947026613
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JB
John Benjamins Publishing Company
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JB code
FTL 8 Eb
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9789027261199
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10.1075/ftl.8
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2020006063
DG
002
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FTL
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2405-6944
Figurative Thought and Language
8
01
Relevance Theory, Figuration, and Continuity in Pragmatics
01
ftl.8
01
https://benjamins.com
02
https://benjamins.com/catalog/ftl.8
1
B01
Agnieszka Piskorska
Piskorska, Agnieszka
Agnieszka
Piskorska
University of Warsaw
01
eng
365
vii
357
LAN009030
v.2006
CFG
2
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.DISC
Discourse studies
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.PRAG
Pragmatics
06
01
The chapters in this volume apply the methodology of relevance theory to develop accounts of various pragmatic phenomena which can be associated with the broadly conceived notion of style. Some of them are devoted to central cases of figurative language (metaphor, metonymy, puns, irony) while others deal with issues not readily associated with figurativeness (from multimodal communicative stimuli through strong and weak implicatures to discourse functions of connectives, particles and participles). Other chapters shed light on the use of specific communicative styles, ranging from hate speech to humour and humorous irony. <br />Using the relevance-theoretic toolkit to analyse a spectrum of style-related issues, this volume makes a case for the model of pragmatics founded upon inference and continuity, understood as the non-existence of sharply delineated boundaries between classes of communicative phenomena.
05
This original and entertaining series of essays uses the framework of relevance theory to offer striking new insights into the workings of figurative language and style. Why do puns have such a bad reputation? What is the meaning of “sunbeds are the new cigarettes”? How does choice of typography affect understanding? These and many more questions are illustrated with original examples from everyday conversation and literary texts, and illuminated from a variety of theoretical perspectives.
Deirdre Wilson
04
09
01
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vii
1
Miscellaneous
1
01
Acknowledgements
10
01
JB code
ftl.8.00pis
1
22
22
Chapter
2
01
Introduction
The literal-figurative language continuum and optimally relevant interpretations
1
A01
Agnieszka Piskorska
Piskorska, Agnieszka
Agnieszka
Piskorska
University of Warsaw, Poland
10
01
JB code
ftl.8.p01
23
65
43
Section header
3
01
Part 1. Continua in non-literalness
10
01
JB code
ftl.8.01wal
25
43
19
Chapter
4
01
Chapter 1. Category extension as a variety of loose use
1
A01
Ewa Wałaszewska
Wałaszewska, Ewa
Ewa
Wałaszewska
University of Warsaw, Poland
20
broadening
20
category extension
20
lexical modulation
20
loose use
20
pragmatic routines
20
relevance theory
20
schemata
20
snowclones
01
The chapter focuses on category extension, typically illustrated by the use of salient brand names such as <i>Hoover</i> for any vacuum cleaner, and seeks to provide a comprehensive discussion of this relevance-theoretic notion. Category extension is regarded as part of the continuum of loose uses, along with approximation, hyperbole and metaphor, but, compared with the other varieties, it has not been given due attention. The chapter seeks to clarify the theoretical status of category extension, by discussing its relation to the other varieties of loose use and by analysing different cases of the phenomenon falling into two groups: limited and creative category extensions. The chapter also shows how concepts such as lexical warfare, paragons, snowclones, schemata and pragmatic routines may improve the understanding of category extension.
10
01
JB code
ftl.8.02jod
45
65
21
Chapter
5
01
Chapter 2. Metonymic relations – from determinacy to indeterminacy
1
A01
Maria Jodlowiec
Jodlowiec, Maria
Maria
Jodlowiec
Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Poland
2
A01
Agnieszka Piskorska
Piskorska, Agnieszka
Agnieszka
Piskorska
University of Warsaw, Poland
20
comprehension heuristic
20
free enrichment
20
inferential processes
20
metonymy
20
mutual parallel adjustment
20
non-lexicalized concepts
20
non-paraphrasability
20
semantic indeterminacy
20
shallow processing
20
vagueness
01
The chapter offers an account of metonymy and discusses some stylistic effects which may be provided by metonymic expressions. We treat metonymically communicated concepts as part of the inferentially established proposition of an utterance and argue that many such concepts may be indeterminate. We posit that the reference of metonymic expressions is assigned through the operation of a pragmatic mechanism called contextual cognitive fix, which can be seen as an alternative to free enrichment. In line with other relevance-theoretic works, we see indeterminacy as an asset rather than deficit of communication, showing that it can be a source of stylistic effects also in the case of metonymy.
10
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JB code
ftl.8.p02
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164
98
Section header
6
01
Part 2. Concepts, procedures and discourse effects
10
01
JB code
ftl.8.03crz
69
94
26
Chapter
7
01
Chapter 3. Evidential participles and epistemic vigilance
1
A01
Manuel Padilla Cruz
Padilla Cruz, Manuel
Manuel
Padilla Cruz
Universidad de Sevilla
20
(dis)belief
20
comprehension
20
epistemic stance
20
epistemic vigilance
20
evidential participles
20
evidentiality
20
evidentials
20
propositional attitude
20
stylistic choices
01
For communicated contents to be accepted by the audience, they have to pass the filters of epistemic vigilance mechanisms, which check the credibility and reliability of communicators and the information provided. Communicators may lack adequate evidence about the information they dispense. One of the ways to indicate to the audience that they are uncertain about some information (rather than to put their reputation as reliable speakers at risk) is to use participial adjectives, such as <i>alleged</i> or <i>suspected</i>. The chapter discusses the features of such adjectives and argues that they specialise for marking the speaker’s epistemic stance towards the information communicated – a function they share with other evidentials. Unlike many other expressions denoting epistemic stance, however, they appear to be confined in their scope to the noun phrase in which they occur.
10
01
JB code
ftl.8.04cas
95
119
25
Chapter
8
01
Chapter 4. The Greek connective <i>gar</i>
Different genres, different effects?
1
A01
Sarah Casson
Casson, Sarah
Sarah
Casson
St. Mellitus College, UK/SIL International
20
argumentation
20
cognitive effect of strengthening
20
connectives
20
epistemic vigilance
20
gar
20
Koine Greek
20
narrative
20
New Testament
20
persuasion
20
procedural marker
01
Traditional accounts of the Greek connective <i>gar</i> offer an inadequate causal definition, while multiplying descriptive categories. Linguistic accounts have paid little attention to the role of <i>gar</i> in different kinds of communication. This article proposes a relevance-theoretic procedural explanation which provides a unifying cognitive explanation for <i>gar</i>’s communicative role. <i>Gar</i> indicates that the premise it introduces is relevant in relation to a previously communicated claim, which, when combined with implicit assumptions, it strengthens. This strengthening may work itself out differently in diverse kinds of communication: typically, as confirmation in argumentation, and explanation in narrative. Perceived differences in stylistic effects sometimes associated with <i>gar</i> are attributable not to multiple functions, but to recognition of differing communicator goals in narrative and argumentation.
10
01
JB code
ftl.8.05lub
121
164
44
Chapter
9
01
Chapter 5. Metarepresentation markers in Indus Kohistani
A study with special reference to the marker of desirable utterances <i>loo</i>
1
A01
Beate Lubberger
Lubberger, Beate
Beate
Lubberger
Independent researcher
20
desirable utterances
20
discourse marker
20
Indus Kohistani
20
non-attributive metarepresentation
20
procedural encoding
20
third-person imperative
01
The marker <i>loo</i>, a discourse particle of Indus Kohistani, spoken in Northern Pakistan, marks utterances that a speaker wishes her audience to convey to a third party and furthermore indicates third-person imperative. The proposed analysis uses relevance theory as framework and includes a brief look at three other Indus Kohistani discourse particles: the “hearsay” evidential <i>lee</i>, the quotative <i>karee</i>, and the complementizer <i>če</i>. The distinction made within relevance theory between utterances that represent states of affairs and utterances that metarepresent other representations (speech, thought) on one hand, and between conceptual and procedural meaning on the other hand, allows for an analysis of all four markers as procedural indicators of metarepresentation. What distinguishes them is the type of metarepresentation they mark: the particle <i>loo</i> specifically indicates non-attributive metarepresentations of desirable utterances.
10
01
JB code
ftl.8.p03
165
226
62
Section header
10
01
Part 3. Multimodality and style
10
01
JB code
ftl.8.06sco
167
192
26
Chapter
11
01
Chapter 6. When <i>
<b>EVERYTHING</b>
</i> STANDS OUT, <u>Nothing</u>
<x> </x> <b>Does</b>
Typography, expectations and procedures
1
A01
Kate Scott
Scott, Kate
Kate
Scott
Kingston University London, UK
2
A01
Rebecca Jackson
Jackson, Rebecca
Rebecca
Jackson
Independent researcher
20
contrast
20
hearer expectations
20
natural highlighting
20
orthography
20
paralinguistic information
20
procedural meaning
20
prosody
20
punctuation
20
typography
01
Writers often use typographical features such as capitalization, boldface or underlining to draw attention to particular words or phrases in a written text. In this article we use ideas from the relevance-theoretic pragmatic framework to discuss how use of typographical features may convey meaning and/or produce stylistic or literary effects in written texts. We show how typography, like prosody in spoken language, can be used intentionally to guide a reader’s interpretation. We discuss a range of examples to show how typographical features are interpreted relative to the rest of the text and relative to the cultural norms and expectations associated with a particular language and writing system.
10
01
JB code
ftl.8.07sas
193
226
34
Chapter
12
01
Chapter 7. Relevance, style and multimodality
Typographical features as stylistic devices
1
A01
Ryoko Sasamoto
Sasamoto, Ryoko
Ryoko
Sasamoto
Dublin City University, Ireland
2
A01
Minako O'Hagan
O'Hagan, Minako
Minako
O'Hagan
The University of Auckland, New Zealand
20
affect
20
eyetracking
20
Japanese TV
20
multimodality
20
pragmatic effects
20
propositional attitudes
20
style
20
telop
20
typography
20
viewer behaviour
01
Brightly coloured textual inserts, which often occupy a sizable part of the TV screen, have become a key feature in Japanese TV. This paper unpacks the contribution of such multimodal stimuli to inference, and the consequences this has for the interpretation process. Using data derived from a mixed-methods approach (i.e. eye-tracking and a multimodal content analysis), we evaluate the relationship between cognitive processing and communicative stimuli. We demonstrate how typographical features (colours and fonts) are used as highlighting stylistic devices by TV producers to manipulate the viewer comprehension process by guiding the audience to an intended interpretation. The results suggest how editorial choices regarding typographical features to trigger certain effects might be subsumed under the current view of style in relevance theory.
10
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JB code
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287
61
Section header
13
01
Part 4. Pragmatic effects and emotions
10
01
JB code
ftl.8.08lin
229
257
29
Chapter
14
01
Chapter 8. Towards a relevance-theoretic account of hate speech
1
A01
Jadwiga Linde-Usiekniewicz
Linde-Usiekniewicz, Jadwiga
Jadwiga
Linde-Usiekniewicz
University of Warsaw, Poland
20
covert and overt hate speech
20
direct and indirect hate speech
20
hate speech
20
hate speech and cognitive vigilance
20
slurs and quasi-slurs
01
Hate speech has been studied as a social, psychological and legal phenomenon in various frameworks offered by relevant disciplines, with most famous account being Judith Butler’s analysis of hate speech in terms of Austinian speech act theory. This chapter explores the possibility of applying relevance-theoretic analysis to hate speech. It argues that all kinds of hate speech, ranging from most direct to most covert, are instances of ostensive behavior that requires being processed together with some mental representations, corresponding to either intuitive or reflected beliefs about generalized inferiority of a group of people by virtue of their race, ethnicity, faith/atheism, gender, sexual orientation, sexual identity, or etc. or, their corresponding meta-representations, for greatest (tentatively optimal) relevance.
10
01
JB code
ftl.8.09sol
259
287
29
Chapter
15
01
Chapter 9. Tropes of ill repute
Puns and (often thwarted) expectations of relevance
1
A01
Agnieszka Solska
Solska, Agnieszka
Agnieszka
Solska
University of Silesia, Poland
20
ambiguity
20
figurative language
20
paronomasia
20
pun perception
20
puns
20
tropes
20
utterance interpretation
20
wordplay
01
Puns, a form of figurative language exploiting ambiguity in its many guises, tend to be regarded as a trope of lesser value. The present article explores this tainted reputation of puns in the light of the relevance-theoretic model of utterance interpretation and attributes it to the fact that like no other figure of speech they often thwart our expectations of relevance. Moreover, many of them do so boldly, conspicuously, thus making us particularly likely to take note of the emotional reactions we experience and to articulate them. The article identifies six ways in which puns may go against our expectations about verbal inputs and attempts to specify the possible negative consequences this may have for our perception of puns.
10
01
JB code
ftl.8.p05
289
350
62
Section header
16
01
Part 5. Stylistic effects in literary works
10
01
JB code
ftl.8.10uch
291
308
18
Chapter
17
01
Chapter 10. Another look at “Cat in the rain”
A cognitive pragmatic approach to text analysis
1
A01
Seiji Uchida
Uchida, Seiji
Seiji
Uchida
Nara University, Japan
20
cognitive effect
20
Gricean implicature
20
reference assignment
20
strong/weak implicature
20
tortoise shell cat
20
'twist' in literary text
01
Hemingway’s “Cat in the rain” has been discussed from various viewpoints, both by literary critics and by linguists. Among the points in dispute is the issue of whether the cat the American wife saw under the table in the rain was identical with the big tortoise-shell cat introduced in the final paragraph of the story. The chapter reconsiders the issue in terms of strong/weak implicatures in relevance theory. I argue that the interpretation that the cat the hotel owner told the maid to bring to the American wife is different from the one the wife saw is obtained as a strong implicature and that the identity of the two cats can be derived from a weak implicature. I also argue that the latter interpretation leads to an interesting implication: both cats could be the same type of a tortoise-shell cat but not identical.
10
01
JB code
ftl.8.11wal
309
326
18
Chapter
18
01
Chapter 11. Echoic irony in Philip Larkin’s poetry and its preservation in Polish translations
1
A01
Agnieszka Walczak
Walczak, Agnieszka
Agnieszka
Walczak
University of Warsaw, Poland
20
comparative study
20
echoic irony
20
meaning reversal
20
Philip Larkin
20
translation
01
This chapter deals with the implications that the relevance-theoretic account of irony might have for the interpretation of Philip Larkin’s poetry, acknowledged to be ironic by many literary critics. This is exemplified by poems <i>Church Going</i> and <i>Water.</i> In reference to the latter, the chapter also considers the impact of adopting this model on assessing translations. To illustrate this point, two Polish translations of this poem are discussed. It is argued that incorporating an analysis of echoic irony into the critique of the translations can shed light on the issue of their faithfulness to the original.
10
01
JB code
ftl.8.12cas
327
350
24
Chapter
19
01
Chapter 12. Humour and irony in George Mikes’ <i>How to be a Brit</i>
1
A01
Maria Angeles Ruiz-Moneva
Ruiz-Moneva, Maria Angeles
Maria Angeles
Ruiz-Moneva
University of Zaragoza, Spain
20
figurative language
20
George Mikes
20
How to be a Brit
20
humour
20
irony
01
Within relevance theory, and contrarily to classical formalist models, it is claimed that figurative language does not require any special processing route, other than the steps followed in the addressee’s inferential recognition of the speaker’s communicative intention made manifest through the message encoded in a certain context. The present paper sets out to analyse humour and irony as used by Mikes in <i>How to be a Brit</i> as manifestations of figurative language following a relevance-theoretic approach. It will be shown that the inferential steps followed by the addressee in coping with the message communicated by the speaker with different degrees of strength can be exploited for the expression of irony and humour.
10
01
JB code
ftl.8.ni
351
354
4
Miscellaneous
20
01
Name index
10
01
JB code
ftl.8.si
355
357
3
Miscellaneous
21
01
Subject index
02
JBENJAMINS
John Benjamins Publishing Company
01
John Benjamins Publishing Company
Amsterdam/Philadelphia
NL
04
20200520
2020
John Benjamins B.V.
02
WORLD
13
15
9789027205544
01
JB
3
John Benjamins e-Platform
03
jbe-platform.com
09
WORLD
21
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00
99.00
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R
01
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83.00
GBP
Z
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gen
00
149.00
USD
S
85026612
03
01
01
JB
John Benjamins Publishing Company
01
JB code
FTL 8 Hb
15
9789027205544
13
2020006062
BB
01
FTL
02
2405-6944
Figurative Thought and Language
8
01
Relevance Theory, Figuration, and Continuity in Pragmatics
01
ftl.8
01
https://benjamins.com
02
https://benjamins.com/catalog/ftl.8
1
B01
Agnieszka Piskorska
Piskorska, Agnieszka
Agnieszka
Piskorska
University of Warsaw
01
eng
365
vii
357
LAN009030
v.2006
CFG
2
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.DISC
Discourse studies
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.PRAG
Pragmatics
06
01
The chapters in this volume apply the methodology of relevance theory to develop accounts of various pragmatic phenomena which can be associated with the broadly conceived notion of style. Some of them are devoted to central cases of figurative language (metaphor, metonymy, puns, irony) while others deal with issues not readily associated with figurativeness (from multimodal communicative stimuli through strong and weak implicatures to discourse functions of connectives, particles and participles). Other chapters shed light on the use of specific communicative styles, ranging from hate speech to humour and humorous irony. <br />Using the relevance-theoretic toolkit to analyse a spectrum of style-related issues, this volume makes a case for the model of pragmatics founded upon inference and continuity, understood as the non-existence of sharply delineated boundaries between classes of communicative phenomena.
05
This original and entertaining series of essays uses the framework of relevance theory to offer striking new insights into the workings of figurative language and style. Why do puns have such a bad reputation? What is the meaning of “sunbeds are the new cigarettes”? How does choice of typography affect understanding? These and many more questions are illustrated with original examples from everyday conversation and literary texts, and illuminated from a variety of theoretical perspectives.
Deirdre Wilson
04
09
01
https://benjamins.com/covers/475/ftl.8.png
04
03
01
https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027205544.jpg
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27
09
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https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/ftl.8.hb.png
10
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JB code
ftl.8.ack
vii
1
Miscellaneous
1
01
Acknowledgements
10
01
JB code
ftl.8.00pis
1
22
22
Chapter
2
01
Introduction
The literal-figurative language continuum and optimally relevant interpretations
1
A01
Agnieszka Piskorska
Piskorska, Agnieszka
Agnieszka
Piskorska
University of Warsaw, Poland
10
01
JB code
ftl.8.p01
23
65
43
Section header
3
01
Part 1. Continua in non-literalness
10
01
JB code
ftl.8.01wal
25
43
19
Chapter
4
01
Chapter 1. Category extension as a variety of loose use
1
A01
Ewa Wałaszewska
Wałaszewska, Ewa
Ewa
Wałaszewska
University of Warsaw, Poland
20
broadening
20
category extension
20
lexical modulation
20
loose use
20
pragmatic routines
20
relevance theory
20
schemata
20
snowclones
01
The chapter focuses on category extension, typically illustrated by the use of salient brand names such as <i>Hoover</i> for any vacuum cleaner, and seeks to provide a comprehensive discussion of this relevance-theoretic notion. Category extension is regarded as part of the continuum of loose uses, along with approximation, hyperbole and metaphor, but, compared with the other varieties, it has not been given due attention. The chapter seeks to clarify the theoretical status of category extension, by discussing its relation to the other varieties of loose use and by analysing different cases of the phenomenon falling into two groups: limited and creative category extensions. The chapter also shows how concepts such as lexical warfare, paragons, snowclones, schemata and pragmatic routines may improve the understanding of category extension.
10
01
JB code
ftl.8.02jod
45
65
21
Chapter
5
01
Chapter 2. Metonymic relations – from determinacy to indeterminacy
1
A01
Maria Jodlowiec
Jodlowiec, Maria
Maria
Jodlowiec
Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Poland
2
A01
Agnieszka Piskorska
Piskorska, Agnieszka
Agnieszka
Piskorska
University of Warsaw, Poland
20
comprehension heuristic
20
free enrichment
20
inferential processes
20
metonymy
20
mutual parallel adjustment
20
non-lexicalized concepts
20
non-paraphrasability
20
semantic indeterminacy
20
shallow processing
20
vagueness
01
The chapter offers an account of metonymy and discusses some stylistic effects which may be provided by metonymic expressions. We treat metonymically communicated concepts as part of the inferentially established proposition of an utterance and argue that many such concepts may be indeterminate. We posit that the reference of metonymic expressions is assigned through the operation of a pragmatic mechanism called contextual cognitive fix, which can be seen as an alternative to free enrichment. In line with other relevance-theoretic works, we see indeterminacy as an asset rather than deficit of communication, showing that it can be a source of stylistic effects also in the case of metonymy.
10
01
JB code
ftl.8.p02
67
164
98
Section header
6
01
Part 2. Concepts, procedures and discourse effects
10
01
JB code
ftl.8.03crz
69
94
26
Chapter
7
01
Chapter 3. Evidential participles and epistemic vigilance
1
A01
Manuel Padilla Cruz
Padilla Cruz, Manuel
Manuel
Padilla Cruz
Universidad de Sevilla
20
(dis)belief
20
comprehension
20
epistemic stance
20
epistemic vigilance
20
evidential participles
20
evidentiality
20
evidentials
20
propositional attitude
20
stylistic choices
01
For communicated contents to be accepted by the audience, they have to pass the filters of epistemic vigilance mechanisms, which check the credibility and reliability of communicators and the information provided. Communicators may lack adequate evidence about the information they dispense. One of the ways to indicate to the audience that they are uncertain about some information (rather than to put their reputation as reliable speakers at risk) is to use participial adjectives, such as <i>alleged</i> or <i>suspected</i>. The chapter discusses the features of such adjectives and argues that they specialise for marking the speaker’s epistemic stance towards the information communicated – a function they share with other evidentials. Unlike many other expressions denoting epistemic stance, however, they appear to be confined in their scope to the noun phrase in which they occur.
10
01
JB code
ftl.8.04cas
95
119
25
Chapter
8
01
Chapter 4. The Greek connective <i>gar</i>
Different genres, different effects?
1
A01
Sarah Casson
Casson, Sarah
Sarah
Casson
St. Mellitus College, UK/SIL International
20
argumentation
20
cognitive effect of strengthening
20
connectives
20
epistemic vigilance
20
gar
20
Koine Greek
20
narrative
20
New Testament
20
persuasion
20
procedural marker
01
Traditional accounts of the Greek connective <i>gar</i> offer an inadequate causal definition, while multiplying descriptive categories. Linguistic accounts have paid little attention to the role of <i>gar</i> in different kinds of communication. This article proposes a relevance-theoretic procedural explanation which provides a unifying cognitive explanation for <i>gar</i>’s communicative role. <i>Gar</i> indicates that the premise it introduces is relevant in relation to a previously communicated claim, which, when combined with implicit assumptions, it strengthens. This strengthening may work itself out differently in diverse kinds of communication: typically, as confirmation in argumentation, and explanation in narrative. Perceived differences in stylistic effects sometimes associated with <i>gar</i> are attributable not to multiple functions, but to recognition of differing communicator goals in narrative and argumentation.
10
01
JB code
ftl.8.05lub
121
164
44
Chapter
9
01
Chapter 5. Metarepresentation markers in Indus Kohistani
A study with special reference to the marker of desirable utterances <i>loo</i>
1
A01
Beate Lubberger
Lubberger, Beate
Beate
Lubberger
Independent researcher
20
desirable utterances
20
discourse marker
20
Indus Kohistani
20
non-attributive metarepresentation
20
procedural encoding
20
third-person imperative
01
The marker <i>loo</i>, a discourse particle of Indus Kohistani, spoken in Northern Pakistan, marks utterances that a speaker wishes her audience to convey to a third party and furthermore indicates third-person imperative. The proposed analysis uses relevance theory as framework and includes a brief look at three other Indus Kohistani discourse particles: the “hearsay” evidential <i>lee</i>, the quotative <i>karee</i>, and the complementizer <i>če</i>. The distinction made within relevance theory between utterances that represent states of affairs and utterances that metarepresent other representations (speech, thought) on one hand, and between conceptual and procedural meaning on the other hand, allows for an analysis of all four markers as procedural indicators of metarepresentation. What distinguishes them is the type of metarepresentation they mark: the particle <i>loo</i> specifically indicates non-attributive metarepresentations of desirable utterances.
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Section header
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Part 3. Multimodality and style
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JB code
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192
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Chapter
11
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Chapter 6. When <i>
<b>EVERYTHING</b>
</i> STANDS OUT, <u>Nothing</u>
<x> </x> <b>Does</b>
Typography, expectations and procedures
1
A01
Kate Scott
Scott, Kate
Kate
Scott
Kingston University London, UK
2
A01
Rebecca Jackson
Jackson, Rebecca
Rebecca
Jackson
Independent researcher
20
contrast
20
hearer expectations
20
natural highlighting
20
orthography
20
paralinguistic information
20
procedural meaning
20
prosody
20
punctuation
20
typography
01
Writers often use typographical features such as capitalization, boldface or underlining to draw attention to particular words or phrases in a written text. In this article we use ideas from the relevance-theoretic pragmatic framework to discuss how use of typographical features may convey meaning and/or produce stylistic or literary effects in written texts. We show how typography, like prosody in spoken language, can be used intentionally to guide a reader’s interpretation. We discuss a range of examples to show how typographical features are interpreted relative to the rest of the text and relative to the cultural norms and expectations associated with a particular language and writing system.
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Chapter
12
01
Chapter 7. Relevance, style and multimodality
Typographical features as stylistic devices
1
A01
Ryoko Sasamoto
Sasamoto, Ryoko
Ryoko
Sasamoto
Dublin City University, Ireland
2
A01
Minako O'Hagan
O'Hagan, Minako
Minako
O'Hagan
The University of Auckland, New Zealand
20
affect
20
eyetracking
20
Japanese TV
20
multimodality
20
pragmatic effects
20
propositional attitudes
20
style
20
telop
20
typography
20
viewer behaviour
01
Brightly coloured textual inserts, which often occupy a sizable part of the TV screen, have become a key feature in Japanese TV. This paper unpacks the contribution of such multimodal stimuli to inference, and the consequences this has for the interpretation process. Using data derived from a mixed-methods approach (i.e. eye-tracking and a multimodal content analysis), we evaluate the relationship between cognitive processing and communicative stimuli. We demonstrate how typographical features (colours and fonts) are used as highlighting stylistic devices by TV producers to manipulate the viewer comprehension process by guiding the audience to an intended interpretation. The results suggest how editorial choices regarding typographical features to trigger certain effects might be subsumed under the current view of style in relevance theory.
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Section header
13
01
Part 4. Pragmatic effects and emotions
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01
JB code
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Chapter
14
01
Chapter 8. Towards a relevance-theoretic account of hate speech
1
A01
Jadwiga Linde-Usiekniewicz
Linde-Usiekniewicz, Jadwiga
Jadwiga
Linde-Usiekniewicz
University of Warsaw, Poland
20
covert and overt hate speech
20
direct and indirect hate speech
20
hate speech
20
hate speech and cognitive vigilance
20
slurs and quasi-slurs
01
Hate speech has been studied as a social, psychological and legal phenomenon in various frameworks offered by relevant disciplines, with most famous account being Judith Butler’s analysis of hate speech in terms of Austinian speech act theory. This chapter explores the possibility of applying relevance-theoretic analysis to hate speech. It argues that all kinds of hate speech, ranging from most direct to most covert, are instances of ostensive behavior that requires being processed together with some mental representations, corresponding to either intuitive or reflected beliefs about generalized inferiority of a group of people by virtue of their race, ethnicity, faith/atheism, gender, sexual orientation, sexual identity, or etc. or, their corresponding meta-representations, for greatest (tentatively optimal) relevance.
10
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JB code
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287
29
Chapter
15
01
Chapter 9. Tropes of ill repute
Puns and (often thwarted) expectations of relevance
1
A01
Agnieszka Solska
Solska, Agnieszka
Agnieszka
Solska
University of Silesia, Poland
20
ambiguity
20
figurative language
20
paronomasia
20
pun perception
20
puns
20
tropes
20
utterance interpretation
20
wordplay
01
Puns, a form of figurative language exploiting ambiguity in its many guises, tend to be regarded as a trope of lesser value. The present article explores this tainted reputation of puns in the light of the relevance-theoretic model of utterance interpretation and attributes it to the fact that like no other figure of speech they often thwart our expectations of relevance. Moreover, many of them do so boldly, conspicuously, thus making us particularly likely to take note of the emotional reactions we experience and to articulate them. The article identifies six ways in which puns may go against our expectations about verbal inputs and attempts to specify the possible negative consequences this may have for our perception of puns.
10
01
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350
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Section header
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01
Part 5. Stylistic effects in literary works
10
01
JB code
ftl.8.10uch
291
308
18
Chapter
17
01
Chapter 10. Another look at “Cat in the rain”
A cognitive pragmatic approach to text analysis
1
A01
Seiji Uchida
Uchida, Seiji
Seiji
Uchida
Nara University, Japan
20
cognitive effect
20
Gricean implicature
20
reference assignment
20
strong/weak implicature
20
tortoise shell cat
20
'twist' in literary text
01
Hemingway’s “Cat in the rain” has been discussed from various viewpoints, both by literary critics and by linguists. Among the points in dispute is the issue of whether the cat the American wife saw under the table in the rain was identical with the big tortoise-shell cat introduced in the final paragraph of the story. The chapter reconsiders the issue in terms of strong/weak implicatures in relevance theory. I argue that the interpretation that the cat the hotel owner told the maid to bring to the American wife is different from the one the wife saw is obtained as a strong implicature and that the identity of the two cats can be derived from a weak implicature. I also argue that the latter interpretation leads to an interesting implication: both cats could be the same type of a tortoise-shell cat but not identical.
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01
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326
18
Chapter
18
01
Chapter 11. Echoic irony in Philip Larkin’s poetry and its preservation in Polish translations
1
A01
Agnieszka Walczak
Walczak, Agnieszka
Agnieszka
Walczak
University of Warsaw, Poland
20
comparative study
20
echoic irony
20
meaning reversal
20
Philip Larkin
20
translation
01
This chapter deals with the implications that the relevance-theoretic account of irony might have for the interpretation of Philip Larkin’s poetry, acknowledged to be ironic by many literary critics. This is exemplified by poems <i>Church Going</i> and <i>Water.</i> In reference to the latter, the chapter also considers the impact of adopting this model on assessing translations. To illustrate this point, two Polish translations of this poem are discussed. It is argued that incorporating an analysis of echoic irony into the critique of the translations can shed light on the issue of their faithfulness to the original.
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327
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24
Chapter
19
01
Chapter 12. Humour and irony in George Mikes’ <i>How to be a Brit</i>
1
A01
Maria Angeles Ruiz-Moneva
Ruiz-Moneva, Maria Angeles
Maria Angeles
Ruiz-Moneva
University of Zaragoza, Spain
20
figurative language
20
George Mikes
20
How to be a Brit
20
humour
20
irony
01
Within relevance theory, and contrarily to classical formalist models, it is claimed that figurative language does not require any special processing route, other than the steps followed in the addressee’s inferential recognition of the speaker’s communicative intention made manifest through the message encoded in a certain context. The present paper sets out to analyse humour and irony as used by Mikes in <i>How to be a Brit</i> as manifestations of figurative language following a relevance-theoretic approach. It will be shown that the inferential steps followed by the addressee in coping with the message communicated by the speaker with different degrees of strength can be exploited for the expression of irony and humour.
10
01
JB code
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4
Miscellaneous
20
01
Name index
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01
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357
3
Miscellaneous
21
01
Subject index
02
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