235015869
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JB
John Benjamins Publishing Company
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CLSCC 6 Hb
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9789027204097
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2014049824
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CLSCC
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1879-8047
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Cognitive Linguistic Studies in Cultural Contexts
Cognitive Linguistic Studies in Cultural Contexts
01
01
Language Structure and Environment
Social, cultural, and natural factors
Language Structure and Environment: Social, cultural, and natural factors
1
B01
01
JB code
453223440
Rik De Busser
De Busser, Rik
Rik
De Busser
National Chengchi University, Taiwan
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/453223440
2
B01
01
JB code
800223441
Randy J. LaPolla
LaPolla, Randy J.
Randy J.
LaPolla
Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/800223441
01
eng
11
376
03
03
vi
03
00
370
03
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23
410.1/81
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2015
P145
04
Structural linguistics--Social aspects.
04
Structural linguistics--Research.
04
Intercultural communication--Social aspects.
04
Sublanguage--Social aspects.
04
Language and culture--Research.
04
Language and culture--Social aspects.
04
Sociolinguistics--Research.
10
LAN009000
12
CFK
24
JB code
LIN.ANTHR
Anthropological Linguistics
24
JB code
LIN.COGN
Cognition and language
24
JB code
LIN.SOCIO
Sociolinguistics and Dialectology
24
JB code
LIN.THEOR
Theoretical linguistics
01
06
02
00
Language Structure and Environment is a broad introduction to how languages are shaped by their environment. It makes the argument that the social, cultural, and natural environment of speakers influences the structures and development of the languages they speak.
03
00
Language Structure and Environment is a broad introduction to how languages are shaped by their environment. It makes the argument that the social, cultural, and natural environment of speakers influences the structures and development of the languages they speak. After a general overview, the contributors explain in a number of detailed case studies how specific cultural, societal, geographical, evolutionary and meta-linguistic pressures determine the development of specific grammatical features and the global structure of a varied selection of languages. This is a work of meticulous scholarship at the forefront of a burgeoning field of linguistics.
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clscc.6.01bus
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28
Article
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01
04
Chapter 1. The influence of social, cultural, and natural factors on language structure
Chapter 1. The influence of social, cultural, and natural factors on language structure
01
04
An
overview
An overview
1
A01
01
JB code
434237917
Rik De Busser
De Busser, Rik
Rik
De Busser
National Chengchi University
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/434237917
01
eng
03
00
This book is an attempt to give an overview of how language interacts with its environment, or better, how actual linguistic structure is formed, changed and influenced by different aspects of the human environment. The focus is mainly on effects of the extra-linguistic environment on the actual grammatical structure of languages; we will leave influences on other linguistic subsystems such as phonology, the lexicon, and discourse structure to the efforts of other researchers.The underlying assumption of this entire volume is that linguistic structure is not only shaped by how speakers interact with each other and with the world they live in, but also by external forces that are outside the control of individual speakers or speech communities. One might call it natural selection in grammar, were it not for the fact that it is not entirely clear whether biological and linguistic change operate along the same real-world principles, or whether any correspondences are much more superficial.
01
01
JB code
clscc.6.s1
06
10.1075/clscc.6.s1
Section header
2
01
04
Grammar and culture
Grammar and culture
01
eng
01
01
JB code
clscc.6.02lap
06
10.1075/clscc.6.02lap
31
44
14
Article
3
01
04
Chapter 2. On the logical necessity of a cultural and cognitive connection for the origin of all aspects of linguistic structure
Chapter 2. On the logical necessity of a cultural and cognitive connection for the origin of all aspects of linguistic structure
1
A01
01
JB code
817237918
Randy J. LaPolla
LaPolla, Randy J.
Randy J.
LaPolla
Nanyang Technological University
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/817237918
01
eng
03
00
This chapter presents a view of communication not as coding and decoding, but as ostension and inference, that is, one person doing something to show the intention to communicate, and then another person using abductive inference to infer the reason for the person’s ostensive act, creating a context of interpretation in which the communicator’s ostensive act “makes sense”, and thereby inferring the communicative and informative intention of the person. Language is not necessary for communication in this view, but develops as speakers use linguistic patterns over and over again to constrain the addressee’s creation of the context of interpretation. Speakers choose which aspects to constrain the interpretation of, and language forms conventionalize from frequent repetition. As constraining the interpretation requires more effort than not constraining it in that way, it must be important to the speakers to constrain that particular aspect of the meaning, otherwise they would not put in the extra effort. Logically, then, the forms that do conventionalize must have been motivated by the cognition and culture of the speakers of the language when they conventionalized, even though over time the motivation is often lost and the form continues to be used only due to convention and habit.
01
01
JB code
clscc.6.03bur
06
10.1075/clscc.6.03bur
45
76
32
Article
4
01
04
Chapter 3. The body, the universe, society and language
Chapter 3. The body, the universe, society and language
01
04
Germanic in the grip of the unknown
Germanic in the grip of the unknown
1
A01
01
JB code
460237919
Kate Burridge
Burridge, Kate
Kate
Burridge
Monash University
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/460237919
01
eng
03
00
The focus of this chapter is on the grammatical expression of the unknown and its role as a force for linguistic change at different times in Germanic. The paper opens with a brief look at modern Pennsylvania German, the language spoken by ultra-conservative Anabaptist groups in North America. This language has been chosen because it offers such clear evidence of a modern Germanic language whose structural features have been shaped by the cultural preoccupations of its speakers. The second part of the paper shifts focus to the grammatical coding of human experiencers in early Germanic, in particular Anglo-Saxon and early Dutch. Here it is argued that the predilection for dative and accusative marked participants during these early times was an enactment of prevailing thinking – specifically, beliefs about the human condition that emphasized its vulnerability to external forces.
01
01
JB code
clscc.6.04tad
06
10.1075/clscc.6.04tad
77
98
22
Article
5
01
04
Chapter 4. When culture grammaticalizes
Chapter 4. When culture grammaticalizes
01
04
The
pronominal system of Onya Darat
The pronominal system of Onya Darat
1
A01
01
JB code
709237920
Uri Tadmor
Tadmor, Uri
Uri
Tadmor
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/709237920
01
eng
03
00
The Onya Darat language of Borneo has a large set of personal pronouns. In addition to encoding the categories of person and number, these pronouns also encode the generational affiliation of their referents. It is suggested that obligatory expression of kinship in the pronoun system arose due to particular patterns of marriage and emerged against the background of a traditional society where an entire village shared one large house. This enabled all members of the community to know each other intimately and to be aware of each other’s generational affiliation.
01
01
JB code
clscc.6.05mic
06
10.1075/clscc.6.05mic
99
130
32
Article
6
01
04
Chapter 5. The cultural bases of linguistic form
Chapter 5. The cultural bases of linguistic form
01
04
The
development of Nanti quotative evidentials
The development of Nanti quotative evidentials
1
A01
01
JB code
1237921
Lev Michael
Michael, Lev
Lev
Michael
University of California, Berkeley
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/1237921
01
eng
03
00
Culture-driven grammaticalization theory posits that cultural influence on linguistic form is mediated by the emergence of communicative practices which increase the frequency of particular lexical items, pragmatic inferences, and patterns of discourse, thereby putting in place a crucial pre-condition for their grammaticalization. The goal of this chapter is to contribute to the development of culture-driven grammaticalization theory by developing an account of the cultural basis for the grammaticalization of quotative evidentials in Nanti, an Arawak language of lowland southeastern Peru. In particular, it is argued that Nanti quotative evidentials grammaticalized from inflected verbs of speaking that achieved high discourse frequencies due to communicative practices that link respectful communicative conduct towards others with the avoidance of speculation about others’ actions and internal states. As part of this communicative practice, Nantis largely restrict their discussion of others’ actions and internal states to two domains: reported speech regarding others’ actions and internal states, and actions that they witnessed themselves, which can also serve to index internal states.
01
01
JB code
clscc.6.s2
06
10.1075/clscc.6.s2
Section header
7
01
04
Grammar and society
Grammar and society
01
eng
01
01
JB code
clscc.6.06tru
06
10.1075/clscc.6.06tru
133
148
16
Article
8
01
04
Chapter 6. Societies of intimates and linguistic complexity
Chapter 6. Societies of intimates and linguistic complexity
1
A01
01
JB code
389237922
Peter Trudgill
Trudgill, Peter
Peter
Trudgill
Agder University
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/389237922
01
eng
03
00
The uniformitarian principle that knowledge of processes that operated in the past can be inferred by observing ongoing processes in the present is fundamental to historical linguistics. But there is an important respect in which the present is not like the past. Increasing population and mobility have led to increasing language contact and larger language communities. For ninety-seven percent of their history, human languages were spoken in neolithic and pre-neolithic societies which were societies of intimates, characterized by small size and dense social networks. A sociolinguistic-typological perspective suggests that the languages spoken in these communities may therefore have been typologically rather different from most modern languages, and that the methodology of ‘using the present to explain the past’ might therefore be less useful the further back in time we go.
01
01
JB code
clscc.6.07cly
06
10.1075/clscc.6.07cly
149
176
28
Article
9
01
04
Chapter 7. On the relation between linguistic and social factors in migrant language contact
Chapter 7. On the relation between linguistic and social factors in migrant language contact
1
A01
01
JB code
763237923
Michael Clyne
Clyne, Michael
Michael
Clyne
The University of Melbourne
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/763237923
2
A01
01
JB code
848237924
Yvette Slaughter
Slaughter, Yvette
Yvette
Slaughter
The University of Melbourne
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/848237924
3
A01
01
JB code
109237925
John Hajek
Hajek, John
John
Hajek
The University of Melbourne
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/109237925
4
A01
01
JB code
313237926
Doris Schüpbach
Schüpbach, Doris
Doris
Schüpbach
The University of Melbourne
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/313237926
01
eng
03
00
With a rich migration history, the Australian context has provided a fascinating and fertile landscape through which to explore the patterns of linguistic and sociolinguistic variation which arise when languages and cultures are transplanted from earlier, often bilingual, environments to a new English-dominant one. Drawing on extensive research undertaken in the Australian context, this chapter explores a range of linguistic and sociolinguistic features relevant to understanding language contact in a migrant setting, including facilitation of code-switching; pragmatic effects, such as the use of modal particles and discourse markers and address patterns; standardization and codification; pluricentric languages; diglossia and the role of language as a core value. In a number of cases it considers the relative role of and possible interaction between linguistic and social (and cultural) factors in governing language phenomena in Australia. In addition to the possible effect of the linguistic characteristics of specific migrant languages, we also look at the effect of the pre- and post-migration sociolinguistic and cultural contexts and how these might explain patterns of bilingual behaviour and language maintenance in Australia.
01
01
JB code
clscc.6.s3
06
10.1075/clscc.6.s3
Section header
10
01
04
Grammar and geography
Grammar and geography
01
eng
01
01
JB code
clscc.6.08pal
06
10.1075/clscc.6.08pal
177
226
50
Article
11
01
04
Chapter 8. Topography in language
Chapter 8. Topography in language
01
04
Absolute Frame of Reference and the Topographic Correspondence Hypothesis
Absolute Frame of Reference and the Topographic Correspondence Hypothesis
1
A01
01
JB code
598237927
Bill Palmer
Palmer, Bill
Bill
Palmer
The University of Newcastle, Australia
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/598237927
01
eng
03
00
This chapter re-evaluates the notion of absolute Frame of Reference (FoR) in spatial language. It reassesses Levinson’s widely accepted definition of absolute FoR as involving bearings that are fixed, abstract and arbitrary, and that absolute FoR involves a binary relation. The chapter argues instead that absolute FoR is a ternary relation, not a binary one, and that absolute systems need not be fixed, and are not definitionally abstract or arbitrary. It argues that Levinson’s definition is stipulative, and that a range of operationally identical systems exist, some of which conform to Levinson’s criteria, others of which do not. It presents a new operationally-based definition of absolute FoR which may be applied consistently across a range of spatial systems whose status in terms of FoR have been controversial or difficult to categorize. The chapter presents evidence that rather than an arbitrary abstract relation, absolute spatial references involve an anchor point or points in the external world. Formulating this as a Topographic Correspondence Hypothesis, the paper argues that absolute spatial systems are not merely anchored in, but motivated, at least in part, by the external physical environment. The paper concludes by proposing an Environment Variable Method to test this hypothesis.
01
01
JB code
clscc.6.09fro
06
10.1075/clscc.6.09fro
227
260
34
Article
12
01
04
Chapter 9. Walk around the clock
Chapter 9. Walk around the clock
01
04
The
shaping of a (counter-)clockwise distinction in Siar directionals
The shaping of a (counter-)clockwise distinction in Siar directionals
1
A01
01
JB code
932237928
Friedel Martin Frowein
Frowein, Friedel Martin
Friedel Martin
Frowein
University of Goroka
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/932237928
01
eng
03
00
Most Oceanic languages have complex systems of directionals which have been shaped by geographical, topographical or meteorological factors. Siar, an Oceanic language of the Patpatar-Tolai subgroup in New Ireland Province of Papua New Guinea, is one of these languages. However, it is difficult to determine the exact position of some of its directionals on this axis because of superficially contradictory data (that is, the same speaker uses different directionals in the same context). I will here present a theory which assumes that two of the Siar directionals have been undergoing semantic adjustment because of the migration of some Siar speakers from the east coast to the previously unoccupied west coast. A result of this migration was the reanalysis of these two directionals as clockwise and counter-clockwise directionals, an uncommon phenomenon cross-linguistically.
01
01
JB code
clscc.6.10nic
06
10.1075/clscc.6.10nic
261
286
26
Article
13
01
04
Chapter 10. Types of spread zones
Chapter 10. Types of spread zones
01
04
Open and closed, horizontal and vertical
Open and closed, horizontal and vertical
1
A01
01
JB code
607238087
Johanna Nichols
Nichols, Johanna
Johanna
Nichols
University of California, Berkeley
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/607238087
01
eng
03
00
Spread zones are areas where any resident language is likely to spread out widely, so overall linguistic diversity is low at any time (though over time different languages spread out, giving the area a diverse diachronic profile). This chapter subclassifies spread systems into four types: (1) mountain ranges, where languages tend to spread uphill gradually; (2) altiplanos, upland closed spread zones where the distinctive climate and ecology require special adaptation and a language, once established there, is hard to dislodge, and descendants of the first language in tend to undergo later spreads, giving the altiplano a very low diversity profile even diachronically; (3) lowland open spread zones, where a language can enter from any direction and any entering language has some chance of spread, so structurally and genealogically different languages spread over time and give the zone a diverse profile diachronically; (4) lowland closed spread zones, where natural or other barriers make entry difficult; here the history of spreads is rather like that in altiplanos.
01
01
JB code
clscc.6.s4
06
10.1075/clscc.6.s4
Section header
14
01
04
Grammar and evolution
Grammar and evolution
01
eng
01
01
JB code
clscc.6.11lup
06
10.1075/clscc.6.11lup
289
316
28
Article
15
01
04
Chapter 11. The role of adaptation in understanding linguistic diversity
Chapter 11. The role of adaptation in understanding linguistic diversity
1
A01
01
JB code
680237930
Gary Lupyan
Lupyan, Gary
Gary
Lupyan
University of Wisconsin-Madison
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/680237930
2
A01
01
JB code
874237931
Rick Dale
Dale, Rick
Rick
Dale
University of California, Merced
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/874237931
01
eng
03
00
The 6,000–7,000 languages spoken by people display a dazzling variety of sounds, word patterns, and grammatical forms. The dominant explanation for this diversity is that languages drift apart as communities separate. The accumulation of random changes eventually produces languages that are mutually unintelligible. We argue that in addition to this non-functional process of drift, language change and diversification can be explained in functional terms as adaptations to social, demographic, and ecological environments in which the languages are learned and used, a proposal we call the linguistic niche hypothesis. We support our position with a series of agent-based models that serve as an existence proof for why language diversity requires adaptation. We next discuss empirical evidence for a link between aspects of socio-demographic factors, ecological factors, and grammatical structure which strongly suggests adaptation to be at work. One mechanism we focus on is language learnability: while all languages need to be learnable by infants, only some languages are further constrained by adult learning biases. Thus, languages which for historical reasons have adult learners adapt to be more learnable by adults. As a result, languages spoken in larger and more heterogeneous environments in which adult language learning is more likely to take place tend to be grammatically simpler than languages spoken in small homogeneous environments. The linguistic niche hypothesis outlined in this chapter, while still in early stages, promises to shed light on longstanding questions such as why there are so many languages, and why they differ so substantially from one another.
01
01
JB code
clscc.6.s5
06
10.1075/clscc.6.s5
Section header
16
01
04
Grammar and the field of linguistics
Grammar and the field of linguistics
01
eng
01
01
JB code
clscc.6.12eas
06
10.1075/clscc.6.12eas
319
352
34
Article
17
01
04
Chapter 12. On becoming an object of study
Chapter 12. On becoming an object of study
01
04
Legitimization in the discipline of Linguistics
Legitimization in the discipline of Linguistics
1
A01
01
JB code
204237932
Catherine L. Easton
Easton, Catherine L.
Catherine L.
Easton
Charles Sturt University
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/204237932
2
A01
01
JB code
388237933
Tonya N. Stebbins
Stebbins, Tonya N.
Tonya N.
Stebbins
La Trobe University
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/388237933
01
eng
03
00
It is widely understood that the socio-historical contexts of languages have a direct bearing on their structures and on the types of stance that communities take in relation to them. Within the discipline of linguistics these socio-historical contexts and their impacts on communities’ use and understanding of language are generally referred to as sociolinguistic factors. Meanwhile within descriptive linguistics the structure of language remains core. This is evidenced in the shape of university course design, structures of textbooks, and in how linguistic knowledge is recorded. In this paper we seek to map the relationship of the socio-historical context of linguistics to the languages that we study and in doing so, shift the focus so that the socio-historical context becomes central. Through this process the shape of the languages themselves is altered.We present a case study that compares linguistic and community perspectives on language boundaries in Milne Bay Provence, Papua New Guinea, and explore the processes through which the languages are created as objects and then become emblematic of culture and identity. We discuss the strong links that communities make between language, place and spirituality and consider the opportunities that these perspectives hold for language descriptions. Finally we consider how we, as linguists, can hold multiple perspectives on language and create culturally safe partnerships with communities that result in materials consistent with speakers’ goals for their language.
01
01
JB code
clscc.6.13sub
06
10.1075/clscc.6.13sub
353
366
14
Article
18
01
04
Subjects and Languages Index
Subjects and Languages Index
01
eng
01
01
JB code
clscc.6.14aut
06
10.1075/clscc.6.14aut
367
370
4
Article
19
01
04
Author Index
Author Index
01
eng
01
JB code
JBENJAMINS
John Benjamins Publishing Company
01
01
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JB
John Benjamins Publishing Company
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https://benjamins.com
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Amsterdam
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CLSCC 6 Eb
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9789027268730
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2015006086
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EA
E107
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CLSCC
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1879-8047
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Cognitive Linguistic Studies in Cultural Contexts
Cognitive Linguistic Studies in Cultural Contexts
11
01
JB code
jbe-all
01
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Full EBA collection (ca. 4,200 titles)
11
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JB code
jbe-2015-all
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Complete backlist (3,208 titles, 1967–2015)
05
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jbe-2015-linguistics
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Subject collection: Linguistics (2,773 titles, 1967–2015)
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Linguistics (1967–2015)
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Language Structure and Environment
Social, cultural, and natural factors
Language Structure and Environment: Social, cultural, and natural factors
1
B01
01
JB code
453223440
Rik De Busser
De Busser, Rik
Rik
De Busser
National Chengchi University, Taiwan
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/453223440
2
B01
01
JB code
800223441
Randy J. LaPolla
LaPolla, Randy J.
Randy J.
LaPolla
Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/800223441
01
eng
11
376
03
03
vi
03
00
370
03
01
23
410.1/81
03
2015
P145
04
Structural linguistics--Social aspects.
04
Structural linguistics--Research.
04
Intercultural communication--Social aspects.
04
Sublanguage--Social aspects.
04
Language and culture--Research.
04
Language and culture--Social aspects.
04
Sociolinguistics--Research.
10
LAN009000
12
CFK
24
JB code
LIN.ANTHR
Anthropological Linguistics
24
JB code
LIN.COGN
Cognition and language
24
JB code
LIN.SOCIO
Sociolinguistics and Dialectology
24
JB code
LIN.THEOR
Theoretical linguistics
01
06
02
00
Language Structure and Environment is a broad introduction to how languages are shaped by their environment. It makes the argument that the social, cultural, and natural environment of speakers influences the structures and development of the languages they speak.
03
00
Language Structure and Environment is a broad introduction to how languages are shaped by their environment. It makes the argument that the social, cultural, and natural environment of speakers influences the structures and development of the languages they speak. After a general overview, the contributors explain in a number of detailed case studies how specific cultural, societal, geographical, evolutionary and meta-linguistic pressures determine the development of specific grammatical features and the global structure of a varied selection of languages. This is a work of meticulous scholarship at the forefront of a burgeoning field of linguistics.
01
00
03
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01
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clscc.6.01bus
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28
Article
1
01
04
Chapter 1. The influence of social, cultural, and natural factors on language structure
Chapter 1. The influence of social, cultural, and natural factors on language structure
01
04
An
overview
An overview
1
A01
01
JB code
434237917
Rik De Busser
De Busser, Rik
Rik
De Busser
National Chengchi University
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/434237917
01
eng
03
00
This book is an attempt to give an overview of how language interacts with its environment, or better, how actual linguistic structure is formed, changed and influenced by different aspects of the human environment. The focus is mainly on effects of the extra-linguistic environment on the actual grammatical structure of languages; we will leave influences on other linguistic subsystems such as phonology, the lexicon, and discourse structure to the efforts of other researchers.The underlying assumption of this entire volume is that linguistic structure is not only shaped by how speakers interact with each other and with the world they live in, but also by external forces that are outside the control of individual speakers or speech communities. One might call it natural selection in grammar, were it not for the fact that it is not entirely clear whether biological and linguistic change operate along the same real-world principles, or whether any correspondences are much more superficial.
01
01
JB code
clscc.6.s1
06
10.1075/clscc.6.s1
Section header
2
01
04
Grammar and culture
Grammar and culture
01
eng
01
01
JB code
clscc.6.02lap
06
10.1075/clscc.6.02lap
31
44
14
Article
3
01
04
Chapter 2. On the logical necessity of a cultural and cognitive connection for the origin of all aspects of linguistic structure
Chapter 2. On the logical necessity of a cultural and cognitive connection for the origin of all aspects of linguistic structure
1
A01
01
JB code
817237918
Randy J. LaPolla
LaPolla, Randy J.
Randy J.
LaPolla
Nanyang Technological University
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/817237918
01
eng
03
00
This chapter presents a view of communication not as coding and decoding, but as ostension and inference, that is, one person doing something to show the intention to communicate, and then another person using abductive inference to infer the reason for the person’s ostensive act, creating a context of interpretation in which the communicator’s ostensive act “makes sense”, and thereby inferring the communicative and informative intention of the person. Language is not necessary for communication in this view, but develops as speakers use linguistic patterns over and over again to constrain the addressee’s creation of the context of interpretation. Speakers choose which aspects to constrain the interpretation of, and language forms conventionalize from frequent repetition. As constraining the interpretation requires more effort than not constraining it in that way, it must be important to the speakers to constrain that particular aspect of the meaning, otherwise they would not put in the extra effort. Logically, then, the forms that do conventionalize must have been motivated by the cognition and culture of the speakers of the language when they conventionalized, even though over time the motivation is often lost and the form continues to be used only due to convention and habit.
01
01
JB code
clscc.6.03bur
06
10.1075/clscc.6.03bur
45
76
32
Article
4
01
04
Chapter 3. The body, the universe, society and language
Chapter 3. The body, the universe, society and language
01
04
Germanic in the grip of the unknown
Germanic in the grip of the unknown
1
A01
01
JB code
460237919
Kate Burridge
Burridge, Kate
Kate
Burridge
Monash University
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/460237919
01
eng
03
00
The focus of this chapter is on the grammatical expression of the unknown and its role as a force for linguistic change at different times in Germanic. The paper opens with a brief look at modern Pennsylvania German, the language spoken by ultra-conservative Anabaptist groups in North America. This language has been chosen because it offers such clear evidence of a modern Germanic language whose structural features have been shaped by the cultural preoccupations of its speakers. The second part of the paper shifts focus to the grammatical coding of human experiencers in early Germanic, in particular Anglo-Saxon and early Dutch. Here it is argued that the predilection for dative and accusative marked participants during these early times was an enactment of prevailing thinking – specifically, beliefs about the human condition that emphasized its vulnerability to external forces.
01
01
JB code
clscc.6.04tad
06
10.1075/clscc.6.04tad
77
98
22
Article
5
01
04
Chapter 4. When culture grammaticalizes
Chapter 4. When culture grammaticalizes
01
04
The
pronominal system of Onya Darat
The pronominal system of Onya Darat
1
A01
01
JB code
709237920
Uri Tadmor
Tadmor, Uri
Uri
Tadmor
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/709237920
01
eng
03
00
The Onya Darat language of Borneo has a large set of personal pronouns. In addition to encoding the categories of person and number, these pronouns also encode the generational affiliation of their referents. It is suggested that obligatory expression of kinship in the pronoun system arose due to particular patterns of marriage and emerged against the background of a traditional society where an entire village shared one large house. This enabled all members of the community to know each other intimately and to be aware of each other’s generational affiliation.
01
01
JB code
clscc.6.05mic
06
10.1075/clscc.6.05mic
99
130
32
Article
6
01
04
Chapter 5. The cultural bases of linguistic form
Chapter 5. The cultural bases of linguistic form
01
04
The
development of Nanti quotative evidentials
The development of Nanti quotative evidentials
1
A01
01
JB code
1237921
Lev Michael
Michael, Lev
Lev
Michael
University of California, Berkeley
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/1237921
01
eng
03
00
Culture-driven grammaticalization theory posits that cultural influence on linguistic form is mediated by the emergence of communicative practices which increase the frequency of particular lexical items, pragmatic inferences, and patterns of discourse, thereby putting in place a crucial pre-condition for their grammaticalization. The goal of this chapter is to contribute to the development of culture-driven grammaticalization theory by developing an account of the cultural basis for the grammaticalization of quotative evidentials in Nanti, an Arawak language of lowland southeastern Peru. In particular, it is argued that Nanti quotative evidentials grammaticalized from inflected verbs of speaking that achieved high discourse frequencies due to communicative practices that link respectful communicative conduct towards others with the avoidance of speculation about others’ actions and internal states. As part of this communicative practice, Nantis largely restrict their discussion of others’ actions and internal states to two domains: reported speech regarding others’ actions and internal states, and actions that they witnessed themselves, which can also serve to index internal states.
01
01
JB code
clscc.6.s2
06
10.1075/clscc.6.s2
Section header
7
01
04
Grammar and society
Grammar and society
01
eng
01
01
JB code
clscc.6.06tru
06
10.1075/clscc.6.06tru
133
148
16
Article
8
01
04
Chapter 6. Societies of intimates and linguistic complexity
Chapter 6. Societies of intimates and linguistic complexity
1
A01
01
JB code
389237922
Peter Trudgill
Trudgill, Peter
Peter
Trudgill
Agder University
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/389237922
01
eng
03
00
The uniformitarian principle that knowledge of processes that operated in the past can be inferred by observing ongoing processes in the present is fundamental to historical linguistics. But there is an important respect in which the present is not like the past. Increasing population and mobility have led to increasing language contact and larger language communities. For ninety-seven percent of their history, human languages were spoken in neolithic and pre-neolithic societies which were societies of intimates, characterized by small size and dense social networks. A sociolinguistic-typological perspective suggests that the languages spoken in these communities may therefore have been typologically rather different from most modern languages, and that the methodology of ‘using the present to explain the past’ might therefore be less useful the further back in time we go.
01
01
JB code
clscc.6.07cly
06
10.1075/clscc.6.07cly
149
176
28
Article
9
01
04
Chapter 7. On the relation between linguistic and social factors in migrant language contact
Chapter 7. On the relation between linguistic and social factors in migrant language contact
1
A01
01
JB code
763237923
Michael Clyne
Clyne, Michael
Michael
Clyne
The University of Melbourne
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/763237923
2
A01
01
JB code
848237924
Yvette Slaughter
Slaughter, Yvette
Yvette
Slaughter
The University of Melbourne
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/848237924
3
A01
01
JB code
109237925
John Hajek
Hajek, John
John
Hajek
The University of Melbourne
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/109237925
4
A01
01
JB code
313237926
Doris Schüpbach
Schüpbach, Doris
Doris
Schüpbach
The University of Melbourne
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/313237926
01
eng
03
00
With a rich migration history, the Australian context has provided a fascinating and fertile landscape through which to explore the patterns of linguistic and sociolinguistic variation which arise when languages and cultures are transplanted from earlier, often bilingual, environments to a new English-dominant one. Drawing on extensive research undertaken in the Australian context, this chapter explores a range of linguistic and sociolinguistic features relevant to understanding language contact in a migrant setting, including facilitation of code-switching; pragmatic effects, such as the use of modal particles and discourse markers and address patterns; standardization and codification; pluricentric languages; diglossia and the role of language as a core value. In a number of cases it considers the relative role of and possible interaction between linguistic and social (and cultural) factors in governing language phenomena in Australia. In addition to the possible effect of the linguistic characteristics of specific migrant languages, we also look at the effect of the pre- and post-migration sociolinguistic and cultural contexts and how these might explain patterns of bilingual behaviour and language maintenance in Australia.
01
01
JB code
clscc.6.s3
06
10.1075/clscc.6.s3
Section header
10
01
04
Grammar and geography
Grammar and geography
01
eng
01
01
JB code
clscc.6.08pal
06
10.1075/clscc.6.08pal
177
226
50
Article
11
01
04
Chapter 8. Topography in language
Chapter 8. Topography in language
01
04
Absolute Frame of Reference and the Topographic Correspondence Hypothesis
Absolute Frame of Reference and the Topographic Correspondence Hypothesis
1
A01
01
JB code
598237927
Bill Palmer
Palmer, Bill
Bill
Palmer
The University of Newcastle, Australia
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/598237927
01
eng
03
00
This chapter re-evaluates the notion of absolute Frame of Reference (FoR) in spatial language. It reassesses Levinson’s widely accepted definition of absolute FoR as involving bearings that are fixed, abstract and arbitrary, and that absolute FoR involves a binary relation. The chapter argues instead that absolute FoR is a ternary relation, not a binary one, and that absolute systems need not be fixed, and are not definitionally abstract or arbitrary. It argues that Levinson’s definition is stipulative, and that a range of operationally identical systems exist, some of which conform to Levinson’s criteria, others of which do not. It presents a new operationally-based definition of absolute FoR which may be applied consistently across a range of spatial systems whose status in terms of FoR have been controversial or difficult to categorize. The chapter presents evidence that rather than an arbitrary abstract relation, absolute spatial references involve an anchor point or points in the external world. Formulating this as a Topographic Correspondence Hypothesis, the paper argues that absolute spatial systems are not merely anchored in, but motivated, at least in part, by the external physical environment. The paper concludes by proposing an Environment Variable Method to test this hypothesis.
01
01
JB code
clscc.6.09fro
06
10.1075/clscc.6.09fro
227
260
34
Article
12
01
04
Chapter 9. Walk around the clock
Chapter 9. Walk around the clock
01
04
The
shaping of a (counter-)clockwise distinction in Siar directionals
The shaping of a (counter-)clockwise distinction in Siar directionals
1
A01
01
JB code
932237928
Friedel Martin Frowein
Frowein, Friedel Martin
Friedel Martin
Frowein
University of Goroka
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/932237928
01
eng
03
00
Most Oceanic languages have complex systems of directionals which have been shaped by geographical, topographical or meteorological factors. Siar, an Oceanic language of the Patpatar-Tolai subgroup in New Ireland Province of Papua New Guinea, is one of these languages. However, it is difficult to determine the exact position of some of its directionals on this axis because of superficially contradictory data (that is, the same speaker uses different directionals in the same context). I will here present a theory which assumes that two of the Siar directionals have been undergoing semantic adjustment because of the migration of some Siar speakers from the east coast to the previously unoccupied west coast. A result of this migration was the reanalysis of these two directionals as clockwise and counter-clockwise directionals, an uncommon phenomenon cross-linguistically.
01
01
JB code
clscc.6.10nic
06
10.1075/clscc.6.10nic
261
286
26
Article
13
01
04
Chapter 10. Types of spread zones
Chapter 10. Types of spread zones
01
04
Open and closed, horizontal and vertical
Open and closed, horizontal and vertical
1
A01
01
JB code
607238087
Johanna Nichols
Nichols, Johanna
Johanna
Nichols
University of California, Berkeley
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/607238087
01
eng
03
00
Spread zones are areas where any resident language is likely to spread out widely, so overall linguistic diversity is low at any time (though over time different languages spread out, giving the area a diverse diachronic profile). This chapter subclassifies spread systems into four types: (1) mountain ranges, where languages tend to spread uphill gradually; (2) altiplanos, upland closed spread zones where the distinctive climate and ecology require special adaptation and a language, once established there, is hard to dislodge, and descendants of the first language in tend to undergo later spreads, giving the altiplano a very low diversity profile even diachronically; (3) lowland open spread zones, where a language can enter from any direction and any entering language has some chance of spread, so structurally and genealogically different languages spread over time and give the zone a diverse profile diachronically; (4) lowland closed spread zones, where natural or other barriers make entry difficult; here the history of spreads is rather like that in altiplanos.
01
01
JB code
clscc.6.s4
06
10.1075/clscc.6.s4
Section header
14
01
04
Grammar and evolution
Grammar and evolution
01
eng
01
01
JB code
clscc.6.11lup
06
10.1075/clscc.6.11lup
289
316
28
Article
15
01
04
Chapter 11. The role of adaptation in understanding linguistic diversity
Chapter 11. The role of adaptation in understanding linguistic diversity
1
A01
01
JB code
680237930
Gary Lupyan
Lupyan, Gary
Gary
Lupyan
University of Wisconsin-Madison
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/680237930
2
A01
01
JB code
874237931
Rick Dale
Dale, Rick
Rick
Dale
University of California, Merced
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/874237931
01
eng
03
00
The 6,000–7,000 languages spoken by people display a dazzling variety of sounds, word patterns, and grammatical forms. The dominant explanation for this diversity is that languages drift apart as communities separate. The accumulation of random changes eventually produces languages that are mutually unintelligible. We argue that in addition to this non-functional process of drift, language change and diversification can be explained in functional terms as adaptations to social, demographic, and ecological environments in which the languages are learned and used, a proposal we call the linguistic niche hypothesis. We support our position with a series of agent-based models that serve as an existence proof for why language diversity requires adaptation. We next discuss empirical evidence for a link between aspects of socio-demographic factors, ecological factors, and grammatical structure which strongly suggests adaptation to be at work. One mechanism we focus on is language learnability: while all languages need to be learnable by infants, only some languages are further constrained by adult learning biases. Thus, languages which for historical reasons have adult learners adapt to be more learnable by adults. As a result, languages spoken in larger and more heterogeneous environments in which adult language learning is more likely to take place tend to be grammatically simpler than languages spoken in small homogeneous environments. The linguistic niche hypothesis outlined in this chapter, while still in early stages, promises to shed light on longstanding questions such as why there are so many languages, and why they differ so substantially from one another.
01
01
JB code
clscc.6.s5
06
10.1075/clscc.6.s5
Section header
16
01
04
Grammar and the field of linguistics
Grammar and the field of linguistics
01
eng
01
01
JB code
clscc.6.12eas
06
10.1075/clscc.6.12eas
319
352
34
Article
17
01
04
Chapter 12. On becoming an object of study
Chapter 12. On becoming an object of study
01
04
Legitimization in the discipline of Linguistics
Legitimization in the discipline of Linguistics
1
A01
01
JB code
204237932
Catherine L. Easton
Easton, Catherine L.
Catherine L.
Easton
Charles Sturt University
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/204237932
2
A01
01
JB code
388237933
Tonya N. Stebbins
Stebbins, Tonya N.
Tonya N.
Stebbins
La Trobe University
07
https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/388237933
01
eng
03
00
It is widely understood that the socio-historical contexts of languages have a direct bearing on their structures and on the types of stance that communities take in relation to them. Within the discipline of linguistics these socio-historical contexts and their impacts on communities’ use and understanding of language are generally referred to as sociolinguistic factors. Meanwhile within descriptive linguistics the structure of language remains core. This is evidenced in the shape of university course design, structures of textbooks, and in how linguistic knowledge is recorded. In this paper we seek to map the relationship of the socio-historical context of linguistics to the languages that we study and in doing so, shift the focus so that the socio-historical context becomes central. Through this process the shape of the languages themselves is altered.We present a case study that compares linguistic and community perspectives on language boundaries in Milne Bay Provence, Papua New Guinea, and explore the processes through which the languages are created as objects and then become emblematic of culture and identity. We discuss the strong links that communities make between language, place and spirituality and consider the opportunities that these perspectives hold for language descriptions. Finally we consider how we, as linguists, can hold multiple perspectives on language and create culturally safe partnerships with communities that result in materials consistent with speakers’ goals for their language.
01
01
JB code
clscc.6.13sub
06
10.1075/clscc.6.13sub
353
366
14
Article
18
01
04
Subjects and Languages Index
Subjects and Languages Index
01
eng
01
01
JB code
clscc.6.14aut
06
10.1075/clscc.6.14aut
367
370
4
Article
19
01
04
Author Index
Author Index
01
eng
01
JB code
JBENJAMINS
John Benjamins Publishing Company
01
01
JB code
JB
John Benjamins Publishing Company
01
https://benjamins.com
02
https://benjamins.com/catalog/clscc.6
Amsterdam
NL
00
John Benjamins Publishing Company
Marketing Department / Karin Plijnaar, Pieter Lamers
onix@benjamins.nl
04
01
00
20150609
C
2015
John Benjamins
D
2015
John Benjamins
02
WORLD
13
15
9789027204097
WORLD
09
01
JB
3
John Benjamins e-Platform
03
https://jbe-platform.com
29
https://jbe-platform.com/content/books/9789027268730
21
01
00
Unqualified price
02
99.00
EUR
01
00
Unqualified price
02
83.00
GBP
GB
01
00
Unqualified price
02
149.00
USD
723016294
03
01
01
JB code
JB
John Benjamins Publishing Company
01
JB code
CLSCC 6 GE
15
9789027268730
06
10.1075/clscc.6
13
2015006086
00
EA
E133
10
01
JB code
CLSCC
02
JB code
1879-8047
02
6.00
01
02
Cognitive Linguistic Studies in Cultural Contexts
Cognitive Linguistic Studies in Cultural Contexts
01
01
Language Structure and Environment
Language Structure and Environment
1
B01
01
JB code
453223440
Rik De Busser
De Busser, Rik
Rik
De Busser
National Chengchi University, Taiwan
2
B01
01
JB code
800223441
Randy J. LaPolla
LaPolla, Randy J.
Randy J.
LaPolla
Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
01
eng
11
376
03
03
vi
03
00
370
03
24
JB code
LIN.ANTHR
Anthropological Linguistics
24
JB code
LIN.COGN
Cognition and language
24
JB code
LIN.SOCIO
Sociolinguistics and Dialectology
24
JB code
LIN.THEOR
Theoretical linguistics
10
LAN009000
12
CFK
01
06
02
00
Language Structure and Environment is a broad introduction to how languages are shaped by their environment. It makes the argument that the social, cultural, and natural environment of speakers influences the structures and development of the languages they speak.
03
00
Language Structure and Environment is a broad introduction to how languages are shaped by their environment. It makes the argument that the social, cultural, and natural environment of speakers influences the structures and development of the languages they speak. After a general overview, the contributors explain in a number of detailed case studies how specific cultural, societal, geographical, evolutionary and meta-linguistic pressures determine the development of specific grammatical features and the global structure of a varied selection of languages. This is a work of meticulous scholarship at the forefront of a burgeoning field of linguistics.
01
00
03
01
01
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03
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03
00
03
01
01
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https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/clscc.6.hb.png
01
01
JB code
clscc.6.01bus
06
10.1075/clscc.6.01bus
1
28
28
Article
1
01
04
Chapter 1. The influence of social, cultural, and natural factors on language structure
Chapter 1. The influence of social, cultural, and natural factors on language structure
01
04
An
overview
An overview
1
A01
01
JB code
434237917
Rik De Busser
De Busser, Rik
Rik
De Busser
National Chengchi University
01
01
JB code
clscc.6.s1
06
10.1075/clscc.6.s1
Section header
2
01
04
Grammar and culture
Grammar and culture
01
01
JB code
clscc.6.02lap
06
10.1075/clscc.6.02lap
31
44
14
Article
3
01
04
Chapter 2. On the logical necessity of a cultural and cognitive connection for the origin of all aspects of linguistic structure
Chapter 2. On the logical necessity of a cultural and cognitive connection for the origin of all aspects of linguistic structure
1
A01
01
JB code
817237918
Randy J. LaPolla
LaPolla, Randy J.
Randy J.
LaPolla
Nanyang Technological University
01
01
JB code
clscc.6.03bur
06
10.1075/clscc.6.03bur
45
76
32
Article
4
01
04
Chapter 3. The body, the universe, society and language
Chapter 3. The body, the universe, society and language
01
04
Germanic in the grip of the unknown
Germanic in the grip of the unknown
1
A01
01
JB code
460237919
Kate Burridge
Burridge, Kate
Kate
Burridge
Monash University
01
01
JB code
clscc.6.04tad
06
10.1075/clscc.6.04tad
77
98
22
Article
5
01
04
Chapter 4. When culture grammaticalizes
Chapter 4. When culture grammaticalizes
01
04
The
pronominal system of Onya Darat
The pronominal system of Onya Darat
1
A01
01
JB code
709237920
Uri Tadmor
Tadmor, Uri
Uri
Tadmor
01
01
JB code
clscc.6.05mic
06
10.1075/clscc.6.05mic
99
130
32
Article
6
01
04
Chapter 5. The cultural bases of linguistic form
Chapter 5. The cultural bases of linguistic form
01
04
The
development of Nanti quotative evidentials
The development of Nanti quotative evidentials
1
A01
01
JB code
1237921
Lev Michael
Michael, Lev
Lev
Michael
University of California, Berkeley
01
01
JB code
clscc.6.s2
06
10.1075/clscc.6.s2
Section header
7
01
04
Grammar and society
Grammar and society
01
01
JB code
clscc.6.06tru
06
10.1075/clscc.6.06tru
133
148
16
Article
8
01
04
Chapter 6. Societies of intimates and linguistic complexity
Chapter 6. Societies of intimates and linguistic complexity
1
A01
01
JB code
389237922
Peter Trudgill
Trudgill, Peter
Peter
Trudgill
Agder University
01
01
JB code
clscc.6.07cly
06
10.1075/clscc.6.07cly
149
176
28
Article
9
01
04
Chapter 7. On the relation between linguistic and social factors in migrant language contact
Chapter 7. On the relation between linguistic and social factors in migrant language contact
1
A01
01
JB code
763237923
Michael Clyne
Clyne, Michael
Michael
Clyne
The University of Melbourne
2
A01
01
JB code
848237924
Yvette Slaughter
Slaughter, Yvette
Yvette
Slaughter
The University of Melbourne
3
A01
01
JB code
109237925
John Hajek
Hajek, John
John
Hajek
The University of Melbourne
4
A01
01
JB code
313237926
Doris Schüpbach
Schüpbach, Doris
Doris
Schüpbach
The University of Melbourne
01
01
JB code
clscc.6.s3
06
10.1075/clscc.6.s3
Section header
10
01
04
Grammar and geography
Grammar and geography
01
01
JB code
clscc.6.08pal
06
10.1075/clscc.6.08pal
177
226
50
Article
11
01
04
Chapter 8. Topography in language
Chapter 8. Topography in language
01
04
Absolute Frame of Reference and the Topographic Correspondence Hypothesis
Absolute Frame of Reference and the Topographic Correspondence Hypothesis
1
A01
01
JB code
598237927
Bill Palmer
Palmer, Bill
Bill
Palmer
The University of Newcastle, Australia
01
01
JB code
clscc.6.09fro
06
10.1075/clscc.6.09fro
227
260
34
Article
12
01
04
Chapter 9. Walk around the clock
Chapter 9. Walk around the clock
01
04
The
shaping of a (counter-)clockwise distinction in Siar directionals
The shaping of a (counter-)clockwise distinction in Siar directionals
1
A01
01
JB code
932237928
Friedel Martin Frowein
Frowein, Friedel Martin
Friedel Martin
Frowein
University of Goroka
01
01
JB code
clscc.6.10nic
06
10.1075/clscc.6.10nic
261
286
26
Article
13
01
04
Chapter 10. Types of spread zones
Chapter 10. Types of spread zones
01
04
Open and closed, horizontal and vertical
Open and closed, horizontal and vertical
1
A01
01
JB code
607238087
Johanna Nichols
Nichols, Johanna
Johanna
Nichols
University of California, Berkeley
01
01
JB code
clscc.6.s4
06
10.1075/clscc.6.s4
Section header
14
01
04
Grammar and evolution
Grammar and evolution
01
01
JB code
clscc.6.11lup
06
10.1075/clscc.6.11lup
289
316
28
Article
15
01
04
Chapter 11. The role of adaptation in understanding linguistic diversity
Chapter 11. The role of adaptation in understanding linguistic diversity
1
A01
01
JB code
680237930
Gary Lupyan
Lupyan, Gary
Gary
Lupyan
University of Wisconsin-Madison
2
A01
01
JB code
874237931
Rick Dale
Dale, Rick
Rick
Dale
University of California, Merced
01
01
JB code
clscc.6.s5
06
10.1075/clscc.6.s5
Section header
16
01
04
Grammar and the field of linguistics
Grammar and the field of linguistics
01
01
JB code
clscc.6.12eas
06
10.1075/clscc.6.12eas
319
352
34
Article
17
01
04
Chapter 12. On becoming an object of study
Chapter 12. On becoming an object of study
01
04
Legitimization in the discipline of Linguistics
Legitimization in the discipline of Linguistics
1
A01
01
JB code
204237932
Catherine L. Easton
Easton, Catherine L.
Catherine L.
Easton
Charles Sturt University
2
A01
01
JB code
388237933
Tonya N. Stebbins
Stebbins, Tonya N.
Tonya N.
Stebbins
La Trobe University
01
01
JB code
clscc.6.13sub
06
10.1075/clscc.6.13sub
353
366
14
Article
18
01
04
Subjects and Languages Index
Subjects and Languages Index
01
01
JB code
clscc.6.14aut
06
10.1075/clscc.6.14aut
367
370
4
Article
19
01
04
Author Index
Author Index
01
JB code
JBENJAMINS
John Benjamins Publishing Company
01
01
JB code
JB
John Benjamins Publishing Company
01
https://benjamins.com
Amsterdam
NL
00
John Benjamins Publishing Company
Marketing Department / Karin Plijnaar, Pieter Lamers
onix@benjamins.nl
04
01
00
20150609
C
2015
John Benjamins
D
2015
John Benjamins
02
WORLD
13
15
9789027204097
WORLD
03
01
JB
17
Google
03
https://play.google.com/store/books
21
01
00
Unqualified price
00
99.00
EUR
01
00
Unqualified price
00
83.00
GBP
01
00
Unqualified price
00
149.00
USD