235015869 03 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code CLSCC 6 Hb 15 9789027204097 06 10.1075/clscc.6 13 2014049824 00 BB 08 815 gr 10 01 JB code CLSCC 02 1879-8047 02 6.00 01 02 Cognitive Linguistic Studies in Cultural Contexts Cognitive Linguistic Studies in Cultural Contexts 01 01 Language Structure and Environment Social, cultural, and natural factors Language Structure and Environment: Social, cultural, and natural factors 1 B01 01 JB code 453223440 Rik De Busser De Busser, Rik Rik De Busser National Chengchi University, Taiwan 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/453223440 2 B01 01 JB code 800223441 Randy J. LaPolla LaPolla, Randy J. Randy J. LaPolla Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/800223441 01 eng 11 376 03 03 vi 03 00 370 03 01 23 410.1/81 03 2015 P145 04 Structural linguistics--Social aspects. 04 Structural linguistics--Research. 04 Intercultural communication--Social aspects. 04 Sublanguage--Social aspects. 04 Language and culture--Research. 04 Language and culture--Social aspects. 04 Sociolinguistics--Research. 10 LAN009000 12 CFK 24 JB code LIN.ANTHR Anthropological Linguistics 24 JB code LIN.COGN Cognition and language 24 JB code LIN.SOCIO Sociolinguistics and Dialectology 24 JB code LIN.THEOR Theoretical linguistics 01 06 02 00 Language Structure and Environment is a broad introduction to how languages are shaped by their environment. It makes the argument that the social, cultural, and natural environment of speakers influences the structures and development of the languages they speak. 03 00 Language Structure and Environment is a broad introduction to how languages are shaped by their environment. It makes the argument that the social, cultural, and natural environment of speakers influences the structures and development of the languages they speak. After a general overview, the contributors explain in a number of detailed case studies how specific cultural, societal, geographical, evolutionary and meta-linguistic pressures determine the development of specific grammatical features and the global structure of a varied selection of languages. This is a work of meticulous scholarship at the forefront of a burgeoning field of linguistics. 01 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/clscc.6.png 01 01 D502 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027204097.jpg 01 01 D504 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027204097.tif 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/clscc.6.hb.png 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/clscc.6.png 02 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/clscc.6.hb.png 03 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/clscc.6.hb.png 01 01 JB code clscc.6.01bus 06 10.1075/clscc.6.01bus 1 28 28 Article 1 01 04 Chapter 1. The influence of social, cultural, and natural factors on language structure Chapter 1. The influence of social, cultural, and natural factors on language structure 01 04 An overview An overview 1 A01 01 JB code 434237917 Rik De Busser De Busser, Rik Rik De Busser National Chengchi University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/434237917 01 eng 03 00 This book is an attempt to give an overview of how language interacts with its environment, or better, how actual linguistic structure is formed, changed and influenced by different aspects of the human environment. The focus is mainly on effects of the extra-linguistic environment on the actual grammatical structure of languages; we will leave influences on other linguistic subsystems such as phonology, the lexicon, and discourse structure to the efforts of other researchers.The underlying assumption of this entire volume is that linguistic structure is not only shaped by how speakers interact with each other and with the world they live in, but also by external forces that are outside the control of individual speakers or speech communities. One might call it natural selection in grammar, were it not for the fact that it is not entirely clear whether biological and linguistic change operate along the same real-world principles, or whether any correspondences are much more superficial. 01 01 JB code clscc.6.s1 06 10.1075/clscc.6.s1 Section header 2 01 04 Grammar and culture Grammar and culture 01 eng 01 01 JB code clscc.6.02lap 06 10.1075/clscc.6.02lap 31 44 14 Article 3 01 04 Chapter 2. On the logical necessity of a cultural and cognitive connection for the origin of all aspects of linguistic structure Chapter 2. On the logical necessity of a cultural and cognitive connection for the origin of all aspects of linguistic structure 1 A01 01 JB code 817237918 Randy J. LaPolla LaPolla, Randy J. Randy J. LaPolla Nanyang Technological University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/817237918 01 eng 03 00 This chapter presents a view of communication not as coding and decoding, but as ostension and inference, that is, one person doing something to show the intention to communicate, and then another person using abductive inference to infer the reason for the person’s ostensive act, creating a context of interpretation in which the communicator’s ostensive act “makes sense”, and thereby inferring the communicative and informative intention of the person. Language is not necessary for communication in this view, but develops as speakers use linguistic patterns over and over again to constrain the addressee’s creation of the context of interpretation. Speakers choose which aspects to constrain the interpretation of, and language forms conventionalize from frequent repetition. As constraining the interpretation requires more effort than not constraining it in that way, it must be important to the speakers to constrain that particular aspect of the meaning, otherwise they would not put in the extra effort. Logically, then, the forms that do conventionalize must have been motivated by the cognition and culture of the speakers of the language when they conventionalized, even though over time the motivation is often lost and the form continues to be used only due to convention and habit. 01 01 JB code clscc.6.03bur 06 10.1075/clscc.6.03bur 45 76 32 Article 4 01 04 Chapter 3. The body, the universe, society and language Chapter 3. The body, the universe, society and language 01 04 Germanic in the grip of the unknown Germanic in the grip of the unknown 1 A01 01 JB code 460237919 Kate Burridge Burridge, Kate Kate Burridge Monash University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/460237919 01 eng 03 00 The focus of this chapter is on the grammatical expression of the unknown and its role as a force for linguistic change at different times in Germanic. The paper opens with a brief look at modern Pennsylvania German, the language spoken by ultra-conservative Anabaptist groups in North America. This language has been chosen because it offers such clear evidence of a modern Germanic language whose structural features have been shaped by the cultural preoccupations of its speakers. The second part of the paper shifts focus to the grammatical coding of human experiencers in early Germanic, in particular Anglo-Saxon and early Dutch. Here it is argued that the predilection for dative and accusative marked participants during these early times was an enactment of prevailing thinking – specifically, beliefs about the human condition that emphasized its vulnerability to external forces. 01 01 JB code clscc.6.04tad 06 10.1075/clscc.6.04tad 77 98 22 Article 5 01 04 Chapter 4. When culture grammaticalizes Chapter 4. When culture grammaticalizes 01 04 The pronominal system of Onya Darat The pronominal system of Onya Darat 1 A01 01 JB code 709237920 Uri Tadmor Tadmor, Uri Uri Tadmor 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/709237920 01 eng 03 00 The Onya Darat language of Borneo has a large set of personal pronouns. In addition to encoding the categories of person and number, these pronouns also encode the generational affiliation of their referents. It is suggested that obligatory expression of kinship in the pronoun system arose due to particular patterns of marriage and emerged against the background of a traditional society where an entire village shared one large house. This enabled all members of the community to know each other intimately and to be aware of each other’s generational affiliation. 01 01 JB code clscc.6.05mic 06 10.1075/clscc.6.05mic 99 130 32 Article 6 01 04 Chapter 5. The cultural bases of linguistic form Chapter 5. The cultural bases of linguistic form 01 04 The development of Nanti quotative evidentials The development of Nanti quotative evidentials 1 A01 01 JB code 1237921 Lev Michael Michael, Lev Lev Michael University of California, Berkeley 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/1237921 01 eng 03 00 Culture-driven grammaticalization theory posits that cultural influence on linguistic form is mediated by the emergence of communicative practices which increase the frequency of particular lexical items, pragmatic inferences, and patterns of discourse, thereby putting in place a crucial pre-condition for their grammaticalization. The goal of this chapter is to contribute to the development of culture-driven grammaticalization theory by developing an account of the cultural basis for the grammaticalization of quotative evidentials in Nanti, an Arawak language of lowland southeastern Peru. In particular, it is argued that Nanti quotative evidentials grammaticalized from inflected verbs of speaking that achieved high discourse frequencies due to communicative practices that link respectful communicative conduct towards others with the avoidance of speculation about others’ actions and internal states. As part of this communicative practice, Nantis largely restrict their discussion of others’ actions and internal states to two domains: reported speech regarding others’ actions and internal states, and actions that they witnessed themselves, which can also serve to index internal states. 01 01 JB code clscc.6.s2 06 10.1075/clscc.6.s2 Section header 7 01 04 Grammar and society Grammar and society 01 eng 01 01 JB code clscc.6.06tru 06 10.1075/clscc.6.06tru 133 148 16 Article 8 01 04 Chapter 6. Societies of intimates and linguistic complexity Chapter 6. Societies of intimates and linguistic complexity 1 A01 01 JB code 389237922 Peter Trudgill Trudgill, Peter Peter Trudgill Agder University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/389237922 01 eng 03 00 The uniformitarian principle that knowledge of processes that operated in the past can be inferred by observing ongoing processes in the present is fundamental to historical linguistics. But there is an important respect in which the present is not like the past. Increasing population and mobility have led to increasing language contact and larger language communities. For ninety-seven percent of their history, human languages were spoken in neolithic and pre-neolithic societies which were societies of intimates, characterized by small size and dense social networks. A sociolinguistic-typological perspective suggests that the languages spoken in these communities may therefore have been typologically rather different from most modern languages, and that the methodology of ‘using the present to explain the past’ might therefore be less useful the further back in time we go. 01 01 JB code clscc.6.07cly 06 10.1075/clscc.6.07cly 149 176 28 Article 9 01 04 Chapter 7. On the relation between linguistic and social factors in migrant language contact Chapter 7. On the relation between linguistic and social factors in migrant language contact 1 A01 01 JB code 763237923 Michael Clyne Clyne, Michael Michael Clyne The University of Melbourne 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/763237923 2 A01 01 JB code 848237924 Yvette Slaughter Slaughter, Yvette Yvette Slaughter The University of Melbourne 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/848237924 3 A01 01 JB code 109237925 John Hajek Hajek, John John Hajek The University of Melbourne 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/109237925 4 A01 01 JB code 313237926 Doris Schüpbach Schüpbach, Doris Doris Schüpbach The University of Melbourne 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/313237926 01 eng 03 00 With a rich migration history, the Australian context has provided a fascinating and fertile landscape through which to explore the patterns of linguistic and sociolinguistic variation which arise when languages and cultures are transplanted from earlier, often bilingual, environments to a new English-dominant one. Drawing on extensive research undertaken in the Australian context, this chapter explores a range of linguistic and sociolinguistic features relevant to understanding language contact in a migrant setting, including facilitation of code-switching; pragmatic effects, such as the use of modal particles and discourse markers and address patterns; standardization and codification; pluricentric languages; diglossia and the role of language as a core value. In a number of cases it considers the relative role of and possible interaction between linguistic and social (and cultural) factors in governing language phenomena in Australia. In addition to the possible effect of the linguistic characteristics of specific migrant languages, we also look at the effect of the pre- and post-migration sociolinguistic and cultural contexts and how these might explain patterns of bilingual behaviour and language maintenance in Australia. 01 01 JB code clscc.6.s3 06 10.1075/clscc.6.s3 Section header 10 01 04 Grammar and geography Grammar and geography 01 eng 01 01 JB code clscc.6.08pal 06 10.1075/clscc.6.08pal 177 226 50 Article 11 01 04 Chapter 8. Topography in language Chapter 8. Topography in language 01 04 Absolute Frame of Reference and the Topographic Correspondence Hypothesis Absolute Frame of Reference and the Topographic Correspondence Hypothesis 1 A01 01 JB code 598237927 Bill Palmer Palmer, Bill Bill Palmer The University of Newcastle, Australia 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/598237927 01 eng 03 00 This chapter re-evaluates the notion of absolute Frame of Reference (FoR) in spatial language. It reassesses Levinson’s widely accepted definition of absolute FoR as involving bearings that are fixed, abstract and arbitrary, and that absolute FoR involves a binary relation. The chapter argues instead that absolute FoR is a ternary relation, not a binary one, and that absolute systems need not be fixed, and are not definitionally abstract or arbitrary. It argues that Levinson’s definition is stipulative, and that a range of operationally identical systems exist, some of which conform to Levinson’s criteria, others of which do not. It presents a new operationally-based definition of absolute FoR which may be applied consistently across a range of spatial systems whose status in terms of FoR have been controversial or difficult to categorize. The chapter presents evidence that rather than an arbitrary abstract relation, absolute spatial references involve an anchor point or points in the external world. Formulating this as a Topographic Correspondence Hypothesis, the paper argues that absolute spatial systems are not merely anchored in, but motivated, at least in part, by the external physical environment. The paper concludes by proposing an Environment Variable Method to test this hypothesis. 01 01 JB code clscc.6.09fro 06 10.1075/clscc.6.09fro 227 260 34 Article 12 01 04 Chapter 9. Walk around the clock Chapter 9. Walk around the clock 01 04 The shaping of a (counter-)clockwise distinction in Siar directionals The shaping of a (counter-)clockwise distinction in Siar directionals 1 A01 01 JB code 932237928 Friedel Martin Frowein Frowein, Friedel Martin Friedel Martin Frowein University of Goroka 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/932237928 01 eng 03 00 Most Oceanic languages have complex systems of directionals which have been shaped by geographical, topographical or meteorological factors. Siar, an Oceanic language of the Patpatar-Tolai subgroup in New Ireland Province of Papua New Guinea, is one of these languages. However, it is difficult to determine the exact position of some of its directionals on this axis because of superficially contradictory data (that is, the same speaker uses different directionals in the same context). I will here present a theory which assumes that two of the Siar directionals have been undergoing semantic adjustment because of the migration of some Siar speakers from the east coast to the previously unoccupied west coast. A result of this migration was the reanalysis of these two directionals as clockwise and counter-clockwise directionals, an uncommon phenomenon cross-linguistically. 01 01 JB code clscc.6.10nic 06 10.1075/clscc.6.10nic 261 286 26 Article 13 01 04 Chapter 10. Types of spread zones Chapter 10. Types of spread zones 01 04 Open and closed, horizontal and vertical Open and closed, horizontal and vertical 1 A01 01 JB code 607238087 Johanna Nichols Nichols, Johanna Johanna Nichols University of California, Berkeley 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/607238087 01 eng 03 00 Spread zones are areas where any resident language is likely to spread out widely, so overall linguistic diversity is low at any time (though over time different languages spread out, giving the area a diverse diachronic profile). This chapter subclassifies spread systems into four types: (1) mountain ranges, where languages tend to spread uphill gradually; (2) altiplanos, upland closed spread zones where the distinctive climate and ecology require special adaptation and a language, once established there, is hard to dislodge, and descendants of the first language in tend to undergo later spreads, giving the altiplano a very low diversity profile even diachronically; (3) lowland open spread zones, where a language can enter from any direction and any entering language has some chance of spread, so structurally and genealogically different languages spread over time and give the zone a diverse profile diachronically; (4) lowland closed spread zones, where natural or other barriers make entry difficult; here the history of spreads is rather like that in altiplanos. 01 01 JB code clscc.6.s4 06 10.1075/clscc.6.s4 Section header 14 01 04 Grammar and evolution Grammar and evolution 01 eng 01 01 JB code clscc.6.11lup 06 10.1075/clscc.6.11lup 289 316 28 Article 15 01 04 Chapter 11. The role of adaptation in understanding linguistic diversity Chapter 11. The role of adaptation in understanding linguistic diversity 1 A01 01 JB code 680237930 Gary Lupyan Lupyan, Gary Gary Lupyan University of Wisconsin-Madison 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/680237930 2 A01 01 JB code 874237931 Rick Dale Dale, Rick Rick Dale University of California, Merced 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/874237931 01 eng 03 00 The 6,000–7,000 languages spoken by people display a dazzling variety of sounds, word patterns, and grammatical forms. The dominant explanation for this diversity is that languages drift apart as communities separate. The accumulation of random changes eventually produces languages that are mutually unintelligible. We argue that in addition to this non-functional process of drift, language change and diversification can be explained in functional terms as adaptations to social, demographic, and ecological environments in which the languages are learned and used, a proposal we call the linguistic niche hypothesis. We support our position with a series of agent-based models that serve as an existence proof for why language diversity requires adaptation. We next discuss empirical evidence for a link between aspects of socio-demographic factors, ecological factors, and grammatical structure which strongly suggests adaptation to be at work. One mechanism we focus on is language learnability: while all languages need to be learnable by infants, only some languages are further constrained by adult learning biases. Thus, languages which for historical reasons have adult learners adapt to be more learnable by adults. As a result, languages spoken in larger and more heterogeneous environments in which adult language learning is more likely to take place tend to be grammatically simpler than languages spoken in small homogeneous environments. The linguistic niche hypothesis outlined in this chapter, while still in early stages, promises to shed light on longstanding questions such as why there are so many languages, and why they differ so substantially from one another. 01 01 JB code clscc.6.s5 06 10.1075/clscc.6.s5 Section header 16 01 04 Grammar and the field of linguistics Grammar and the field of linguistics 01 eng 01 01 JB code clscc.6.12eas 06 10.1075/clscc.6.12eas 319 352 34 Article 17 01 04 Chapter 12. On becoming an object of study Chapter 12. On becoming an object of study 01 04 Legitimization in the discipline of Linguistics Legitimization in the discipline of Linguistics 1 A01 01 JB code 204237932 Catherine L. Easton Easton, Catherine L. Catherine L. Easton Charles Sturt University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/204237932 2 A01 01 JB code 388237933 Tonya N. Stebbins Stebbins, Tonya N. Tonya N. Stebbins La Trobe University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/388237933 01 eng 03 00 It is widely understood that the socio-historical contexts of languages have a direct bearing on their structures and on the types of stance that communities take in relation to them. Within the discipline of linguistics these socio-historical contexts and their impacts on communities’ use and understanding of language are generally referred to as sociolinguistic factors. Meanwhile within descriptive linguistics the structure of language remains core. This is evidenced in the shape of university course design, structures of textbooks, and in how linguistic knowledge is recorded. In this paper we seek to map the relationship of the socio-historical context of linguistics to the languages that we study and in doing so, shift the focus so that the socio-historical context becomes central. Through this process the shape of the languages themselves is altered.We present a case study that compares linguistic and community perspectives on language boundaries in Milne Bay Provence, Papua New Guinea, and explore the processes through which the languages are created as objects and then become emblematic of culture and identity. We discuss the strong links that communities make between language, place and spirituality and consider the opportunities that these perspectives hold for language descriptions. Finally we consider how we, as linguists, can hold multiple perspectives on language and create culturally safe partnerships with communities that result in materials consistent with speakers’ goals for their language. 01 01 JB code clscc.6.13sub 06 10.1075/clscc.6.13sub 353 366 14 Article 18 01 04 Subjects and Languages Index Subjects and Languages Index 01 eng 01 01 JB code clscc.6.14aut 06 10.1075/clscc.6.14aut 367 370 4 Article 19 01 04 Author Index Author Index 01 eng 01 JB code JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/clscc.6 Amsterdam NL 00 John Benjamins Publishing Company Marketing Department / Karin Plijnaar, Pieter Lamers onix@benjamins.nl 04 01 00 20150609 C 2015 John Benjamins D 2015 John Benjamins 02 WORLD WORLD US CA MX 09 01 JB 1 John Benjamins Publishing Company +31 20 6304747 +31 20 6739773 bookorder@benjamins.nl 01 https://benjamins.com 21 7 18 01 00 Unqualified price 02 JB 1 02 99.00 EUR 02 00 Unqualified price 02 83.00 01 Z 0 GBP GB US CA MX 01 01 JB 2 John Benjamins Publishing Company +1 800 562-5666 +1 703 661-1501 benjamins@presswarehouse.com 01 https://benjamins.com 21 7 18 01 00 Unqualified price 02 JB 1 02 149.00 USD 245015870 03 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code CLSCC 6 Eb 15 9789027268730 06 10.1075/clscc.6 13 2015006086 00 EA E107 10 01 JB code CLSCC 02 1879-8047 02 6.00 01 02 Cognitive Linguistic Studies in Cultural Contexts Cognitive Linguistic Studies in Cultural Contexts 11 01 JB code jbe-all 01 02 Full EBA collection (ca. 4,200 titles) 11 01 JB code jbe-2015-all 01 02 Complete backlist (3,208 titles, 1967–2015) 05 02 Complete backlist (1967–2015) 11 01 JB code jbe-2015-linguistics 01 02 Subject collection: Linguistics (2,773 titles, 1967–2015) 05 02 Linguistics (1967–2015) 01 01 Language Structure and Environment Social, cultural, and natural factors Language Structure and Environment: Social, cultural, and natural factors 1 B01 01 JB code 453223440 Rik De Busser De Busser, Rik Rik De Busser National Chengchi University, Taiwan 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/453223440 2 B01 01 JB code 800223441 Randy J. LaPolla LaPolla, Randy J. Randy J. LaPolla Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/800223441 01 eng 11 376 03 03 vi 03 00 370 03 01 23 410.1/81 03 2015 P145 04 Structural linguistics--Social aspects. 04 Structural linguistics--Research. 04 Intercultural communication--Social aspects. 04 Sublanguage--Social aspects. 04 Language and culture--Research. 04 Language and culture--Social aspects. 04 Sociolinguistics--Research. 10 LAN009000 12 CFK 24 JB code LIN.ANTHR Anthropological Linguistics 24 JB code LIN.COGN Cognition and language 24 JB code LIN.SOCIO Sociolinguistics and Dialectology 24 JB code LIN.THEOR Theoretical linguistics 01 06 02 00 Language Structure and Environment is a broad introduction to how languages are shaped by their environment. It makes the argument that the social, cultural, and natural environment of speakers influences the structures and development of the languages they speak. 03 00 Language Structure and Environment is a broad introduction to how languages are shaped by their environment. It makes the argument that the social, cultural, and natural environment of speakers influences the structures and development of the languages they speak. After a general overview, the contributors explain in a number of detailed case studies how specific cultural, societal, geographical, evolutionary and meta-linguistic pressures determine the development of specific grammatical features and the global structure of a varied selection of languages. This is a work of meticulous scholarship at the forefront of a burgeoning field of linguistics. 01 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/clscc.6.png 01 01 D502 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027204097.jpg 01 01 D504 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027204097.tif 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/clscc.6.hb.png 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/clscc.6.png 02 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/clscc.6.hb.png 03 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/clscc.6.hb.png 01 01 JB code clscc.6.01bus 06 10.1075/clscc.6.01bus 1 28 28 Article 1 01 04 Chapter 1. The influence of social, cultural, and natural factors on language structure Chapter 1. The influence of social, cultural, and natural factors on language structure 01 04 An overview An overview 1 A01 01 JB code 434237917 Rik De Busser De Busser, Rik Rik De Busser National Chengchi University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/434237917 01 eng 03 00 This book is an attempt to give an overview of how language interacts with its environment, or better, how actual linguistic structure is formed, changed and influenced by different aspects of the human environment. The focus is mainly on effects of the extra-linguistic environment on the actual grammatical structure of languages; we will leave influences on other linguistic subsystems such as phonology, the lexicon, and discourse structure to the efforts of other researchers.The underlying assumption of this entire volume is that linguistic structure is not only shaped by how speakers interact with each other and with the world they live in, but also by external forces that are outside the control of individual speakers or speech communities. One might call it natural selection in grammar, were it not for the fact that it is not entirely clear whether biological and linguistic change operate along the same real-world principles, or whether any correspondences are much more superficial. 01 01 JB code clscc.6.s1 06 10.1075/clscc.6.s1 Section header 2 01 04 Grammar and culture Grammar and culture 01 eng 01 01 JB code clscc.6.02lap 06 10.1075/clscc.6.02lap 31 44 14 Article 3 01 04 Chapter 2. On the logical necessity of a cultural and cognitive connection for the origin of all aspects of linguistic structure Chapter 2. On the logical necessity of a cultural and cognitive connection for the origin of all aspects of linguistic structure 1 A01 01 JB code 817237918 Randy J. LaPolla LaPolla, Randy J. Randy J. LaPolla Nanyang Technological University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/817237918 01 eng 03 00 This chapter presents a view of communication not as coding and decoding, but as ostension and inference, that is, one person doing something to show the intention to communicate, and then another person using abductive inference to infer the reason for the person’s ostensive act, creating a context of interpretation in which the communicator’s ostensive act “makes sense”, and thereby inferring the communicative and informative intention of the person. Language is not necessary for communication in this view, but develops as speakers use linguistic patterns over and over again to constrain the addressee’s creation of the context of interpretation. Speakers choose which aspects to constrain the interpretation of, and language forms conventionalize from frequent repetition. As constraining the interpretation requires more effort than not constraining it in that way, it must be important to the speakers to constrain that particular aspect of the meaning, otherwise they would not put in the extra effort. Logically, then, the forms that do conventionalize must have been motivated by the cognition and culture of the speakers of the language when they conventionalized, even though over time the motivation is often lost and the form continues to be used only due to convention and habit. 01 01 JB code clscc.6.03bur 06 10.1075/clscc.6.03bur 45 76 32 Article 4 01 04 Chapter 3. The body, the universe, society and language Chapter 3. The body, the universe, society and language 01 04 Germanic in the grip of the unknown Germanic in the grip of the unknown 1 A01 01 JB code 460237919 Kate Burridge Burridge, Kate Kate Burridge Monash University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/460237919 01 eng 03 00 The focus of this chapter is on the grammatical expression of the unknown and its role as a force for linguistic change at different times in Germanic. The paper opens with a brief look at modern Pennsylvania German, the language spoken by ultra-conservative Anabaptist groups in North America. This language has been chosen because it offers such clear evidence of a modern Germanic language whose structural features have been shaped by the cultural preoccupations of its speakers. The second part of the paper shifts focus to the grammatical coding of human experiencers in early Germanic, in particular Anglo-Saxon and early Dutch. Here it is argued that the predilection for dative and accusative marked participants during these early times was an enactment of prevailing thinking – specifically, beliefs about the human condition that emphasized its vulnerability to external forces. 01 01 JB code clscc.6.04tad 06 10.1075/clscc.6.04tad 77 98 22 Article 5 01 04 Chapter 4. When culture grammaticalizes Chapter 4. When culture grammaticalizes 01 04 The pronominal system of Onya Darat The pronominal system of Onya Darat 1 A01 01 JB code 709237920 Uri Tadmor Tadmor, Uri Uri Tadmor 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/709237920 01 eng 03 00 The Onya Darat language of Borneo has a large set of personal pronouns. In addition to encoding the categories of person and number, these pronouns also encode the generational affiliation of their referents. It is suggested that obligatory expression of kinship in the pronoun system arose due to particular patterns of marriage and emerged against the background of a traditional society where an entire village shared one large house. This enabled all members of the community to know each other intimately and to be aware of each other’s generational affiliation. 01 01 JB code clscc.6.05mic 06 10.1075/clscc.6.05mic 99 130 32 Article 6 01 04 Chapter 5. The cultural bases of linguistic form Chapter 5. The cultural bases of linguistic form 01 04 The development of Nanti quotative evidentials The development of Nanti quotative evidentials 1 A01 01 JB code 1237921 Lev Michael Michael, Lev Lev Michael University of California, Berkeley 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/1237921 01 eng 03 00 Culture-driven grammaticalization theory posits that cultural influence on linguistic form is mediated by the emergence of communicative practices which increase the frequency of particular lexical items, pragmatic inferences, and patterns of discourse, thereby putting in place a crucial pre-condition for their grammaticalization. The goal of this chapter is to contribute to the development of culture-driven grammaticalization theory by developing an account of the cultural basis for the grammaticalization of quotative evidentials in Nanti, an Arawak language of lowland southeastern Peru. In particular, it is argued that Nanti quotative evidentials grammaticalized from inflected verbs of speaking that achieved high discourse frequencies due to communicative practices that link respectful communicative conduct towards others with the avoidance of speculation about others’ actions and internal states. As part of this communicative practice, Nantis largely restrict their discussion of others’ actions and internal states to two domains: reported speech regarding others’ actions and internal states, and actions that they witnessed themselves, which can also serve to index internal states. 01 01 JB code clscc.6.s2 06 10.1075/clscc.6.s2 Section header 7 01 04 Grammar and society Grammar and society 01 eng 01 01 JB code clscc.6.06tru 06 10.1075/clscc.6.06tru 133 148 16 Article 8 01 04 Chapter 6. Societies of intimates and linguistic complexity Chapter 6. Societies of intimates and linguistic complexity 1 A01 01 JB code 389237922 Peter Trudgill Trudgill, Peter Peter Trudgill Agder University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/389237922 01 eng 03 00 The uniformitarian principle that knowledge of processes that operated in the past can be inferred by observing ongoing processes in the present is fundamental to historical linguistics. But there is an important respect in which the present is not like the past. Increasing population and mobility have led to increasing language contact and larger language communities. For ninety-seven percent of their history, human languages were spoken in neolithic and pre-neolithic societies which were societies of intimates, characterized by small size and dense social networks. A sociolinguistic-typological perspective suggests that the languages spoken in these communities may therefore have been typologically rather different from most modern languages, and that the methodology of ‘using the present to explain the past’ might therefore be less useful the further back in time we go. 01 01 JB code clscc.6.07cly 06 10.1075/clscc.6.07cly 149 176 28 Article 9 01 04 Chapter 7. On the relation between linguistic and social factors in migrant language contact Chapter 7. On the relation between linguistic and social factors in migrant language contact 1 A01 01 JB code 763237923 Michael Clyne Clyne, Michael Michael Clyne The University of Melbourne 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/763237923 2 A01 01 JB code 848237924 Yvette Slaughter Slaughter, Yvette Yvette Slaughter The University of Melbourne 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/848237924 3 A01 01 JB code 109237925 John Hajek Hajek, John John Hajek The University of Melbourne 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/109237925 4 A01 01 JB code 313237926 Doris Schüpbach Schüpbach, Doris Doris Schüpbach The University of Melbourne 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/313237926 01 eng 03 00 With a rich migration history, the Australian context has provided a fascinating and fertile landscape through which to explore the patterns of linguistic and sociolinguistic variation which arise when languages and cultures are transplanted from earlier, often bilingual, environments to a new English-dominant one. Drawing on extensive research undertaken in the Australian context, this chapter explores a range of linguistic and sociolinguistic features relevant to understanding language contact in a migrant setting, including facilitation of code-switching; pragmatic effects, such as the use of modal particles and discourse markers and address patterns; standardization and codification; pluricentric languages; diglossia and the role of language as a core value. In a number of cases it considers the relative role of and possible interaction between linguistic and social (and cultural) factors in governing language phenomena in Australia. In addition to the possible effect of the linguistic characteristics of specific migrant languages, we also look at the effect of the pre- and post-migration sociolinguistic and cultural contexts and how these might explain patterns of bilingual behaviour and language maintenance in Australia. 01 01 JB code clscc.6.s3 06 10.1075/clscc.6.s3 Section header 10 01 04 Grammar and geography Grammar and geography 01 eng 01 01 JB code clscc.6.08pal 06 10.1075/clscc.6.08pal 177 226 50 Article 11 01 04 Chapter 8. Topography in language Chapter 8. Topography in language 01 04 Absolute Frame of Reference and the Topographic Correspondence Hypothesis Absolute Frame of Reference and the Topographic Correspondence Hypothesis 1 A01 01 JB code 598237927 Bill Palmer Palmer, Bill Bill Palmer The University of Newcastle, Australia 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/598237927 01 eng 03 00 This chapter re-evaluates the notion of absolute Frame of Reference (FoR) in spatial language. It reassesses Levinson’s widely accepted definition of absolute FoR as involving bearings that are fixed, abstract and arbitrary, and that absolute FoR involves a binary relation. The chapter argues instead that absolute FoR is a ternary relation, not a binary one, and that absolute systems need not be fixed, and are not definitionally abstract or arbitrary. It argues that Levinson’s definition is stipulative, and that a range of operationally identical systems exist, some of which conform to Levinson’s criteria, others of which do not. It presents a new operationally-based definition of absolute FoR which may be applied consistently across a range of spatial systems whose status in terms of FoR have been controversial or difficult to categorize. The chapter presents evidence that rather than an arbitrary abstract relation, absolute spatial references involve an anchor point or points in the external world. Formulating this as a Topographic Correspondence Hypothesis, the paper argues that absolute spatial systems are not merely anchored in, but motivated, at least in part, by the external physical environment. The paper concludes by proposing an Environment Variable Method to test this hypothesis. 01 01 JB code clscc.6.09fro 06 10.1075/clscc.6.09fro 227 260 34 Article 12 01 04 Chapter 9. Walk around the clock Chapter 9. Walk around the clock 01 04 The shaping of a (counter-)clockwise distinction in Siar directionals The shaping of a (counter-)clockwise distinction in Siar directionals 1 A01 01 JB code 932237928 Friedel Martin Frowein Frowein, Friedel Martin Friedel Martin Frowein University of Goroka 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/932237928 01 eng 03 00 Most Oceanic languages have complex systems of directionals which have been shaped by geographical, topographical or meteorological factors. Siar, an Oceanic language of the Patpatar-Tolai subgroup in New Ireland Province of Papua New Guinea, is one of these languages. However, it is difficult to determine the exact position of some of its directionals on this axis because of superficially contradictory data (that is, the same speaker uses different directionals in the same context). I will here present a theory which assumes that two of the Siar directionals have been undergoing semantic adjustment because of the migration of some Siar speakers from the east coast to the previously unoccupied west coast. A result of this migration was the reanalysis of these two directionals as clockwise and counter-clockwise directionals, an uncommon phenomenon cross-linguistically. 01 01 JB code clscc.6.10nic 06 10.1075/clscc.6.10nic 261 286 26 Article 13 01 04 Chapter 10. Types of spread zones Chapter 10. Types of spread zones 01 04 Open and closed, horizontal and vertical Open and closed, horizontal and vertical 1 A01 01 JB code 607238087 Johanna Nichols Nichols, Johanna Johanna Nichols University of California, Berkeley 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/607238087 01 eng 03 00 Spread zones are areas where any resident language is likely to spread out widely, so overall linguistic diversity is low at any time (though over time different languages spread out, giving the area a diverse diachronic profile). This chapter subclassifies spread systems into four types: (1) mountain ranges, where languages tend to spread uphill gradually; (2) altiplanos, upland closed spread zones where the distinctive climate and ecology require special adaptation and a language, once established there, is hard to dislodge, and descendants of the first language in tend to undergo later spreads, giving the altiplano a very low diversity profile even diachronically; (3) lowland open spread zones, where a language can enter from any direction and any entering language has some chance of spread, so structurally and genealogically different languages spread over time and give the zone a diverse profile diachronically; (4) lowland closed spread zones, where natural or other barriers make entry difficult; here the history of spreads is rather like that in altiplanos. 01 01 JB code clscc.6.s4 06 10.1075/clscc.6.s4 Section header 14 01 04 Grammar and evolution Grammar and evolution 01 eng 01 01 JB code clscc.6.11lup 06 10.1075/clscc.6.11lup 289 316 28 Article 15 01 04 Chapter 11. The role of adaptation in understanding linguistic diversity Chapter 11. The role of adaptation in understanding linguistic diversity 1 A01 01 JB code 680237930 Gary Lupyan Lupyan, Gary Gary Lupyan University of Wisconsin-Madison 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/680237930 2 A01 01 JB code 874237931 Rick Dale Dale, Rick Rick Dale University of California, Merced 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/874237931 01 eng 03 00 The 6,000–7,000 languages spoken by people display a dazzling variety of sounds, word patterns, and grammatical forms. The dominant explanation for this diversity is that languages drift apart as communities separate. The accumulation of random changes eventually produces languages that are mutually unintelligible. We argue that in addition to this non-functional process of drift, language change and diversification can be explained in functional terms as adaptations to social, demographic, and ecological environments in which the languages are learned and used, a proposal we call the linguistic niche hypothesis. We support our position with a series of agent-based models that serve as an existence proof for why language diversity requires adaptation. We next discuss empirical evidence for a link between aspects of socio-demographic factors, ecological factors, and grammatical structure which strongly suggests adaptation to be at work. One mechanism we focus on is language learnability: while all languages need to be learnable by infants, only some languages are further constrained by adult learning biases. Thus, languages which for historical reasons have adult learners adapt to be more learnable by adults. As a result, languages spoken in larger and more heterogeneous environments in which adult language learning is more likely to take place tend to be grammatically simpler than languages spoken in small homogeneous environments. The linguistic niche hypothesis outlined in this chapter, while still in early stages, promises to shed light on longstanding questions such as why there are so many languages, and why they differ so substantially from one another. 01 01 JB code clscc.6.s5 06 10.1075/clscc.6.s5 Section header 16 01 04 Grammar and the field of linguistics Grammar and the field of linguistics 01 eng 01 01 JB code clscc.6.12eas 06 10.1075/clscc.6.12eas 319 352 34 Article 17 01 04 Chapter 12. On becoming an object of study Chapter 12. On becoming an object of study 01 04 Legitimization in the discipline of Linguistics Legitimization in the discipline of Linguistics 1 A01 01 JB code 204237932 Catherine L. Easton Easton, Catherine L. Catherine L. Easton Charles Sturt University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/204237932 2 A01 01 JB code 388237933 Tonya N. Stebbins Stebbins, Tonya N. Tonya N. Stebbins La Trobe University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/388237933 01 eng 03 00 It is widely understood that the socio-historical contexts of languages have a direct bearing on their structures and on the types of stance that communities take in relation to them. Within the discipline of linguistics these socio-historical contexts and their impacts on communities’ use and understanding of language are generally referred to as sociolinguistic factors. Meanwhile within descriptive linguistics the structure of language remains core. This is evidenced in the shape of university course design, structures of textbooks, and in how linguistic knowledge is recorded. In this paper we seek to map the relationship of the socio-historical context of linguistics to the languages that we study and in doing so, shift the focus so that the socio-historical context becomes central. Through this process the shape of the languages themselves is altered.We present a case study that compares linguistic and community perspectives on language boundaries in Milne Bay Provence, Papua New Guinea, and explore the processes through which the languages are created as objects and then become emblematic of culture and identity. We discuss the strong links that communities make between language, place and spirituality and consider the opportunities that these perspectives hold for language descriptions. Finally we consider how we, as linguists, can hold multiple perspectives on language and create culturally safe partnerships with communities that result in materials consistent with speakers’ goals for their language. 01 01 JB code clscc.6.13sub 06 10.1075/clscc.6.13sub 353 366 14 Article 18 01 04 Subjects and Languages Index Subjects and Languages Index 01 eng 01 01 JB code clscc.6.14aut 06 10.1075/clscc.6.14aut 367 370 4 Article 19 01 04 Author Index Author Index 01 eng 01 JB code JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/clscc.6 Amsterdam NL 00 John Benjamins Publishing Company Marketing Department / Karin Plijnaar, Pieter Lamers onix@benjamins.nl 04 01 00 20150609 C 2015 John Benjamins D 2015 John Benjamins 02 WORLD 13 15 9789027204097 WORLD 09 01 JB 3 John Benjamins e-Platform 03 https://jbe-platform.com 29 https://jbe-platform.com/content/books/9789027268730 21 01 00 Unqualified price 02 99.00 EUR 01 00 Unqualified price 02 83.00 GBP GB 01 00 Unqualified price 02 149.00 USD 723016294 03 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code CLSCC 6 GE 15 9789027268730 06 10.1075/clscc.6 13 2015006086 00 EA E133 10 01 JB code CLSCC 02 JB code 1879-8047 02 6.00 01 02 Cognitive Linguistic Studies in Cultural Contexts Cognitive Linguistic Studies in Cultural Contexts 01 01 Language Structure and Environment Language Structure and Environment 1 B01 01 JB code 453223440 Rik De Busser De Busser, Rik Rik De Busser National Chengchi University, Taiwan 2 B01 01 JB code 800223441 Randy J. LaPolla LaPolla, Randy J. Randy J. LaPolla Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 01 eng 11 376 03 03 vi 03 00 370 03 24 JB code LIN.ANTHR Anthropological Linguistics 24 JB code LIN.COGN Cognition and language 24 JB code LIN.SOCIO Sociolinguistics and Dialectology 24 JB code LIN.THEOR Theoretical linguistics 10 LAN009000 12 CFK 01 06 02 00 Language Structure and Environment is a broad introduction to how languages are shaped by their environment. It makes the argument that the social, cultural, and natural environment of speakers influences the structures and development of the languages they speak. 03 00 Language Structure and Environment is a broad introduction to how languages are shaped by their environment. It makes the argument that the social, cultural, and natural environment of speakers influences the structures and development of the languages they speak. After a general overview, the contributors explain in a number of detailed case studies how specific cultural, societal, geographical, evolutionary and meta-linguistic pressures determine the development of specific grammatical features and the global structure of a varied selection of languages. This is a work of meticulous scholarship at the forefront of a burgeoning field of linguistics. 01 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/clscc.6.png 01 01 D502 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027204097.jpg 01 01 D504 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027204097.tif 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/clscc.6.hb.png 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/clscc.6.png 02 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/clscc.6.hb.png 03 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/clscc.6.hb.png 01 01 JB code clscc.6.01bus 06 10.1075/clscc.6.01bus 1 28 28 Article 1 01 04 Chapter 1. The influence of social, cultural, and natural factors on language structure Chapter 1. The influence of social, cultural, and natural factors on language structure 01 04 An overview An overview 1 A01 01 JB code 434237917 Rik De Busser De Busser, Rik Rik De Busser National Chengchi University 01 01 JB code clscc.6.s1 06 10.1075/clscc.6.s1 Section header 2 01 04 Grammar and culture Grammar and culture 01 01 JB code clscc.6.02lap 06 10.1075/clscc.6.02lap 31 44 14 Article 3 01 04 Chapter 2. On the logical necessity of a cultural and cognitive connection for the origin of all aspects of linguistic structure Chapter 2. On the logical necessity of a cultural and cognitive connection for the origin of all aspects of linguistic structure 1 A01 01 JB code 817237918 Randy J. LaPolla LaPolla, Randy J. Randy J. LaPolla Nanyang Technological University 01 01 JB code clscc.6.03bur 06 10.1075/clscc.6.03bur 45 76 32 Article 4 01 04 Chapter 3. The body, the universe, society and language Chapter 3. The body, the universe, society and language 01 04 Germanic in the grip of the unknown Germanic in the grip of the unknown 1 A01 01 JB code 460237919 Kate Burridge Burridge, Kate Kate Burridge Monash University 01 01 JB code clscc.6.04tad 06 10.1075/clscc.6.04tad 77 98 22 Article 5 01 04 Chapter 4. When culture grammaticalizes Chapter 4. When culture grammaticalizes 01 04 The pronominal system of Onya Darat The pronominal system of Onya Darat 1 A01 01 JB code 709237920 Uri Tadmor Tadmor, Uri Uri Tadmor 01 01 JB code clscc.6.05mic 06 10.1075/clscc.6.05mic 99 130 32 Article 6 01 04 Chapter 5. The cultural bases of linguistic form Chapter 5. The cultural bases of linguistic form 01 04 The development of Nanti quotative evidentials The development of Nanti quotative evidentials 1 A01 01 JB code 1237921 Lev Michael Michael, Lev Lev Michael University of California, Berkeley 01 01 JB code clscc.6.s2 06 10.1075/clscc.6.s2 Section header 7 01 04 Grammar and society Grammar and society 01 01 JB code clscc.6.06tru 06 10.1075/clscc.6.06tru 133 148 16 Article 8 01 04 Chapter 6. Societies of intimates and linguistic complexity Chapter 6. Societies of intimates and linguistic complexity 1 A01 01 JB code 389237922 Peter Trudgill Trudgill, Peter Peter Trudgill Agder University 01 01 JB code clscc.6.07cly 06 10.1075/clscc.6.07cly 149 176 28 Article 9 01 04 Chapter 7. On the relation between linguistic and social factors in migrant language contact Chapter 7. On the relation between linguistic and social factors in migrant language contact 1 A01 01 JB code 763237923 Michael Clyne Clyne, Michael Michael Clyne The University of Melbourne 2 A01 01 JB code 848237924 Yvette Slaughter Slaughter, Yvette Yvette Slaughter The University of Melbourne 3 A01 01 JB code 109237925 John Hajek Hajek, John John Hajek The University of Melbourne 4 A01 01 JB code 313237926 Doris Schüpbach Schüpbach, Doris Doris Schüpbach The University of Melbourne 01 01 JB code clscc.6.s3 06 10.1075/clscc.6.s3 Section header 10 01 04 Grammar and geography Grammar and geography 01 01 JB code clscc.6.08pal 06 10.1075/clscc.6.08pal 177 226 50 Article 11 01 04 Chapter 8. Topography in language Chapter 8. Topography in language 01 04 Absolute Frame of Reference and the Topographic Correspondence Hypothesis Absolute Frame of Reference and the Topographic Correspondence Hypothesis 1 A01 01 JB code 598237927 Bill Palmer Palmer, Bill Bill Palmer The University of Newcastle, Australia 01 01 JB code clscc.6.09fro 06 10.1075/clscc.6.09fro 227 260 34 Article 12 01 04 Chapter 9. Walk around the clock Chapter 9. Walk around the clock 01 04 The shaping of a (counter-)clockwise distinction in Siar directionals The shaping of a (counter-)clockwise distinction in Siar directionals 1 A01 01 JB code 932237928 Friedel Martin Frowein Frowein, Friedel Martin Friedel Martin Frowein University of Goroka 01 01 JB code clscc.6.10nic 06 10.1075/clscc.6.10nic 261 286 26 Article 13 01 04 Chapter 10. Types of spread zones Chapter 10. Types of spread zones 01 04 Open and closed, horizontal and vertical Open and closed, horizontal and vertical 1 A01 01 JB code 607238087 Johanna Nichols Nichols, Johanna Johanna Nichols University of California, Berkeley 01 01 JB code clscc.6.s4 06 10.1075/clscc.6.s4 Section header 14 01 04 Grammar and evolution Grammar and evolution 01 01 JB code clscc.6.11lup 06 10.1075/clscc.6.11lup 289 316 28 Article 15 01 04 Chapter 11. The role of adaptation in understanding linguistic diversity Chapter 11. The role of adaptation in understanding linguistic diversity 1 A01 01 JB code 680237930 Gary Lupyan Lupyan, Gary Gary Lupyan University of Wisconsin-Madison 2 A01 01 JB code 874237931 Rick Dale Dale, Rick Rick Dale University of California, Merced 01 01 JB code clscc.6.s5 06 10.1075/clscc.6.s5 Section header 16 01 04 Grammar and the field of linguistics Grammar and the field of linguistics 01 01 JB code clscc.6.12eas 06 10.1075/clscc.6.12eas 319 352 34 Article 17 01 04 Chapter 12. On becoming an object of study Chapter 12. On becoming an object of study 01 04 Legitimization in the discipline of Linguistics Legitimization in the discipline of Linguistics 1 A01 01 JB code 204237932 Catherine L. Easton Easton, Catherine L. Catherine L. Easton Charles Sturt University 2 A01 01 JB code 388237933 Tonya N. Stebbins Stebbins, Tonya N. Tonya N. Stebbins La Trobe University 01 01 JB code clscc.6.13sub 06 10.1075/clscc.6.13sub 353 366 14 Article 18 01 04 Subjects and Languages Index Subjects and Languages Index 01 01 JB code clscc.6.14aut 06 10.1075/clscc.6.14aut 367 370 4 Article 19 01 04 Author Index Author Index 01 JB code JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 https://benjamins.com Amsterdam NL 00 John Benjamins Publishing Company Marketing Department / Karin Plijnaar, Pieter Lamers onix@benjamins.nl 04 01 00 20150609 C 2015 John Benjamins D 2015 John Benjamins 02 WORLD 13 15 9789027204097 WORLD 03 01 JB 17 Google 03 https://play.google.com/store/books 21 01 00 Unqualified price 00 99.00 EUR 01 00 Unqualified price 00 83.00 GBP 01 00 Unqualified price 00 149.00 USD