List of illustrations
Note that this list does not include the over sixty interfolio photos in the center of this book. The complete list of interfoliophotos is given on pp. xv–xvii.
Introduction (by editors)
Photo 1.
Palenquera, posing for tourists and selling fruit in Cartagena
Article by Yves Moñino
Figure 1.
Loango Beach (Republic of the Congo): The last location seen by a million and a half men exiled to the Americas.
Figure 2.
Collection of genetic DNA markers among the Yombe in Kakamueka, Mayombe mountains (Congo).
Figure 3.
Today’s languages of the Republic of the Congo (Brazzaville).
Figure 4.
Map of Palenque and its subdivision into Barrio Arriba (upper) and Barrio Abajo (lower).
Figure 5.
Community headquarters of Palenque’s cuadros (age-based youth groups): Example of a written use of Lengua.
Article by Armin Schwegler
Figure 1.
Tonal stress in a Palenquero declarative sentence.
Map 1.
Location of Palenque and Cartagena.
Map 2a.
Approximate area where Kikongo is spoken. It includes parts of northern Angola, the Democratic Republic (D. R.) of the Congo, and the Republic of the Congo.
Map 2b.
Kikongo area in greater detail.
Map 3.
Location of early palenques.
Map 4.
General area of West Central Africa from where many of Palenque’s maroons may have come.
Map 5.
Major slave routes from Upper Zaire river to the Coast.
Photos 1–2.
Statue of Benkos Bioho, located in Palenque’s Main Plaza.
Photo 3a.
“Ma Charamuka”, one of Palenque’s local stores.
Photo 3b.
Road sign, recently installed at the entrance of the road from Malagana to Palenque.
Photo 4.
Creole word list elaborated in 2008 by a Palenquero middle-school student.
Table 1.
Sampling of ten Palenquero words and their Kikongo etymologies.
Table 2.
Names of Kikongo dialectal varieties according to various sources.
Article by Ludmila Ferrari
Figure 1.
Monument of Benkos Bioho in Palenque.
Figure 2.
Relative proportion of news appearances about Palenque from 1990 to the end of 2016 in the newspaper
El Tiempo.
Figure 3.
Palenque website: <
www.palenquedesanbasilio.com
>, administered by Jesús Pérez Palomino (Palenque community member).
Figure 4.
Monuments from the “Slave Route”:
El Yanga (Veracruz, Mexico) and
El Cimarrón (Santiago de Cuba, Cuba).
Figure 5.
View of the surroundings of the Benkos Bioho sculpture (July 2010).
Article by Graciela Maglia
Photo 1.
Raúl Salas, farmer and rancher, and one of Palenque’s most prominent individuals.
Photo 2.
Bartolomé Cañate (Sexteto)
Photo 3.
Víctor Simarra Reyes and his mother, María Luisa Reyes (†2014).
Photo 4.
Singer, herbalist and spiritual teacher Francisco Cañate “Sikito” (†2015) talks to one of his Palenquero friends on a hot afternoon.
Article by José Alejandro Correa
Figure 1.
Spectrogram, fundamental frequency (f0
) and phonetic transcription of the word monasito ‘son, child’ at the end of an intonational unit.
Figure 2.
Spectrogram, waveform, fundamental frequency (f0
) and pitch accents of a narrow focus statement in pal: el día lo ke tatá mi miní| i-a sé lo velorio| i-a enterrálo yo sólo ‘the day that my father came, I made the vigil, I myself buried him.’
Figure 3.
Spectrogram, waveform, fundamental frequency (f0
) and pitch accents of a narrow focus statement in Kateyano: hemo(s) (j)u(g)ado en Cartagena |hemo(s) (j)u(g)ado en Arjona, hemo(s)| (j)u(g)ado en María la Baja ‘we (have) played in Cartagena, we (have) played in Arjona, we (have) played in Maria la Baja.’
Figure 4.
Spectrogram, waveform, fundamental frequency (f0
) and pitch accents of a negative declarative in pal: de aí pa’ kí miná ninguno ané ma nu ‘from there on out, I didn’t see any of them again.’
Figure 5.
Spectrogram, waveform, fundamental frequency (f0
) and pitch accents of a negative declarative in Kateyano with narrow focus in the last syllable: que tenía (dizque) un ami(g)o que (es)ta(ba) enamora(d)o de mí ‘who had a friend that was in love with me.
Figure 6.
Spectrogram, waveform, fundamental frequency (f0
) and pitch accents of the interrogative: señor, ¿tiene mermelada? ‘Sir, do you have jam?’ (Bogota speaker).
Figure 7.
Spectrogram, waveform, fundamental frequency (f0
) and pitch-accents of an exclamatory declarative in Kateyano: uste(d)es no son de la Habana, le voy a regala(r) un nomb(r)e, (e)se nombre se va acaba(r) ‘you (pl) are not from Havana, I am going to give you a name, you’ll end up with that name.’
Figure 8.
Spectrogram, waveform, fundamental frequency (f0
) and pitch-accents of an exclamatory declarative in Kateyano: le pusiero(n) e(l) nomb(r)e, el Se(x)teto habanero ‘They gave it the name “Habanero Sextet.”’
Figure 9.
Spectrogram, waveform, fundamental frequency (f0
) and pitch-accents in a pal declarative: ¡ay! sobríno mí a kasá í ten ke ndao na nu ‘Wow, my nephew got married and I don’t have anything to give him.’
Figure 11.
Spectrogram, waveform, fundamental frequency (f0
), and pitch-accents in a Kateyano declarative: aquí entra(b)an vehículo(s) má(s) bien en [cada] dos mes(es) ‘vehicles entered here only about every other month.’
Figure 12.
Spectrogram, waveform, fundamental frequency (f0
), and pitch-accents in a pal declarative: y cuando me (l)o p(r)esentó era él ‘and when he introduced me, it was him.
Figure 13.
Spectrogram, waveform, fundamental frequency (f0
) and pitch-accents in a pal declarative: ané a miní, ke ané tamba pa’ Bootá ‘they came, because they were going to Bogota.’
Figure 14.
Spectrogram, waveform, fundamental frequency (f0
), and pitch-accents in a Kateyano declarative: po(r) lo meno(s) ante(s), se quedábamo(s) con la mamá ‘at least before, we stayed with our mother.
Figure 15.
Spectrogram, waveform, fundamental frequency (f0
), and pitch-accents in a pal declarative: í a salí uara (hwé ahora) nga:nde (= esp. ‘yo salí fue ahora (de) grande → ‘yo salí fue ahora de adulto’) ‘I left here as an adult.’
Figure 16.
Spectrogram, waveform, fundamental frequency (f0
), and pitch-accents in a pal declarative: kon(nejo) a sé pon(é) a lalá komo pe:lo ‘the bunny began to bark like a dog.’
Table 1.
Duration (expressed in ms) of pre-stressed, stressed, and post-stressed vowels in phrase-final words of penultimate stress in pal.
Table 2.
Duration (expressed in ms) of pre-stressed, stressed, and post-stressed vowels in phrase-final words of penultimate stress in pal.
Article by Cristina Navarrete
Map 1.
Locations of Colombia’s palenques.
Map 2.
Principal palenques in the Caribbean regions of Colombia.
Map 3.
Possible location of the palenque of Limón 1634, i.e. the year of its destruction.
Article by Aline Helg
No illustrations
Acknowledgement
This list does not include the over sixty interfolio photos in the center of this book. The complete list of these photos is given on pp. xv–xvii.