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John Benjamins Publishing Company
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Anna Idström
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Anna
Idström
University of Helsinki
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Elisabeth Piirainen
Piirainen, Elisabeth
Elisabeth
Piirainen
Steinfurt, Germany
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Tiber F.M. Falzett
Falzett, Tiber F.M.
Tiber F.M.
Falzett
University of Edinburgh
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Anthropological Linguistics
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Cognition and language
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When the last speaker of a language dies, s/he takes to oblivion the memories, associations and the rich imagery this language community has once lived by. The cultural heritage encoded in conventional linguistic metaphors, handed down through generations, will be lost forever. This volume consists of fifteen articles about metaphors in endangered languages, from Peru to Alaska, from India to Ghana.<br />The empirical data demonstrate that the assumptions of contemporary cognitive linguistic theory about “universal” metaphors and the underlying cognitive processes are still far from plausible, since culture plays an important role in the formation of metaphors. Moreover, that theory has been based on knowledge of metaphors in some standard languages. Indigenous and other minority languages, especially mainly orally used ones, have been disregarded completely.<br />Besides researchers and students in linguistics, especially in metaphor and figurative language theory, this compilation provides food for thought for scholars in large fields of cultural studies, ranging from anthropology and ethnology to folkloristics and philosophy.
05
Perhaps the major issue facing linguists today is the phenomenon of language endangerment. [...] Metaphors are a particularly interesting area of language because of their interaction with both language and culture, providing an insight into the ways in which different cultures come to terms with their environments, an insight that will be lost if the metaphorical systems of different languages disappear without being documented. It is therefore with great pleasure that I recommend the present volume to a broad linguistic readership. The editors and contributors have succeeded in bringing together and systematizing a wide range of phenomena involving metaphors in endangered languages [...]. I join them in encouraging others to continue their work by documenting metaphors in endangered languages, always bearing in mind that metaphors may be one of the first parts of a language to disappear once it becomes endangered.
Bernard Comrie, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology and University of California Santa Barbara
05
[...] this volume represents a commendable empirical contribution to data both on minority languages and on metaphor. The comprehensive background provided in the prologue makes this work accessible reading for anyone interested in the study of underrepresented languages or metaphor, or in cognitive linguistics more generally.
Megan Schildmier Stone, University of Arizona, on Linguist List 23.5181, 2012
05
<i>Endangered Metaphors</i> offers a fascinating collection of articles looking at metaphoric language in languages that are slowly vanishing from the world's landscape. These chapters focus on many issues related to metaphor theory, including questions on the universality and cultural specificity of conceptual metaphors, and topics associated with globalization in human languages and culture. The range of linguistic data explored is incredibly impressive [...]. <i>Endangered Metaphors</i> is a wonderful addition to the new book series on Cognitive Linguistic Studies in Cultural Contexts.<br />
Raymond W. Gibbs, Jr., University of California, Santa Cruz
05
The book breaks new ground in empirical and theoretical metaphor and idiom research, since it looks at the figurative lexicon of endangered minority languages that have never before been the topic of metaphor or idiom research. Therefore, the book is highly innovative and stimulating. The fifteen articles treat significant issues of figurative language and its cultural foundation in languages of five continents. […] No similar publication exists to date.
Dmitrij Dobrovol’skij, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow
05
“Endangered Metaphors” is a thought-provoking volume opening windows for future explorations. The focus of this compilation is not on the vulnerability of minority languages, but rather on the vulnerability of the metaphors used by their speakers as a consequence of the progressive change towards new figurative expressions through borrowing from majority languages. Consequently, the book is of great interest not only for linguists working in the field of endangered languages, for whom the focus on figurative language use may constitute a pleasant novelty, but also for readers interested in the intertwine between language and culture. The articles in this book are immensely inspiring and contribute effectively to our understanding of this relationship.
Javier Diaz-Vera, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Spain, in Metaphor and the Social World, Vol. 2:2 (2012)
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Miscellaneous
1
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Prologue
1
A01
Peter Mühlhäusler
Mühlhäusler, Peter
Peter
Mühlhäusler
University of Adelaide
10
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15
20
6
Article
2
01
Endangered metaphors
Introduction
1
A01
Anna Idström
Idström, Anna
Anna
Idström
2
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Elisabeth Piirainen
Piirainen, Elisabeth
Elisabeth
Piirainen
10
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JB code
clscc.2.03ric
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76
56
Article
3
01
“Our language is very literal”
Figurative expression in Dene Sųłiné [Athapaskan]
1
A01
Sally Rice
Rice, Sally
Sally
Rice
University of Alberta
01
For reasons perhaps more sociolinguistic than linguistic, Athapaskan languages rarely borrow in order to expand the lexicon. Instead, they opt for the recycling of a very small set of core stems through recombination or simple reinterpretation (involving metaphor and metonymy). The resulting lexical inventory is striking to cognitive linguists because of the way experiential reality and typologically common construal patterns are routinely exploited for lexical expansion. This paper presents figurative lexicalization strategies in Dene Sųłiné and argues that they are similar to patterns adopted by genetically unrelated languages. Importantly, a deeper understanding of the processes involved in Athapaskan lexicalization may help speakers continue to lexicalize new concepts in indigenous ways, thus helping sustain the health and viability of their languages.
10
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102
26
Article
4
01
“My heart falls out”
Conceptualizations of body parts and emotion expressions in Beaver Athabascan
1
A01
Carolina Pasamonik
Pasamonik, Carolina
Carolina
Pasamonik
01
Language- and culture-specific body part expressions systematically reflect metaphorical and metonymic conceptualizations and the relations holding between body part concepts and target concepts like emotions. Embodiment and cultural models play significant roles in the processing: embodiment as near-universal principle constitutes the ‘skeleton’ of a concept due to experience, while cultural models as shared worldviews elaborate and organize this perceived reality. In this article, Beaver Athabascan emotion and personality trait expressions employing body part terms are presented. Besides linguistic data, metalinguistic statements of the speakers reveal underlying conceptual phenomena and idiosyncratic linguistic patterns, which are both highly relevant for the Beaver system of emotion concepts and expressions.
10
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JB code
clscc.2.05lov
103
122
20
Article
5
01
Walking like a porcupine, talking like a raven
Figurative language in Upper Tanana Athabascan
1
A01
Olga Lovick
Lovick, Olga
Olga
Lovick
First Nations University of Canada
01
This paper investigates the cultural grounding of animal idioms describing human behavior in Upper Tanana Athabascan. Semantically, we can identify two types of idioms. Type I idioms are grounded in observations of real-life animals. They are iconic in that they are based on, and evoke, rich images. Type II idioms are grounded in mythology. Certain animals are cultural symbols, representing a particular trait. Type II idioms are thus symbolic. Comparison with other Alaskan Athabascan languages demonstrates that such idioms are common, but also that they are extremely endangered since they are part of the colloquial, rather than formal, language.
10
01
JB code
clscc.2.06mon
123
144
22
Article
6
01
Are Nahuatl riddles endangered conceptualizations?
1
A01
Mercedes Montes de Oca Vega
Vega, Mercedes Montes de Oca
Mercedes Montes de Oca
Vega
IIFL, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
01
This paper offers a comparative analysis of two corpora of shared riddles from the sixteenth century and present day Nahuatl. Riddles are a form of speech play practiced in Nahua communities since pre-Hispanic times. Conceptualization behind riddles has been preserved, has changed and has also been lost. Analysis will expose the ways of perceiving and thinking in construing the clues of riddles from a cognitive approach based on Blending Theory together with concepts like profile, construal, mental spaces. Socio-cultural information plays a crucial part in establishing domains of knowledge in which meaning relations are established.
10
01
JB code
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145
160
16
Article
7
01
Bodily-based conceptual metaphors in Ashéninka Perené myths and folk stories
1
A01
Elena Mihas
Mihas, Elena
Elena
Mihas
University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee
01
The paper examines a range of conceptual metaphors which serve as key elements of Ashéninka Perené (Arawak) myths and folk tales, and aims at situating them in the context of Amazonian high jungle dwellers’ culture. Based on fieldwork conducted in 2009–2011 in lowland Peru, the paper gives a brief outline of the current sociolinguistic status of the language, indigenous economy, and aspects of speakers’ cultural beliefs. The bulk of the paper is devoted to the discussion of three conceptual metaphors which underlie oral native texts, namely body is animal prey; body is clothing; body is fabrication. Seeking to account for the attested metaphors, the paper concludes with a discussion of indigenous conceptual frameworks of cosmocentric animism and perspectivism.
10
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184
24
Article
8
01
The use of a conceptual metaphor in the Siroi language of Papua New Guinea
The
use of a conceptual metaphor in the Siroi language of Papua New Guinea
Narrative is climbing a mountain
1
A01
Sjaak van Kleef
Kleef, Sjaak van
Sjaak van
Kleef
SIL
2
A01
Jacqueline van Kleef
Kleef, Jacqueline van
Jacqueline van
Kleef
SIL
01
Wells’ <i>Grammar of the Siroi language of Papua New Guinea</i> (1979) raised several questions about the language which could not be answered at the time. This article shows how perhaps the only way these questions can be adequately answered is by recognizing the fact that speakers of the Siroi language use an extended conceptual metaphor in narrative discourse, i.e. narrative is climbing a mountain.
10
01
JB code
clscc.2.09fra
185
204
20
Article
9
01
Kewa figures of speech
Understanding the code
1
A01
Karl J. Franklin
Franklin, Karl J.
Karl J.
Franklin
SIL International and Graduate Institute of Applied Linguistics
01
In this paper I describe how the Kewa people use figures of speech, particularly idioms and metaphors, often coding them as implied information or implicatures in their “veiled” or “hidden” language. In presenting this work, I have benefitted from the theoretical framework of cognitive linguistics (Lakoff 1987; Lakoff and Johnson 1980; Lakoff and Turner 1989; Kövecses 2000; 2002, 2006; as well as the etic and emic insights of Pike 1967; 1982). I demonstrate how Kewa speakers code their figures of speech in aphorisms or maxims, often signaling warnings and instructions. The study demonstrates that cultural codes, situated pragmatically, are foundational in interpreting the Kewa figures of speech and confirms that “culture and cognition are inextricably fused” (Kövecses 2006: 271).
10
01
JB code
clscc.2.10lon
205
220
16
Article
10
01
Metaphors in Dimasa and Rabha – A comparative study
1
A01
Monali Longmailai
Longmailai, Monali
Monali
Longmailai
North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong
2
A01
Lakshminath Rabha
Rabha, Lakshminath
Lakshminath
Rabha
English and Foreign Languages University, Shillong
01
In this paper, we will discuss metaphors based on some semantic domains such as codes, threats, pride and so on, in two Tibeto-Burman languages, Dimasa and Rabha. An example of a Dimasa metaphor of threat is illustrated here. The literal meaning of <i>daudI daInba</i> is “cutting of egg” while the figurative meaning is ‘killing somebody with spell’. The vehicle here is ‘cutting of egg’ which is similar in meaning to the topic ‘killing somebody’. Nowadays, in Dimasa society, this is used to threaten somebody indirectly so that, that threatened person will not bother him again. In Rabha, a metaphor of pride <i>kumpak kut∫uŋ</i> literally means ‘enlarging somebody’s nose’, whose figurative meaning is ‘flattery and self-pride’. This is used when a person is flattered by another. In this example, the vehicle is ‘enlarging somebody’s nose’ and the topic is ‘pride’. Morphological processes and a comparative study of the metaphors in these two languages will be discussed here besides their socio-cultural relevance in the present world.
10
01
JB code
clscc.2.11han
221
252
32
Article
11
01
Numbers that Chumburung people count on
1
A01
Gillian F. Hansford
Hansford, Gillian F.
Gillian F.
Hansford
Ghana Institute of Linguistics, Literacy and Bible Translation
01
Numbers are not very metaphorical according to Dobrovol’skij and Piirainen (2005). Nevertheless they can have both figurative and symbolic significance. Inspired by them, and remembering Comrie’s comment (2005) that linguists often do not record the full numerical system in a language, I investigate the Chumburung language of Ghana. The integers from one to ten are taken in order. two fits Lakoff’s more is better metaphor. three and four provide symbolism for the difference between male and female. There are two kinds of week in Chumburung, one with six and one with seven days, which govern some ritual activities. Numbers larger than ten are then studied, in particular because of a changing monetary system, to see whether any might be endangered.
10
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JB code
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253
274
22
Article
12
01
The importance of unveiling conceptual metaphors in a minority language
The
importance of unveiling conceptual metaphors in a minority language
The case of Basque
1
A01
Iraide Ibarretxe-Antuñano
Ibarretxe-Antuñano, Iraide
Iraide
Ibarretxe-Antuñano
Universidad de Zaragoza
01
This paper studies some (external and internal) body-part related conceptual metaphors in Basque, a language isolate spoken on the Western Pyrenees, and discusses the importance and relevance of such a study for endangered languages in general and Basque in particular. The goal of this paper is twofold: (i) to show that culture plays a fundamental role in the analysis of conceptual metaphors, since all metaphors are not ‘universal’ despite the claim that they share a common embodied grounding, and (ii) to prove that conceptual metaphor is a critical tool in the study of endangered languages, Basque in this case, because it unveils certain conceptualizations that are deeply entrenched in the language and that are sometimes overshadowed by a globalized and ethnocentric viewpoint.
10
01
JB code
clscc.2.13ids
275
292
18
Article
13
01
Antlers as a metaphor of pride
What idioms reveal about the relationship between human and animal in Inari Saami conceptual system
1
A01
Anna Idström
Idström, Anna
Anna
Idström
Finland
01
Cognitive Metaphor Theory involves an assumption that the metaphorical patterns which systematically connect a source domain to a target domain stem from cognitive mapping: understanding and experiencing one thing in terms of another. The Inari Saami material collected from several sources does not support this assumption. Instead, this paper offers an alternative explanation for the systematic patterns of metaphors which are revealed through personal fieldwork and related research, based on both culture and cognition, in accordance with the Relevance Theory. When a human adapts to his/her environment, the recurring patterns in this environment form image schemata in his/her mind. Communication is partly based on the activation of these schemata. In conventional Inari Saami metaphors, reindeer and wild animals are repeatedly mentioned to signify somebody’s behavior. People have paid much attention to the behavior of those animals, and thus they make vivid schemata. By activating such a schema, a speaker is able to convey an idea with an apt metaphor in a conversational situation. This implies that the listener must have a similar life-experience, i.e., cultural background, in order to interpret the metaphor as intended. The best metaphors are repeated and conventionalized. That is why idioms reveal something intimate about the culture of their speakers: they mirror the everyday human life in those days when people still lived in the harsh natural conditions of the wilderness around Lake Inari.
10
01
JB code
clscc.2.14gra
293
314
22
Article
14
01
Metaphors of the Finnish Roma in Finnish and Romani
1
A01
Kimmo Granqvist
Granqvist, Kimmo
Kimmo
Granqvist
Research Institute for the Languages of Finland
01
This paper surveys the reservoir of metaphors used by Finnish Roma in both Finnish and Romani. The Finnish lects spoken by Roma differ from the mainstream usage of Finnish but are subject to standardization. Finnish Romani is largely moribund. In my paper, emphasis will be laid on the socio-cultural grounding of the metaphors. I will compare Roma metaphors with ones used by the main population to determine, whether there are cross-cultural differences in the typology of motivation of the metaphors: are Roma metaphors based on different embodiment of conceptions or otherwise different grounding than the metaphors used by the main population? I will furthermore study the similarities and translatability between metaphors in Finnish and in Romani. Intergenerational variation will be considered in order to compare the metaphor competence of older and younger Roma generations in relationship to their (self-evaluated) proficiency in Romani.
10
01
JB code
clscc.2.15fal
315
338
24
Article
15
01
“Bhio’ tu dìreach ga ithe, bha e cho math = You would just eat it, it was so good”
Music, Metaphor and Food for Thought on Scottish Gaelic Aesthetics
1
A01
Tiber F.M. Falzett
Falzett, Tiber F.M.
Tiber F.M.
Falzett
Celtic & Scottish Studies, University of Edinburgh
01
This paper intends to examine metaphors and other tropes in Scottish Gaelic that are capable of shedding light on local aesthetic attitudes concerning various forms of verbal art and music among Gaelic speakers at the communal level. Special attention will be given to lexemes that are associated with the gustatory and employed by speakers to denote quality and acceptability in a performance or during more general forms of discourse, including <i>blas</i> (taste), <i>brìgh</i> (essence), and <i>ith</i> (eat). The symbolic use of these words reveals a blurring in the distinctions of genre boundaries as well as relationships between language and other forms of performance culture, including music, and provides a unique view on the semantic realm of ‘taste’ in a way that is arguably distinct from its application in dominant Western aesthetic circles. It will also be shown how such concepts of ‘taste’ and ‘essence’ are central to the transmission of various forms of intangible culture within Gaelic-speaking communities, revealing the role of such idioms in the maintenance of communal tradition. By exploring the semiotic range of these terms among Scottish Gaelic speakers both synchronically through ethnographic fieldwork and diachronically through corpora of printed texts in the language, it is hoped that deeper insights will be given into the inner mechanics of a Scottish Gaelic aesthetic ethos.
10
01
JB code
clscc.2.16pii
339
358
20
Article
16
01
Metaphors of an endangered Low Saxon basis dialect – exemplified by idioms of STUPIDITY and DEATH
1
A01
Elisabeth Piirainen
Piirainen, Elisabeth
Elisabeth
Piirainen
Germany
01
This paper examines metaphors that are handed down in idioms of an old Low Saxon basic dialect. About 30 years ago it was still possible to collect a comprehensive inventory of idioms with the help of the last generation of old-established dialect speakers who had knowledge of their native language in its former originality. Although located in West Europe, the dialect reveals unique metaphors and archaic concepts which, for the most part, seem to be unparalleled by other European languages analyzed so far. They are rooted in the traditional material and social culture of a rural society in times bygone. By means of idioms from the semantic fields stupidity and death we will show that an adequate interpretation requires activating special knowledge structures, available only to the last dialect speakers.
10
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JB code
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359
360
2
Miscellaneous
17
01
Index of conceptual metaphors/metonymies
10
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JB code
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361
364
4
Miscellaneous
18
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Name index
10
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JB code
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365
376
12
Miscellaneous
19
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Subject index
02
JBENJAMINS
John Benjamins Publishing Company
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John Benjamins Publishing Company
Amsterdam/Philadelphia
NL
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20120323
2012
John Benjamins
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9789027204059
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John Benjamins e-Platform
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2011049143
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1879-8047
Cognitive Linguistic Studies in Cultural Contexts
2
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Endangered Metaphors
01
clscc.2
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https://benjamins.com
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https://benjamins.com/catalog/clscc.2
1
B01
Anna Idström
Idström, Anna
Anna
Idström
University of Helsinki
2
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Elisabeth Piirainen
Piirainen, Elisabeth
Elisabeth
Piirainen
Steinfurt, Germany
3
A32
Tiber F.M. Falzett
Falzett, Tiber F.M.
Tiber F.M.
Falzett
University of Edinburgh
01
eng
382
vi
376
LAN009000
v.2006
CFG
2
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.ANTHR
Anthropological Linguistics
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.COGN
Cognition and language
06
01
When the last speaker of a language dies, s/he takes to oblivion the memories, associations and the rich imagery this language community has once lived by. The cultural heritage encoded in conventional linguistic metaphors, handed down through generations, will be lost forever. This volume consists of fifteen articles about metaphors in endangered languages, from Peru to Alaska, from India to Ghana.<br />The empirical data demonstrate that the assumptions of contemporary cognitive linguistic theory about “universal” metaphors and the underlying cognitive processes are still far from plausible, since culture plays an important role in the formation of metaphors. Moreover, that theory has been based on knowledge of metaphors in some standard languages. Indigenous and other minority languages, especially mainly orally used ones, have been disregarded completely.<br />Besides researchers and students in linguistics, especially in metaphor and figurative language theory, this compilation provides food for thought for scholars in large fields of cultural studies, ranging from anthropology and ethnology to folkloristics and philosophy.
05
Perhaps the major issue facing linguists today is the phenomenon of language endangerment. [...] Metaphors are a particularly interesting area of language because of their interaction with both language and culture, providing an insight into the ways in which different cultures come to terms with their environments, an insight that will be lost if the metaphorical systems of different languages disappear without being documented. It is therefore with great pleasure that I recommend the present volume to a broad linguistic readership. The editors and contributors have succeeded in bringing together and systematizing a wide range of phenomena involving metaphors in endangered languages [...]. I join them in encouraging others to continue their work by documenting metaphors in endangered languages, always bearing in mind that metaphors may be one of the first parts of a language to disappear once it becomes endangered.
Bernard Comrie, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology and University of California Santa Barbara
05
[...] this volume represents a commendable empirical contribution to data both on minority languages and on metaphor. The comprehensive background provided in the prologue makes this work accessible reading for anyone interested in the study of underrepresented languages or metaphor, or in cognitive linguistics more generally.
Megan Schildmier Stone, University of Arizona, on Linguist List 23.5181, 2012
05
<i>Endangered Metaphors</i> offers a fascinating collection of articles looking at metaphoric language in languages that are slowly vanishing from the world's landscape. These chapters focus on many issues related to metaphor theory, including questions on the universality and cultural specificity of conceptual metaphors, and topics associated with globalization in human languages and culture. The range of linguistic data explored is incredibly impressive [...]. <i>Endangered Metaphors</i> is a wonderful addition to the new book series on Cognitive Linguistic Studies in Cultural Contexts.<br />
Raymond W. Gibbs, Jr., University of California, Santa Cruz
05
The book breaks new ground in empirical and theoretical metaphor and idiom research, since it looks at the figurative lexicon of endangered minority languages that have never before been the topic of metaphor or idiom research. Therefore, the book is highly innovative and stimulating. The fifteen articles treat significant issues of figurative language and its cultural foundation in languages of five continents. […] No similar publication exists to date.
Dmitrij Dobrovol’skij, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow
05
“Endangered Metaphors” is a thought-provoking volume opening windows for future explorations. The focus of this compilation is not on the vulnerability of minority languages, but rather on the vulnerability of the metaphors used by their speakers as a consequence of the progressive change towards new figurative expressions through borrowing from majority languages. Consequently, the book is of great interest not only for linguists working in the field of endangered languages, for whom the focus on figurative language use may constitute a pleasant novelty, but also for readers interested in the intertwine between language and culture. The articles in this book are immensely inspiring and contribute effectively to our understanding of this relationship.
Javier Diaz-Vera, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Spain, in Metaphor and the Social World, Vol. 2:2 (2012)
04
09
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Prologue
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Peter Mühlhäusler
Mühlhäusler, Peter
Peter
Mühlhäusler
University of Adelaide
10
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JB code
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15
20
6
Article
2
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Endangered metaphors
Introduction
1
A01
Anna Idström
Idström, Anna
Anna
Idström
2
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Elisabeth Piirainen
Piirainen, Elisabeth
Elisabeth
Piirainen
10
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clscc.2.03ric
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76
56
Article
3
01
“Our language is very literal”
Figurative expression in Dene Sųłiné [Athapaskan]
1
A01
Sally Rice
Rice, Sally
Sally
Rice
University of Alberta
01
For reasons perhaps more sociolinguistic than linguistic, Athapaskan languages rarely borrow in order to expand the lexicon. Instead, they opt for the recycling of a very small set of core stems through recombination or simple reinterpretation (involving metaphor and metonymy). The resulting lexical inventory is striking to cognitive linguists because of the way experiential reality and typologically common construal patterns are routinely exploited for lexical expansion. This paper presents figurative lexicalization strategies in Dene Sųłiné and argues that they are similar to patterns adopted by genetically unrelated languages. Importantly, a deeper understanding of the processes involved in Athapaskan lexicalization may help speakers continue to lexicalize new concepts in indigenous ways, thus helping sustain the health and viability of their languages.
10
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JB code
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102
26
Article
4
01
“My heart falls out”
Conceptualizations of body parts and emotion expressions in Beaver Athabascan
1
A01
Carolina Pasamonik
Pasamonik, Carolina
Carolina
Pasamonik
01
Language- and culture-specific body part expressions systematically reflect metaphorical and metonymic conceptualizations and the relations holding between body part concepts and target concepts like emotions. Embodiment and cultural models play significant roles in the processing: embodiment as near-universal principle constitutes the ‘skeleton’ of a concept due to experience, while cultural models as shared worldviews elaborate and organize this perceived reality. In this article, Beaver Athabascan emotion and personality trait expressions employing body part terms are presented. Besides linguistic data, metalinguistic statements of the speakers reveal underlying conceptual phenomena and idiosyncratic linguistic patterns, which are both highly relevant for the Beaver system of emotion concepts and expressions.
10
01
JB code
clscc.2.05lov
103
122
20
Article
5
01
Walking like a porcupine, talking like a raven
Figurative language in Upper Tanana Athabascan
1
A01
Olga Lovick
Lovick, Olga
Olga
Lovick
First Nations University of Canada
01
This paper investigates the cultural grounding of animal idioms describing human behavior in Upper Tanana Athabascan. Semantically, we can identify two types of idioms. Type I idioms are grounded in observations of real-life animals. They are iconic in that they are based on, and evoke, rich images. Type II idioms are grounded in mythology. Certain animals are cultural symbols, representing a particular trait. Type II idioms are thus symbolic. Comparison with other Alaskan Athabascan languages demonstrates that such idioms are common, but also that they are extremely endangered since they are part of the colloquial, rather than formal, language.
10
01
JB code
clscc.2.06mon
123
144
22
Article
6
01
Are Nahuatl riddles endangered conceptualizations?
1
A01
Mercedes Montes de Oca Vega
Vega, Mercedes Montes de Oca
Mercedes Montes de Oca
Vega
IIFL, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
01
This paper offers a comparative analysis of two corpora of shared riddles from the sixteenth century and present day Nahuatl. Riddles are a form of speech play practiced in Nahua communities since pre-Hispanic times. Conceptualization behind riddles has been preserved, has changed and has also been lost. Analysis will expose the ways of perceiving and thinking in construing the clues of riddles from a cognitive approach based on Blending Theory together with concepts like profile, construal, mental spaces. Socio-cultural information plays a crucial part in establishing domains of knowledge in which meaning relations are established.
10
01
JB code
clscc.2.07mih
145
160
16
Article
7
01
Bodily-based conceptual metaphors in Ashéninka Perené myths and folk stories
1
A01
Elena Mihas
Mihas, Elena
Elena
Mihas
University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee
01
The paper examines a range of conceptual metaphors which serve as key elements of Ashéninka Perené (Arawak) myths and folk tales, and aims at situating them in the context of Amazonian high jungle dwellers’ culture. Based on fieldwork conducted in 2009–2011 in lowland Peru, the paper gives a brief outline of the current sociolinguistic status of the language, indigenous economy, and aspects of speakers’ cultural beliefs. The bulk of the paper is devoted to the discussion of three conceptual metaphors which underlie oral native texts, namely body is animal prey; body is clothing; body is fabrication. Seeking to account for the attested metaphors, the paper concludes with a discussion of indigenous conceptual frameworks of cosmocentric animism and perspectivism.
10
01
JB code
clscc.2.08kle
161
184
24
Article
8
01
The use of a conceptual metaphor in the Siroi language of Papua New Guinea
The
use of a conceptual metaphor in the Siroi language of Papua New Guinea
Narrative is climbing a mountain
1
A01
Sjaak van Kleef
Kleef, Sjaak van
Sjaak van
Kleef
SIL
2
A01
Jacqueline van Kleef
Kleef, Jacqueline van
Jacqueline van
Kleef
SIL
01
Wells’ <i>Grammar of the Siroi language of Papua New Guinea</i> (1979) raised several questions about the language which could not be answered at the time. This article shows how perhaps the only way these questions can be adequately answered is by recognizing the fact that speakers of the Siroi language use an extended conceptual metaphor in narrative discourse, i.e. narrative is climbing a mountain.
10
01
JB code
clscc.2.09fra
185
204
20
Article
9
01
Kewa figures of speech
Understanding the code
1
A01
Karl J. Franklin
Franklin, Karl J.
Karl J.
Franklin
SIL International and Graduate Institute of Applied Linguistics
01
In this paper I describe how the Kewa people use figures of speech, particularly idioms and metaphors, often coding them as implied information or implicatures in their “veiled” or “hidden” language. In presenting this work, I have benefitted from the theoretical framework of cognitive linguistics (Lakoff 1987; Lakoff and Johnson 1980; Lakoff and Turner 1989; Kövecses 2000; 2002, 2006; as well as the etic and emic insights of Pike 1967; 1982). I demonstrate how Kewa speakers code their figures of speech in aphorisms or maxims, often signaling warnings and instructions. The study demonstrates that cultural codes, situated pragmatically, are foundational in interpreting the Kewa figures of speech and confirms that “culture and cognition are inextricably fused” (Kövecses 2006: 271).
10
01
JB code
clscc.2.10lon
205
220
16
Article
10
01
Metaphors in Dimasa and Rabha – A comparative study
1
A01
Monali Longmailai
Longmailai, Monali
Monali
Longmailai
North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong
2
A01
Lakshminath Rabha
Rabha, Lakshminath
Lakshminath
Rabha
English and Foreign Languages University, Shillong
01
In this paper, we will discuss metaphors based on some semantic domains such as codes, threats, pride and so on, in two Tibeto-Burman languages, Dimasa and Rabha. An example of a Dimasa metaphor of threat is illustrated here. The literal meaning of <i>daudI daInba</i> is “cutting of egg” while the figurative meaning is ‘killing somebody with spell’. The vehicle here is ‘cutting of egg’ which is similar in meaning to the topic ‘killing somebody’. Nowadays, in Dimasa society, this is used to threaten somebody indirectly so that, that threatened person will not bother him again. In Rabha, a metaphor of pride <i>kumpak kut∫uŋ</i> literally means ‘enlarging somebody’s nose’, whose figurative meaning is ‘flattery and self-pride’. This is used when a person is flattered by another. In this example, the vehicle is ‘enlarging somebody’s nose’ and the topic is ‘pride’. Morphological processes and a comparative study of the metaphors in these two languages will be discussed here besides their socio-cultural relevance in the present world.
10
01
JB code
clscc.2.11han
221
252
32
Article
11
01
Numbers that Chumburung people count on
1
A01
Gillian F. Hansford
Hansford, Gillian F.
Gillian F.
Hansford
Ghana Institute of Linguistics, Literacy and Bible Translation
01
Numbers are not very metaphorical according to Dobrovol’skij and Piirainen (2005). Nevertheless they can have both figurative and symbolic significance. Inspired by them, and remembering Comrie’s comment (2005) that linguists often do not record the full numerical system in a language, I investigate the Chumburung language of Ghana. The integers from one to ten are taken in order. two fits Lakoff’s more is better metaphor. three and four provide symbolism for the difference between male and female. There are two kinds of week in Chumburung, one with six and one with seven days, which govern some ritual activities. Numbers larger than ten are then studied, in particular because of a changing monetary system, to see whether any might be endangered.
10
01
JB code
clscc.2.12iba
253
274
22
Article
12
01
The importance of unveiling conceptual metaphors in a minority language
The
importance of unveiling conceptual metaphors in a minority language
The case of Basque
1
A01
Iraide Ibarretxe-Antuñano
Ibarretxe-Antuñano, Iraide
Iraide
Ibarretxe-Antuñano
Universidad de Zaragoza
01
This paper studies some (external and internal) body-part related conceptual metaphors in Basque, a language isolate spoken on the Western Pyrenees, and discusses the importance and relevance of such a study for endangered languages in general and Basque in particular. The goal of this paper is twofold: (i) to show that culture plays a fundamental role in the analysis of conceptual metaphors, since all metaphors are not ‘universal’ despite the claim that they share a common embodied grounding, and (ii) to prove that conceptual metaphor is a critical tool in the study of endangered languages, Basque in this case, because it unveils certain conceptualizations that are deeply entrenched in the language and that are sometimes overshadowed by a globalized and ethnocentric viewpoint.
10
01
JB code
clscc.2.13ids
275
292
18
Article
13
01
Antlers as a metaphor of pride
What idioms reveal about the relationship between human and animal in Inari Saami conceptual system
1
A01
Anna Idström
Idström, Anna
Anna
Idström
Finland
01
Cognitive Metaphor Theory involves an assumption that the metaphorical patterns which systematically connect a source domain to a target domain stem from cognitive mapping: understanding and experiencing one thing in terms of another. The Inari Saami material collected from several sources does not support this assumption. Instead, this paper offers an alternative explanation for the systematic patterns of metaphors which are revealed through personal fieldwork and related research, based on both culture and cognition, in accordance with the Relevance Theory. When a human adapts to his/her environment, the recurring patterns in this environment form image schemata in his/her mind. Communication is partly based on the activation of these schemata. In conventional Inari Saami metaphors, reindeer and wild animals are repeatedly mentioned to signify somebody’s behavior. People have paid much attention to the behavior of those animals, and thus they make vivid schemata. By activating such a schema, a speaker is able to convey an idea with an apt metaphor in a conversational situation. This implies that the listener must have a similar life-experience, i.e., cultural background, in order to interpret the metaphor as intended. The best metaphors are repeated and conventionalized. That is why idioms reveal something intimate about the culture of their speakers: they mirror the everyday human life in those days when people still lived in the harsh natural conditions of the wilderness around Lake Inari.
10
01
JB code
clscc.2.14gra
293
314
22
Article
14
01
Metaphors of the Finnish Roma in Finnish and Romani
1
A01
Kimmo Granqvist
Granqvist, Kimmo
Kimmo
Granqvist
Research Institute for the Languages of Finland
01
This paper surveys the reservoir of metaphors used by Finnish Roma in both Finnish and Romani. The Finnish lects spoken by Roma differ from the mainstream usage of Finnish but are subject to standardization. Finnish Romani is largely moribund. In my paper, emphasis will be laid on the socio-cultural grounding of the metaphors. I will compare Roma metaphors with ones used by the main population to determine, whether there are cross-cultural differences in the typology of motivation of the metaphors: are Roma metaphors based on different embodiment of conceptions or otherwise different grounding than the metaphors used by the main population? I will furthermore study the similarities and translatability between metaphors in Finnish and in Romani. Intergenerational variation will be considered in order to compare the metaphor competence of older and younger Roma generations in relationship to their (self-evaluated) proficiency in Romani.
10
01
JB code
clscc.2.15fal
315
338
24
Article
15
01
“Bhio’ tu dìreach ga ithe, bha e cho math = You would just eat it, it was so good”
Music, Metaphor and Food for Thought on Scottish Gaelic Aesthetics
1
A01
Tiber F.M. Falzett
Falzett, Tiber F.M.
Tiber F.M.
Falzett
Celtic & Scottish Studies, University of Edinburgh
01
This paper intends to examine metaphors and other tropes in Scottish Gaelic that are capable of shedding light on local aesthetic attitudes concerning various forms of verbal art and music among Gaelic speakers at the communal level. Special attention will be given to lexemes that are associated with the gustatory and employed by speakers to denote quality and acceptability in a performance or during more general forms of discourse, including <i>blas</i> (taste), <i>brìgh</i> (essence), and <i>ith</i> (eat). The symbolic use of these words reveals a blurring in the distinctions of genre boundaries as well as relationships between language and other forms of performance culture, including music, and provides a unique view on the semantic realm of ‘taste’ in a way that is arguably distinct from its application in dominant Western aesthetic circles. It will also be shown how such concepts of ‘taste’ and ‘essence’ are central to the transmission of various forms of intangible culture within Gaelic-speaking communities, revealing the role of such idioms in the maintenance of communal tradition. By exploring the semiotic range of these terms among Scottish Gaelic speakers both synchronically through ethnographic fieldwork and diachronically through corpora of printed texts in the language, it is hoped that deeper insights will be given into the inner mechanics of a Scottish Gaelic aesthetic ethos.
10
01
JB code
clscc.2.16pii
339
358
20
Article
16
01
Metaphors of an endangered Low Saxon basis dialect – exemplified by idioms of STUPIDITY and DEATH
1
A01
Elisabeth Piirainen
Piirainen, Elisabeth
Elisabeth
Piirainen
Germany
01
This paper examines metaphors that are handed down in idioms of an old Low Saxon basic dialect. About 30 years ago it was still possible to collect a comprehensive inventory of idioms with the help of the last generation of old-established dialect speakers who had knowledge of their native language in its former originality. Although located in West Europe, the dialect reveals unique metaphors and archaic concepts which, for the most part, seem to be unparalleled by other European languages analyzed so far. They are rooted in the traditional material and social culture of a rural society in times bygone. By means of idioms from the semantic fields stupidity and death we will show that an adequate interpretation requires activating special knowledge structures, available only to the last dialect speakers.
10
01
JB code
clscc.2.17met
359
360
2
Miscellaneous
17
01
Index of conceptual metaphors/metonymies
10
01
JB code
clscc.2.18nam
361
364
4
Miscellaneous
18
01
Name index
10
01
JB code
clscc.2.19sub
365
376
12
Miscellaneous
19
01
Subject index
02
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