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558009597 03 01 01 JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code CLSCC 2 Eb 15 9789027274922 06 10.1075/clscc.2 13 2011049143 DG 002 02 01 CLSCC 02 1879-8047 Cognitive Linguistic Studies in Cultural Contexts 2 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Endangered Metaphors</TitleText> 01 clscc.2 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/clscc.2 1 B01 Anna Idström Idström, Anna Anna Idström University of Helsinki 2 B01 Elisabeth Piirainen Piirainen, Elisabeth Elisabeth Piirainen Steinfurt, Germany 3 A32 Tiber F.M. Falzett Falzett, Tiber F.M. Tiber F.M. Falzett University of Edinburgh 01 eng 382 vi 376 LAN009000 v.2006 CFG 2 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.ANTHR Anthropological Linguistics 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.COGN Cognition and language 06 01 When the last speaker of a language dies, s/he takes to oblivion the memories, associations and the rich imagery this language community has once lived by. The cultural heritage encoded in conventional linguistic metaphors, handed down through generations, will be lost forever. This volume consists of fifteen articles about metaphors in endangered languages, from Peru to Alaska, from India to Ghana.<br />The empirical data demonstrate that the assumptions of contemporary cognitive linguistic theory about “universal” metaphors and the underlying cognitive processes are still far from plausible, since culture plays an important role in the formation of metaphors. Moreover, that theory has been based on knowledge of metaphors in some standard languages. Indigenous and other minority languages, especially mainly orally used ones, have been disregarded completely.<br />Besides researchers and students in linguistics, especially in metaphor and figurative language theory, this compilation provides food for thought for scholars in large fields of cultural studies, ranging from anthropology and ethnology to folkloristics and philosophy. 05 Perhaps the major issue facing linguists today is the phenomenon of language endangerment. [...] Metaphors are a particularly interesting area of language because of their interaction with both language and culture, providing an insight into the ways in which different cultures come to terms with their environments, an insight that will be lost if the metaphorical systems of different languages disappear without being documented. It is therefore with great pleasure that I recommend the present volume to a broad linguistic readership. The editors and contributors have succeeded in bringing together and systematizing a wide range of phenomena involving metaphors in endangered languages [...]. I join them in encouraging others to continue their work by documenting metaphors in endangered languages, always bearing in mind that metaphors may be one of the first parts of a language to disappear once it becomes endangered. Bernard Comrie, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology and University of California Santa Barbara 05 [...] this volume represents a commendable empirical contribution to data both on minority languages and on metaphor. The comprehensive background provided in the prologue makes this work accessible reading for anyone interested in the study of underrepresented languages or metaphor, or in cognitive linguistics more generally. Megan Schildmier Stone, University of Arizona, on Linguist List 23.5181, 2012 05 <i>Endangered Metaphors</i> offers a fascinating collection of articles looking at metaphoric language in languages that are slowly vanishing from the world's landscape. These chapters focus on many issues related to metaphor theory, including questions on the universality and cultural specificity of conceptual metaphors, and topics associated with globalization in human languages and culture. The range of linguistic data explored is incredibly impressive [...]. <i>Endangered Metaphors</i> is a wonderful addition to the new book series on Cognitive Linguistic Studies in Cultural Contexts.<br /> Raymond W. Gibbs, Jr., University of California, Santa Cruz 05 The book breaks new ground in empirical and theoretical metaphor and idiom research, since it looks at the figurative lexicon of endangered minority languages that have never before been the topic of metaphor or idiom research. Therefore, the book is highly innovative and stimulating. The fifteen articles treat significant issues of figurative language and its cultural foundation in languages of five continents. […] No similar publication exists to date. Dmitrij Dobrovol’skij, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 05 “Endangered Metaphors” is a thought-provoking volume opening windows for future explorations. The focus of this compilation is not on the vulnerability of minority languages, but rather on the vulnerability of the metaphors used by their speakers as a consequence of the progressive change towards new figurative expressions through borrowing from majority languages. Consequently, the book is of great interest not only for linguists working in the field of endangered languages, for whom the focus on figurative language use may constitute a pleasant novelty, but also for readers interested in the intertwine between language and culture. The articles in this book are immensely inspiring and contribute effectively to our understanding of this relationship. Javier Diaz-Vera, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Spain, in Metaphor and the Social World, Vol. 2:2 (2012) 04 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/clscc.2.png 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027204059.jpg 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027204059.tif 06 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/clscc.2.hb.png 07 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/clscc.2.png 25 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/clscc.2.hb.png 27 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/clscc.2.hb.png 10 01 JB code clscc.2.01muh 1 14 14 Miscellaneous 1 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Prologue</TitleText> 1 A01 Peter Mühlhäusler Mühlhäusler, Peter Peter Mühlhäusler University of Adelaide 10 01 JB code clscc.2.02ids 15 20 6 Article 2 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Endangered metaphors</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Introduction</Subtitle> 1 A01 Anna Idström Idström, Anna Anna Idström 2 A01 Elisabeth Piirainen Piirainen, Elisabeth Elisabeth Piirainen 10 01 JB code clscc.2.03ric 21 76 56 Article 3 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">&#8220;Our language is very literal&#8221;</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Figurative expression in Dene S&#371;&#322;in&#233; [Athapaskan]</Subtitle> 1 A01 Sally Rice Rice, Sally Sally Rice University of Alberta 01 For reasons perhaps more sociolinguistic than linguistic, Athapaskan languages rarely borrow in order to expand the lexicon. Instead, they opt for the recycling of a very small set of core stems through recombination or simple reinterpretation (involving metaphor and metonymy). The resulting lexical inventory is striking to cognitive linguists because of the way experiential reality and typologically common construal patterns are routinely exploited for lexical expansion. This paper presents figurative lexicalization strategies in Dene S&#371;&#322;in&#233; and argues that they are similar to patterns adopted by genetically unrelated languages. Importantly, a deeper understanding of the processes involved in Athapaskan lexicalization may help speakers continue to lexicalize new concepts in indigenous ways, thus helping sustain the health and viability of their languages. 10 01 JB code clscc.2.04pas 77 102 26 Article 4 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">&#8220;My heart falls out&#8221;</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Conceptualizations of body parts and emotion expressions in Beaver Athabascan</Subtitle> 1 A01 Carolina Pasamonik Pasamonik, Carolina Carolina Pasamonik 01 Language- and culture-specific body part expressions systematically reflect metaphorical and metonymic conceptualizations and the relations holding between body part concepts and target concepts like emotions. Embodiment and cultural models play significant roles in the processing: embodiment as near-universal principle constitutes the &#8216;skeleton&#8217; of a concept due to experience, while cultural models as shared worldviews elaborate and organize this perceived reality. In this article, Beaver Athabascan emotion and personality trait expressions employing body part terms are presented. Besides linguistic data, metalinguistic statements of the speakers reveal underlying conceptual phenomena and idiosyncratic linguistic patterns, which are both highly relevant for the Beaver system of emotion concepts and expressions. 10 01 JB code clscc.2.05lov 103 122 20 Article 5 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Walking like a porcupine, talking like a raven</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Figurative language in Upper Tanana Athabascan</Subtitle> 1 A01 Olga Lovick Lovick, Olga Olga Lovick First Nations University of Canada 01 This paper investigates the cultural grounding of animal idioms describing human behavior in Upper Tanana Athabascan. Semantically, we can identify two types of idioms. Type I idioms are grounded in observations of real-life animals. They are iconic in that they are based on, and evoke, rich images. Type II idioms are grounded in mythology. Certain animals are cultural symbols, representing a particular trait. Type II idioms are thus symbolic. Comparison with other Alaskan Athabascan languages demonstrates that such idioms are common, but also that they are extremely endangered since they are part of the colloquial, rather than formal, language. 10 01 JB code clscc.2.06mon 123 144 22 Article 6 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Are Nahuatl riddles endangered conceptualizations?</TitleText> 1 A01 Mercedes Montes de Oca Vega Vega, Mercedes Montes de Oca Mercedes Montes de Oca Vega IIFL, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México 01 This paper offers a comparative analysis of two corpora of shared riddles from the sixteenth century and present day Nahuatl. Riddles are a form of speech play practiced in Nahua communities since pre-Hispanic times. Conceptualization behind riddles has been preserved, has changed and has also been lost. Analysis will expose the ways of perceiving and thinking in construing the clues of riddles from a cognitive approach based on Blending Theory together with concepts like profile, construal, mental spaces. Socio-cultural information plays a crucial part in establishing domains of knowledge in which meaning relations are established. 10 01 JB code clscc.2.07mih 145 160 16 Article 7 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Bodily-based conceptual metaphors in Ash&#233;ninka Peren&#233; myths and folk stories</TitleText> 1 A01 Elena Mihas Mihas, Elena Elena Mihas University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee 01 The paper examines a range of conceptual metaphors which serve as key elements of Ash&#233;ninka Peren&#233; (Arawak) myths and folk tales, and aims at situating them in the context of Amazonian high jungle dwellers&#8217; culture. Based on fieldwork conducted in 2009&#8211;2011 in lowland Peru, the paper gives a brief outline of the current sociolinguistic status of the language, indigenous economy, and aspects of speakers&#8217; cultural beliefs. The bulk of the paper is devoted to the discussion of three conceptual metaphors which underlie oral native texts, namely body is animal prey; body is clothing; body is fabrication. Seeking to account for the attested metaphors, the paper concludes with a discussion of indigenous conceptual frameworks of cosmocentric animism and perspectivism. 10 01 JB code clscc.2.08kle 161 184 24 Article 8 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">The use of a conceptual metaphor in the Siroi language of Papua New Guinea</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>The </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">use of a conceptual metaphor in the Siroi language of Papua New Guinea</TitleWithoutPrefix> <Subtitle textformat="02">Narrative is climbing a mountain</Subtitle> 1 A01 Sjaak van Kleef Kleef, Sjaak van Sjaak van Kleef SIL 2 A01 Jacqueline van Kleef Kleef, Jacqueline van Jacqueline van Kleef SIL 01 Wells&#8217; <i>Grammar of the Siroi language of Papua New Guinea</i> (1979) raised several questions about the language which could not be answered at the time. This article shows how perhaps the only way these questions can be adequately answered is by recognizing the fact that speakers of the Siroi language use an extended conceptual metaphor in narrative discourse, i.e. narrative is climbing a mountain. 10 01 JB code clscc.2.09fra 185 204 20 Article 9 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Kewa figures of speech</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Understanding the code</Subtitle> 1 A01 Karl J. Franklin Franklin, Karl J. Karl J. Franklin SIL International and Graduate Institute of Applied Linguistics 01 In this paper I describe how the Kewa people use figures of speech, particularly idioms and metaphors, often coding them as implied information or implicatures in their &#8220;veiled&#8221; or &#8220;hidden&#8221; language. In presenting this work, I have benefitted from the theoretical framework of cognitive linguistics (Lakoff 1987; Lakoff and Johnson 1980; Lakoff and Turner 1989; K&#246;vecses 2000; 2002, 2006; as well as the etic and emic insights of Pike 1967; 1982). I demonstrate how Kewa speakers code their figures of speech in aphorisms or maxims, often signaling warnings and instructions. The study demonstrates that cultural codes, situated pragmatically, are foundational in interpreting the Kewa figures of speech and confirms that &#8220;culture and cognition are inextricably fused&#8221; (K&#246;vecses 2006: 271). 10 01 JB code clscc.2.10lon 205 220 16 Article 10 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Metaphors in Dimasa and Rabha &#8211; A comparative study</TitleText> 1 A01 Monali Longmailai Longmailai, Monali Monali Longmailai North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 2 A01 Lakshminath Rabha Rabha, Lakshminath Lakshminath Rabha English and Foreign Languages University, Shillong 01 In this paper, we will discuss metaphors based on some semantic domains such as codes, threats, pride and so on, in two Tibeto-Burman languages, Dimasa and Rabha. An example of a Dimasa metaphor of threat is illustrated here. The literal meaning of <i>daudI daInba</i> is &#8220;cutting of egg&#8221; while the figurative meaning is &#8216;killing somebody with spell&#8217;. The vehicle here is &#8216;cutting of egg&#8217; which is similar in meaning to the topic &#8216;killing somebody&#8217;. Nowadays, in Dimasa society, this is used to threaten somebody indirectly so that, that threatened person will not bother him again. In Rabha, a metaphor of pride <i>kumpak kut&#8747;u&#331;</i> literally means &#8216;enlarging somebody&#8217;s nose&#8217;, whose figurative meaning is &#8216;flattery and self-pride&#8217;. This is used when a person is flattered by another. In this example, the vehicle is &#8216;enlarging somebody&#8217;s nose&#8217; and the topic is &#8216;pride&#8217;. Morphological processes and a comparative study of the metaphors in these two languages will be discussed here besides their socio-cultural relevance in the present world. 10 01 JB code clscc.2.11han 221 252 32 Article 11 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Numbers that Chumburung people count on</TitleText> 1 A01 Gillian F. Hansford Hansford, Gillian F. Gillian F. Hansford Ghana Institute of Linguistics, Literacy and Bible Translation 01 Numbers are not very metaphorical according to Dobrovol&#8217;skij and Piirainen (2005). Nevertheless they can have both figurative and symbolic significance. Inspired by them, and remembering Comrie&#8217;s comment (2005) that linguists often do not record the full numerical system in a language, I investigate the Chumburung language of Ghana. The integers from one to ten are taken in order. two fits Lakoff&#8217;s more is better metaphor. three and four provide symbolism for the difference between male and female. There are two kinds of week in Chumburung, one with six and one with seven days, which govern some ritual activities. Numbers larger than ten are then studied, in particular because of a changing monetary system, to see whether any might be endangered. 10 01 JB code clscc.2.12iba 253 274 22 Article 12 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">The importance of unveiling conceptual metaphors in a minority language</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>The </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">importance of unveiling conceptual metaphors in a minority language</TitleWithoutPrefix> <Subtitle textformat="02">The case of Basque</Subtitle> 1 A01 Iraide Ibarretxe-Antuñano Ibarretxe-Antuñano, Iraide Iraide Ibarretxe-Antuñano Universidad de Zaragoza 01 This paper studies some (external and internal) body-part related conceptual metaphors in Basque, a language isolate spoken on the Western Pyrenees, and discusses the importance and relevance of such a study for endangered languages in general and Basque in particular. The goal of this paper is twofold: (i) to show that culture plays a fundamental role in the analysis of conceptual metaphors, since all metaphors are not &#8216;universal&#8217; despite the claim that they share a common embodied grounding, and (ii) to prove that conceptual metaphor is a critical tool in the study of endangered languages, Basque in this case, because it unveils certain conceptualizations that are deeply entrenched in the language and that are sometimes overshadowed by a globalized and ethnocentric viewpoint. 10 01 JB code clscc.2.13ids 275 292 18 Article 13 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Antlers as a metaphor of pride</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">What idioms reveal about the relationship between human and animal in Inari Saami conceptual system</Subtitle> 1 A01 Anna Idström Idström, Anna Anna Idström Finland 01 Cognitive Metaphor Theory involves an assumption that the metaphorical patterns which systematically connect a source domain to a target domain stem from cognitive mapping: understanding and experiencing one thing in terms of another. The Inari Saami material collected from several sources does not support this assumption. Instead, this paper offers an alternative explanation for the systematic patterns of metaphors which are revealed through personal fieldwork and related research, based on both culture and cognition, in accordance with the Relevance Theory. When a human adapts to his/her environment, the recurring patterns in this environment form image schemata in his/her mind. Communication is partly based on the activation of these schemata. In conventional Inari Saami metaphors, reindeer and wild animals are repeatedly mentioned to signify somebody&#8217;s behavior. People have paid much attention to the behavior of those animals, and thus they make vivid schemata. By activating such a schema, a speaker is able to convey an idea with an apt metaphor in a conversational situation. This implies that the listener must have a similar life-experience, i.e., cultural background, in order to interpret the metaphor as intended. The best metaphors are repeated and conventionalized. That is why idioms reveal something intimate about the culture of their speakers: they mirror the everyday human life in those days when people still lived in the harsh natural conditions of the wilderness around Lake Inari. 10 01 JB code clscc.2.14gra 293 314 22 Article 14 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Metaphors of the Finnish Roma in Finnish and Romani</TitleText> 1 A01 Kimmo Granqvist Granqvist, Kimmo Kimmo Granqvist Research Institute for the Languages of Finland 01 This paper surveys the reservoir of metaphors used by Finnish Roma in both Finnish and Romani. The Finnish lects spoken by Roma differ from the mainstream usage of Finnish but are subject to standardization. Finnish Romani is largely moribund. In my paper, emphasis will be laid on the socio-cultural grounding of the metaphors. I will compare Roma metaphors with ones used by the main population to determine, whether there are cross-cultural differences in the typology of motivation of the metaphors: are Roma metaphors based on different embodiment of conceptions or otherwise different grounding than the metaphors used by the main population? I will furthermore study the similarities and translatability between metaphors in Finnish and in Romani. Intergenerational variation will be considered in order to compare the metaphor competence of older and younger Roma generations in relationship to their (self-evaluated) proficiency in Romani. 10 01 JB code clscc.2.15fal 315 338 24 Article 15 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">&#8220;Bhio&#8217; tu d&#236;reach ga ithe, bha e cho math = You would just eat it, it was so good&#8221;</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Music, Metaphor and Food for Thought on Scottish Gaelic Aesthetics</Subtitle> 1 A01 Tiber F.M. Falzett Falzett, Tiber F.M. Tiber F.M. Falzett Celtic & Scottish Studies, University of Edinburgh 01 This paper intends to examine metaphors and other tropes in Scottish Gaelic that are capable of shedding light on local aesthetic attitudes concerning various forms of verbal art and music among Gaelic speakers at the communal level. Special attention will be given to lexemes that are associated with the gustatory and employed by speakers to denote quality and acceptability in a performance or during more general forms of discourse, including <i>blas</i> (taste), <i>br&#236;gh</i> (essence), and <i>ith</i> (eat). The symbolic use of these words reveals a blurring in the distinctions of genre boundaries as well as relationships between language and other forms of performance culture, including music, and provides a unique view on the semantic realm of &#8216;taste&#8217; in a way that is arguably distinct from its application in dominant Western aesthetic circles. It will also be shown how such concepts of &#8216;taste&#8217; and &#8216;essence&#8217; are central to the transmission of various forms of intangible culture within Gaelic-speaking communities, revealing the role of such idioms in the maintenance of communal tradition. By exploring the semiotic range of these terms among Scottish Gaelic speakers both synchronically through ethnographic fieldwork and diachronically through corpora of printed texts in the language, it is hoped that deeper insights will be given into the inner mechanics of a Scottish Gaelic aesthetic ethos. 10 01 JB code clscc.2.16pii 339 358 20 Article 16 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Metaphors of an endangered Low Saxon basis dialect &#8211; exemplified by idioms of STUPIDITY and DEATH</TitleText> 1 A01 Elisabeth Piirainen Piirainen, Elisabeth Elisabeth Piirainen Germany 01 This paper examines metaphors that are handed down in idioms of an old Low Saxon basic dialect. About 30 years ago it was still possible to collect a comprehensive inventory of idioms with the help of the last generation of old-established dialect speakers who had knowledge of their native language in its former originality. Although located in West Europe, the dialect reveals unique metaphors and archaic concepts which, for the most part, seem to be unparalleled by other European languages analyzed so far. They are rooted in the traditional material and social culture of a rural society in times bygone. By means of idioms from the semantic fields stupidity and death we will show that an adequate interpretation requires activating special knowledge structures, available only to the last dialect speakers. 10 01 JB code clscc.2.17met 359 360 2 Miscellaneous 17 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Index of conceptual metaphors/metonymies</TitleText> 10 01 JB code clscc.2.18nam 361 364 4 Miscellaneous 18 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Name index</TitleText> 10 01 JB code clscc.2.19sub 365 376 12 Miscellaneous 19 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Subject index</TitleText> 02 JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam/Philadelphia NL 04 20120323 2012 John Benjamins 02 WORLD 13 15 9789027204059 01 JB 3 John Benjamins e-Platform 03 jbe-platform.com 09 WORLD 21 01 00 95.00 EUR R 01 00 80.00 GBP Z 01 gen 00 143.00 USD S 139009596 03 01 01 JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code CLSCC 2 Hb 15 9789027204059 13 2011049143 BB 01 CLSCC 02 1879-8047 Cognitive Linguistic Studies in Cultural Contexts 2 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Endangered Metaphors</TitleText> 01 clscc.2 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/clscc.2 1 B01 Anna Idström Idström, Anna Anna Idström University of Helsinki 2 B01 Elisabeth Piirainen Piirainen, Elisabeth Elisabeth Piirainen Steinfurt, Germany 3 A32 Tiber F.M. Falzett Falzett, Tiber F.M. Tiber F.M. Falzett University of Edinburgh 01 eng 382 vi 376 LAN009000 v.2006 CFG 2 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.ANTHR Anthropological Linguistics 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.COGN Cognition and language 06 01 When the last speaker of a language dies, s/he takes to oblivion the memories, associations and the rich imagery this language community has once lived by. The cultural heritage encoded in conventional linguistic metaphors, handed down through generations, will be lost forever. This volume consists of fifteen articles about metaphors in endangered languages, from Peru to Alaska, from India to Ghana.<br />The empirical data demonstrate that the assumptions of contemporary cognitive linguistic theory about “universal” metaphors and the underlying cognitive processes are still far from plausible, since culture plays an important role in the formation of metaphors. Moreover, that theory has been based on knowledge of metaphors in some standard languages. Indigenous and other minority languages, especially mainly orally used ones, have been disregarded completely.<br />Besides researchers and students in linguistics, especially in metaphor and figurative language theory, this compilation provides food for thought for scholars in large fields of cultural studies, ranging from anthropology and ethnology to folkloristics and philosophy. 05 Perhaps the major issue facing linguists today is the phenomenon of language endangerment. [...] Metaphors are a particularly interesting area of language because of their interaction with both language and culture, providing an insight into the ways in which different cultures come to terms with their environments, an insight that will be lost if the metaphorical systems of different languages disappear without being documented. It is therefore with great pleasure that I recommend the present volume to a broad linguistic readership. The editors and contributors have succeeded in bringing together and systematizing a wide range of phenomena involving metaphors in endangered languages [...]. I join them in encouraging others to continue their work by documenting metaphors in endangered languages, always bearing in mind that metaphors may be one of the first parts of a language to disappear once it becomes endangered. Bernard Comrie, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology and University of California Santa Barbara 05 [...] this volume represents a commendable empirical contribution to data both on minority languages and on metaphor. The comprehensive background provided in the prologue makes this work accessible reading for anyone interested in the study of underrepresented languages or metaphor, or in cognitive linguistics more generally. Megan Schildmier Stone, University of Arizona, on Linguist List 23.5181, 2012 05 <i>Endangered Metaphors</i> offers a fascinating collection of articles looking at metaphoric language in languages that are slowly vanishing from the world's landscape. These chapters focus on many issues related to metaphor theory, including questions on the universality and cultural specificity of conceptual metaphors, and topics associated with globalization in human languages and culture. The range of linguistic data explored is incredibly impressive [...]. <i>Endangered Metaphors</i> is a wonderful addition to the new book series on Cognitive Linguistic Studies in Cultural Contexts.<br /> Raymond W. Gibbs, Jr., University of California, Santa Cruz 05 The book breaks new ground in empirical and theoretical metaphor and idiom research, since it looks at the figurative lexicon of endangered minority languages that have never before been the topic of metaphor or idiom research. Therefore, the book is highly innovative and stimulating. The fifteen articles treat significant issues of figurative language and its cultural foundation in languages of five continents. […] No similar publication exists to date. Dmitrij Dobrovol’skij, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 05 “Endangered Metaphors” is a thought-provoking volume opening windows for future explorations. The focus of this compilation is not on the vulnerability of minority languages, but rather on the vulnerability of the metaphors used by their speakers as a consequence of the progressive change towards new figurative expressions through borrowing from majority languages. Consequently, the book is of great interest not only for linguists working in the field of endangered languages, for whom the focus on figurative language use may constitute a pleasant novelty, but also for readers interested in the intertwine between language and culture. The articles in this book are immensely inspiring and contribute effectively to our understanding of this relationship. Javier Diaz-Vera, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Spain, in Metaphor and the Social World, Vol. 2:2 (2012) 04 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/clscc.2.png 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027204059.jpg 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027204059.tif 06 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/clscc.2.hb.png 07 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/clscc.2.png 25 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/clscc.2.hb.png 27 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/clscc.2.hb.png 10 01 JB code clscc.2.01muh 1 14 14 Miscellaneous 1 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Prologue</TitleText> 1 A01 Peter Mühlhäusler Mühlhäusler, Peter Peter Mühlhäusler University of Adelaide 10 01 JB code clscc.2.02ids 15 20 6 Article 2 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Endangered metaphors</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Introduction</Subtitle> 1 A01 Anna Idström Idström, Anna Anna Idström 2 A01 Elisabeth Piirainen Piirainen, Elisabeth Elisabeth Piirainen 10 01 JB code clscc.2.03ric 21 76 56 Article 3 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">&#8220;Our language is very literal&#8221;</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Figurative expression in Dene S&#371;&#322;in&#233; [Athapaskan]</Subtitle> 1 A01 Sally Rice Rice, Sally Sally Rice University of Alberta 01 For reasons perhaps more sociolinguistic than linguistic, Athapaskan languages rarely borrow in order to expand the lexicon. Instead, they opt for the recycling of a very small set of core stems through recombination or simple reinterpretation (involving metaphor and metonymy). The resulting lexical inventory is striking to cognitive linguists because of the way experiential reality and typologically common construal patterns are routinely exploited for lexical expansion. This paper presents figurative lexicalization strategies in Dene S&#371;&#322;in&#233; and argues that they are similar to patterns adopted by genetically unrelated languages. Importantly, a deeper understanding of the processes involved in Athapaskan lexicalization may help speakers continue to lexicalize new concepts in indigenous ways, thus helping sustain the health and viability of their languages. 10 01 JB code clscc.2.04pas 77 102 26 Article 4 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">&#8220;My heart falls out&#8221;</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Conceptualizations of body parts and emotion expressions in Beaver Athabascan</Subtitle> 1 A01 Carolina Pasamonik Pasamonik, Carolina Carolina Pasamonik 01 Language- and culture-specific body part expressions systematically reflect metaphorical and metonymic conceptualizations and the relations holding between body part concepts and target concepts like emotions. Embodiment and cultural models play significant roles in the processing: embodiment as near-universal principle constitutes the &#8216;skeleton&#8217; of a concept due to experience, while cultural models as shared worldviews elaborate and organize this perceived reality. In this article, Beaver Athabascan emotion and personality trait expressions employing body part terms are presented. Besides linguistic data, metalinguistic statements of the speakers reveal underlying conceptual phenomena and idiosyncratic linguistic patterns, which are both highly relevant for the Beaver system of emotion concepts and expressions. 10 01 JB code clscc.2.05lov 103 122 20 Article 5 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Walking like a porcupine, talking like a raven</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Figurative language in Upper Tanana Athabascan</Subtitle> 1 A01 Olga Lovick Lovick, Olga Olga Lovick First Nations University of Canada 01 This paper investigates the cultural grounding of animal idioms describing human behavior in Upper Tanana Athabascan. Semantically, we can identify two types of idioms. Type I idioms are grounded in observations of real-life animals. They are iconic in that they are based on, and evoke, rich images. Type II idioms are grounded in mythology. Certain animals are cultural symbols, representing a particular trait. Type II idioms are thus symbolic. Comparison with other Alaskan Athabascan languages demonstrates that such idioms are common, but also that they are extremely endangered since they are part of the colloquial, rather than formal, language. 10 01 JB code clscc.2.06mon 123 144 22 Article 6 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Are Nahuatl riddles endangered conceptualizations?</TitleText> 1 A01 Mercedes Montes de Oca Vega Vega, Mercedes Montes de Oca Mercedes Montes de Oca Vega IIFL, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México 01 This paper offers a comparative analysis of two corpora of shared riddles from the sixteenth century and present day Nahuatl. Riddles are a form of speech play practiced in Nahua communities since pre-Hispanic times. Conceptualization behind riddles has been preserved, has changed and has also been lost. Analysis will expose the ways of perceiving and thinking in construing the clues of riddles from a cognitive approach based on Blending Theory together with concepts like profile, construal, mental spaces. Socio-cultural information plays a crucial part in establishing domains of knowledge in which meaning relations are established. 10 01 JB code clscc.2.07mih 145 160 16 Article 7 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Bodily-based conceptual metaphors in Ash&#233;ninka Peren&#233; myths and folk stories</TitleText> 1 A01 Elena Mihas Mihas, Elena Elena Mihas University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee 01 The paper examines a range of conceptual metaphors which serve as key elements of Ash&#233;ninka Peren&#233; (Arawak) myths and folk tales, and aims at situating them in the context of Amazonian high jungle dwellers&#8217; culture. Based on fieldwork conducted in 2009&#8211;2011 in lowland Peru, the paper gives a brief outline of the current sociolinguistic status of the language, indigenous economy, and aspects of speakers&#8217; cultural beliefs. The bulk of the paper is devoted to the discussion of three conceptual metaphors which underlie oral native texts, namely body is animal prey; body is clothing; body is fabrication. Seeking to account for the attested metaphors, the paper concludes with a discussion of indigenous conceptual frameworks of cosmocentric animism and perspectivism. 10 01 JB code clscc.2.08kle 161 184 24 Article 8 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">The use of a conceptual metaphor in the Siroi language of Papua New Guinea</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>The </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">use of a conceptual metaphor in the Siroi language of Papua New Guinea</TitleWithoutPrefix> <Subtitle textformat="02">Narrative is climbing a mountain</Subtitle> 1 A01 Sjaak van Kleef Kleef, Sjaak van Sjaak van Kleef SIL 2 A01 Jacqueline van Kleef Kleef, Jacqueline van Jacqueline van Kleef SIL 01 Wells&#8217; <i>Grammar of the Siroi language of Papua New Guinea</i> (1979) raised several questions about the language which could not be answered at the time. This article shows how perhaps the only way these questions can be adequately answered is by recognizing the fact that speakers of the Siroi language use an extended conceptual metaphor in narrative discourse, i.e. narrative is climbing a mountain. 10 01 JB code clscc.2.09fra 185 204 20 Article 9 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Kewa figures of speech</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Understanding the code</Subtitle> 1 A01 Karl J. Franklin Franklin, Karl J. Karl J. Franklin SIL International and Graduate Institute of Applied Linguistics 01 In this paper I describe how the Kewa people use figures of speech, particularly idioms and metaphors, often coding them as implied information or implicatures in their &#8220;veiled&#8221; or &#8220;hidden&#8221; language. In presenting this work, I have benefitted from the theoretical framework of cognitive linguistics (Lakoff 1987; Lakoff and Johnson 1980; Lakoff and Turner 1989; K&#246;vecses 2000; 2002, 2006; as well as the etic and emic insights of Pike 1967; 1982). I demonstrate how Kewa speakers code their figures of speech in aphorisms or maxims, often signaling warnings and instructions. The study demonstrates that cultural codes, situated pragmatically, are foundational in interpreting the Kewa figures of speech and confirms that &#8220;culture and cognition are inextricably fused&#8221; (K&#246;vecses 2006: 271). 10 01 JB code clscc.2.10lon 205 220 16 Article 10 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Metaphors in Dimasa and Rabha &#8211; A comparative study</TitleText> 1 A01 Monali Longmailai Longmailai, Monali Monali Longmailai North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 2 A01 Lakshminath Rabha Rabha, Lakshminath Lakshminath Rabha English and Foreign Languages University, Shillong 01 In this paper, we will discuss metaphors based on some semantic domains such as codes, threats, pride and so on, in two Tibeto-Burman languages, Dimasa and Rabha. An example of a Dimasa metaphor of threat is illustrated here. The literal meaning of <i>daudI daInba</i> is &#8220;cutting of egg&#8221; while the figurative meaning is &#8216;killing somebody with spell&#8217;. The vehicle here is &#8216;cutting of egg&#8217; which is similar in meaning to the topic &#8216;killing somebody&#8217;. Nowadays, in Dimasa society, this is used to threaten somebody indirectly so that, that threatened person will not bother him again. In Rabha, a metaphor of pride <i>kumpak kut&#8747;u&#331;</i> literally means &#8216;enlarging somebody&#8217;s nose&#8217;, whose figurative meaning is &#8216;flattery and self-pride&#8217;. This is used when a person is flattered by another. In this example, the vehicle is &#8216;enlarging somebody&#8217;s nose&#8217; and the topic is &#8216;pride&#8217;. Morphological processes and a comparative study of the metaphors in these two languages will be discussed here besides their socio-cultural relevance in the present world. 10 01 JB code clscc.2.11han 221 252 32 Article 11 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Numbers that Chumburung people count on</TitleText> 1 A01 Gillian F. Hansford Hansford, Gillian F. Gillian F. Hansford Ghana Institute of Linguistics, Literacy and Bible Translation 01 Numbers are not very metaphorical according to Dobrovol&#8217;skij and Piirainen (2005). Nevertheless they can have both figurative and symbolic significance. Inspired by them, and remembering Comrie&#8217;s comment (2005) that linguists often do not record the full numerical system in a language, I investigate the Chumburung language of Ghana. The integers from one to ten are taken in order. two fits Lakoff&#8217;s more is better metaphor. three and four provide symbolism for the difference between male and female. There are two kinds of week in Chumburung, one with six and one with seven days, which govern some ritual activities. Numbers larger than ten are then studied, in particular because of a changing monetary system, to see whether any might be endangered. 10 01 JB code clscc.2.12iba 253 274 22 Article 12 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">The importance of unveiling conceptual metaphors in a minority language</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>The </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">importance of unveiling conceptual metaphors in a minority language</TitleWithoutPrefix> <Subtitle textformat="02">The case of Basque</Subtitle> 1 A01 Iraide Ibarretxe-Antuñano Ibarretxe-Antuñano, Iraide Iraide Ibarretxe-Antuñano Universidad de Zaragoza 01 This paper studies some (external and internal) body-part related conceptual metaphors in Basque, a language isolate spoken on the Western Pyrenees, and discusses the importance and relevance of such a study for endangered languages in general and Basque in particular. The goal of this paper is twofold: (i) to show that culture plays a fundamental role in the analysis of conceptual metaphors, since all metaphors are not &#8216;universal&#8217; despite the claim that they share a common embodied grounding, and (ii) to prove that conceptual metaphor is a critical tool in the study of endangered languages, Basque in this case, because it unveils certain conceptualizations that are deeply entrenched in the language and that are sometimes overshadowed by a globalized and ethnocentric viewpoint. 10 01 JB code clscc.2.13ids 275 292 18 Article 13 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Antlers as a metaphor of pride</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">What idioms reveal about the relationship between human and animal in Inari Saami conceptual system</Subtitle> 1 A01 Anna Idström Idström, Anna Anna Idström Finland 01 Cognitive Metaphor Theory involves an assumption that the metaphorical patterns which systematically connect a source domain to a target domain stem from cognitive mapping: understanding and experiencing one thing in terms of another. The Inari Saami material collected from several sources does not support this assumption. Instead, this paper offers an alternative explanation for the systematic patterns of metaphors which are revealed through personal fieldwork and related research, based on both culture and cognition, in accordance with the Relevance Theory. When a human adapts to his/her environment, the recurring patterns in this environment form image schemata in his/her mind. Communication is partly based on the activation of these schemata. In conventional Inari Saami metaphors, reindeer and wild animals are repeatedly mentioned to signify somebody&#8217;s behavior. People have paid much attention to the behavior of those animals, and thus they make vivid schemata. By activating such a schema, a speaker is able to convey an idea with an apt metaphor in a conversational situation. This implies that the listener must have a similar life-experience, i.e., cultural background, in order to interpret the metaphor as intended. The best metaphors are repeated and conventionalized. That is why idioms reveal something intimate about the culture of their speakers: they mirror the everyday human life in those days when people still lived in the harsh natural conditions of the wilderness around Lake Inari. 10 01 JB code clscc.2.14gra 293 314 22 Article 14 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Metaphors of the Finnish Roma in Finnish and Romani</TitleText> 1 A01 Kimmo Granqvist Granqvist, Kimmo Kimmo Granqvist Research Institute for the Languages of Finland 01 This paper surveys the reservoir of metaphors used by Finnish Roma in both Finnish and Romani. The Finnish lects spoken by Roma differ from the mainstream usage of Finnish but are subject to standardization. Finnish Romani is largely moribund. In my paper, emphasis will be laid on the socio-cultural grounding of the metaphors. I will compare Roma metaphors with ones used by the main population to determine, whether there are cross-cultural differences in the typology of motivation of the metaphors: are Roma metaphors based on different embodiment of conceptions or otherwise different grounding than the metaphors used by the main population? I will furthermore study the similarities and translatability between metaphors in Finnish and in Romani. Intergenerational variation will be considered in order to compare the metaphor competence of older and younger Roma generations in relationship to their (self-evaluated) proficiency in Romani. 10 01 JB code clscc.2.15fal 315 338 24 Article 15 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">&#8220;Bhio&#8217; tu d&#236;reach ga ithe, bha e cho math = You would just eat it, it was so good&#8221;</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Music, Metaphor and Food for Thought on Scottish Gaelic Aesthetics</Subtitle> 1 A01 Tiber F.M. Falzett Falzett, Tiber F.M. Tiber F.M. Falzett Celtic & Scottish Studies, University of Edinburgh 01 This paper intends to examine metaphors and other tropes in Scottish Gaelic that are capable of shedding light on local aesthetic attitudes concerning various forms of verbal art and music among Gaelic speakers at the communal level. Special attention will be given to lexemes that are associated with the gustatory and employed by speakers to denote quality and acceptability in a performance or during more general forms of discourse, including <i>blas</i> (taste), <i>br&#236;gh</i> (essence), and <i>ith</i> (eat). The symbolic use of these words reveals a blurring in the distinctions of genre boundaries as well as relationships between language and other forms of performance culture, including music, and provides a unique view on the semantic realm of &#8216;taste&#8217; in a way that is arguably distinct from its application in dominant Western aesthetic circles. It will also be shown how such concepts of &#8216;taste&#8217; and &#8216;essence&#8217; are central to the transmission of various forms of intangible culture within Gaelic-speaking communities, revealing the role of such idioms in the maintenance of communal tradition. By exploring the semiotic range of these terms among Scottish Gaelic speakers both synchronically through ethnographic fieldwork and diachronically through corpora of printed texts in the language, it is hoped that deeper insights will be given into the inner mechanics of a Scottish Gaelic aesthetic ethos. 10 01 JB code clscc.2.16pii 339 358 20 Article 16 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Metaphors of an endangered Low Saxon basis dialect &#8211; exemplified by idioms of STUPIDITY and DEATH</TitleText> 1 A01 Elisabeth Piirainen Piirainen, Elisabeth Elisabeth Piirainen Germany 01 This paper examines metaphors that are handed down in idioms of an old Low Saxon basic dialect. About 30 years ago it was still possible to collect a comprehensive inventory of idioms with the help of the last generation of old-established dialect speakers who had knowledge of their native language in its former originality. Although located in West Europe, the dialect reveals unique metaphors and archaic concepts which, for the most part, seem to be unparalleled by other European languages analyzed so far. They are rooted in the traditional material and social culture of a rural society in times bygone. By means of idioms from the semantic fields stupidity and death we will show that an adequate interpretation requires activating special knowledge structures, available only to the last dialect speakers. 10 01 JB code clscc.2.17met 359 360 2 Miscellaneous 17 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Index of conceptual metaphors/metonymies</TitleText> 10 01 JB code clscc.2.18nam 361 364 4 Miscellaneous 18 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Name index</TitleText> 10 01 JB code clscc.2.19sub 365 376 12 Miscellaneous 19 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Subject index</TitleText> 02 JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam/Philadelphia NL 04 20120323 2012 John Benjamins 02 WORLD 01 245 mm 02 164 mm 08 845 gr 01 JB 1 John Benjamins Publishing Company +31 20 6304747 +31 20 6739773 bookorder@benjamins.nl 01 https://benjamins.com 01 WORLD US CA MX 21 48 14 01 02 JB 1 00 95.00 EUR R 02 02 JB 1 00 100.70 EUR R 01 JB 10 bebc +44 1202 712 934 +44 1202 712 913 sales@bebc.co.uk 03 GB 21 14 02 02 JB 1 00 80.00 GBP Z 01 JB 2 John Benjamins North America +1 800 562-5666 +1 703 661-1501 benjamins@presswarehouse.com 01 https://benjamins.com 01 US CA MX 21 14 01 gen 02 JB 1 00 143.00 USD