Article published In:
Dutch Journal of Applied LinguisticsVol. 3:1 (2014) ► pp.82–100
Linguistic and social factors in Turkish-Dutch contact across generations
There are certain differences between Turkish as spoken in the Netherlands (NL-Turkish) and Turkish as spoken in Turkey (TR-Turkish). These differences concern issues of linguistic variation and change in immigrant communities and seem to be closely related to social, emotional and linguistic aspects of contact situations. Considering the fact that in a contact situation the social and linguistic relationships are crucial for the outcome of language change, this paper first examines the social values that three different generations give to the language and culture of their host and home communities; then, it discusses the linguistic consequences on the lexical and structural levels of NL-Turkish. The principal conclusion is that possible language shift in the third generation leads to intensive contact with Dutch language and culture, provokes the linguistic factors and, therefore, causes the lexical and structural changes in NL-Turkish.
References
Backus, A. (
1996) Two in one. Bilingual speech of Turkish immigrants in the Netherlands. Tilburg: Tilburg University Press.
2009) Multidisciplinary approaches to code switching. In L. Isurin, D. Winford, & K. de Bot (Eds.), Codeswitching as one piece of the puzzle of language change: The case of Turkish yapmak (pp. 307–336). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Backus, A., & Dorleijn, M. (
2009) Loan translations versus code-switching. In B.E. Bullock, & A.J. Toribio (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of linguistic code-switching (pp. 75–94). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 
Backus, A. (
2010) The role of codeswitching, loan translation and interference in the emergence of an immigrant variety of Turkish. Working Papers in Corpus-based Linguistics and Language Education, 51, 225–241.
2013) Turkish as an immigrant language in Europe. In T.K. Bhatia, & W.C. Ritchie (Eds.), The handbook of bilingualism and multilingualism (2nd ed.) (pp. 770–790). Oxford: Wiley Blackwell.
Croft, W. (
2000) Explaining language change: An evolutionary approach. Harlow: Longman.
Dewaele, J.-M., Petrides, K.V., & Furnham, A. (
2008) Effects of trait emotional intelligence and sociobiographical variables on communicative anxiety and foreign language anxiety among multilinguals: A review and empirical investigation. Language and Learning, 58(4), 911–960.
Doğruöz, A.S. (
2007) Synchronic variation and diachronic change in Dutch Turkish: A corpus based analysis. Unpublished doctoral thesis. Tilburg University.
Doğruöz, A.S., & Gries, S.Th. (
2012) Spread of on-going changes in an immigrant language. Review of Cognitive Linguistics, 10(2), 401–426.
Extra, G., & Yağmur, K. (
2010) Language proficiency and socio-cultural orientation of Turkish and Moroccan youngsters in the Netherlands. Language and Education, 24(2), 117–132.
Field, W.F. (
Grosjean, F. (
2012) An attempt to isolate, and then differentiate, transfer and interference. International Journal of Bilingualism, 16(1), 11–21.
Johanson, L. (
2002) Structural factors in Turkic language contacts. London: Curzon.
Kerswill, P. (
1994) Dialects converging: Rural speech in urban Norway. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
MacIntyre, P.D., & Gardner, R.C. (
1991) Investigating language class anxiety using the focused essay technique. Modern Language Journal, 751, 296–304.
Muysken, P. (
2000) Bilingual speech: A typology of code-mixing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Onar Valk, P., & Backus, A. (
2013) Syntactic change in an immigrant language: From non-finite to finite subordinate clauses in Turkish. Journal of Estonian and Finno-Ugric Languages, 4(2), 7–29.
Phalet, K., & Güngör, D. (
2004) Religieuze dimensies, etnische relaties en burgerschap: Turken en Marokkanen in Rotterdam. In K. Phalet, & J. ter Wal (Series Eds.), Moslim in Nederland, Deelstudie c (pp. 1–96). The Hague: SCP.
Sevinç, Y. (
2012) Lexical and structural changes in Turkish spoken in the Netherlands. Linguistic and social factors in Turkish-Dutch contact. Master’s thesis: Tilburg University.
Thomason, S., & Kaufman, T. (
1988) Language contact, creolization, and genetic linguistics. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Vedder, P., & Virta, E. (
2005) Language, ethnic identity and the adaptation of Turkish immigrant youth in the Netherlands and Sweden. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 29(3), 317–337.
Yağmur, K. (
2009) Language use and ethnolinguistic vitality of Turkish compared with the Dutch in the Netherlands. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 30(3), 219–233.
Cited by
Cited by 6 other publications
Altinkamis, Feyza & Ellen Simon
2020. Language abilities in bilingual children: The effect of family background and language exposure on the development of Turkish and Dutch. International Journal of Bilingualism 24:5-6 ► pp. 931 ff. 
Bezcioglu-Goktolga, Irem & Kutlay Yagmur
2022. Intergenerational differences in family language policy of Turkish families in the Netherlands. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 43:9 ► pp. 891 ff.
Sevinç, Yeşim
2016. Language maintenance and shift under pressure: Three generations of the Turkish immigrant community in the Netherlands. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 2016:242
Sevinç, Yeşim & Ad Backus
2019. Anxiety, language use and linguistic competence in an immigrant context: a vicious circle?. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 22:6 ► pp. 706 ff.
Sevinç, Yeşim & Jean-Marc Dewaele
2018. Heritage language anxiety and majority language anxiety among Turkish immigrants in the Netherlands. International Journal of Bilingualism 22:2 ► pp. 159 ff.
Tarım, Şeyda Deniz
2019. Shifting frames: Turkish immigrant children's rescaling practices in two school settings in Arizona. Journal of Pragmatics 144 ► pp. 141 ff.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 21 september 2023. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.