581027445 03 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code FTL 11 Hb 15 9789027208552 06 10.1075/ftl.11 13 2021003376 00 BB 08 950 gr 10 01 JB code FTL 02 2405-6944 02 11.00 01 02 Figurative Thought and Language Figurative Thought and Language 01 01 Figurative Language - Intersubjectivity and Usage Figurative Language – Intersubjectivity and Usage 1 B01 01 JB code 939423599 Augusto Soares da Silva Soares da Silva, Augusto Augusto Soares da Silva Universidade Católica Portuguesa 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/939423599 01 eng 11 454 03 03 xii 03 00 442 03 01 23 808.8/01 03 2018 P301.5.F53 04 Figures of speech--Congresses. 04 Cognitive grammar--Congresses. 10 LAN009030 12 CFG 24 JB code LIN.COGN Cognition and language 24 JB code LIN.COGPSY Cognitive linguistics 24 JB code LIN.DISC Discourse studies 24 JB code LIN.PRAG Pragmatics 01 06 02 00 This volume brings together thirteen studies that explore the relationship between figurativity, intersubjectivity and usage from the Cognitive Linguistics perspective. 03 00 Intersubjectivity and usage play central roles in figurative language and are pivotal notions for a cognitively realistic research on figures of thought, speech, and communication. This volume brings together thirteen studies that explore the relationship between figurativity, intersubjectivity and usage from the Cognitive Linguistics perspective. The studies explore the impact of figurativity on areas of lexicon and grammar, on real discourse, and across different semiotic systems. Some studies focus on the psychological processes of the comprehension of figurativity; other studies address the ways in which figures of thought and language are socially shared and the variation of figures through time and space. Moreover, some contributions are established on advanced corpus-based techniques and experimental methods. There are studies about metaphor, metonymy, irony and puns; about related processes, such as humor, empathy and ambiguation; and about the interaction between figures. Overall, this volume offers the advantages and the opportunities of an interactional and usage-based perspective of figurativity, embracing both the psychological and the intersubjective reality of figurative thought and language and empirically emphasizing the multidimensional character of figurativity, its central function in thought, and its impact on everyday communication. 01 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/ftl.11.png 01 01 D502 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027208552.jpg 01 01 D504 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027208552.tif 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/ftl.11.hb.png 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/ftl.11.png 02 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/ftl.11.hb.png 03 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/ftl.11.hb.png 01 01 JB code ftl.11.ack 06 10.1075/ftl.11.ack vii viii 2 Miscellaneous 1 01 04 Acknowledgements Acknowledgements 01 eng 01 01 JB code ftl.11.loc 06 10.1075/ftl.11.loc ix xii 4 Miscellaneous 2 01 04 List of contributors List of contributors 01 eng 01 01 JB code ftl.11.int 06 10.1075/ftl.11.int 1 16 16 Introduction 3 01 04 Introduction. Figurative language Introduction. Figurative language 01 04 Intersubjectivity and usage Intersubjectivity and usage 1 A01 01 JB code 72424290 Augusto Soares da Silva Soares da Silva, Augusto Augusto Soares da Silva Universidade Católica Portuguesa 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/72424290 01 eng 01 01 JB code ftl.11.p1 06 10.1075/ftl.11.p1 Section header 4 01 04 Part I. Intersubjectivity and interaction Part I. Intersubjectivity and interaction 01 eng 01 01 JB code ftl.11.01gee 06 10.1075/ftl.11.01gee 19 40 22 Chapter 5 01 04 Second-order empathy, pragmatic ambiguity, and irony Second-order empathy, pragmatic ambiguity, and irony 1 A01 01 JB code 266424291 Dirk Geeraerts Geeraerts, Dirk Dirk Geeraerts University of Leuven 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/266424291 01 eng 03 00

If first-order empathy is the ability of Self to take into account Other’s point of view, second-order empathy may be defined as the ability of Self to take into account Other’s point of view as including a view of Self. The paper argues that the possibility for the hearer to choose between a first-order empathic and a second-order empathic interpretation of speaker utterances introduces a principled and pervasive indeterminacy in speaker-hearer interactions, illustrated with examples of referential ambiguity, speech-act-related ambiguity, and sociocommunicative ambiguity. With representative speech acts, the interaction of degree of empathy and convergence/divergence of beliefs yields six interpretative configurations: assertion, mistake, agreement, disagreement, irony, deception. Thus, irony finds a systematic position within a broader calculus of intersubjective interaction.

01 01 JB code ftl.11.02zla 06 10.1075/ftl.11.02zla 41 74 34 Chapter 6 01 04 Desiderata for metaphor theory, the Motivation & Sedimentation Model and motion-emotion metaphoremes Desiderata for metaphor theory, the Motivation & Sedimentation Model and motion-emotion metaphoremes 1 A01 01 JB code 143424292 Jordan Zlatev Zlatev, Jordan Jordan Zlatev Centre for Languages and Literature/Centre for Language Evolution 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/143424292 2 A01 01 JB code 490424293 Göran Jacobsson Jacobsson, Göran Göran Jacobsson Centre for Languages and Literature 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/490424293 3 A01 01 JB code 800424294 Liina Paju Paju, Liina Liina Paju Centre for Languages and Literature 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/800424294 01 eng 03 00

Metaphor research has increasingly diversified, leading to extensive disagreements. A set of desiderata for any contemporary theory of metaphor are (i) to account for both communication and cognition, (ii) to explain both universal and culture-specific aspects, (iii) to achieve a balance between stable structures and contextual processes, (iv) to apply not only to different languages, but to other semiotic systems such as gesture, (v) to provide clear theoretical and operational definitions. We argue that a recent cognitive-semiotic theory, the Motivation & Sedimentation Model (MSM) is capable of fulfilling these desiderata. To evaluate predictions from the theoretical model we compare motion-emotion metaphoremes, such as my heart jumped, in six differentially related European languages – English, Swedish, Spanish, Bulgarian, Finnish and Estonian.

01 01 JB code ftl.11.03col 06 10.1075/ftl.11.03col 75 108 34 Chapter 7 01 04 Evaluating metaphor accounts via their pragmatic effects Evaluating metaphor accounts via their pragmatic effects 1 A01 01 JB code 613424295 Herbert L. Colston Colston, Herbert L. Herbert L. Colston University of Alberta 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/613424295 01 eng 03 00

A prominent pragmatic effect of metaphor is meaning enhancement (Colston, 2015). Relative to comparable non-metaphorical language, metaphors can provide stronger, richer, or more poignant delivery of a proposition, idea, attitude, emotion, schema, or other meaningful construct. Metaphor constructions also alter their component parts (e.g., source and target domains). The paper measures pragmatic effect performance when metaphors are assembled in different ways, as a means of evaluating metaphor accounts. In four experiments metaphors were altered by using; (1) weak versus strong SDs, (2) mixed versus unmixed SDs, (3) single versus double instantiations of SDs, and (4) using standard metaphor versus simile constructions. Observed differences (e.g., in meaning enhancement) support the idea that metaphor understandings arise in part due to embodied simulations.

01 01 JB code ftl.11.04bro 06 10.1075/ftl.11.04bro 109 136 28 Chapter 8 01 04 The multimodal negotiation of irony and humor in interaction The multimodal negotiation of irony and humor in interaction 01 04 On the role of eye gaze in joint pretense On the role of eye gaze in joint pretense 1 A01 01 JB code 535424296 Geert Brône Brône, Geert Geert Brône University of Leuven 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/535424296 01 eng 03 00

Interactionally grounded accounts of humor and irony have focused on the construction of complex layered gestalts. In most cases, these accounts provide a model for the pretense that speakers are engaged in when jointly construing ironic or humorous utterances, as well as for the affective power of such utterances. Much less studied, however, is the question how speakers interactionally monitor such sequences of joint pretense. To investigate this more systematically, I zoom in on the role of eye gaze as a mechanism for reaction monitoring by speakers and hearers. Using humorous sequences taken from a multimodal video corpus of three-party interactions, in which the gaze behavior of all participants was recorded using mobile eye-tracking devices, I describe specific gaze patterns.

01 01 JB code ftl.11.p2 06 10.1075/ftl.11.p2 Section header 9 01 04 Part II. Mechanisms and processes Part II. Mechanisms and processes 01 eng 01 01 JB code ftl.11.05bar 06 10.1075/ftl.11.05bar 139 174 36 Chapter 10 01 04 Metaphor and irony Metaphor and irony 01 04 Messy when mixed Messy when mixed 1 A01 01 JB code 725424297 John Barnden Barnden, John John Barnden University of Birmingham 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/725424297 01 eng 03 00

We address metaphor/irony mixing, as in ironic “What a rocket!” about a very slow train. We agree that the final meaning is often better viewed as resting ironically on metaphorical meaning (the train is very fast) than metaphorically resting on ironic meaning (the train is far from being a [literal] rocket). However, we discover that matters are much messier than previously discussed. The reverse meaning dependence can be supported; it can sometimes be preferable; and there is parallel mixing, with irony and metaphor mutually independent. Also, even when hearers do metaphoric processing mostly before ironic processing, they can benefit from first of all detecting the utterance’s ironicity. This in turn suggests metaphor processing that involves contrast-based, as well as similarity-based, mappings.

01 01 JB code ftl.11.06brd 06 10.1075/ftl.11.06brd 175 212 38 Chapter 11 01 04 Metonymic indeterminacy and metalepsis Metonymic indeterminacy and metalepsis 01 04 Getting two (or more) targets for the price of one vehicle Getting two (or more) targets for the price of one vehicle 1 A01 01 JB code 810424298 Rita Brdar-Szabó Brdar-Szabó, Rita Rita Brdar-Szabó ELTE Budapest 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/810424298 2 A01 01 JB code 115424299 Mario Brdar Brdar, Mario Mario Brdar University of Osijek 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/115424299 01 eng 03 00

Given appropriate context, indeterminacy may arise when a metonymic vehicle, i.e. the source, can be simultaneously linked to more than one metonymic target. We claim that this situation, akin to the phenomenon of metalepsis or transgression in narratology, is not rare, but quite usual, and even regular in certain contexts. This may lead to an increase of a second-order type of anisomorphy, but ultimately leaves space for dynamic meaning construal and optimizes texts coherence. In order to accommodate metalepsis, we argue for an approach to metonymy not based on mappings but on the activation of the source conceptual cluster opening a mental space dynamically expanded or reduced so as to fit the conceptual frame provided by the co(n)text of use.

01 01 JB code ftl.11.07rui 06 10.1075/ftl.11.07rui 213 240 28 Chapter 12 01 04 On verbal and situational irony On verbal and situational irony 01 04 Towards a unified approach Towards a unified approach 1 A01 01 JB code 205424300 Francisco José Ruiz de Mendoza Ibáñez Ruiz de Mendoza Ibáñez, Francisco José Francisco José Ruiz de Mendoza Ibáñez University of La Rioja 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/205424300 2 A01 01 JB code 551424301 Inés Lozano-Palacio Lozano-Palacio, Inés Inés Lozano-Palacio University of La Rioja 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/551424301 01 eng 03 00

This chapter treats the notion of ironic echo as subsidiary to the broader notion of epistemic scenario, which applies to both verbal and situational irony. In verbal irony, the existence of an epistemic scenario takes the shape of a pretended agreement with someone’s beliefs, which can be materialized in agreement expressions of various kinds including echoic mentions. In situational irony, the epistemic scenario is built on a generally reliable assumption about a state of affairs. Finally, situational irony can be embedded within a communicative context, an observation which allows for a classification of ironic types that overrides the traditional verbal irony-situational irony dichotomy. The resulting account provides a single unified framework for the study of irony.

01 01 JB code ftl.11.08giv 06 10.1075/ftl.11.08giv 241 284 44 Chapter 13 01 04 On figurative ambiguity, marking, and low-salience meanings On figurative ambiguity, marking, and low-salience meanings 1 A01 01 JB code 525424302 Shir Givoni Givoni, Shir Shir Givoni Tel-Aviv University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/525424302 2 A01 01 JB code 868424303 Dafna Bergerbest Bergerbest, Dafna Dafna Bergerbest The Academic College of Tel Aviv-Yaffo 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/868424303 3 A01 01 JB code 167424304 Rachel Giora Giora, Rachel Rachel Giora Tel-Aviv University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/167424304 01 eng 03 00

This paper discusses the phenomenon of marked ambiguation, when more than one meaning of an ambiguity is simultaneously applicable, and outlines an account for such marking within the Low-Salience Marking Hypothesis. According to this hypothesis, ambiguity markers (e.g., double entendre, in the full sense of the word) boost meanings low on salience (Givoni, 2011; Givoni, Giora, and Bergerbest, 2013). Low-salience meanings are meanings less frequent, less familiar, less prototypical, and less conventional (Giora, 1997, 2003). Results from two experiments conducted in Hebrew support the hypothesis. They show that marking figurative polysemy results in higher preference and faster response times for less-salient meanings, challenging modular (Fodor, 1983), literal-first (Grice, 1975), and underspecification (Frisson and Pickering, 2001) accounts of lexical access.

01 01 JB code ftl.11.p3 06 10.1075/ftl.11.p3 Section header 14 01 04 Part III. Usage and variation Part III. Usage and variation 01 eng 01 01 JB code ftl.11.09all 06 10.1075/ftl.11.09all 287 306 20 Chapter 15 01 04 Metaphor, metonymy and polysemy Metaphor, metonymy and polysemy 01 04 A historical perspective A historical perspective 1 A01 01 JB code 279424305 Kathryn Allan Allan, Kathryn Kathryn Allan University College London 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/279424305 01 eng 03 00

Polysemy is a basic principle of the lexis of English, but the full range of senses of a lexeme and the ways in which these interact are not often considered in accounts of metaphor and metonymy. This paper presents a case study of the lexeme dull, which develops multiple meanings that do not appear to represent the kind of straightforward concrete > abstract metaphorical mapping that might be assumed. Rather, the complex semantic history of the word reveals gradual shifts in meaning involving metonymy, and change motivated by analogy. I argue that ignoring word histories risks synchronic ‘misreading’ of the relationship between their senses (Geeraerts, 2015), and that polysemy should be acknowledged more prominently in standard accounts.

01 01 JB code ftl.11.10car 06 10.1075/ftl.11.10car 307 338 32 Chapter 16 01 04 Psycholinguistic approaches to figuration Psycholinguistic approaches to figuration 1 A01 01 JB code 392424306 Gareth Carrol Carrol, Gareth Gareth Carrol University of Birmingham 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/392424306 01 eng 03 00

Figurative language provides a testing bed for language processing in general, since it requires speakers to utilize a sophisticated range of linguistic, pragmatic and cognitive skills to derive an appropriate interpretation. The toolkit of psycholinguistics, where precise measurements of behavioural responses help to build a model of underlying cognitive processes, can enrich our understanding of this complex topic. Two techniques that have been fruitfully applied to the study of figurative language are cross-modal priming and eye-tracking. Drawing on a range of example studies from the literature, this chapter will demonstrate how figurative language research can benefit from the application of psycholinguistic techniques. It concludes with a consideration of how experimental results can be interpreted against existing theories and models.

01 01 JB code ftl.11.11ver 06 10.1075/ftl.11.11ver 339 356 18 Chapter 17 01 04 The fabric of metaphor in discourse The fabric of metaphor in discourse 01 04 Interweaving cognition and discourse in figurative language Interweaving cognition and discourse in figurative language 1 A01 01 JB code 399424307 Solange Vereza Vereza, Solange Solange Vereza Universidade Federal Fluminense 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/399424307 01 eng 03 00

The overall aim of this chapter is to contribute to the debate around the controversy of what might be approached as a conceptual or a local/situated metaphor, by elaborating on a distinction between two theoretical levels. On the one hand, at the level of the conceptual system, we have high-order, off-line representations, such as conceptual metaphors, and, on the other, at the level of use, there are episodic, often deliberate, on-line conceptualizations, such as situated metaphors. Within a cognitive-discursive perspective, it is argued that these two levels are articulated, in a coherent and systematic way, in figurative language in use. An analysis of an extended situated metaphor explored in an argumentative text illustrates the way this articulation may be woven in discourse.

01 01 JB code ftl.11.12win 06 10.1075/ftl.11.12win 357 386 30 Chapter 18 01 04 Sources of verbal humor in the lexicon Sources of verbal humor in the lexicon 01 04 A usage-based perspective on incongruity A usage-based perspective on incongruity 1 A01 01 JB code 704424308 Esme Winter-Froemel Winter-Froemel, Esme Esme Winter-Froemel Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/704424308 01 eng 03 00

Lexical items with a ludic potential have not been systematically studied up to now. The aim of this paper is thus to explore sources of humor in the French and Italian lexicon and to investigate to what extent the notion of incongruity can explain the humorous effects and ludic usage of lexical items. Incongruity will be reinterpreted from a usage-based perspective, stressing the interactional dimension of communication (see also Kotthoff, 1998; Onysko, 2016), which defines the relative inappropriateness and pragmatic markedness of the items. In addition, the semantic distance and (in)compatibility of the meanings as well as the semiotic nature of the relevant reference entities will be taken into account, and a typology of relevant subtypes of incongruity will be proposed.

01 01 JB code ftl.11.13sil 06 10.1075/ftl.11.13sil 387 438 52 Chapter 19 01 04 Measuring the impact of (non)figurativity in the cultural conceptualization of emotions in the two main national varieties of Portuguese Measuring the impact of (non)figurativity in the cultural conceptualization of emotions in the two main national varieties of Portuguese 1 A01 01 JB code 813424309 Augusto Soares da Silva Soares da Silva, Augusto Augusto Soares da Silva Universidade Católica Portuguesa 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/813424309 01 eng 03 00

This chapter investigates the impact of conceptual metaphor on the cultural variation of emotions in European and Brazilian Portuguese (EP/BP). Adopting a usage-based, sociocognitive view of language and applying a corpus-based and profile-based methodology, this study combines a multifactorial usage-feature and metaphorical profile analysis of 1,100 examples of anger and pride with their subsequent multivariate statistics modeling. BP seems more connected with complaining anger and the metaphorically unrestrained and perceptible manifestation of anger. Also, BP is closer to self-centered pride and the metaphorically visible manifestation of pride. In contrast, EP seems more akin to violent and interpersonal anger and the metaphorically profiled somatization of anger. Also, EP is more associated with other-directed pride and the personification of pride as an honored person. These statistically significant associations are consistent with the more individualistic, indulgent, and emotionally expressive culture of Brazil and the more collectivistic and restrained culture of Portugal.

01 01 JB code ftl.11.ind 06 10.1075/ftl.11.ind 439 442 4 Miscellaneous 20 01 04 Index Index 01 eng
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611027536 03 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code FTL 11 GE 15 9789027260031 06 10.1075/ftl.11 13 2021003377 00 EA E133 10 01 JB code FTL 02 JB code 2405-6944 02 11.00 01 02 Figurative Thought and Language Figurative Thought and Language 01 01 Figurative Language - Intersubjectivity and Usage Figurative Language – Intersubjectivity and Usage 1 B01 01 JB code 939423599 Augusto Soares da Silva Soares da Silva, Augusto Augusto Soares da Silva Universidade Católica Portuguesa 01 eng 11 454 03 03 xii 03 00 442 03 24 JB code LIN.COGN Cognition and language 24 JB code LIN.COGPSY Cognitive linguistics 24 JB code LIN.DISC Discourse studies 24 JB code LIN.PRAG Pragmatics 10 LAN009030 12 CFG 01 06 02 00 This volume brings together thirteen studies that explore the relationship between figurativity, intersubjectivity and usage from the Cognitive Linguistics perspective. 03 00 Intersubjectivity and usage play central roles in figurative language and are pivotal notions for a cognitively realistic research on figures of thought, speech, and communication. This volume brings together thirteen studies that explore the relationship between figurativity, intersubjectivity and usage from the Cognitive Linguistics perspective. The studies explore the impact of figurativity on areas of lexicon and grammar, on real discourse, and across different semiotic systems. Some studies focus on the psychological processes of the comprehension of figurativity; other studies address the ways in which figures of thought and language are socially shared and the variation of figures through time and space. Moreover, some contributions are established on advanced corpus-based techniques and experimental methods. There are studies about metaphor, metonymy, irony and puns; about related processes, such as humor, empathy and ambiguation; and about the interaction between figures. Overall, this volume offers the advantages and the opportunities of an interactional and usage-based perspective of figurativity, embracing both the psychological and the intersubjective reality of figurative thought and language and empirically emphasizing the multidimensional character of figurativity, its central function in thought, and its impact on everyday communication. 01 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/ftl.11.png 01 01 D502 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027208552.jpg 01 01 D504 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027208552.tif 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/ftl.11.hb.png 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/ftl.11.png 02 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/ftl.11.hb.png 03 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/ftl.11.hb.png 01 01 JB code ftl.11.ack 06 10.1075/ftl.11.ack vii viii 2 Miscellaneous 1 01 04 Acknowledgements Acknowledgements 01 01 JB code ftl.11.loc 06 10.1075/ftl.11.loc ix xii 4 Miscellaneous 2 01 04 List of contributors List of contributors 01 01 JB code ftl.11.int 06 10.1075/ftl.11.int 1 16 16 Introduction 3 01 04 Introduction. Figurative language Introduction. Figurative language 01 04 Intersubjectivity and usage Intersubjectivity and usage 1 A01 01 JB code 72424290 Augusto Soares da Silva Soares da Silva, Augusto Augusto Soares da Silva Universidade Católica Portuguesa 01 01 JB code ftl.11.p1 06 10.1075/ftl.11.p1 Section header 4 01 04 Part I. Intersubjectivity and interaction Part I. Intersubjectivity and interaction 01 01 JB code ftl.11.01gee 06 10.1075/ftl.11.01gee 19 40 22 Chapter 5 01 04 Second-order empathy, pragmatic ambiguity, and irony Second-order empathy, pragmatic ambiguity, and irony 1 A01 01 JB code 266424291 Dirk Geeraerts Geeraerts, Dirk Dirk Geeraerts University of Leuven 01 01 JB code ftl.11.02zla 06 10.1075/ftl.11.02zla 41 74 34 Chapter 6 01 04 Desiderata for metaphor theory, the Motivation & Sedimentation Model and motion-emotion metaphoremes Desiderata for metaphor theory, the Motivation & Sedimentation Model and motion-emotion metaphoremes 1 A01 01 JB code 143424292 Jordan Zlatev Zlatev, Jordan Jordan Zlatev Centre for Languages and Literature/Centre for Language Evolution 2 A01 01 JB code 490424293 Göran Jacobsson Jacobsson, Göran Göran Jacobsson Centre for Languages and Literature 3 A01 01 JB code 800424294 Liina Paju Paju, Liina Liina Paju Centre for Languages and Literature 01 01 JB code ftl.11.03col 06 10.1075/ftl.11.03col 75 108 34 Chapter 7 01 04 Evaluating metaphor accounts via their pragmatic effects Evaluating metaphor accounts via their pragmatic effects 1 A01 01 JB code 613424295 Herbert L. Colston Colston, Herbert L. Herbert L. Colston University of Alberta 01 01 JB code ftl.11.04bro 06 10.1075/ftl.11.04bro 109 136 28 Chapter 8 01 04 The multimodal negotiation of irony and humor in interaction The multimodal negotiation of irony and humor in interaction 01 04 On the role of eye gaze in joint pretense On the role of eye gaze in joint pretense 1 A01 01 JB code 535424296 Geert Brône Brône, Geert Geert Brône University of Leuven 01 01 JB code ftl.11.p2 06 10.1075/ftl.11.p2 Section header 9 01 04 Part II. Mechanisms and processes Part II. Mechanisms and processes 01 01 JB code ftl.11.05bar 06 10.1075/ftl.11.05bar 139 174 36 Chapter 10 01 04 Metaphor and irony Metaphor and irony 01 04 Messy when mixed Messy when mixed 1 A01 01 JB code 725424297 John Barnden Barnden, John John Barnden University of Birmingham 01 01 JB code ftl.11.06brd 06 10.1075/ftl.11.06brd 175 212 38 Chapter 11 01 04 Metonymic indeterminacy and metalepsis Metonymic indeterminacy and metalepsis 01 04 Getting two (or more) targets for the price of one vehicle Getting two (or more) targets for the price of one vehicle 1 A01 01 JB code 810424298 Rita Brdar-Szabó Brdar-Szabó, Rita Rita Brdar-Szabó ELTE Budapest 2 A01 01 JB code 115424299 Mario Brdar Brdar, Mario Mario Brdar University of Osijek 01 01 JB code ftl.11.07rui 06 10.1075/ftl.11.07rui 213 240 28 Chapter 12 01 04 On verbal and situational irony On verbal and situational irony 01 04 Towards a unified approach Towards a unified approach 1 A01 01 JB code 205424300 Francisco José Ruiz de Mendoza Ibáñez Ruiz de Mendoza Ibáñez, Francisco José Francisco José Ruiz de Mendoza Ibáñez University of La Rioja 2 A01 01 JB code 551424301 Inés Lozano-Palacio Lozano-Palacio, Inés Inés Lozano-Palacio University of La Rioja 01 01 JB code ftl.11.08giv 06 10.1075/ftl.11.08giv 241 284 44 Chapter 13 01 04 On figurative ambiguity, marking, and low-salience meanings On figurative ambiguity, marking, and low-salience meanings 1 A01 01 JB code 525424302 Shir Givoni Givoni, Shir Shir Givoni Tel-Aviv University 2 A01 01 JB code 868424303 Dafna Bergerbest Bergerbest, Dafna Dafna Bergerbest The Academic College of Tel Aviv-Yaffo 3 A01 01 JB code 167424304 Rachel Giora Giora, Rachel Rachel Giora Tel-Aviv University 01 01 JB code ftl.11.p3 06 10.1075/ftl.11.p3 Section header 14 01 04 Part III. Usage and variation Part III. Usage and variation 01 01 JB code ftl.11.09all 06 10.1075/ftl.11.09all 287 306 20 Chapter 15 01 04 Metaphor, metonymy and polysemy Metaphor, metonymy and polysemy 01 04 A historical perspective A historical perspective 1 A01 01 JB code 279424305 Kathryn Allan Allan, Kathryn Kathryn Allan University College London 01 01 JB code ftl.11.10car 06 10.1075/ftl.11.10car 307 338 32 Chapter 16 01 04 Psycholinguistic approaches to figuration Psycholinguistic approaches to figuration 1 A01 01 JB code 392424306 Gareth Carrol Carrol, Gareth Gareth Carrol University of Birmingham 01 01 JB code ftl.11.11ver 06 10.1075/ftl.11.11ver 339 356 18 Chapter 17 01 04 The fabric of metaphor in discourse The fabric of metaphor in discourse 01 04 Interweaving cognition and discourse in figurative language Interweaving cognition and discourse in figurative language 1 A01 01 JB code 399424307 Solange Vereza Vereza, Solange Solange Vereza Universidade Federal Fluminense 01 01 JB code ftl.11.12win 06 10.1075/ftl.11.12win 357 386 30 Chapter 18 01 04 Sources of verbal humor in the lexicon Sources of verbal humor in the lexicon 01 04 A usage-based perspective on incongruity A usage-based perspective on incongruity 1 A01 01 JB code 704424308 Esme Winter-Froemel Winter-Froemel, Esme Esme Winter-Froemel Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg 01 01 JB code ftl.11.13sil 06 10.1075/ftl.11.13sil 387 438 52 Chapter 19 01 04 Measuring the impact of (non)figurativity in the cultural conceptualization of emotions in the two main national varieties of Portuguese Measuring the impact of (non)figurativity in the cultural conceptualization of emotions in the two main national varieties of Portuguese 1 A01 01 JB code 813424309 Augusto Soares da Silva Soares da Silva, Augusto Augusto Soares da Silva Universidade Católica Portuguesa 01 01 JB code ftl.11.ind 06 10.1075/ftl.11.ind 439 442 4 Miscellaneous 20 01 04 Index Index 01 JB code JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 https://benjamins.com Amsterdam NL 00 John Benjamins Publishing Company Marketing Department / Karin Plijnaar, Pieter Lamers onix@benjamins.nl 04 01 00 20210519 C 2021 John Benjamins D 2021 John Benjamins 02 WORLD 13 15 9789027208552 WORLD 03 01 JB 17 Google 03 https://play.google.com/store/books 21 01 00 Unqualified price 00 99.00 EUR 01 00 Unqualified price 00 83.00 GBP 01 00 Unqualified price 00 149.00 USD 750027446 03 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code FTL 11 Eb 15 9789027260031 06 10.1075/ftl.11 13 2021003377 00 EA E107 10 01 JB code FTL 02 2405-6944 02 11.00 01 02 Figurative Thought and Language Figurative Thought and Language 11 01 JB code jbe-all 01 02 Full EBA collection (ca. 4,200 titles) 11 01 JB code jbe-eba-2023 01 02 Compact EBA Collection 2023 (ca. 700 titles, starting 2018) 11 01 JB code jbe-2021 01 02 2021 collection (118 titles) 11 01 JB code jbe.2021.all 01 01 Figurative Language - Intersubjectivity and Usage Figurative Language – Intersubjectivity and Usage 1 B01 01 JB code 939423599 Augusto Soares da Silva Soares da Silva, Augusto Augusto Soares da Silva Universidade Católica Portuguesa 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/939423599 01 eng 11 454 03 03 xii 03 00 442 03 01 23 808.8/01 03 2018 P301.5.F53 04 Figures of speech--Congresses. 04 Cognitive grammar--Congresses. 10 LAN009030 12 CFG 24 JB code LIN.COGN Cognition and language 24 JB code LIN.COGPSY Cognitive linguistics 24 JB code LIN.DISC Discourse studies 24 JB code LIN.PRAG Pragmatics 01 06 02 00 This volume brings together thirteen studies that explore the relationship between figurativity, intersubjectivity and usage from the Cognitive Linguistics perspective. 03 00 Intersubjectivity and usage play central roles in figurative language and are pivotal notions for a cognitively realistic research on figures of thought, speech, and communication. This volume brings together thirteen studies that explore the relationship between figurativity, intersubjectivity and usage from the Cognitive Linguistics perspective. The studies explore the impact of figurativity on areas of lexicon and grammar, on real discourse, and across different semiotic systems. Some studies focus on the psychological processes of the comprehension of figurativity; other studies address the ways in which figures of thought and language are socially shared and the variation of figures through time and space. Moreover, some contributions are established on advanced corpus-based techniques and experimental methods. There are studies about metaphor, metonymy, irony and puns; about related processes, such as humor, empathy and ambiguation; and about the interaction between figures. Overall, this volume offers the advantages and the opportunities of an interactional and usage-based perspective of figurativity, embracing both the psychological and the intersubjective reality of figurative thought and language and empirically emphasizing the multidimensional character of figurativity, its central function in thought, and its impact on everyday communication. 01 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/ftl.11.png 01 01 D502 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027208552.jpg 01 01 D504 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027208552.tif 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/ftl.11.hb.png 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/ftl.11.png 02 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/ftl.11.hb.png 03 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/ftl.11.hb.png 01 01 JB code ftl.11.ack 06 10.1075/ftl.11.ack vii viii 2 Miscellaneous 1 01 04 Acknowledgements Acknowledgements 01 eng 01 01 JB code ftl.11.loc 06 10.1075/ftl.11.loc ix xii 4 Miscellaneous 2 01 04 List of contributors List of contributors 01 eng 01 01 JB code ftl.11.int 06 10.1075/ftl.11.int 1 16 16 Introduction 3 01 04 Introduction. Figurative language Introduction. Figurative language 01 04 Intersubjectivity and usage Intersubjectivity and usage 1 A01 01 JB code 72424290 Augusto Soares da Silva Soares da Silva, Augusto Augusto Soares da Silva Universidade Católica Portuguesa 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/72424290 01 eng 01 01 JB code ftl.11.p1 06 10.1075/ftl.11.p1 Section header 4 01 04 Part I. Intersubjectivity and interaction Part I. Intersubjectivity and interaction 01 eng 01 01 JB code ftl.11.01gee 06 10.1075/ftl.11.01gee 19 40 22 Chapter 5 01 04 Second-order empathy, pragmatic ambiguity, and irony Second-order empathy, pragmatic ambiguity, and irony 1 A01 01 JB code 266424291 Dirk Geeraerts Geeraerts, Dirk Dirk Geeraerts University of Leuven 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/266424291 01 eng 03 00

If first-order empathy is the ability of Self to take into account Other’s point of view, second-order empathy may be defined as the ability of Self to take into account Other’s point of view as including a view of Self. The paper argues that the possibility for the hearer to choose between a first-order empathic and a second-order empathic interpretation of speaker utterances introduces a principled and pervasive indeterminacy in speaker-hearer interactions, illustrated with examples of referential ambiguity, speech-act-related ambiguity, and sociocommunicative ambiguity. With representative speech acts, the interaction of degree of empathy and convergence/divergence of beliefs yields six interpretative configurations: assertion, mistake, agreement, disagreement, irony, deception. Thus, irony finds a systematic position within a broader calculus of intersubjective interaction.

01 01 JB code ftl.11.02zla 06 10.1075/ftl.11.02zla 41 74 34 Chapter 6 01 04 Desiderata for metaphor theory, the Motivation & Sedimentation Model and motion-emotion metaphoremes Desiderata for metaphor theory, the Motivation & Sedimentation Model and motion-emotion metaphoremes 1 A01 01 JB code 143424292 Jordan Zlatev Zlatev, Jordan Jordan Zlatev Centre for Languages and Literature/Centre for Language Evolution 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/143424292 2 A01 01 JB code 490424293 Göran Jacobsson Jacobsson, Göran Göran Jacobsson Centre for Languages and Literature 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/490424293 3 A01 01 JB code 800424294 Liina Paju Paju, Liina Liina Paju Centre for Languages and Literature 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/800424294 01 eng 03 00

Metaphor research has increasingly diversified, leading to extensive disagreements. A set of desiderata for any contemporary theory of metaphor are (i) to account for both communication and cognition, (ii) to explain both universal and culture-specific aspects, (iii) to achieve a balance between stable structures and contextual processes, (iv) to apply not only to different languages, but to other semiotic systems such as gesture, (v) to provide clear theoretical and operational definitions. We argue that a recent cognitive-semiotic theory, the Motivation & Sedimentation Model (MSM) is capable of fulfilling these desiderata. To evaluate predictions from the theoretical model we compare motion-emotion metaphoremes, such as my heart jumped, in six differentially related European languages – English, Swedish, Spanish, Bulgarian, Finnish and Estonian.

01 01 JB code ftl.11.03col 06 10.1075/ftl.11.03col 75 108 34 Chapter 7 01 04 Evaluating metaphor accounts via their pragmatic effects Evaluating metaphor accounts via their pragmatic effects 1 A01 01 JB code 613424295 Herbert L. Colston Colston, Herbert L. Herbert L. Colston University of Alberta 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/613424295 01 eng 03 00

A prominent pragmatic effect of metaphor is meaning enhancement (Colston, 2015). Relative to comparable non-metaphorical language, metaphors can provide stronger, richer, or more poignant delivery of a proposition, idea, attitude, emotion, schema, or other meaningful construct. Metaphor constructions also alter their component parts (e.g., source and target domains). The paper measures pragmatic effect performance when metaphors are assembled in different ways, as a means of evaluating metaphor accounts. In four experiments metaphors were altered by using; (1) weak versus strong SDs, (2) mixed versus unmixed SDs, (3) single versus double instantiations of SDs, and (4) using standard metaphor versus simile constructions. Observed differences (e.g., in meaning enhancement) support the idea that metaphor understandings arise in part due to embodied simulations.

01 01 JB code ftl.11.04bro 06 10.1075/ftl.11.04bro 109 136 28 Chapter 8 01 04 The multimodal negotiation of irony and humor in interaction The multimodal negotiation of irony and humor in interaction 01 04 On the role of eye gaze in joint pretense On the role of eye gaze in joint pretense 1 A01 01 JB code 535424296 Geert Brône Brône, Geert Geert Brône University of Leuven 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/535424296 01 eng 03 00

Interactionally grounded accounts of humor and irony have focused on the construction of complex layered gestalts. In most cases, these accounts provide a model for the pretense that speakers are engaged in when jointly construing ironic or humorous utterances, as well as for the affective power of such utterances. Much less studied, however, is the question how speakers interactionally monitor such sequences of joint pretense. To investigate this more systematically, I zoom in on the role of eye gaze as a mechanism for reaction monitoring by speakers and hearers. Using humorous sequences taken from a multimodal video corpus of three-party interactions, in which the gaze behavior of all participants was recorded using mobile eye-tracking devices, I describe specific gaze patterns.

01 01 JB code ftl.11.p2 06 10.1075/ftl.11.p2 Section header 9 01 04 Part II. Mechanisms and processes Part II. Mechanisms and processes 01 eng 01 01 JB code ftl.11.05bar 06 10.1075/ftl.11.05bar 139 174 36 Chapter 10 01 04 Metaphor and irony Metaphor and irony 01 04 Messy when mixed Messy when mixed 1 A01 01 JB code 725424297 John Barnden Barnden, John John Barnden University of Birmingham 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/725424297 01 eng 03 00

We address metaphor/irony mixing, as in ironic “What a rocket!” about a very slow train. We agree that the final meaning is often better viewed as resting ironically on metaphorical meaning (the train is very fast) than metaphorically resting on ironic meaning (the train is far from being a [literal] rocket). However, we discover that matters are much messier than previously discussed. The reverse meaning dependence can be supported; it can sometimes be preferable; and there is parallel mixing, with irony and metaphor mutually independent. Also, even when hearers do metaphoric processing mostly before ironic processing, they can benefit from first of all detecting the utterance’s ironicity. This in turn suggests metaphor processing that involves contrast-based, as well as similarity-based, mappings.

01 01 JB code ftl.11.06brd 06 10.1075/ftl.11.06brd 175 212 38 Chapter 11 01 04 Metonymic indeterminacy and metalepsis Metonymic indeterminacy and metalepsis 01 04 Getting two (or more) targets for the price of one vehicle Getting two (or more) targets for the price of one vehicle 1 A01 01 JB code 810424298 Rita Brdar-Szabó Brdar-Szabó, Rita Rita Brdar-Szabó ELTE Budapest 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/810424298 2 A01 01 JB code 115424299 Mario Brdar Brdar, Mario Mario Brdar University of Osijek 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/115424299 01 eng 03 00

Given appropriate context, indeterminacy may arise when a metonymic vehicle, i.e. the source, can be simultaneously linked to more than one metonymic target. We claim that this situation, akin to the phenomenon of metalepsis or transgression in narratology, is not rare, but quite usual, and even regular in certain contexts. This may lead to an increase of a second-order type of anisomorphy, but ultimately leaves space for dynamic meaning construal and optimizes texts coherence. In order to accommodate metalepsis, we argue for an approach to metonymy not based on mappings but on the activation of the source conceptual cluster opening a mental space dynamically expanded or reduced so as to fit the conceptual frame provided by the co(n)text of use.

01 01 JB code ftl.11.07rui 06 10.1075/ftl.11.07rui 213 240 28 Chapter 12 01 04 On verbal and situational irony On verbal and situational irony 01 04 Towards a unified approach Towards a unified approach 1 A01 01 JB code 205424300 Francisco José Ruiz de Mendoza Ibáñez Ruiz de Mendoza Ibáñez, Francisco José Francisco José Ruiz de Mendoza Ibáñez University of La Rioja 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/205424300 2 A01 01 JB code 551424301 Inés Lozano-Palacio Lozano-Palacio, Inés Inés Lozano-Palacio University of La Rioja 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/551424301 01 eng 03 00

This chapter treats the notion of ironic echo as subsidiary to the broader notion of epistemic scenario, which applies to both verbal and situational irony. In verbal irony, the existence of an epistemic scenario takes the shape of a pretended agreement with someone’s beliefs, which can be materialized in agreement expressions of various kinds including echoic mentions. In situational irony, the epistemic scenario is built on a generally reliable assumption about a state of affairs. Finally, situational irony can be embedded within a communicative context, an observation which allows for a classification of ironic types that overrides the traditional verbal irony-situational irony dichotomy. The resulting account provides a single unified framework for the study of irony.

01 01 JB code ftl.11.08giv 06 10.1075/ftl.11.08giv 241 284 44 Chapter 13 01 04 On figurative ambiguity, marking, and low-salience meanings On figurative ambiguity, marking, and low-salience meanings 1 A01 01 JB code 525424302 Shir Givoni Givoni, Shir Shir Givoni Tel-Aviv University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/525424302 2 A01 01 JB code 868424303 Dafna Bergerbest Bergerbest, Dafna Dafna Bergerbest The Academic College of Tel Aviv-Yaffo 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/868424303 3 A01 01 JB code 167424304 Rachel Giora Giora, Rachel Rachel Giora Tel-Aviv University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/167424304 01 eng 03 00

This paper discusses the phenomenon of marked ambiguation, when more than one meaning of an ambiguity is simultaneously applicable, and outlines an account for such marking within the Low-Salience Marking Hypothesis. According to this hypothesis, ambiguity markers (e.g., double entendre, in the full sense of the word) boost meanings low on salience (Givoni, 2011; Givoni, Giora, and Bergerbest, 2013). Low-salience meanings are meanings less frequent, less familiar, less prototypical, and less conventional (Giora, 1997, 2003). Results from two experiments conducted in Hebrew support the hypothesis. They show that marking figurative polysemy results in higher preference and faster response times for less-salient meanings, challenging modular (Fodor, 1983), literal-first (Grice, 1975), and underspecification (Frisson and Pickering, 2001) accounts of lexical access.

01 01 JB code ftl.11.p3 06 10.1075/ftl.11.p3 Section header 14 01 04 Part III. Usage and variation Part III. Usage and variation 01 eng 01 01 JB code ftl.11.09all 06 10.1075/ftl.11.09all 287 306 20 Chapter 15 01 04 Metaphor, metonymy and polysemy Metaphor, metonymy and polysemy 01 04 A historical perspective A historical perspective 1 A01 01 JB code 279424305 Kathryn Allan Allan, Kathryn Kathryn Allan University College London 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/279424305 01 eng 03 00

Polysemy is a basic principle of the lexis of English, but the full range of senses of a lexeme and the ways in which these interact are not often considered in accounts of metaphor and metonymy. This paper presents a case study of the lexeme dull, which develops multiple meanings that do not appear to represent the kind of straightforward concrete > abstract metaphorical mapping that might be assumed. Rather, the complex semantic history of the word reveals gradual shifts in meaning involving metonymy, and change motivated by analogy. I argue that ignoring word histories risks synchronic ‘misreading’ of the relationship between their senses (Geeraerts, 2015), and that polysemy should be acknowledged more prominently in standard accounts.

01 01 JB code ftl.11.10car 06 10.1075/ftl.11.10car 307 338 32 Chapter 16 01 04 Psycholinguistic approaches to figuration Psycholinguistic approaches to figuration 1 A01 01 JB code 392424306 Gareth Carrol Carrol, Gareth Gareth Carrol University of Birmingham 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/392424306 01 eng 03 00

Figurative language provides a testing bed for language processing in general, since it requires speakers to utilize a sophisticated range of linguistic, pragmatic and cognitive skills to derive an appropriate interpretation. The toolkit of psycholinguistics, where precise measurements of behavioural responses help to build a model of underlying cognitive processes, can enrich our understanding of this complex topic. Two techniques that have been fruitfully applied to the study of figurative language are cross-modal priming and eye-tracking. Drawing on a range of example studies from the literature, this chapter will demonstrate how figurative language research can benefit from the application of psycholinguistic techniques. It concludes with a consideration of how experimental results can be interpreted against existing theories and models.

01 01 JB code ftl.11.11ver 06 10.1075/ftl.11.11ver 339 356 18 Chapter 17 01 04 The fabric of metaphor in discourse The fabric of metaphor in discourse 01 04 Interweaving cognition and discourse in figurative language Interweaving cognition and discourse in figurative language 1 A01 01 JB code 399424307 Solange Vereza Vereza, Solange Solange Vereza Universidade Federal Fluminense 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/399424307 01 eng 03 00

The overall aim of this chapter is to contribute to the debate around the controversy of what might be approached as a conceptual or a local/situated metaphor, by elaborating on a distinction between two theoretical levels. On the one hand, at the level of the conceptual system, we have high-order, off-line representations, such as conceptual metaphors, and, on the other, at the level of use, there are episodic, often deliberate, on-line conceptualizations, such as situated metaphors. Within a cognitive-discursive perspective, it is argued that these two levels are articulated, in a coherent and systematic way, in figurative language in use. An analysis of an extended situated metaphor explored in an argumentative text illustrates the way this articulation may be woven in discourse.

01 01 JB code ftl.11.12win 06 10.1075/ftl.11.12win 357 386 30 Chapter 18 01 04 Sources of verbal humor in the lexicon Sources of verbal humor in the lexicon 01 04 A usage-based perspective on incongruity A usage-based perspective on incongruity 1 A01 01 JB code 704424308 Esme Winter-Froemel Winter-Froemel, Esme Esme Winter-Froemel Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/704424308 01 eng 03 00

Lexical items with a ludic potential have not been systematically studied up to now. The aim of this paper is thus to explore sources of humor in the French and Italian lexicon and to investigate to what extent the notion of incongruity can explain the humorous effects and ludic usage of lexical items. Incongruity will be reinterpreted from a usage-based perspective, stressing the interactional dimension of communication (see also Kotthoff, 1998; Onysko, 2016), which defines the relative inappropriateness and pragmatic markedness of the items. In addition, the semantic distance and (in)compatibility of the meanings as well as the semiotic nature of the relevant reference entities will be taken into account, and a typology of relevant subtypes of incongruity will be proposed.

01 01 JB code ftl.11.13sil 06 10.1075/ftl.11.13sil 387 438 52 Chapter 19 01 04 Measuring the impact of (non)figurativity in the cultural conceptualization of emotions in the two main national varieties of Portuguese Measuring the impact of (non)figurativity in the cultural conceptualization of emotions in the two main national varieties of Portuguese 1 A01 01 JB code 813424309 Augusto Soares da Silva Soares da Silva, Augusto Augusto Soares da Silva Universidade Católica Portuguesa 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/813424309 01 eng 03 00

This chapter investigates the impact of conceptual metaphor on the cultural variation of emotions in European and Brazilian Portuguese (EP/BP). Adopting a usage-based, sociocognitive view of language and applying a corpus-based and profile-based methodology, this study combines a multifactorial usage-feature and metaphorical profile analysis of 1,100 examples of anger and pride with their subsequent multivariate statistics modeling. BP seems more connected with complaining anger and the metaphorically unrestrained and perceptible manifestation of anger. Also, BP is closer to self-centered pride and the metaphorically visible manifestation of pride. In contrast, EP seems more akin to violent and interpersonal anger and the metaphorically profiled somatization of anger. Also, EP is more associated with other-directed pride and the personification of pride as an honored person. These statistically significant associations are consistent with the more individualistic, indulgent, and emotionally expressive culture of Brazil and the more collectivistic and restrained culture of Portugal.

01 01 JB code ftl.11.ind 06 10.1075/ftl.11.ind 439 442 4 Miscellaneous 20 01 04 Index Index 01 eng
01 JB code JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/ftl.11 Amsterdam NL 00 John Benjamins Publishing Company Marketing Department / Karin Plijnaar, Pieter Lamers onix@benjamins.nl 04 01 00 20210519 C 2021 John Benjamins D 2021 John Benjamins 02 WORLD 13 15 9789027208552 WORLD 09 01 JB 3 John Benjamins e-Platform 03 https://jbe-platform.com 29 https://jbe-platform.com/content/books/9789027260031 21 01 00 Unqualified price 02 99.00 EUR 01 00 Unqualified price 02 83.00 GBP GB 01 00 Unqualified price 02 149.00 USD