential perfect. Finally, there are no selectional input restrictions: all Vendler classes are found in this construction – a situation that may not be found with early resultatives. Even though, these properties suggest an advanced grammaticalisation degree of the construction, there are also indications for its recent development. For example, there is no evidence for a non-compositional interpretation of the auxiliary such as remote past – a meaning facet typical of pluperfects.

01 01 JB code cilt.352.07dah 06 10.1075/cilt.352.07dah 245 278 34 Chapter 9 01 04 Chapter 7. The synthetic perfect from Indo-Iranian to Late Vedic Chapter 7. The synthetic perfect from Indo-Iranian to Late Vedic 1 A01 01 JB code 800418429 Eystein Dahl Dahl, Eystein Eystein Dahl UiT – The Arctic University of Norway 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/800418429 01 eng 03 00

This paper outlines the origin and development of the synthetic Perfect from Indo-Iranian, the reconstructed common ancestral stage of the Iranian and Indo-Aryan languages, to Vedic, the oldest attested stage of Old Indo-Aryan. Comparative evidence from Old Iranian, Homeric Greek and a number of other Indo-European languages shows that this morphological category ultimately originates from Proto-Indo-European. In the course of its history, the synthetic Perfect develops from a P-oriented stative construction in Indo-European, via an anterior construction in Indo-Iranian to a general past tense with an emerging indirect evidential sense in Old Indo-Aryan. The present contribution highlights the various stages of development reflected in Vedic, but it also includes reference to the Indo-Iranian prehistory of the Vedic Perfect, as well as to its demise in later stages of Indo-Aryan. The development of the Indo-Iranian Perfect indicates that anterior categories tend to be rather unstable diachronically.

01 01 JB code cilt.352.08jug 06 10.1075/cilt.352.08jug 279 310 32 Chapter 10 01 04 Chapter 8. The perfect in Middle and New Iranian languages Chapter 8. The perfect in Middle and New Iranian languages 1 A01 01 JB code 655418430 Thomas Jügel Jügel, Thomas Thomas Jügel Goethe University Frankfurt 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/655418430 01 eng 03 00

This paper is the first step towards a description of the category ‘perfect’ in Middle and New Iranian languages. It attempts a comprehensive overview of the various forms that developed in the course of the past 2000 years, arriving at a typological classification of the Iranian languages. The comparison of perfects with their paradigmatic counterparts helps delimit the functional range that the perfect covered or covers, which, owing to lack of information, is as much as can be achieved for the majority of the Iranian languages. The diachronic perspective provides insight into the functional development of the perfect, which began with a resultative construction, and which in turn developed via a perfect into a simple past or past perfective (in some cases more than once). The paper concludes with a brief overview of some special perfect constructions such as double perfects, evidentials and perfect continuous forms.

01 01 JB code cilt.352.09dah 06 10.1075/cilt.352.09dah 311 350 40 Chapter 11 01 04 Chapter 9. The perfect in North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic Chapter 9. The perfect in North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic 1 A01 01 JB code 665418431 Geoffrey Khan Khan, Geoffrey Geoffrey Khan University of Cambridge 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/665418431 01 eng 03 00

This paper describes the form and function of the perfect in the North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic (NENA) dialects, a highly diverse subgroup of Neo-Aramaic originally spoken east of the Tigris river. After a short description of the expression of the perfective in § 1, a detailed classification of the various forms of the perfect is presented in § 2. Many of these forms have developed under the influence of the verbal system of Iranian languages of the area (§ 3). The perfect in NENA has a wide range of functions, some of them not commonly documented elsewhere, such as the use of the perfect to express the remote past and its use in presuppositional contexts (§ 4). Some of these functions have parallels in the function of the perfect in Iranian languages in contact with NENA (§ 5). Finally, an analysis is given of the NENA perfect within a Reichenbachian framework (§ 6). The common denominator of the diverse functions of the NENA perfect is the fact that the event is viewed from an indirect reference point and as a result the event is defocalized. The separation between the event and the reference point (e < r), which is the hallmark of the perfect, need not be temporal distance, but may be cognitive distance from the focus of attention due to the presuppositional information status of the event.

01 01 JB code cilt.352.10kol 06 10.1075/cilt.352.10kol 351 376 26 Chapter 12 01 04 Chapter 10. The perfect in Classical Armenian Chapter 10. The perfect in Classical Armenian 1 A01 01 JB code 559418432 Daniel Kölligan Kölligan, Daniel Daniel Kölligan University of Würzburg 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/559418432 01 eng 03 00

The paper discusses the syntax and semantics of the perfect and pluperfect of Classical Armenian. While A is usually marked for genitive, S may be marked for nominative or genitive. The perfect of terminative unaccusative verbs (‘fall’, ‘come’) describes the state of the subject after the event has reached its endpoint (‘be fallen, lie’, ‘have come, be present’). In two-place predicates the majority of perfects occur in a single-actant construction describing the resulting state of the object of the active clause (‘weave’ → ‘is woven’). If the underlying A is present as oblique subject in the genitive and the resulting state of O is backgrounded, the perfect may depict A as responsible for the event (‘characterizing’), or as being affected more than O (‘possessive’). Cases without a clear target state may have triggered the development of the perfect into a resultative in the modern language denoting present relevance of a preceding state of affairs.

01 01 JB code cilt.352.11ing 06 10.1075/cilt.352.11ing 377 410 34 Chapter 13 01 04 Chapter 11. The Hittite periphrastic perfect Chapter 11. The Hittite periphrastic perfect 1 A01 01 JB code 456418433 Guglielmo Inglese Inglese, Guglielmo Guglielmo Inglese University of Pavia 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/456418433 2 A01 01 JB code 678418434 Silvia Luraghi Luraghi, Silvia Silvia Luraghi University of Pavia 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/678418434 01 eng 03 00

In Hittite, the meaning associated with the Proto-Indo-European perfect, i.e. to indicate a state resulting from a change-of-state event, was covered by compound verb forms consisting of the -ant- participle plus the finite forms of the verbs ḫar(k)- “have” and eš- “be”. The origin and the function of this construction have been a matter of debate. In this chapter, we review the standard description of the Hittite periphrastic perfect, and reassess its status and function based on an analysis of its occurrences in texts ranging from Old to New Hittite. We argue that periphrastic forms involving ḫar(k)-/eš- and the participle instantiate three different constructions: the stative construction and two distinct auxiliary verb constructions, i.e. the passive and the perfect. We also suggest that the stative construction was probably the most ancient, and that the perfect construction, which functions as an anterior, constitutes a later development.

01 01 JB code cilt.352.12kot 06 10.1075/cilt.352.12kot 411 434 24 Chapter 14 01 04 Chapter 12. The Gothic perfective constructions in contrast to West Germanic Chapter 12. The Gothic perfective constructions in contrast to West Germanic 1 A01 01 JB code 618418435 Michail L. Kotin Kotin, Michail L. Michail L. Kotin University Zielona Góra, Poland 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/618418435 01 eng 03 00

The paper deals with selected questions of ‘perfectivity’ as both aspect and tense function in Gothic in comparison with old and contemporary West Germanic languages. Perfectivity is treated as a functional category which originated in verbal aspect, but which has been re-analysed in many languages which have lost aspect as a grammatically marked opposition. In old East Germanic (Gothic), the prefix ga- originally marking terminative aktionsart was grammaticalised as the marker of perfective aspect. This is still reflected in Gothic, but lost in West Germanic. Hence, the development of perfectivity in Old Germanic is connected with the development of perfective aspect. However, in old West Germanic languages comparable prefixed compounds have already lost their aspect-marking function and could be used as general semantic modifiers of related simplex verbs. Beside the perfective-marking prefix, perfectivity also could be encoded by means of periphrastic forms, which gradually developed from aspect to tense function, so that in contemporary West Germanic languages aspectual (perfective) readings of periphrastic constructions are extremely peripheral.

01 01 JB code cilt.352.13cre 06 10.1075/cilt.352.13cre 435 482 48 Chapter 15 01 04 Chapter 13. The perfect system in Ancient Greek Chapter 13. The perfect system in Ancient Greek 1 A01 01 JB code 512418436 Robert Crellin Crellin, Robert Robert Crellin University of Cambridge 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/512418436 01 eng 03 00

The present paper surveys the diachronic development of the Ancient Greek perfect in four periods: Mycenaean, Archaic, Classical and post-Classical. At each stage the semantic evaluation of perfect is assessed in the context of the semantics of its predicate. While generally confirming the standard picture of increasing anteriority and past reference in the perfect correlating with greater numbers of verbs able to form perfects, the present study contributes empirical data to support this assertion. The article traces the growing paradigmatisation of the perfect form throughout its history. However, this development is not linear. Instead in the post-Classical language we witness a bifurcation along diglossic lines, with the literary language remaining much more conservative in terms of the perfect’s semantic range, while in lower-register material the perfect increasingly competes with the aorist to denote perfective semantics.

01 01 JB code cilt.352.14hor 06 10.1075/cilt.352.14hor 483 504 22 Chapter 16 01 04 Chapter 14. The perfect in Medieval and Modern Greek Chapter 14. The perfect in Medieval and Modern Greek 1 A01 01 JB code 346418437 Geoffrey C. Horrocks Horrocks, Geoffrey C. Geoffrey C. Horrocks University of Cambridge 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/346418437 01 eng 03 00

The present-anterior/stative function of the ancient perfect placed it outside the core verbal system, which was organised around a binary (perfective/imperfective) aspectual opposition. By the early middle ages the increasingly marginal perfect had disappeared as a functionally discrete category, its role subsumed by the aorist (past perfective), and the notion of continuing relevance determined contextually. The rare pluperfect was also abandoned, though periphrastic replacements continued the overt, if optional, expression of relative-past meaning, a function later strengthened by contact with Romance. A perfect counterpart appeared only in modern times, however, functioning as a past perfective with a compulsory current-relevance reading, but remaining optional in that the aorist still carries present-anterior implications in appropriate contexts. Other periphrases were introduced in later antiquity specifically to express stativity. Most have continued in stative function into Modern Greek, though intense contact with Latin/Romance also encouraged present-anterior and relative-past functions locally at various times.

01 01 JB code cilt.352.15sch 06 10.1075/cilt.352.15sch 505 548 44 Chapter 17 01 04 Chapter 15. The perfect system of Old Albanian (Geg variety) Chapter 15. The perfect system of Old Albanian (Geg variety) 1 A01 01 JB code 25418438 Stefan Schumacher Schumacher, Stefan Stefan Schumacher University of Vienna 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/25418438 01 eng 03 00

The Old Geg perfect system has a morphology resembling that of neighbouring Romance perfects (‘have’/‘be’ + past participle). It is a major sub-system of the verbal system, using nearly all synthetic forms of the auxiliary. Moreover, there are surcomposé forms. The present perfect usually has a resultative or existential reading, other readings being very rare. The past tenses of the perfect system indicate anteriority to a reference point in past time. Among the surcomposé forms, there is a pluperfect of the perfect, which indicates a second, deeper layer of anteriority. The non-indicative forms of the perfect system serve as past-tense counterparts to the respective non-indicative categories of the synthetic verbal system. Finally, the Old Geg present perfect gives rise to the so-called admirative, a present expressing the speaker’s surprise, disbelief, irony or doubt, or his or her unwillingness to vouch for the truth of the statement given.

01 01 JB code cilt.352.16cre 06 10.1075/cilt.352.16cre 549 590 42 Chapter 18 01 04 Chapter 16. The perfect system in Latin Chapter 16. The perfect system in Latin 1 A01 01 JB code 184418439 Robert Crellin Crellin, Robert Robert Crellin University of Cambridge 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/184418439 01 eng 03 00

The Latin perfect system is argued to denote that an eventuality described by a predicate terminates prior to some moment in time, whether utterance time in the case of the ‘present’ perfect, or reference/topic time, in the case of the perfect infinitive, past and future forms. The ‘present’ perfect is argued to function as a perfective, while the past, future and infinitive perfect are argued to denote anteriority. Additional conditions are considered in order to explain the behaviour with state and achievement predicates. The participle in *-to- generally denotes that an eventuality described by the predicate terminates prior to topic time, as well as that an event’s poststate (if any) holds at topic time. As such the participle is generally passive in diathetical orientation, although there are exceptions. In certain kinds of predicate, namely those describing extent and mental state, the perfect loses direct reference to a prior event and refers only to an eventuality’s poststate.

01 01 JB code cilt.352.17dri 06 10.1075/cilt.352.17dri 591 614 24 Chapter 19 01 04 Chapter 17. Calquing a quirk Chapter 17. Calquing a quirk 01 04 The perfect in the languages of Europe The perfect in the languages of Europe 1 A01 01 JB code 276418440 Bridget Drinka Drinka, Bridget Bridget Drinka University of Texas at San Antonio 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/276418440 01 eng 03 00

The have-perfect, found almost exclusively in western Europe, has been identified as a “European quirk, unparalleled elsewhere in the world” (Cysouw 2011: 425). The spread of this highly marked construction to adjacent varieties provides us with an exceptional opportunity to observe the conditions under which this calquing occurred, and to assess the role of external as well as internal factors in the adoption of this structure in closely-related, distantly-related, and unrelated languages. After a general overview of the distribution of have-perfect calques across Europe, three representative instances are presented: Old High German and Old Saxon, Portuguese, and Czech. These examples illustrate, respectively, three important principles of social conditioning connected with the grammatical calquing: the role of prestige in the operation of ‘roofing’, the linguistic repercussions of political and confessional realignment, and the capacity of social motivation to outweigh internal linguistic factors.

01 01 JB code cilt.352.18lev 06 10.1075/cilt.352.18lev 615 634 20 Chapter 20 01 04 Chapter 18. The perfect in context in texts in English, Sistani Balochi and New Testament Greek Chapter 18. The perfect in context in texts in English, Sistani Balochi and New Testament Greek 1 A01 01 JB code 88418441 Stephen H. Levinsohn Levinsohn, Stephen H. Stephen H. Levinsohn SIL International 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/88418441 01 eng 03 00

English and Sistani Balochi are tense-prominent languages, and use the perfect mainly to elaborate on an existing topic by referring to a past state of affairs that is of relevance to that topic. English perfects also introduce new topics that the speaker wishes to address, while Balochi uses perfects with a mirative to introduce entities to a narrative and as a forward-pointing device in orienters that introduce reported speeches. New Testament Greek is aspect-prominent, which partly explains why English translates some Greek aorists (perfectives) with perfects. The Greek perfect often introduces restatements of past events or speeches. In passages with aorist-perfect alternation, it is also used in a marked way with added implicatures. Towards the end of a passage, assertions in the perfect often clinch the argument and/or are climactic. Near the beginning of a narrative passage, in contrast, the perfect, as in Balochi, is a forward-pointing device, highlighting what follows.

01 01 JB code cilt.352.19dah 06 10.1075/cilt.352.19dah 635 668 34 Chapter 21 01 04 Chapter 19. Indo-European perfects in typological perspective Chapter 19. Indo-European perfects in typological perspective 1 A01 01 JB code 790418442 Östen Dahl Dahl, Östen Östen Dahl Stockholm University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/790418442 01 eng 03 00

This chapter looks at Indo-European perfects in the light of recent typological research on TAME (tense-aspect-mood-evidentiality), in particular the work done at the Department of Linguistics at Stockholm University with the help of massive parallel corpora. The chapter starts with a survey of data sources and methods for multilingual linguistic research. Parameters of variation among perfects, both within Indo-European and elsewhere, are discussed: negated experiential uses, universal uses, combinations with definite time adverbials and words like ‘just’. Incipient grammaticalization of words for ‘already’ in the Indo-European languages is also considered.

01 01 JB code cilt.352.li 06 10.1075/cilt.352.li 669 674 6 Miscellaneous 22 01 04 Language Index Language Index 01 eng 01 01 JB code cilt.352.si 06 10.1075/cilt.352.si 675 686 12 Miscellaneous 23 01 04 Subject Index Subject Index 01 eng
01 JB code JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/cilt.352 Amsterdam NL 00 John Benjamins Publishing Company Marketing Department / Karin Plijnaar, Pieter Lamers onix@benjamins.nl 04 01 00 20200923 C 2020 John Benjamins D 2020 John Benjamins 02 WORLD 13 15 9789027207371 WORLD 09 01 JB 3 John Benjamins e-Platform 03 https://jbe-platform.com 29 https://jbe-platform.com/content/books/9789027260901 21 01 00 Unqualified price 02 105.00 EUR 01 00 Unqualified price 02 88.00 GBP GB 01 00 Unqualified price 02 158.00 USD
401026807 03 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code CILT 352 GE 15 9789027260901 06 10.1075/cilt.352 13 2020018990 00 EA E133 10 01 JB code CILT 02 JB code 0304-0763 02 352.00 01 02 Current Issues in Linguistic Theory Current Issues in Linguistic Theory 01 01 Perfects in Indo-European Languages and Beyond Perfects in Indo-European Languages and Beyond 1 B01 01 JB code 341398534 Robert Crellin Crellin, Robert Robert Crellin University of Cambridge 2 B01 01 JB code 506398535 Thomas Jügel Jügel, Thomas Thomas Jügel Goethe University Frankfurt am Main 01 eng 11 700 03 03 xiv 03 00 686 03 24 JB code LIN.HL Historical linguistics 24 JB code LIN.SEMAN Semantics 24 JB code LIN.SYNTAX Syntax 24 JB code LIN.THEOR Theoretical linguistics 10 LAN009010 12 CFF 01 06 02 00 This volume provides a detailed investigation of perfects from all the branches of the Indo-European language family. The cross-linguistic perspective and the inclusion of contributions beyond the boundaries of the IE family per se, facilitate typological comparison and permit the investigation of TAME systems over time. 03 00 This volume provides a detailed investigation of perfects from all the branches of the Indo-European language family, in some cases representing the first ever comprehensive description. Thorough philological examinations result in empirically well-founded analyses illustrated with over 940 examples. The unique temporal depth and diatopic breadth of attested Indo-European languages permits the investigation of both TAME (Tense-Aspect-Mood-Evidentiality) systems over time and recurring cycles of change, as well as synchronic patterns of areal distribution and contact phenomena. These possibilities are fully exploited in the volume. Furthermore, the cross-linguistic perspective adopted by many authors, as well as the inclusion of contributions which go beyond the boundaries of the Indo-European family per se, facilitates typological comparison. As such, the volume is intended to serve as a springboard for future research both into the semantics of the perfect in Indo-European itself, and verb systems across the world’s languages. 01 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/cilt.352.png 01 01 D502 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027207371.jpg 01 01 D504 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027207371.tif 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/cilt.352.hb.png 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/cilt.352.png 02 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/cilt.352.hb.png 03 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/cilt.352.hb.png 01 01 JB code cilt.352.for 06 10.1075/cilt.352.for viii x 3 Miscellaneous 1 01 04 Editors' foreword Editors’ foreword 01 01 JB code cilt.352.abb 06 10.1075/cilt.352.abb xi xiv 4 Miscellaneous 2 01 04 Abbreviations Abbreviations 01 01 JB code cilt.352.01com 06 10.1075/cilt.352.01com 2 13 12 Chapter 3 01 04 Chapter 1. Introduction Chapter 1. Introduction 1 A01 01 JB code 956418422 Bernard Comrie Comrie, Bernard Bernard Comrie University of California, Santa Barbara 01 01 JB code cilt.352.02kum 06 10.1075/cilt.352.02kum 16 47 32 Chapter 4 01 04 Chapter 2. The development of the perfect within IE verbal systems Chapter 2. The development of the perfect within IE verbal systems 01 04 An overview An overview 1 A01 01 JB code 796418423 Martin Joachim Kümmel Kümmel, Martin Joachim Martin Joachim Kümmel Friedrich Schiller University Jena 01 01 JB code cilt.352.03wig 06 10.1075/cilt.352.03wig 50 93 44 Chapter 5 01 04 Chapter 3. Celtic past tenses past and present Chapter 3. Celtic past tenses past and present 1 A01 01 JB code 674418424 Arndt Wigger Wigger, Arndt Arndt Wigger Studienhaus für Keltische Sprachen und Kulturen (SKSK), Königswinter 01 01 JB code cilt.352.04fis 06 10.1075/cilt.352.04fis 96 122 27 Chapter 6 01 04 Chapter 4. The development of the perfect in selected Middle and New Germanic languages Chapter 4. The development of the perfect in selected Middle and New Germanic languages 1 A01 01 JB code 589418425 Hanna Fischer Fischer, Hanna Hanna Fischer Philipps-University Marburg 01 01 JB code cilt.352.05ark 06 10.1075/cilt.352.05ark 124 214 91 Chapter 7 01 04 Chapter 5. Perfects in Baltic and Slavic Chapter 5. Perfects in Baltic and Slavic 1 A01 01 JB code 492418426 Peter M. Arkadiev Arkadiev, Peter M. Peter M. Arkadiev Institute of Slavic Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences/Russian State University for the Humanities/Vilnius University 2 A01 01 JB code 150418427 Björn Wiemer Wiemer, Björn Björn Wiemer Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz 01 01 JB code cilt.352.06ser 06 10.1075/cilt.352.06ser 216 244 29 Chapter 8 01 04 Chapter 6. Paradigmatisation of the perfect and resultative in Tocharian Chapter 6. Paradigmatisation of the perfect and resultative in Tocharian 1 A01 01 JB code 99418428 Ilja A. Seržant Seržant, Ilja A. Ilja A. Seržant Leipzig University 01 01 JB code cilt.352.07dah 06 10.1075/cilt.352.07dah 246 277 32 Chapter 9 01 04 Chapter 7. The synthetic perfect from Indo-Iranian to Late Vedic Chapter 7. The synthetic perfect from Indo-Iranian to Late Vedic 1 A01 01 JB code 800418429 Eystein Dahl Dahl, Eystein Eystein Dahl UiT – The Arctic University of Norway 01 01 JB code cilt.352.08jug 06 10.1075/cilt.352.08jug 280 309 30 Chapter 10 01 04 Chapter 8. The perfect in Middle and New Iranian languages Chapter 8. The perfect in Middle and New Iranian languages 1 A01 01 JB code 655418430 Thomas Jügel Jügel, Thomas Thomas Jügel Goethe University Frankfurt 01 01 JB code cilt.352.09dah 06 10.1075/cilt.352.09dah 312 350 39 Chapter 11 01 04 Chapter 9. The perfect in North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic Chapter 9. The perfect in North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic 1 A01 01 JB code 665418431 Geoffrey Khan Khan, Geoffrey Geoffrey Khan University of Cambridge 01 01 JB code cilt.352.10kol 06 10.1075/cilt.352.10kol 352 376 25 Chapter 12 01 04 Chapter 10. The perfect in Classical Armenian Chapter 10. The perfect in Classical Armenian 1 A01 01 JB code 559418432 Daniel Kölligan Kölligan, Daniel Daniel Kölligan University of Würzburg 01 01 JB code cilt.352.11ing 06 10.1075/cilt.352.11ing 378 410 33 Chapter 13 01 04 Chapter 11. The Hittite periphrastic perfect Chapter 11. The Hittite periphrastic perfect 1 A01 01 JB code 456418433 Guglielmo Inglese Inglese, Guglielmo Guglielmo Inglese University of Pavia 2 A01 01 JB code 678418434 Silvia Luraghi Luraghi, Silvia Silvia Luraghi University of Pavia 01 01 JB code cilt.352.12kot 06 10.1075/cilt.352.12kot 412 434 23 Chapter 14 01 04 Chapter 12. The Gothic perfective constructions in contrast to West Germanic Chapter 12. The Gothic perfective constructions in contrast to West Germanic 1 A01 01 JB code 618418435 Michail L. Kotin Kotin, Michail L. Michail L. Kotin University Zielona Góra, Poland 01 01 JB code cilt.352.13cre 06 10.1075/cilt.352.13cre 436 481 46 Chapter 15 01 04 Chapter 13. The perfect system in Ancient Greek Chapter 13. The perfect system in Ancient Greek 1 A01 01 JB code 512418436 Robert Crellin Crellin, Robert Robert Crellin University of Cambridge 01 01 JB code cilt.352.14hor 06 10.1075/cilt.352.14hor 484 503 20 Chapter 16 01 04 Chapter 14. The perfect in Medieval and Modern Greek Chapter 14. The perfect in Medieval and Modern Greek 1 A01 01 JB code 346418437 Geoffrey C. Horrocks Horrocks, Geoffrey C. Geoffrey C. Horrocks University of Cambridge 01 01 JB code cilt.352.15sch 06 10.1075/cilt.352.15sch 506 548 43 Chapter 17 01 04 Chapter 15. The perfect system of Old Albanian (Geg variety) Chapter 15. The perfect system of Old Albanian (Geg variety) 1 A01 01 JB code 25418438 Stefan Schumacher Schumacher, Stefan Stefan Schumacher University of Vienna 01 01 JB code cilt.352.16cre 06 10.1075/cilt.352.16cre 550 590 41 Chapter 18 01 04 Chapter 16. The perfect system in Latin Chapter 16. The perfect system in Latin 1 A01 01 JB code 184418439 Robert Crellin Crellin, Robert Robert Crellin University of Cambridge 01 01 JB code cilt.352.17dri 06 10.1075/cilt.352.17dri 592 613 22 Chapter 19 01 04 Chapter 17. Calquing a quirk Chapter 17. Calquing a quirk 01 04 The perfect in the languages of Europe The perfect in the languages of Europe 1 A01 01 JB code 276418440 Bridget Drinka Drinka, Bridget Bridget Drinka University of Texas at San Antonio 01 01 JB code cilt.352.18lev 06 10.1075/cilt.352.18lev 616 633 18 Chapter 20 01 04 Chapter 18. The perfect in context in texts in English, Sistani Balochi and New Testament Greek Chapter 18. The perfect in context in texts in English, Sistani Balochi and New Testament Greek 1 A01 01 JB code 88418441 Stephen H. Levinsohn Levinsohn, Stephen H. Stephen H. Levinsohn SIL International 01 01 JB code cilt.352.19dah 06 10.1075/cilt.352.19dah 636 667 32 Chapter 21 01 04 Chapter 19. Indo-European perfects in typological perspective Chapter 19. Indo-European perfects in typological perspective 1 A01 01 JB code 790418442 Östen Dahl Dahl, Östen Östen Dahl Stockholm University 01 01 JB code cilt.352.li 06 10.1075/cilt.352.li 669 669 1 Miscellaneous 22 01 04 Language Index Language Index 01 01 JB code cilt.352.si 06 10.1075/cilt.352.si 675 686 12 Miscellaneous 23 01 04 Subject Index Subject Index 01 JB code JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 https://benjamins.com Amsterdam NL 00 John Benjamins Publishing Company Marketing Department / Karin Plijnaar, Pieter Lamers onix@benjamins.nl 04 01 00 20200923 C 2020 John Benjamins D 2020 John Benjamins 02 WORLD 13 15 9789027207371 WORLD 03 01 JB 17 Google 03 https://play.google.com/store/books 21 01 00 Unqualified price 00 105.00 EUR 01 00 Unqualified price 00 88.00 GBP 01 00 Unqualified price 00 158.00 USD 419026734 03 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code CILT 352 Hb 15 9789027207371 06 10.1075/cilt.352 13 2020018989 00 BB 08 1370 gr 10 01 JB code CILT 02 0304-0763 02 352.00 01 02 Current Issues in Linguistic Theory Current Issues in Linguistic Theory 01 01 Perfects in Indo-European Languages and Beyond Perfects in Indo-European Languages and Beyond 1 B01 01 JB code 341398534 Robert Crellin Crellin, Robert Robert Crellin University of Cambridge 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/341398534 2 B01 01 JB code 506398535 Thomas Jügel Jügel, Thomas Thomas Jügel Goethe University Frankfurt am Main 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/506398535 01 eng 11 700 03 03 xiv 03 00 686 03 01 23 415/.62 03 2020 P649 04 Indo-European languages--Tense. 04 Grammar, Comparative and general--Tense. 10 LAN009010 12 CFF 24 JB code LIN.HL Historical linguistics 24 JB code LIN.SEMAN Semantics 24 JB code LIN.SYNTAX Syntax 24 JB code LIN.THEOR Theoretical linguistics 01 06 02 00 This volume provides a detailed investigation of perfects from all the branches of the Indo-European language family. The cross-linguistic perspective and the inclusion of contributions beyond the boundaries of the IE family per se, facilitate typological comparison and permit the investigation of TAME systems over time. 03 00 This volume provides a detailed investigation of perfects from all the branches of the Indo-European language family, in some cases representing the first ever comprehensive description. Thorough philological examinations result in empirically well-founded analyses illustrated with over 940 examples. The unique temporal depth and diatopic breadth of attested Indo-European languages permits the investigation of both TAME (Tense-Aspect-Mood-Evidentiality) systems over time and recurring cycles of change, as well as synchronic patterns of areal distribution and contact phenomena. These possibilities are fully exploited in the volume. Furthermore, the cross-linguistic perspective adopted by many authors, as well as the inclusion of contributions which go beyond the boundaries of the Indo-European family per se, facilitates typological comparison. As such, the volume is intended to serve as a springboard for future research both into the semantics of the perfect in Indo-European itself, and verb systems across the world’s languages. 01 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/cilt.352.png 01 01 D502 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027207371.jpg 01 01 D504 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027207371.tif 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/cilt.352.hb.png 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/cilt.352.png 02 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/cilt.352.hb.png 03 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/cilt.352.hb.png 01 01 JB code cilt.352.for 06 10.1075/cilt.352.for vii x 4 Miscellaneous 1 01 04 Editors' foreword Editors’ foreword 01 eng 01 01 JB code cilt.352.abb 06 10.1075/cilt.352.abb xi xiv 4 Miscellaneous 2 01 04 Abbreviations Abbreviations 01 eng 01 01 JB code cilt.352.01com 06 10.1075/cilt.352.01com 1 14 14 Chapter 3 01 04 Chapter 1. Introduction Chapter 1. Introduction 1 A01 01 JB code 956418422 Bernard Comrie Comrie, Bernard Bernard Comrie University of California, Santa Barbara 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/956418422 01 eng 03 00

This Introduction highlights some of the recurrent themes of the volume, in particular two diachronic paths: (i) resultative > perfect > perfective past; (ii) relaxation of an initial constraint restricting the perfect to results attributed to the patient. The latter leads to a discussion of be and have perfects, including English and Dutch data that point to important methodological caveats.

01 01 JB code cilt.352.02kum 06 10.1075/cilt.352.02kum 15 48 34 Chapter 4 01 04 Chapter 2. The development of the perfect within IE verbal systems Chapter 2. The development of the perfect within IE verbal systems 01 04 An overview An overview 1 A01 01 JB code 796418423 Martin Joachim Kümmel Kümmel, Martin Joachim Martin Joachim Kümmel Friedrich Schiller University Jena 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/796418423 01 eng 03 00

This paper gives an overview of the development of perfect forms in the branches of Indo-European. It begins with a discussion of the perfect in Proto-Indo-European and problems with its reconstruction. Special attention is paid to the formal and functional discrepancies between the Common Indo-European perfect and related forms in the Anatolian branch. The paper then traces the continuation of the Proto-Indo-European perfect form and gives an overview of various new constructions which take the place of the original form. It concludes with a short discussion of the semantic shifts which take place in the different Indo-European branches.

01 01 JB code cilt.352.03wig 06 10.1075/cilt.352.03wig 49 94 46 Chapter 5 01 04 Chapter 3. Celtic past tenses past and present Chapter 3. Celtic past tenses past and present 1 A01 01 JB code 674418424 Arndt Wigger Wigger, Arndt Arndt Wigger Studienhaus für Keltische Sprachen und Kulturen (SKSK), Königswinter 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/674418424 01 eng 03 00

Past tense marked for perfective aspect, resultative, or other typical features of grammatical perfect forms is clearly in evidence in all of the modern Celtic languages, although not normally listed in the standard paradigms. An overview of usages in the modern languages will be given here, the major structures being of fairly recent origin. The formal structure is periphrastic throughout, divided between an older type employing the preposition ‘after’, and a newer one which shows some resemblance to the have-perfects in many other European languages. In agreement with previous authors, these major formal types will be referred to as p1 and p2 respectively. As the question of active vs. passive is crucial here, this side of the matter will be discussed to some extent, as will be the issue of syntactically reduced structures containing traces of a perfect tense. Questions of contact-induced change will not be addressed in this descriptive overview, except on some minor points. Given the grammatical and semantic complexity of this matter, with different developments over six literary languages and a multitude of dialectal varieties, the early (pre)history will not be discussed in much detail here.

01 01 JB code cilt.352.04fis 06 10.1075/cilt.352.04fis 95 122 28 Chapter 6 01 04 Chapter 4. The development of the perfect in selected Middle and New Germanic languages Chapter 4. The development of the perfect in selected Middle and New Germanic languages 1 A01 01 JB code 589418425 Hanna Fischer Fischer, Hanna Hanna Fischer Philipps-University Marburg 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/589418425 01 eng 03 00

This article gives an overview of the most important similarities and differences in perfect constructions in modern Germanic languages. The focus is on the German present perfect form and its developments, which will be compared with the perfect constructions of English and Dutch (West Germanic) and Swedish (North Germanic) throughout. First, I introduce and compare the perfect forms in a selection of modern Germanic languages. I then focus on the emergence and development of the German perfect, before I compare the degrees of perfect expansion in the languages under investigation. In a final step, I investigate some of the consequences of the described processes: i.e. the loss of the German preterite form (Präteritumschwund), the emergence of the double perfect constructions in German substandard varieties, and the re-introduction of a semantic opposition in English.

01 01 JB code cilt.352.05ark 06 10.1075/cilt.352.05ark 123 214 92 Chapter 7 01 04 Chapter 5. Perfects in Baltic and Slavic Chapter 5. Perfects in Baltic and Slavic 1 A01 01 JB code 492418426 Peter M. Arkadiev Arkadiev, Peter M. Peter M. Arkadiev Institute of Slavic Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences/Russian State University for the Humanities/Vilnius University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/492418426 2 A01 01 JB code 150418427 Björn Wiemer Wiemer, Björn Björn Wiemer Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/150418427 01 eng 03 00

This survey presents a comprehensive account of perfect constructions (based on an anteriority participle and an often optional auxiliary) in Baltic and Slavic over space and time, including dialects and high-contact minority varieties. Based on a classification by participle types and their combinations with be- and have-verbs, it provides a systematic check of renowned functions of perfect grams and evaluates accepted parameters of grammaticalisation. The most consistent common denominator of perfects in Baltic and Slavic lies in the irrelevance of most such parameters but an increase in admissible lexical input and a decrease in paradigmatic variability. The two most salient differences between Slavic and Baltic are (i) the high level of stability of voice orientation of participles in Baltic vs. the diathetic lability and repeated changes in voice orientation in Slavic, and (ii) stable systems of perfects of likely great antiquity in Baltic vs. the lack of consistently employed perfect systems in most Slavic languages.

01 01 JB code cilt.352.06ser 06 10.1075/cilt.352.06ser 215 244 30 Chapter 8 01 04 Chapter 6. Paradigmatisation of the perfect and resultative in Tocharian Chapter 6. Paradigmatisation of the perfect and resultative in Tocharian 1 A01 01 JB code 99418428 Ilja A. Seržant Seržant, Ilja A. Ilja A. Seržant Leipzig University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/99418428 01 eng 03 00

In this chapter I consider a periphrastic construction based on the resultative participle and the auxiliary. The semantics are those typical of a perfect grammaticalized from a resultative construction. The combination with time adverbials as well as contextual information show that the reference time coincides with the moment of speech and is not prior to it. In addition to the inherited meaning of the resultative perfect, other meanings typical of a perfect are also found, e.g., the experiential perfect. Finally, there are no selectional input restrictions: all Vendler classes are found in this construction – a situation that may not be found with early resultatives. Even though, these properties suggest an advanced grammaticalisation degree of the construction, there are also indications for its recent development. For example, there is no evidence for a non-compositional interpretation of the auxiliary such as remote past – a meaning facet typical of pluperfects.

01 01 JB code cilt.352.07dah 06 10.1075/cilt.352.07dah 245 278 34 Chapter 9 01 04 Chapter 7. The synthetic perfect from Indo-Iranian to Late Vedic Chapter 7. The synthetic perfect from Indo-Iranian to Late Vedic 1 A01 01 JB code 800418429 Eystein Dahl Dahl, Eystein Eystein Dahl UiT – The Arctic University of Norway 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/800418429 01 eng 03 00

This paper outlines the origin and development of the synthetic Perfect from Indo-Iranian, the reconstructed common ancestral stage of the Iranian and Indo-Aryan languages, to Vedic, the oldest attested stage of Old Indo-Aryan. Comparative evidence from Old Iranian, Homeric Greek and a number of other Indo-European languages shows that this morphological category ultimately originates from Proto-Indo-European. In the course of its history, the synthetic Perfect develops from a P-oriented stative construction in Indo-European, via an anterior construction in Indo-Iranian to a general past tense with an emerging indirect evidential sense in Old Indo-Aryan. The present contribution highlights the various stages of development reflected in Vedic, but it also includes reference to the Indo-Iranian prehistory of the Vedic Perfect, as well as to its demise in later stages of Indo-Aryan. The development of the Indo-Iranian Perfect indicates that anterior categories tend to be rather unstable diachronically.

01 01 JB code cilt.352.08jug 06 10.1075/cilt.352.08jug 279 310 32 Chapter 10 01 04 Chapter 8. The perfect in Middle and New Iranian languages Chapter 8. The perfect in Middle and New Iranian languages 1 A01 01 JB code 655418430 Thomas Jügel Jügel, Thomas Thomas Jügel Goethe University Frankfurt 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/655418430 01 eng 03 00

This paper is the first step towards a description of the category ‘perfect’ in Middle and New Iranian languages. It attempts a comprehensive overview of the various forms that developed in the course of the past 2000 years, arriving at a typological classification of the Iranian languages. The comparison of perfects with their paradigmatic counterparts helps delimit the functional range that the perfect covered or covers, which, owing to lack of information, is as much as can be achieved for the majority of the Iranian languages. The diachronic perspective provides insight into the functional development of the perfect, which began with a resultative construction, and which in turn developed via a perfect into a simple past or past perfective (in some cases more than once). The paper concludes with a brief overview of some special perfect constructions such as double perfects, evidentials and perfect continuous forms.

01 01 JB code cilt.352.09dah 06 10.1075/cilt.352.09dah 311 350 40 Chapter 11 01 04 Chapter 9. The perfect in North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic Chapter 9. The perfect in North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic 1 A01 01 JB code 665418431 Geoffrey Khan Khan, Geoffrey Geoffrey Khan University of Cambridge 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/665418431 01 eng 03 00

This paper describes the form and function of the perfect in the North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic (NENA) dialects, a highly diverse subgroup of Neo-Aramaic originally spoken east of the Tigris river. After a short description of the expression of the perfective in § 1, a detailed classification of the various forms of the perfect is presented in § 2. Many of these forms have developed under the influence of the verbal system of Iranian languages of the area (§ 3). The perfect in NENA has a wide range of functions, some of them not commonly documented elsewhere, such as the use of the perfect to express the remote past and its use in presuppositional contexts (§ 4). Some of these functions have parallels in the function of the perfect in Iranian languages in contact with NENA (§ 5). Finally, an analysis is given of the NENA perfect within a Reichenbachian framework (§ 6). The common denominator of the diverse functions of the NENA perfect is the fact that the event is viewed from an indirect reference point and as a result the event is defocalized. The separation between the event and the reference point (e < r), which is the hallmark of the perfect, need not be temporal distance, but may be cognitive distance from the focus of attention due to the presuppositional information status of the event.

01 01 JB code cilt.352.10kol 06 10.1075/cilt.352.10kol 351 376 26 Chapter 12 01 04 Chapter 10. The perfect in Classical Armenian Chapter 10. The perfect in Classical Armenian 1 A01 01 JB code 559418432 Daniel Kölligan Kölligan, Daniel Daniel Kölligan University of Würzburg 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/559418432 01 eng 03 00

The paper discusses the syntax and semantics of the perfect and pluperfect of Classical Armenian. While A is usually marked for genitive, S may be marked for nominative or genitive. The perfect of terminative unaccusative verbs (‘fall’, ‘come’) describes the state of the subject after the event has reached its endpoint (‘be fallen, lie’, ‘have come, be present’). In two-place predicates the majority of perfects occur in a single-actant construction describing the resulting state of the object of the active clause (‘weave’ → ‘is woven’). If the underlying A is present as oblique subject in the genitive and the resulting state of O is backgrounded, the perfect may depict A as responsible for the event (‘characterizing’), or as being affected more than O (‘possessive’). Cases without a clear target state may have triggered the development of the perfect into a resultative in the modern language denoting present relevance of a preceding state of affairs.

01 01 JB code cilt.352.11ing 06 10.1075/cilt.352.11ing 377 410 34 Chapter 13 01 04 Chapter 11. The Hittite periphrastic perfect Chapter 11. The Hittite periphrastic perfect 1 A01 01 JB code 456418433 Guglielmo Inglese Inglese, Guglielmo Guglielmo Inglese University of Pavia 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/456418433 2 A01 01 JB code 678418434 Silvia Luraghi Luraghi, Silvia Silvia Luraghi University of Pavia 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/678418434 01 eng 03 00

In Hittite, the meaning associated with the Proto-Indo-European perfect, i.e. to indicate a state resulting from a change-of-state event, was covered by compound verb forms consisting of the -ant- participle plus the finite forms of the verbs ḫar(k)- “have” and eš- “be”. The origin and the function of this construction have been a matter of debate. In this chapter, we review the standard description of the Hittite periphrastic perfect, and reassess its status and function based on an analysis of its occurrences in texts ranging from Old to New Hittite. We argue that periphrastic forms involving ḫar(k)-/eš- and the participle instantiate three different constructions: the stative construction and two distinct auxiliary verb constructions, i.e. the passive and the perfect. We also suggest that the stative construction was probably the most ancient, and that the perfect construction, which functions as an anterior, constitutes a later development.

01 01 JB code cilt.352.12kot 06 10.1075/cilt.352.12kot 411 434 24 Chapter 14 01 04 Chapter 12. The Gothic perfective constructions in contrast to West Germanic Chapter 12. The Gothic perfective constructions in contrast to West Germanic 1 A01 01 JB code 618418435 Michail L. Kotin Kotin, Michail L. Michail L. Kotin University Zielona Góra, Poland 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/618418435 01 eng 03 00

The paper deals with selected questions of ‘perfectivity’ as both aspect and tense function in Gothic in comparison with old and contemporary West Germanic languages. Perfectivity is treated as a functional category which originated in verbal aspect, but which has been re-analysed in many languages which have lost aspect as a grammatically marked opposition. In old East Germanic (Gothic), the prefix ga- originally marking terminative aktionsart was grammaticalised as the marker of perfective aspect. This is still reflected in Gothic, but lost in West Germanic. Hence, the development of perfectivity in Old Germanic is connected with the development of perfective aspect. However, in old West Germanic languages comparable prefixed compounds have already lost their aspect-marking function and could be used as general semantic modifiers of related simplex verbs. Beside the perfective-marking prefix, perfectivity also could be encoded by means of periphrastic forms, which gradually developed from aspect to tense function, so that in contemporary West Germanic languages aspectual (perfective) readings of periphrastic constructions are extremely peripheral.

01 01 JB code cilt.352.13cre 06 10.1075/cilt.352.13cre 435 482 48 Chapter 15 01 04 Chapter 13. The perfect system in Ancient Greek Chapter 13. The perfect system in Ancient Greek 1 A01 01 JB code 512418436 Robert Crellin Crellin, Robert Robert Crellin University of Cambridge 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/512418436 01 eng 03 00

The present paper surveys the diachronic development of the Ancient Greek perfect in four periods: Mycenaean, Archaic, Classical and post-Classical. At each stage the semantic evaluation of perfect is assessed in the context of the semantics of its predicate. While generally confirming the standard picture of increasing anteriority and past reference in the perfect correlating with greater numbers of verbs able to form perfects, the present study contributes empirical data to support this assertion. The article traces the growing paradigmatisation of the perfect form throughout its history. However, this development is not linear. Instead in the post-Classical language we witness a bifurcation along diglossic lines, with the literary language remaining much more conservative in terms of the perfect’s semantic range, while in lower-register material the perfect increasingly competes with the aorist to denote perfective semantics.

01 01 JB code cilt.352.14hor 06 10.1075/cilt.352.14hor 483 504 22 Chapter 16 01 04 Chapter 14. The perfect in Medieval and Modern Greek Chapter 14. The perfect in Medieval and Modern Greek 1 A01 01 JB code 346418437 Geoffrey C. Horrocks Horrocks, Geoffrey C. Geoffrey C. Horrocks University of Cambridge 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/346418437 01 eng 03 00

The present-anterior/stative function of the ancient perfect placed it outside the core verbal system, which was organised around a binary (perfective/imperfective) aspectual opposition. By the early middle ages the increasingly marginal perfect had disappeared as a functionally discrete category, its role subsumed by the aorist (past perfective), and the notion of continuing relevance determined contextually. The rare pluperfect was also abandoned, though periphrastic replacements continued the overt, if optional, expression of relative-past meaning, a function later strengthened by contact with Romance. A perfect counterpart appeared only in modern times, however, functioning as a past perfective with a compulsory current-relevance reading, but remaining optional in that the aorist still carries present-anterior implications in appropriate contexts. Other periphrases were introduced in later antiquity specifically to express stativity. Most have continued in stative function into Modern Greek, though intense contact with Latin/Romance also encouraged present-anterior and relative-past functions locally at various times.

01 01 JB code cilt.352.15sch 06 10.1075/cilt.352.15sch 505 548 44 Chapter 17 01 04 Chapter 15. The perfect system of Old Albanian (Geg variety) Chapter 15. The perfect system of Old Albanian (Geg variety) 1 A01 01 JB code 25418438 Stefan Schumacher Schumacher, Stefan Stefan Schumacher University of Vienna 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/25418438 01 eng 03 00

The Old Geg perfect system has a morphology resembling that of neighbouring Romance perfects (‘have’/‘be’ + past participle). It is a major sub-system of the verbal system, using nearly all synthetic forms of the auxiliary. Moreover, there are surcomposé forms. The present perfect usually has a resultative or existential reading, other readings being very rare. The past tenses of the perfect system indicate anteriority to a reference point in past time. Among the surcomposé forms, there is a pluperfect of the perfect, which indicates a second, deeper layer of anteriority. The non-indicative forms of the perfect system serve as past-tense counterparts to the respective non-indicative categories of the synthetic verbal system. Finally, the Old Geg present perfect gives rise to the so-called admirative, a present expressing the speaker’s surprise, disbelief, irony or doubt, or his or her unwillingness to vouch for the truth of the statement given.

01 01 JB code cilt.352.16cre 06 10.1075/cilt.352.16cre 549 590 42 Chapter 18 01 04 Chapter 16. The perfect system in Latin Chapter 16. The perfect system in Latin 1 A01 01 JB code 184418439 Robert Crellin Crellin, Robert Robert Crellin University of Cambridge 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/184418439 01 eng 03 00

The Latin perfect system is argued to denote that an eventuality described by a predicate terminates prior to some moment in time, whether utterance time in the case of the ‘present’ perfect, or reference/topic time, in the case of the perfect infinitive, past and future forms. The ‘present’ perfect is argued to function as a perfective, while the past, future and infinitive perfect are argued to denote anteriority. Additional conditions are considered in order to explain the behaviour with state and achievement predicates. The participle in *-to- generally denotes that an eventuality described by the predicate terminates prior to topic time, as well as that an event’s poststate (if any) holds at topic time. As such the participle is generally passive in diathetical orientation, although there are exceptions. In certain kinds of predicate, namely those describing extent and mental state, the perfect loses direct reference to a prior event and refers only to an eventuality’s poststate.

01 01 JB code cilt.352.17dri 06 10.1075/cilt.352.17dri 591 614 24 Chapter 19 01 04 Chapter 17. Calquing a quirk Chapter 17. Calquing a quirk 01 04 The perfect in the languages of Europe The perfect in the languages of Europe 1 A01 01 JB code 276418440 Bridget Drinka Drinka, Bridget Bridget Drinka University of Texas at San Antonio 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/276418440 01 eng 03 00

The have-perfect, found almost exclusively in western Europe, has been identified as a “European quirk, unparalleled elsewhere in the world” (Cysouw 2011: 425). The spread of this highly marked construction to adjacent varieties provides us with an exceptional opportunity to observe the conditions under which this calquing occurred, and to assess the role of external as well as internal factors in the adoption of this structure in closely-related, distantly-related, and unrelated languages. After a general overview of the distribution of have-perfect calques across Europe, three representative instances are presented: Old High German and Old Saxon, Portuguese, and Czech. These examples illustrate, respectively, three important principles of social conditioning connected with the grammatical calquing: the role of prestige in the operation of ‘roofing’, the linguistic repercussions of political and confessional realignment, and the capacity of social motivation to outweigh internal linguistic factors.

01 01 JB code cilt.352.18lev 06 10.1075/cilt.352.18lev 615 634 20 Chapter 20 01 04 Chapter 18. The perfect in context in texts in English, Sistani Balochi and New Testament Greek Chapter 18. The perfect in context in texts in English, Sistani Balochi and New Testament Greek 1 A01 01 JB code 88418441 Stephen H. Levinsohn Levinsohn, Stephen H. Stephen H. Levinsohn SIL International 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/88418441 01 eng 03 00

English and Sistani Balochi are tense-prominent languages, and use the perfect mainly to elaborate on an existing topic by referring to a past state of affairs that is of relevance to that topic. English perfects also introduce new topics that the speaker wishes to address, while Balochi uses perfects with a mirative to introduce entities to a narrative and as a forward-pointing device in orienters that introduce reported speeches. New Testament Greek is aspect-prominent, which partly explains why English translates some Greek aorists (perfectives) with perfects. The Greek perfect often introduces restatements of past events or speeches. In passages with aorist-perfect alternation, it is also used in a marked way with added implicatures. Towards the end of a passage, assertions in the perfect often clinch the argument and/or are climactic. Near the beginning of a narrative passage, in contrast, the perfect, as in Balochi, is a forward-pointing device, highlighting what follows.

01 01 JB code cilt.352.19dah 06 10.1075/cilt.352.19dah 635 668 34 Chapter 21 01 04 Chapter 19. Indo-European perfects in typological perspective Chapter 19. Indo-European perfects in typological perspective 1 A01 01 JB code 790418442 Östen Dahl Dahl, Östen Östen Dahl Stockholm University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/790418442 01 eng 03 00

This chapter looks at Indo-European perfects in the light of recent typological research on TAME (tense-aspect-mood-evidentiality), in particular the work done at the Department of Linguistics at Stockholm University with the help of massive parallel corpora. The chapter starts with a survey of data sources and methods for multilingual linguistic research. Parameters of variation among perfects, both within Indo-European and elsewhere, are discussed: negated experiential uses, universal uses, combinations with definite time adverbials and words like ‘just’. Incipient grammaticalization of words for ‘already’ in the Indo-European languages is also considered.

01 01 JB code cilt.352.li 06 10.1075/cilt.352.li 669 674 6 Miscellaneous 22 01 04 Language Index Language Index 01 eng 01 01 JB code cilt.352.si 06 10.1075/cilt.352.si 675 686 12 Miscellaneous 23 01 04 Subject Index Subject Index 01 eng
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