219-7677
10
7500817
John Benjamins Publishing Company
Marketing Department / Karin Plijnaar, Pieter Lamers
onix@benjamins.nl
201608250417
ONIX title feed
eng
01
EUR
816008192
03
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JB
John Benjamins Publishing Company
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JB code
CLU 4 Eb
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9789027287045
06
10.1075/clu.4
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2011003203
DG
002
02
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CLU
02
1879-5838
Culture and Language Use
4
01
Landscape in Language
Transdisciplinary perspectives
01
clu.4
01
https://benjamins.com
02
https://benjamins.com/catalog/clu.4
1
B01
David M. Mark
Mark, David M.
David M.
Mark
University at Buffalo (SUNY)
2
B01
Andrew G. Turk
Turk, Andrew G.
Andrew G.
Turk
Murdoch University
3
B01
Niclas Burenhult
Burenhult, Niclas
Niclas
Burenhult
Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen and Lund University
4
B01
David Stea
Stea, David
David
Stea
Texas State University
01
eng
464
xiii
449
LAN009000
v.2006
CF
2
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.ANTHR
Anthropological Linguistics
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.THEOR
Theoretical linguistics
06
01
Landscape is fundamental to human experience. Yet until recently, the study of landscape has been fragmented among the disciplines. This volume focuses on how landscape is represented in language and thought, and what this reveals about the relationships of people to place and to land. Scientists of various disciplines such as anthropologists, geographers, information scientists, linguists, and philosophers address several questions, including: Are there cross-cultural and cross-linguistic variations in the delimitation, classification, and naming of geographic features? Can alternative world-views and conceptualizations of landscape be used to produce culturally-appropriate Geographic Information Systems (GIS)? Topics included: ontology of landscape; landscape terms and concepts; toponyms; spiritual aspects of land and landscape terms; research methods; ethical dimensions of the research; and its potential value to indigenous communities involved in this type of research.
04
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ix
x
2
Miscellaneous
1
01
Foreword
10
01
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clu.4.01pre
xi
xiii
3
Miscellaneous
2
01
Preface
10
01
JB code
clu.4.02mar
1
24
24
Article
3
01
Landscape in language
An introduction
1
A01
David M. Mark
Mark, David M.
David M.
Mark
State University of New York
2
A01
Andrew G. Turk
Turk, Andrew G.
Andrew G.
Turk
Murdock University
3
A01
Niclas Burenhult
Burenhult, Niclas
Niclas
Burenhult
Lund University, Sweden
4
A01
David Stea
Stea, David
David
Stea
Professor Emeritus at Texas State University
10
01
JB code
clu.4.03tur
25
45
21
Article
4
01
Ethnophysiography
1
A01
Andrew G. Turk
Turk, Andrew G.
Andrew G.
Turk
Murdoch University
2
A01
David M. Mark
Mark, David M.
David M.
Mark
State University of New York
3
A01
David Stea
Stea, David
David
Stea
Professor Emeritus at Texas State University
01
This chapter provides an overview of recent progress in the research field of ethnophysiography. It provides a summary of two case studies, one with the Yindjibarndi people from northwestern Australia, and the other with the Diné from southwestern United States of America. The main findings to date from these studies are that most basic terms for landscape features in each of these languages do not have a one-to-one equivalence with any landscape term in English. The findings point to key research issues in the way to which landscape is referred to in different languages. To facilitate this transdisciplinary research, an initial descriptive model is presented, which includes key observed differences in the way languages treat landscape and also a set of factors which might be considered as possible reasons for such differences.
10
01
JB code
clu.4.04tur
47
72
26
Article
5
01
Exploring philosophy of place
Potential for synergy between phenomenology and ethnophysiography
1
A01
Andrew G. Turk
Turk, Andrew G.
Andrew G.
Turk
01
This chapter discusses aspects of place from the perspective of phenomenology. It draws upon the author’s collaborative research on ethnophysiography discussed in earlier chapters of this volume. Ethnophysiography research requires an integrated approach by researchers from many disciplines; i.e. it should be transdisciplinary and utilize an overarching paradigm. Phenomenology is a candidate to provide this overarching paradigm. This paper discusses this issue and also the potential for research in ethnophysiography to contribute to an enhanced understanding of phenomenology. These twin objectives must be carried out in a manner which respects Indigenous knowledges. Hence, the chapter also discusses Indigenous Australian concepts of ‘The Dreaming’ and ‘Tjukurrpa’ and their role as organizing structures for concepts of place.
10
01
JB code
clu.4.05mur
73
100
28
Article
6
01
Embedded in place
‘Mirror knowledge’ and ‘simultaneous landscapes’ among Māori
1
A01
Brian Murton
Murton, Brian
Brian
Murton
01
This paper explores the understanding that Māori, the indigenous people of Aotearoa/New Zealand, have of “landscape”. I argue that although Māori in the past did “gaze” at their surroundings, and did have visual forms of representation, the concept of “landscape” as it is commonly used in Western scholarly and popular representation is inappropriate. What replaces the profound visuality of the West for Māori is language, especially sound and speech. Māori represent the world primarily through the act of naming, in which naming places becomes an integral way of actively engaging perceptually with the animate and inanimate world. Māori “imagine” named places as “simultaneous landscapes” reflecting cosmology, ancestors, history and everyday life.
10
01
JB code
clu.4.06jan
101
119
19
Article
7
01
Philosophical issues in ethnophysiography
Landform terms, disciplinarity, and the question of method
1
A01
Bruce B. Janz
Janz, Bruce B.
Bruce B.
Janz
01
Ethnophysiography is a nascent discipline, one which draws on at least a half-dozen existing disciplines. These disciplines exist in productive tension, a tension which produces a range of possible answers to some central questions. These questions include: What is being analyzed? What issues arise when gathering data? How are questions framed to access data? What is the goal of ethnophysiography? How is human meaning connected to human expression, in the context of place language? What are the implications of applying the reconstructed data? And, if ethnophysiography is to be seen as a nascent discipline, how does it relate to other disciplines? This chapter expands on these questions that will help to develop and strengthen the concepts at the center of ethnophysiography, give it an identity, and suggest further research possibilities.
10
01
JB code
clu.4.07duv
121
141
21
Article
8
01
‘Land’ and life
Ethnoecology and ethnogeography as complementary approaches to the analyses of landscape perception
1
A01
Chris Duvall
Duvall, Chris
Chris
Duvall
01
Understanding how people classify physical geographic features is necessary for identifying cross-cultural geographic concepts necessary for successful communication of landscape knowledge. Identifying cross-cultural geographic concepts will require development of the field of ethnogeography, which employs ethnographic methods to analyze geographic knowledge. This chapter analyzes physical geographic knowledge in the Maninka language of southwestern Mali, and compares Maninka knowledge to that of other culturalgroups. The results suggest that broad physical geographic concepts may be shared pan-environmentally, but that most physical geographic knowledge is contained in culturally specific classifications within a broad cross-cultural framework. Academic geographers should expect only broad correspondence between their categories of physical geographic variation and those of people who classify biophysical features according to local knowledge systems.
10
01
JB code
clu.4.08hol
143
166
24
Article
9
01
Landscape in Western Pantar, a Papuan outlier of southern Indonesia
1
A01
Gary Holton
Holton, Gary
Gary
Holton
01
This chapter describes the landscape, streamscape, and seascape terminology of Western Pantar, a non-Austronesian (“Papuan”) language spoken in the Alor archipelago of eastern Indonesia. In Western Pantar reference to elevations is achieved through named places of habitation rather than through generic landform terms; water bodies are denoted according to their quality rather than their form; and seascape terms reflect a focus on intertidal foraging and minimal use of open sea resources.
10
01
JB code
clu.4.09lou
167
186
20
Article
10
01
Hawaiian storied place names
Re-placing cultural meaning
1
A01
Renee Pualani Louis
Louis, Renee Pualani
Renee Pualani
Louis
01
“We live in a time of un-naming, in a time when old names for the land, names given in honor, happiness, and sorrow have been set aside for marketing jingles that commemorate little more than a desire for sales, for ka mea poepoe, the round thing, money” (DeSilva 1993). Hawaiian place names are storied symbols reflecting Hawaiian spatial and environmental knowledge. Performed in daily rituals they were a conscious act of reimplacing genealogical connections, recreating cultural landscapes, and regenerating cultural mores. This chapter highlights the sensuous nature of Hawaiian place names, examines the processes by which they are incorporated into the cultural landscape, investigates cultural conflicts and problems involved with naming places in the post-contact/modern-colonial era including the standardization of place names, and advances transmodern solutions that re-place the old names DeSilva refers to without fueling existing cultural conflicts.
10
01
JB code
clu.4.10hey
187
223
37
Article
11
01
Between the trees and the tides
Inuit ways of discriminating space in a coastal and boreal landscape
1
A01
Scott A. Heyes
Heyes, Scott A.
Scott A.
Heyes
01
This chapter provides an account of how three generations of Inuit conceptualize the environment in a spatial sense, and explores the extent to which this is bound up with Inuit belief systems. The discussions on Inuit notions of space are based on fieldwork and interviews that have been carried out with the Inuit of Kangiqsualujjuaq, a coastal community in Nunavik, Northern Quebec. With the support of illustrations and a spatial lexicon, I present how these Inuit conveyed to me the ways in which they discern, describe and discriminate features within and upon the land and coastal environment.
10
01
JB code
clu.4.11hol
225
237
13
Article
12
01
Differing conceptualizations of the same landscape
The Athabaskan and Eskimo language boundary in Alaska
1
A01
Gary Holton
Holton, Gary
Gary
Holton
01
This paper further explores the non-universality of landscape terms by focusing on one particular landscape, the Yukon Intermontane Plateau of western Alaska. This region serves as the boundary between two great language families of North America, Athabaskan and Eskimo, and thus offers a unique laboratory in which to examine the extent to which cultural factors in two genetically unrelated languages influence the categorization of a single, fixed landscape. Drawing on published lexical sources, unpublished place name documentation, and first-hand interviews with Native speakers, the results presented here demonstrate that, while Athabaskan and Eskimo speakers may occupy the same landscape, their respective languages conceptualize that landscape in different ways.
10
01
JB code
clu.4.12kar
239
260
22
Article
13
01
A case study in Ahtna Athabascan geographic knowledge
A
case study in Ahtna Athabascan geographic knowledge
1
A01
James Kari
Kari, James
James
Kari
01
Ahtna is an Athabascan language of south-central Alaska centered mainly on the Copper River. Drainage-based files of over 2,200 Ahtna place names have been maintained for over thirty years, making Ahtna one of the best researched geographies for an Alaska Native language (Kari 2008, 2010). There are transparent principles that govern the content, structure, and distribution of Ahtna place names. The Ahtna geographic system is framed in a riverine absolute landmark orientation system (Levinson 2003) with nine directional roots that occur in over sixty derived forms. There is a distinct generative geographic capacity to this system, whereby a specific “sign” combines with an array of generic terms and directionals to facilitate memorization of the geography. The ways in which place names intersect with the directionals are complex and invite further study. Furthermore, the Ahtna system is representative of the Northern Athabascan languages.
10
01
JB code
clu.4.13pas
261
274
14
Article
14
01
Revitalizing place names through stories and songs
1
A01
Susan Paskvan
Paskvan, Susan
Susan
Paskvan
01
Native place names research conducted near Kaltag, Alaska, reveal that the Koyukon Athabascan have an intimate relationship with the land. The land, its resources and its inhabitants are examined through the etymology of the place names. Most Koyukon Athabascan place names are descriptive, are binomial, and can be classified into three semantic categories. Oral histories about place names reveal beliefs, stories, and songs of the people. Challenges and opportunities in passing on this knowledge to the younger generation are explored. Several Athabascan language revitalization efforts are underway that combine indigenous teaching strategies and modern technology.
10
01
JB code
clu.4.14tho
275
289
15
Article
15
01
Language and landscape among the Tlingit
1
A01
Thomas F. Thornton
Thornton, Thomas F.
Thomas F.
Thornton
01
Processes of perception, accommodation, and cultivation of places are critical to understanding the nature of language and landscape among coastal and river peoples. I present a processual model of landscape conceptualization in order to analyze how specific landscape classification schemes operate among the Tlingit of Southeast Alaska. Inhabiting some of the most dynamic and productive coastal and riparian ecosystems anywhere in the world, the Tlingit provide an especially rich case for examining these connections between land, river, and sea. Although the language is considered endangered, Tlingit toponyms and geographical nomenclature are well documented and many groups continue to occupy and use their traditional territory in ways that support traditional conceptualizations of the lands and waters of their living space.
10
01
JB code
clu.4.15joh
291
326
36
Article
16
01
Language, landscape and ethnoecology, reflections from northwestern Canada
1
A01
Leslie Main Johnson
Johnson, Leslie Main
Leslie Main
Johnson
01
I draw on Witsuwit’en, Kaska and Gitksan landscape research to investigate similarities and differences in landscape terminologies, and ethnoecological implications of landscape kinds in northwestern British Columbia and the southern Yukon. Kaska and Witsuwit’en are Athapaskan languages while Gitksan is a Tsimshianic language. Gitksan and Witsuwit’en share similar landscapes and some aspects of social structure, though they are linguistically distinct, and Witsuwit’en and Kaska share some aspects of traditional economy and language, though there are differences in landscape and social structure. This three-way comparison allows exploration of the interaction of language, landscape and ecological perspectives.
10
01
JB code
clu.4.16jet
327
342
16
Article
17
01
Landscape embedded in language
The Navajo of Canyon de Chelly, Arizona, and their named places
1
A01
Stephen C. Jett
Jett, Stephen C.
Stephen C.
Jett
01
Humans interact with landscape by classifying and labeling a select multitude of the landscape’s limitless individual areas and features. Studying place names reveals much about language, perception, values, beliefs, environment, economy, and history. Like place-naming among other Athabaskan speakers, Navajo toponymic practice overwhelmingly produces descriptive names for landscape features, reserving commemorative and activity place-naming largely for human-modified places. Athabaskan languages employ an unusual number of topological and directional affixes and verb forms, which can condense and convey much information within brief descriptive place names. Lexeme frequencies hint at what Navajos see or saw as significant in their natural landscape. Place-naming facilitated possessing/controlling landscapes. The Navajo attached the itineraries and activities of mythological protagonists to the land via a web of place names; the associated stories and their descriptive names served as mnemonic guides for far-traveling Navajos.
10
01
JB code
clu.4.17top
343
351
9
Article
18
01
Navajo landscape and its contexts
1
A01
Camelita Topaha
Topaha, Camelita
Camelita
Topaha
01
This essay, which began as an audio-recorded interview, reviews some of the ways in which particular features of the landscape are embedded in Navajo tradition and culture. Also discussed are some of the complications of integrating modern life in the USA with traditional beliefs and practices.
10
01
JB code
clu.4.18lyn
353
368
16
Article
19
01
Navigating regional landscapes with Jicarilla personal narrative
1
A01
Elizabeth M. Lynch
Lynch, Elizabeth M.
Elizabeth M.
Lynch
01
Interpretation of how prehistoric hunter-gatherers may have charted the landscape they inhabited is often based on the physical materials left behind. The potential exists to interpret Jicarilla narratives as providing mental templates for movement through and perception of their environments. Personal narratives may have facilitated remembering significant paths and passing this knowledge on to others. These narratives are rich resources that inform our understanding of how the Jicarilla, and perhaps prehistoric plains people before them, may have perceived and travelled through the complex eco-corridors that buffered the Pueblos, extending onto the plains of northern New Mexico and southeastern Colorado. This chapter examines whether specific Jicarilla Apache narratives encoded navigation patterns within oral tradition. Personal hunting narratives are examined as pathfinding mechanisms. Creation stories and ceremonial landmarks mentioned in the text are treated as points of significance on the landscape. Cognitive maps were developed that reveal a series of patterned movements, which may prove insightful in interpreting prehistoric movement and spatial construction.
10
01
JB code
clu.4.19kuh
369
379
11
Article
20
01
Ontology of landscape in language
1
A01
Werner Kuhn
Kuhn, Werner
Werner
Kuhn
01
I make the case for ontology of landscape in language, addressing a series of concerns that are hindering a broader take-up of ontology as a tool for intra- and cross-linguistic research. The bottom line of my argument is that ontologies, as formal specifications of vocabularies, address a core need of language studies and that the complications arising from different philosophical views on ontology are largely irrelevant for the practical task of studying landscape in language. I propose a view of ontologies as systems of constraints on interpretations of vocabularies, allowing language researchers to describe conceptualizations partially, but down to an arbitrarily fine level of detail. Foundational ontologies help to structure such specifications and to link them across languages and domains.
10
01
JB code
clu.4.20sie
381
393
13
Article
21
01
The role of geospatial technologies for integrating landscape in language
The
role of geospatial technologies for integrating landscape in language
Geographic Information Systems and the Cree of northern Quebec
1
A01
Renée Sieber
Sieber, Renée
Renée
Sieber
McGill University in Montreal
2
A01
Christopher Wellen
Wellen, Christopher
Christopher
Wellen
University of Toronto
01
Advances in the semantic web allow indigenous peoples to seek a greater voice on the Internet that reflects how they structure their knowledge of landscape. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) – computerized mapping and spatial databases – is used to develop a culturally protected area for the Cree in northern Quebec, Canada. We first characterize GIS and then describe several GIS applications, many of which related to epistemologies and ontologies of the land. We focus on one specific application: geospatial ontologies for hydrography. We found that GIS could store and organize landscape related language and this storing and organizing allowed for mapping and modeling information. GIS was useful for ontology representation, but its utility depended on the stage of ontology development.
10
01
JB code
clu.4.21bra
395
409
15
Article
22
01
Classifying landscape character
1
A01
Lars Brabyn
Brabyn, Lars
Lars
Brabyn
2
A01
David M. Mark
Mark, David M.
David M.
Mark
State University of New York
01
This chapter discusses landscape character classification and provides an example of how Geographic Information Systems (GIS) can be used to produce landscape classifications. The first section examines the complexities of classifying landscapes; landscape has a range of meanings and can be conceptualized at a range of scales. The second section discusses the important role that landscape classification plays in communication and in determining how geographic space itself is conceptualized. The third section demonstrates how a landscape classification can be constructed with a GIS and uses the New Zealand Landscape Classification as an example. The last section reflects on how this classification can be improved through collaboration between landscape scientists and linguistic and cultural researchers.
10
01
JB code
clu.4.22tur
411
434
24
Article
23
01
Perspectives on the ethical conduct of landscape in language research
1
A01
Andrew G. Turk
Turk, Andrew G.
Andrew G.
Turk
Murdoch University
2
A01
David M. Mark
Mark, David M.
David M.
Mark
State University of New York
01
This chapter provides a transcript of the panel session held late in the Landscape in Language Workshop to discuss ethical issues, especially in the context of research by, or with, Indigenous peoples. The session was chaired by David Stea and the panel members were Renee Louis, Carmelita Topaha, Andrew Turk and Renée Sieber. Eight other workshop participants also contributed to the discussion. The transcript of the panel session has been slightly edited to remove comments about the process and to improve the coherence and flow of the dialogue. No significant content was removed.
10
01
JB code
clu.4.23not
435
441
7
Miscellaneous
24
01
Notes on contributors
10
01
JB code
clu.4.25ind
443
449
7
Miscellaneous
25
01
Index
02
JBENJAMINS
John Benjamins Publishing Company
01
John Benjamins Publishing Company
Amsterdam/Philadelphia
NL
04
20110609
2011
John Benjamins
02
WORLD
13
15
9789027202864
01
JB
3
John Benjamins e-Platform
03
jbe-platform.com
09
WORLD
21
01
00
99.00
EUR
R
01
00
83.00
GBP
Z
01
gen
00
149.00
USD
S
726008191
03
01
01
JB
John Benjamins Publishing Company
01
JB code
CLU 4 Hb
15
9789027202864
13
2011003203
BB
01
CLU
02
1879-5838
Culture and Language Use
4
01
Landscape in Language
Transdisciplinary perspectives
01
clu.4
01
https://benjamins.com
02
https://benjamins.com/catalog/clu.4
1
B01
David M. Mark
Mark, David M.
David M.
Mark
University at Buffalo (SUNY)
2
B01
Andrew G. Turk
Turk, Andrew G.
Andrew G.
Turk
Murdoch University
3
B01
Niclas Burenhult
Burenhult, Niclas
Niclas
Burenhult
Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen and Lund University
4
B01
David Stea
Stea, David
David
Stea
Texas State University
01
eng
464
xiii
449
LAN009000
v.2006
CF
2
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.ANTHR
Anthropological Linguistics
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.THEOR
Theoretical linguistics
06
01
Landscape is fundamental to human experience. Yet until recently, the study of landscape has been fragmented among the disciplines. This volume focuses on how landscape is represented in language and thought, and what this reveals about the relationships of people to place and to land. Scientists of various disciplines such as anthropologists, geographers, information scientists, linguists, and philosophers address several questions, including: Are there cross-cultural and cross-linguistic variations in the delimitation, classification, and naming of geographic features? Can alternative world-views and conceptualizations of landscape be used to produce culturally-appropriate Geographic Information Systems (GIS)? Topics included: ontology of landscape; landscape terms and concepts; toponyms; spiritual aspects of land and landscape terms; research methods; ethical dimensions of the research; and its potential value to indigenous communities involved in this type of research.
04
09
01
https://benjamins.com/covers/475/clu.4.png
04
03
01
https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027202864.jpg
04
03
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06
09
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https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/clu.4.hb.png
07
09
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https://benjamins.com/covers/125/clu.4.png
25
09
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https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/clu.4.hb.png
27
09
01
https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/clu.4.hb.png
10
01
JB code
clu.4.01for
ix
x
2
Miscellaneous
1
01
Foreword
10
01
JB code
clu.4.01pre
xi
xiii
3
Miscellaneous
2
01
Preface
10
01
JB code
clu.4.02mar
1
24
24
Article
3
01
Landscape in language
An introduction
1
A01
David M. Mark
Mark, David M.
David M.
Mark
State University of New York
2
A01
Andrew G. Turk
Turk, Andrew G.
Andrew G.
Turk
Murdock University
3
A01
Niclas Burenhult
Burenhult, Niclas
Niclas
Burenhult
Lund University, Sweden
4
A01
David Stea
Stea, David
David
Stea
Professor Emeritus at Texas State University
10
01
JB code
clu.4.03tur
25
45
21
Article
4
01
Ethnophysiography
1
A01
Andrew G. Turk
Turk, Andrew G.
Andrew G.
Turk
Murdoch University
2
A01
David M. Mark
Mark, David M.
David M.
Mark
State University of New York
3
A01
David Stea
Stea, David
David
Stea
Professor Emeritus at Texas State University
01
This chapter provides an overview of recent progress in the research field of ethnophysiography. It provides a summary of two case studies, one with the Yindjibarndi people from northwestern Australia, and the other with the Diné from southwestern United States of America. The main findings to date from these studies are that most basic terms for landscape features in each of these languages do not have a one-to-one equivalence with any landscape term in English. The findings point to key research issues in the way to which landscape is referred to in different languages. To facilitate this transdisciplinary research, an initial descriptive model is presented, which includes key observed differences in the way languages treat landscape and also a set of factors which might be considered as possible reasons for such differences.
10
01
JB code
clu.4.04tur
47
72
26
Article
5
01
Exploring philosophy of place
Potential for synergy between phenomenology and ethnophysiography
1
A01
Andrew G. Turk
Turk, Andrew G.
Andrew G.
Turk
01
This chapter discusses aspects of place from the perspective of phenomenology. It draws upon the author’s collaborative research on ethnophysiography discussed in earlier chapters of this volume. Ethnophysiography research requires an integrated approach by researchers from many disciplines; i.e. it should be transdisciplinary and utilize an overarching paradigm. Phenomenology is a candidate to provide this overarching paradigm. This paper discusses this issue and also the potential for research in ethnophysiography to contribute to an enhanced understanding of phenomenology. These twin objectives must be carried out in a manner which respects Indigenous knowledges. Hence, the chapter also discusses Indigenous Australian concepts of ‘The Dreaming’ and ‘Tjukurrpa’ and their role as organizing structures for concepts of place.
10
01
JB code
clu.4.05mur
73
100
28
Article
6
01
Embedded in place
‘Mirror knowledge’ and ‘simultaneous landscapes’ among Māori
1
A01
Brian Murton
Murton, Brian
Brian
Murton
01
This paper explores the understanding that Māori, the indigenous people of Aotearoa/New Zealand, have of “landscape”. I argue that although Māori in the past did “gaze” at their surroundings, and did have visual forms of representation, the concept of “landscape” as it is commonly used in Western scholarly and popular representation is inappropriate. What replaces the profound visuality of the West for Māori is language, especially sound and speech. Māori represent the world primarily through the act of naming, in which naming places becomes an integral way of actively engaging perceptually with the animate and inanimate world. Māori “imagine” named places as “simultaneous landscapes” reflecting cosmology, ancestors, history and everyday life.
10
01
JB code
clu.4.06jan
101
119
19
Article
7
01
Philosophical issues in ethnophysiography
Landform terms, disciplinarity, and the question of method
1
A01
Bruce B. Janz
Janz, Bruce B.
Bruce B.
Janz
01
Ethnophysiography is a nascent discipline, one which draws on at least a half-dozen existing disciplines. These disciplines exist in productive tension, a tension which produces a range of possible answers to some central questions. These questions include: What is being analyzed? What issues arise when gathering data? How are questions framed to access data? What is the goal of ethnophysiography? How is human meaning connected to human expression, in the context of place language? What are the implications of applying the reconstructed data? And, if ethnophysiography is to be seen as a nascent discipline, how does it relate to other disciplines? This chapter expands on these questions that will help to develop and strengthen the concepts at the center of ethnophysiography, give it an identity, and suggest further research possibilities.
10
01
JB code
clu.4.07duv
121
141
21
Article
8
01
‘Land’ and life
Ethnoecology and ethnogeography as complementary approaches to the analyses of landscape perception
1
A01
Chris Duvall
Duvall, Chris
Chris
Duvall
01
Understanding how people classify physical geographic features is necessary for identifying cross-cultural geographic concepts necessary for successful communication of landscape knowledge. Identifying cross-cultural geographic concepts will require development of the field of ethnogeography, which employs ethnographic methods to analyze geographic knowledge. This chapter analyzes physical geographic knowledge in the Maninka language of southwestern Mali, and compares Maninka knowledge to that of other culturalgroups. The results suggest that broad physical geographic concepts may be shared pan-environmentally, but that most physical geographic knowledge is contained in culturally specific classifications within a broad cross-cultural framework. Academic geographers should expect only broad correspondence between their categories of physical geographic variation and those of people who classify biophysical features according to local knowledge systems.
10
01
JB code
clu.4.08hol
143
166
24
Article
9
01
Landscape in Western Pantar, a Papuan outlier of southern Indonesia
1
A01
Gary Holton
Holton, Gary
Gary
Holton
01
This chapter describes the landscape, streamscape, and seascape terminology of Western Pantar, a non-Austronesian (“Papuan”) language spoken in the Alor archipelago of eastern Indonesia. In Western Pantar reference to elevations is achieved through named places of habitation rather than through generic landform terms; water bodies are denoted according to their quality rather than their form; and seascape terms reflect a focus on intertidal foraging and minimal use of open sea resources.
10
01
JB code
clu.4.09lou
167
186
20
Article
10
01
Hawaiian storied place names
Re-placing cultural meaning
1
A01
Renee Pualani Louis
Louis, Renee Pualani
Renee Pualani
Louis
01
“We live in a time of un-naming, in a time when old names for the land, names given in honor, happiness, and sorrow have been set aside for marketing jingles that commemorate little more than a desire for sales, for ka mea poepoe, the round thing, money” (DeSilva 1993). Hawaiian place names are storied symbols reflecting Hawaiian spatial and environmental knowledge. Performed in daily rituals they were a conscious act of reimplacing genealogical connections, recreating cultural landscapes, and regenerating cultural mores. This chapter highlights the sensuous nature of Hawaiian place names, examines the processes by which they are incorporated into the cultural landscape, investigates cultural conflicts and problems involved with naming places in the post-contact/modern-colonial era including the standardization of place names, and advances transmodern solutions that re-place the old names DeSilva refers to without fueling existing cultural conflicts.
10
01
JB code
clu.4.10hey
187
223
37
Article
11
01
Between the trees and the tides
Inuit ways of discriminating space in a coastal and boreal landscape
1
A01
Scott A. Heyes
Heyes, Scott A.
Scott A.
Heyes
01
This chapter provides an account of how three generations of Inuit conceptualize the environment in a spatial sense, and explores the extent to which this is bound up with Inuit belief systems. The discussions on Inuit notions of space are based on fieldwork and interviews that have been carried out with the Inuit of Kangiqsualujjuaq, a coastal community in Nunavik, Northern Quebec. With the support of illustrations and a spatial lexicon, I present how these Inuit conveyed to me the ways in which they discern, describe and discriminate features within and upon the land and coastal environment.
10
01
JB code
clu.4.11hol
225
237
13
Article
12
01
Differing conceptualizations of the same landscape
The Athabaskan and Eskimo language boundary in Alaska
1
A01
Gary Holton
Holton, Gary
Gary
Holton
01
This paper further explores the non-universality of landscape terms by focusing on one particular landscape, the Yukon Intermontane Plateau of western Alaska. This region serves as the boundary between two great language families of North America, Athabaskan and Eskimo, and thus offers a unique laboratory in which to examine the extent to which cultural factors in two genetically unrelated languages influence the categorization of a single, fixed landscape. Drawing on published lexical sources, unpublished place name documentation, and first-hand interviews with Native speakers, the results presented here demonstrate that, while Athabaskan and Eskimo speakers may occupy the same landscape, their respective languages conceptualize that landscape in different ways.
10
01
JB code
clu.4.12kar
239
260
22
Article
13
01
A case study in Ahtna Athabascan geographic knowledge
A
case study in Ahtna Athabascan geographic knowledge
1
A01
James Kari
Kari, James
James
Kari
01
Ahtna is an Athabascan language of south-central Alaska centered mainly on the Copper River. Drainage-based files of over 2,200 Ahtna place names have been maintained for over thirty years, making Ahtna one of the best researched geographies for an Alaska Native language (Kari 2008, 2010). There are transparent principles that govern the content, structure, and distribution of Ahtna place names. The Ahtna geographic system is framed in a riverine absolute landmark orientation system (Levinson 2003) with nine directional roots that occur in over sixty derived forms. There is a distinct generative geographic capacity to this system, whereby a specific “sign” combines with an array of generic terms and directionals to facilitate memorization of the geography. The ways in which place names intersect with the directionals are complex and invite further study. Furthermore, the Ahtna system is representative of the Northern Athabascan languages.
10
01
JB code
clu.4.13pas
261
274
14
Article
14
01
Revitalizing place names through stories and songs
1
A01
Susan Paskvan
Paskvan, Susan
Susan
Paskvan
01
Native place names research conducted near Kaltag, Alaska, reveal that the Koyukon Athabascan have an intimate relationship with the land. The land, its resources and its inhabitants are examined through the etymology of the place names. Most Koyukon Athabascan place names are descriptive, are binomial, and can be classified into three semantic categories. Oral histories about place names reveal beliefs, stories, and songs of the people. Challenges and opportunities in passing on this knowledge to the younger generation are explored. Several Athabascan language revitalization efforts are underway that combine indigenous teaching strategies and modern technology.
10
01
JB code
clu.4.14tho
275
289
15
Article
15
01
Language and landscape among the Tlingit
1
A01
Thomas F. Thornton
Thornton, Thomas F.
Thomas F.
Thornton
01
Processes of perception, accommodation, and cultivation of places are critical to understanding the nature of language and landscape among coastal and river peoples. I present a processual model of landscape conceptualization in order to analyze how specific landscape classification schemes operate among the Tlingit of Southeast Alaska. Inhabiting some of the most dynamic and productive coastal and riparian ecosystems anywhere in the world, the Tlingit provide an especially rich case for examining these connections between land, river, and sea. Although the language is considered endangered, Tlingit toponyms and geographical nomenclature are well documented and many groups continue to occupy and use their traditional territory in ways that support traditional conceptualizations of the lands and waters of their living space.
10
01
JB code
clu.4.15joh
291
326
36
Article
16
01
Language, landscape and ethnoecology, reflections from northwestern Canada
1
A01
Leslie Main Johnson
Johnson, Leslie Main
Leslie Main
Johnson
01
I draw on Witsuwit’en, Kaska and Gitksan landscape research to investigate similarities and differences in landscape terminologies, and ethnoecological implications of landscape kinds in northwestern British Columbia and the southern Yukon. Kaska and Witsuwit’en are Athapaskan languages while Gitksan is a Tsimshianic language. Gitksan and Witsuwit’en share similar landscapes and some aspects of social structure, though they are linguistically distinct, and Witsuwit’en and Kaska share some aspects of traditional economy and language, though there are differences in landscape and social structure. This three-way comparison allows exploration of the interaction of language, landscape and ecological perspectives.
10
01
JB code
clu.4.16jet
327
342
16
Article
17
01
Landscape embedded in language
The Navajo of Canyon de Chelly, Arizona, and their named places
1
A01
Stephen C. Jett
Jett, Stephen C.
Stephen C.
Jett
01
Humans interact with landscape by classifying and labeling a select multitude of the landscape’s limitless individual areas and features. Studying place names reveals much about language, perception, values, beliefs, environment, economy, and history. Like place-naming among other Athabaskan speakers, Navajo toponymic practice overwhelmingly produces descriptive names for landscape features, reserving commemorative and activity place-naming largely for human-modified places. Athabaskan languages employ an unusual number of topological and directional affixes and verb forms, which can condense and convey much information within brief descriptive place names. Lexeme frequencies hint at what Navajos see or saw as significant in their natural landscape. Place-naming facilitated possessing/controlling landscapes. The Navajo attached the itineraries and activities of mythological protagonists to the land via a web of place names; the associated stories and their descriptive names served as mnemonic guides for far-traveling Navajos.
10
01
JB code
clu.4.17top
343
351
9
Article
18
01
Navajo landscape and its contexts
1
A01
Camelita Topaha
Topaha, Camelita
Camelita
Topaha
01
This essay, which began as an audio-recorded interview, reviews some of the ways in which particular features of the landscape are embedded in Navajo tradition and culture. Also discussed are some of the complications of integrating modern life in the USA with traditional beliefs and practices.
10
01
JB code
clu.4.18lyn
353
368
16
Article
19
01
Navigating regional landscapes with Jicarilla personal narrative
1
A01
Elizabeth M. Lynch
Lynch, Elizabeth M.
Elizabeth M.
Lynch
01
Interpretation of how prehistoric hunter-gatherers may have charted the landscape they inhabited is often based on the physical materials left behind. The potential exists to interpret Jicarilla narratives as providing mental templates for movement through and perception of their environments. Personal narratives may have facilitated remembering significant paths and passing this knowledge on to others. These narratives are rich resources that inform our understanding of how the Jicarilla, and perhaps prehistoric plains people before them, may have perceived and travelled through the complex eco-corridors that buffered the Pueblos, extending onto the plains of northern New Mexico and southeastern Colorado. This chapter examines whether specific Jicarilla Apache narratives encoded navigation patterns within oral tradition. Personal hunting narratives are examined as pathfinding mechanisms. Creation stories and ceremonial landmarks mentioned in the text are treated as points of significance on the landscape. Cognitive maps were developed that reveal a series of patterned movements, which may prove insightful in interpreting prehistoric movement and spatial construction.
10
01
JB code
clu.4.19kuh
369
379
11
Article
20
01
Ontology of landscape in language
1
A01
Werner Kuhn
Kuhn, Werner
Werner
Kuhn
01
I make the case for ontology of landscape in language, addressing a series of concerns that are hindering a broader take-up of ontology as a tool for intra- and cross-linguistic research. The bottom line of my argument is that ontologies, as formal specifications of vocabularies, address a core need of language studies and that the complications arising from different philosophical views on ontology are largely irrelevant for the practical task of studying landscape in language. I propose a view of ontologies as systems of constraints on interpretations of vocabularies, allowing language researchers to describe conceptualizations partially, but down to an arbitrarily fine level of detail. Foundational ontologies help to structure such specifications and to link them across languages and domains.
10
01
JB code
clu.4.20sie
381
393
13
Article
21
01
The role of geospatial technologies for integrating landscape in language
The
role of geospatial technologies for integrating landscape in language
Geographic Information Systems and the Cree of northern Quebec
1
A01
Renée Sieber
Sieber, Renée
Renée
Sieber
McGill University in Montreal
2
A01
Christopher Wellen
Wellen, Christopher
Christopher
Wellen
University of Toronto
01
Advances in the semantic web allow indigenous peoples to seek a greater voice on the Internet that reflects how they structure their knowledge of landscape. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) – computerized mapping and spatial databases – is used to develop a culturally protected area for the Cree in northern Quebec, Canada. We first characterize GIS and then describe several GIS applications, many of which related to epistemologies and ontologies of the land. We focus on one specific application: geospatial ontologies for hydrography. We found that GIS could store and organize landscape related language and this storing and organizing allowed for mapping and modeling information. GIS was useful for ontology representation, but its utility depended on the stage of ontology development.
10
01
JB code
clu.4.21bra
395
409
15
Article
22
01
Classifying landscape character
1
A01
Lars Brabyn
Brabyn, Lars
Lars
Brabyn
2
A01
David M. Mark
Mark, David M.
David M.
Mark
State University of New York
01
This chapter discusses landscape character classification and provides an example of how Geographic Information Systems (GIS) can be used to produce landscape classifications. The first section examines the complexities of classifying landscapes; landscape has a range of meanings and can be conceptualized at a range of scales. The second section discusses the important role that landscape classification plays in communication and in determining how geographic space itself is conceptualized. The third section demonstrates how a landscape classification can be constructed with a GIS and uses the New Zealand Landscape Classification as an example. The last section reflects on how this classification can be improved through collaboration between landscape scientists and linguistic and cultural researchers.
10
01
JB code
clu.4.22tur
411
434
24
Article
23
01
Perspectives on the ethical conduct of landscape in language research
1
A01
Andrew G. Turk
Turk, Andrew G.
Andrew G.
Turk
Murdoch University
2
A01
David M. Mark
Mark, David M.
David M.
Mark
State University of New York
01
This chapter provides a transcript of the panel session held late in the Landscape in Language Workshop to discuss ethical issues, especially in the context of research by, or with, Indigenous peoples. The session was chaired by David Stea and the panel members were Renee Louis, Carmelita Topaha, Andrew Turk and Renée Sieber. Eight other workshop participants also contributed to the discussion. The transcript of the panel session has been slightly edited to remove comments about the process and to improve the coherence and flow of the dialogue. No significant content was removed.
10
01
JB code
clu.4.23not
435
441
7
Miscellaneous
24
01
Notes on contributors
10
01
JB code
clu.4.25ind
443
449
7
Miscellaneous
25
01
Index
02
JBENJAMINS
John Benjamins Publishing Company
01
John Benjamins Publishing Company
Amsterdam/Philadelphia
NL
04
20110609
2011
John Benjamins
02
WORLD
01
245
mm
02
164
mm
08
990
gr
01
JB
1
John Benjamins Publishing Company
+31 20 6304747
+31 20 6739773
bookorder@benjamins.nl
01
https://benjamins.com
01
WORLD
US CA MX
21
33
12
01
02
JB
1
00
99.00
EUR
R
02
02
JB
1
00
104.94
EUR
R
01
JB
10
bebc
+44 1202 712 934
+44 1202 712 913
sales@bebc.co.uk
03
GB
21
12
02
02
JB
1
00
83.00
GBP
Z
01
JB
2
John Benjamins North America
+1 800 562-5666
+1 703 661-1501
benjamins@presswarehouse.com
01
https://benjamins.com
01
US CA MX
21
1
12
01
gen
02
JB
1
00
149.00
USD