References
Brinton, Laurel J. and Elizabeth Closs Traugott
(2006) Lexicalization and Language Change. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Cao, Wei
. 曹炜 (2010) 《现代汉语词汇研究》(Modern Chinese Etymology). 广州:暨南大学出版社Guangzhou: Jinan University Press.Google Scholar
Chao, Y.R
(1968) A grammar of spoken Chinese. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Chinese Academy of Social Sciences
(1997), 3rd ed.; 2012, 6th ed. 《现代汉语词典》(Modern Chinese Dictionary). Beijing: The Commercial Press.Google Scholar
Fan, X
. 范晓 (2007) 关于“被”字句谓语动词的语义特征 (The semantic function and denotation of bei construction).邵敬敏,张先亮 主编 In Shao Jing-Ming & Zhang Xian-Liang (Eds.),《汉语语法研究的新拓展》 ( New developments of Chinese grammar ) (pp. 375–391). 东北师范大学出版社Northeastern Teachers University press.Google Scholar
Fang, Y
. 房玉清 (1998) 《实用汉语语法》 (Chinese pedagogy grammar). 北京:北京语言文化大学Beijing: Beijing Language and Culture University Press.Google Scholar
Gao, L
(2012) Synchronic variation or diachronic change: A sociolinguistic study of Chinese internet language. In J. Liu & H. Tao (Eds.), Chinese under globalization: Emerging trends in language use in China (pp. 7–28). New Jersey: World Scientific Publishing Company. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Givon, T
(1979) On understanding grammar. New York, NY: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Hopper, P.J., & Traugott, E.C
(2003) Grammaticalization (2nd ed.). Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Hu, Zhiyong
. 胡志勇 (2011).《汉英新词新语新编》 (A Chinese-English new words and expressions, abridged version). 上海:学林出版社Shanghai: Xuelin Press.Google Scholar
Huang, C-T.J., & Liu, N
(2014) 新兴非典型被动式“被XX”的句法与语义结构 (The Syntax and Semantics of the New Non-cannonical bei XX Construction).《语言科学》 Language Science, 13(5), 225–241.Google Scholar
Jiang, Zongxu
. 蒋宗许 (2009).《汉语词缀研究》 (Study on Chinese affixes). 成都:四川出版社集团巴蜀书社Chengdu: Sichuan Publishing Corp.Google Scholar
Li, C
(2007) Evolution of the bei constructions in Chinese. Journal of Chinese Linguistics, 35(1), 98–127.Google Scholar
Li, C.N., & Thompson, S.A
(1976) Subject and topic: A new typology of language. In C.N. Li (Ed.), Subject and Topic (pp. 457–490). New York: Academic Press, Inc.Google Scholar
(1981) Mandarin Chinese: A functional reference grammar. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Li, Yuming
. 李宇明 (1999) 词语模 (Word-formation blueprint). 邢福义主编 《汉语语法特点面面观》In Xing Fu-yi (Ed.), (Perspectives of Chinese grammar). 北京:北京语言大学出版社. Beijing: Beijing Language and Culture University Press.Google Scholar
Liu, Yuehua刘月华, Pan Wenyu潘文娛, & Gu Wei
故韡 (2001).《实用现代汉语语法》 (The practical modern Chinese grammar). 北京:商务印书馆Beijing: The Commercial Press.Google Scholar
Lü, Shuxiang
. 呂叔湘 (1979).《汉语语法分析问题》 (Issues in Chinese grammar analysis). 北京:商务印书馆Beijing: The Commercial Press.Google Scholar
McEnery, T., Xiao, R., & Qian, Y
Shi, D
(1997) Issues on Chinese passive. Journal of Chinese Linguistics, 25911, 41–70.Google Scholar
Sun, Changxu
. 孙常叙 (2010).《汉语词汇》 (Chinese Lexicology). 北京:商务印书Beijing: The Commercial Press.Google Scholar
Sun, Xin’ai
. 孙新爱 (2007) 对现代汉语词缀问题的几点思考 (Thoughts on the development of Modern Chinese prefixes and suffixes). 《燕山大学国际教育学院学报》 Journal of Yanshan University (Philosophy and Social Science edition), 8(3), 80–84.Google Scholar
Teng, S
(1974) Double nominatives in Chinese: A case for sentence predicate. Language 50(3), 455–473. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Tsao, F
(1979) A Functional Study of Topic in Chinese: The First Step Towards Discourse Analysis. Taipei: Student Book Co., Ltd.Google Scholar
(1990) Sentence and clause structure in Chinese: A functional perspective. Taipei: Student Book Co., Ltd.Google Scholar
Wang, Li
. 王力 (2011) 《中国现代语法》 (The Modern Chinese grammar. Reprinted.) 北京: 商务图书馆Beijing: The Commercial Press.Google Scholar
Wang, Junxi
. 王均熙 (2010).《汉语新词词典》(Dictionary of Modern Chinese New Words, 2005-2010). 上海:学林出版社Shanghai: Xuelin Press.Google Scholar
Wang, Ziqiang
. 王自强 (1998).《现代汉语虚词词典》(Dictionary of Function Words in Modern Chinese). 上海:辞书出版社Shanghai: Lexicography Press.Google Scholar
Wonznick, A.M
(201Ï5) River-crabbed Shitizens and missing Knives: A sociolinguistic analysis of trends in Chinese language use online as a result of Censorship. Applied Linguistics Review, 6(1), 97–121. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Xiao, Y
(2015) The rise of Chinese internet language: Product and agent of globalization from below. Global Chinese: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal of the Chinese Language and its Users Worldwide, 1(1), 111–138. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Xing, Fuyi邢福义& Wang Guosheng
汪国胜 (2008) 《现代汉语语法修辞》 ( Modern Chinese grammar and rhetorics ). 北京: 高等教育出版社Beijing: The Higher Education Press.Google Scholar
Yang, Wenquan
杨文全 (2011) 《当代汉语词汇衍生变异研究》 (The development and change of contemporary Chinese words). 成都:四川出版集团 Chengdu: Sichuan Publishing Company.Google Scholar
Yang, Xiaoping
. 杨小平 (2012) 《当代汉语新词新语研究》 (New words and usages in contemporary Chinese). 北京: 中国社会科学出版社Beijing: The Academy of Chinese Social Sciences Press.Google Scholar
Yang, Yifei
. 杨一飞 (2007) 新兴三音节准前缀词的性质,功能与发展(Properties, functions and development of pseudo prefixes in the new Chinese 3-morepheme usages). 《语言科学》Linguistics Science, 6(1), 18–57.Google Scholar
Yin, Guoguang殷国光 Long Guofu龙国富,& Zhao Tong
, 赵彤.(2011) 《汉语史纲要》 ( The Outline of the History of Mandarin Chinese ). 北京:中国人民大学出版社Beijing: The Chinese People’s University Press.Google Scholar