This study investigates metaphors used in mergers and acquisitions texts in a Chinese financial newspaper,
The 21st Century Business Herald. Based on corpus data, we approach the rhetorical motive and persuasive
power hidden behind metaphors from the perspective of rhetorical criticism. The study found four major metaphors: war,
marriage, struggle and hunting, and game, in the financial texts about mergers and acquisitions. The war metaphor is the
most common variety, followed by the marriage metaphor, suggesting the role of power perception and gender perception in
the representation of financial affairs.
2019 “Metaphor in Chinese.” In Routledge Handbook of Chinese Applied Linguistics, edited by C-R. Huang, Z. Jing-Schmidt, and B. Meiterernst, 364–378. London: Routledge.
Boeynaems, A., Burgers, C., Konijn, E. A., and Steen, G. J.
2017The effects of metaphorical framing on political persuasion: A systematic literature review. Metaphor and Symbol, 32(2): 118–134.
Boss Zhipin
2020Research on Gender Income Differences in China’ Job Market in 2020. Retrieved from [URL]
1989On Symbols and Society. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Cameron, L., & Maslen, R.
2010Metaphor Analysis. London: Equinox.
Campbell, K., & Burkholder, T. R.
1997Critiques of Contemporary Rhetoric (Second Edition). New York: Wadsworth Publishing Company.
Chang, J. F., & Wang, Y. Y.
2014A corpus-based study of metaphors in Chinese reports on bonds and future market. Foreign Language Research 11: 343–344.
Charteris-Black, J.
2004Corpus Approaches to Critical Metaphor Analysis. Basingstoke & New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Charteris-Black, J.
2012Shattering the bell jar: Metaphor, gender and depression. Metaphor and Symbol 31: 199–216.
Charteris-Black, J.
2014Analyzing Political Speeches: Rhetoric, Discourse and Metaphor. Basingstoke & New York: Palgrave MacMillan.
Chen, M., & Tan, Y.
2010A study of M&As metaphor in Chinese texts and English texts on the basis of a corpus approach. Foreign Languages and Their Teaching 31: 16–20.
Chen, M., & Deng, Z.
2012Marriage metaphors in economic discourse on mergers and acquisitions: A research on metaphor from the socio-cognitive perspective. Foreign Language and Literature 51: 72–76.
Chilton, P. A.
1996Security Metaphors: Cold War Discourse from Containment to Common House. New York: Peter Lang Publishing.
2003 “Stock markets as ocean water: A corpus-based, comparative study of Mandarin Chinese, English and Spanish.” Paper presented at 17th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation. October, 3. Sentosa, Singapore.
Fitzgibbon, E., & Seeger, W.
2002Audiences and metaphors of globalization in the Daimler-Chrysler AG merger. Communication Studies 11: 40–55.
Flusberg, S. J.; Matlock, T., & Thibodeau, P. H.
2018War metaphors in public discourse. Metaphor and Symbol 11: 1–18.
Forceville, C.
1994Pictorial metaphor in advertisements, Metaphor and Symbolic Activity, 9(1):1–29.
2014 “Conceptual metaphor in thought and social action.” In The Power of Metaphor: Examining Its Influence on Social Life, edited by Landau, M., Robinson, M., & Meier, B., 17–40. Washington D.C.: American Psychological Association.
Guo, S.
2013Metaphor studies from the perspective of critical discourse analysis: A case study of business acquisition. Theory and Practice in Language Studies 31: 475–481.
Henderson, W.
2000Metaphor, economics and ESP: Some comments. English for Specific Purposes 21: 167–73.
Herrera, H., & White, M.
2012Metaphor and Mills: Figurative Language in Business and Economics. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
Hirsch, P. M., & Andrews, J. A. Y.
1983 “Ambushes, shootouts, and Knights of the Round Table: The language of corporate takeovers.” In Organizational Symbolism, Monographs in Organizational Behavior and Industrial Relations, edited by Pondy, L. R., Frost, P. J., Morgan, G., & Dandridge, T. C., 145–155. Greenwich, Conn.: JAI Press.
Jing-Schmidt, Z.
2016 “Metaphor in Chinese: Cognition, culture, and society.” In The Routledge Encyclopedia of the Chinese Language, edited by Chan, S. W., 629–644. London: Routledge.
Jing-Schmidt, Z., & Peng, X.
2018The sluttified sex: Verbal misogyny reflects and reinforces gender order in wireless China. Language in Society 31: 385–408.
Jing-Schmidt, Z., & Peng, X. J.
2017Winds and tigers: Metaphor choice in China’s anti-corruption discourse. Lingua Sinica 11: 1–26.
Koller, V.
2004Metaphor and Gender in Business Media Discourse: A Critical Cognitive Study. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Koller, V.
2002A shotgun wedding: Co-occurrence of war and marriage metaphors in mergers and acquisitions discourse. Metaphor and Symbol 31: 179–203.
Koller, V.
2005Critical discourse analysis and social cognition: Evidence from business media discourse. Discourse & Society 21: 199–224.
Koller, V.
2006 “Of critical importance: Using electronic text corpora to study metaphor in business media discourse.” In Corpus-based Approaches to Metaphor and Metonymy, edited by Stefanowitsch, A., & Griees, S., 237–266. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Koller, V.
2014Metaphor and Gender in Business Media Discourse: A Critical Cognitive Study. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Kӧvecses, Z.
2010Metaphor: A Practical Introduction (Second Edition). New York: Oxford University Press.
Kӧvecses, Z.
2015Where Metaphors Come From: Reconsidering Context in Metaphor. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Kӧvecses, Z.
2020Extended Conceptual Metaphor Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lakoff, G.; Espenson, J., and Schwartz, A.
1991Master Metaphor List (Second draft copy). Cognitive Linguistics Group, University of California Berkeley.
Lakoff, G. & Johnson, M.
1980Metaphors We Live By. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Lakoff, G. & Johnson, M.
2014Don’t Think of An Elephant (2nd edition). Vermont: Chelsea Green Publishing.
Lindsey, W.
2005Religion and the good Life: Motivation, myth and metaphor in a Tokugawa female lifestyle guide. Japanese Journal of Religious Studies, (1): 35–52.
Liu, L. A.; Adair, W. L., and Bello, D. C.
2015Fit, misfit, and beyond fit: Relational metaphors and semantic fit in international joint ventures. Journal of International Business Studies 71: 830–849.
Liu, W. Y., & Wang, Y. J.
2020The role of offensive metaphors in Chinese diplomatic discourse. Discourse, Context and Media, 371: 1–10.
Lule, J.
2004War and its metaphors: News language and the prelude to war in Iraq. Journalism Studies, 5(2): 179–190.
Maass, A.; Suitner, C., and Arcuri, L.
2014 “The role of metaphors in intergroup relations.” In The Power of Metaphor: Examining Its Influence on Social Life, edited by Landau, M., Robinson, M., & Meier, B., 153–177. Washington D.C.: American Psychological Association.
Musolff, A.
2004Metaphor and Political Discourse: Analogical Reasoning in Debates about Europe. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Mutari, E.
2018Metaphors, social practices, and economic life: ASE presidential address. Review of Social Economy 11: 1–18.
National Bureau of Statistics
2019The Statistical Monitoring Report of the Program for the Development of Chinese Women (2011–2020) in 2018. Retrieved from [URL]
Ottati, V.; Renstrom, R., and Price, E.
2014 “The metaphoric framing model: Political communication and public opinion.” In The Power of Metaphor: Examining Its Influence on Social Life, edited by Landau, M., Robinson, M., & Meier, B., 179–202. Washington D.C.: American Psychological Association.
Regine, B.; Helene, M., & Angelika, S.
2012The stepfamily metaphor: Further insights and alternations for understanding the M&As discourse. European Journal of International Management 21: 395–420.
Rennie, B.
2009Myths, models and metaphors: Religion as model and philosophy of science. Religion, 39(4): 340–347.
Rottig, D.
2013A marriage metaphor model for sociocultural integration in international mergers and acquisitions. Thunderbird International Business Review 41: 439–451.
Santa, A.
1999Like an animal I was treated: Anti-immigrant metaphor in U. S. public discourse. Discourse & Society, 10(2): 191–224.
Schmid, H. J.
2012 (ed.) Cognitive Pragmatics. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Semino, E.
2008Metaphor in Discourse. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Shu, D. F.
2000Studies in Metaphor. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Simons, H. W.
2004 “The rhetorical legacy of Kenneth Burke.” In A Companion to Rhetoric and Rhetorical Criticism, edited by Jost, W., & Olmsted, W., 151–167. Malden: Blackwell Publishing.
2020Ideological and political metaphor and metaphorical ideology and politics-Reform narrative in the great 40 years. Journal of Northeast Normal University 41: 68–77.
Sundar, A., & Theodore, J. N.
2014Place the logo high or low? Using conceptual metaphors of power in packaging design. Journal of Marketing, 78(5): 138–151.
The State Council Information Office of the People’s Republic of China
2019Equality, Development and Sharing: Progress of Women’s Cause in 70 Years Since New China’s Founding. Retrieved from [URL]. 2019-09-21.
Vaara, E.; Tienari, J., and Säntti, R.
2003The international match: Metaphors as vehicles of social identity-building in cross-border mergers. Human Relations 41: 419–451.
Wang, C.
2017Critical Discourse Analysis of Chinese Advertisement: Case Studies of Household Appliance Advertisements from 1981 to 1996. Singapore: Springer.
Wang, W.
2003On the cultural function of metaphor. Journal of Central China Normal University 41: 117–122.
Wen, X.
2014Political discourse and political metaphors. Contemporary Foreign Languages Studies, 91: 11–16.
White, M.
1997The use of metaphor in reporting financial market transactions. Cuadernos de Filología Inglesa 6121: 233–245.
White, M., & Herrera, H.
2003 “Metaphor and ideology in the press coverage of telecom corporate consolidations.” In Cognitive Models in Language and Thought: Ideology, Metaphors and Meanings, edited by Dirven, R., Frank, R., & Pütz, M., 277–323. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Whitt, J.
2011An appetite for metaphor: Food imagery and cultural identity in Indian fiction. Ph. D. dissertation. East Carolina University.
Xiang, L.
2008Conceptual integration and social functions of war metaphors in American sports reports. Ph.D. dissertation. Southwest Jiaotong University.
Zhong, C. B., & House, J. D.
2014 “Pollution and purity: A metaphoric perspective on morality.” In The Power of Metaphor: Examining Its Influence on Social Life, edited by Landau, M., Robinson, M., & Meier, B., 109–131. Washington D.C.: American Psychological Association.