947026613 03 01 01 JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code FTL 8 Eb 15 9789027261199 06 10.1075/ftl.8 13 2020006063 DG 002 02 01 FTL 02 2405-6944 Figurative Thought and Language 8 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Relevance Theory, Figuration, and Continuity in Pragmatics</TitleText> 01 ftl.8 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/ftl.8 1 B01 Agnieszka Piskorska Piskorska, Agnieszka Agnieszka Piskorska University of Warsaw 01 eng 365 vii 357 LAN009030 v.2006 CFG 2 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.DISC Discourse studies 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.PRAG Pragmatics 06 01 The chapters in this volume apply the methodology of relevance theory to develop accounts of various pragmatic phenomena which can be associated with the broadly conceived notion of style. Some of them are devoted to central cases of figurative language (metaphor, metonymy, puns, irony) while others deal with issues not readily associated with figurativeness (from multimodal communicative stimuli through strong and weak implicatures to discourse functions of connectives, particles and participles). Other chapters shed light on the use of specific communicative styles, ranging from hate speech to humour and humorous irony. <br />Using the relevance-theoretic toolkit to analyse a spectrum of style-related issues, this volume makes a case for the model of pragmatics founded upon inference and continuity, understood as the non-existence of sharply delineated boundaries between classes of communicative phenomena. 05 This original and entertaining series of essays uses the framework of relevance theory to offer striking new insights into the workings of figurative language and style. Why do puns have such a bad reputation? What is the meaning of “sunbeds are the new cigarettes”? How does choice of typography affect understanding? These and many more questions are illustrated with original examples from everyday conversation and literary texts, and illuminated from a variety of theoretical perspectives. Deirdre Wilson 04 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/ftl.8.png 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027205544.jpg 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027205544.tif 06 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/ftl.8.hb.png 07 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/ftl.8.png 25 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/ftl.8.hb.png 27 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/ftl.8.hb.png 10 01 JB code ftl.8.ack vii 1 Miscellaneous 1 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Acknowledgements</TitleText> 10 01 JB code ftl.8.00pis 1 22 22 Chapter 2 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Introduction</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">The literal-figurative language continuum and optimally relevant interpretations</Subtitle> 1 A01 Agnieszka Piskorska Piskorska, Agnieszka Agnieszka Piskorska University of Warsaw, Poland 10 01 JB code ftl.8.p01 23 65 43 Section header 3 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Part&#160;1. Continua in non-literalness</TitleText> 10 01 JB code ftl.8.01wal 25 43 19 Chapter 4 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter&#160;1. Category extension as a variety of loose use</TitleText> 1 A01 Ewa Wałaszewska Wałaszewska, Ewa Ewa Wałaszewska University of Warsaw, Poland 20 broadening 20 category extension 20 lexical modulation 20 loose use 20 pragmatic routines 20 relevance theory 20 schemata 20 snowclones 01 The chapter focuses on category extension, typically illustrated by the use of salient brand names such as <i>Hoover</i> for any vacuum cleaner, and seeks to provide a comprehensive discussion of this relevance-theoretic notion. Category extension is regarded as part of the continuum of loose uses, along with approximation, hyperbole and metaphor, but, compared with the other varieties, it has not been given due attention. The chapter seeks to clarify the theoretical status of category extension, by discussing its relation to the other varieties of loose use and by analysing different cases of the phenomenon falling into two groups: limited and creative category extensions. The chapter also shows how concepts such as lexical warfare, paragons, snowclones, schemata and pragmatic routines may improve the understanding of category extension. 10 01 JB code ftl.8.02jod 45 65 21 Chapter 5 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter&#160;2. Metonymic relations&#160;&#8211; from determinacy to indeterminacy</TitleText> 1 A01 Maria Jodlowiec Jodlowiec, Maria Maria Jodlowiec Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Poland 2 A01 Agnieszka Piskorska Piskorska, Agnieszka Agnieszka Piskorska University of Warsaw, Poland 20 comprehension heuristic 20 free enrichment 20 inferential processes 20 metonymy 20 mutual parallel adjustment 20 non-lexicalized concepts 20 non-paraphrasability 20 semantic indeterminacy 20 shallow processing 20 vagueness 01 The chapter offers an account of metonymy and discusses some stylistic effects which may be provided by metonymic expressions. We treat metonymically communicated concepts as part of the inferentially established proposition of an utterance and argue that many such concepts may be indeterminate. We posit that the reference of metonymic expressions is assigned through the operation of a pragmatic mechanism called contextual cognitive fix, which can be seen as an alternative to free enrichment. In line with other relevance-theoretic works, we see indeterminacy as an asset rather than deficit of communication, showing that it can be a source of stylistic effects also in the case of metonymy. 10 01 JB code ftl.8.p02 67 164 98 Section header 6 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Part&#160;2. Concepts, procedures and discourse effects</TitleText> 10 01 JB code ftl.8.03crz 69 94 26 Chapter 7 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter&#160;3. Evidential participles and epistemic vigilance</TitleText> 1 A01 Manuel Padilla Cruz Padilla Cruz, Manuel Manuel Padilla Cruz Universidad de Sevilla 20 (dis)belief 20 comprehension 20 epistemic stance 20 epistemic vigilance 20 evidential participles 20 evidentiality 20 evidentials 20 propositional attitude 20 stylistic choices 01 For communicated contents to be accepted by the audience, they have to pass the filters of epistemic vigilance mechanisms, which check the credibility and reliability of communicators and the information provided. Communicators may lack adequate evidence about the information they dispense. One of the ways to indicate to the audience that they are uncertain about some information (rather than to put their reputation as reliable speakers at risk) is to use participial adjectives, such as <i>alleged</i> or <i>suspected</i>. The chapter discusses the features of such adjectives and argues that they specialise for marking the speaker&#8217;s epistemic stance towards the information communicated &#8211; a function they share with other evidentials. Unlike many other expressions denoting epistemic stance, however, they appear to be confined in their scope to the noun phrase in which they occur. 10 01 JB code ftl.8.04cas 95 119 25 Chapter 8 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter&#160;4. The Greek connective <i>gar</i></TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Different genres, different effects?</Subtitle> 1 A01 Sarah Casson Casson, Sarah Sarah Casson St. Mellitus College, UK/SIL International 20 argumentation 20 cognitive effect of strengthening 20 connectives 20 epistemic vigilance 20 gar 20 Koine Greek 20 narrative 20 New Testament 20 persuasion 20 procedural marker 01 Traditional accounts of the Greek connective <i>gar</i> offer an inadequate causal definition, while multiplying descriptive categories. Linguistic accounts have paid little attention to the role of <i>gar</i> in different kinds of communication. This article proposes a relevance-theoretic procedural explanation which provides a unifying cognitive explanation for <i>gar</i>&#8217;s communicative role. <i>Gar</i> indicates that the premise it introduces is relevant in relation to a previously communicated claim, which, when combined with implicit assumptions, it strengthens. This strengthening may work itself out differently in diverse kinds of communication: typically, as confirmation in argumentation, and explanation in narrative. Perceived differences in stylistic effects sometimes associated with <i>gar</i> are attributable not to multiple functions, but to recognition of differing communicator goals in narrative and argumentation. 10 01 JB code ftl.8.05lub 121 164 44 Chapter 9 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter&#160;5. Metarepresentation markers in Indus Kohistani</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">A study with special reference to the marker of desirable utterances <i>loo</i></Subtitle> 1 A01 Beate Lubberger Lubberger, Beate Beate Lubberger Independent researcher 20 desirable utterances 20 discourse marker 20 Indus Kohistani 20 non-attributive metarepresentation 20 procedural encoding 20 third-person imperative 01 The marker <i>loo</i>, a discourse particle of Indus Kohistani, spoken in Northern Pakistan, marks utterances that a speaker wishes her audience to convey to a third party and furthermore indicates third-person imperative. The proposed analysis uses relevance theory as framework and includes a brief look at three other Indus Kohistani discourse particles: the &#8220;hearsay&#8221; evidential <i>lee</i>, the quotative <i>karee</i>, and the complementizer <i>&#269;e</i>. The distinction made within relevance theory between utterances that represent states of affairs and utterances that metarepresent other representations (speech, thought) on one hand, and between conceptual and procedural meaning on the other hand, allows for an analysis of all four markers as procedural indicators of metarepresentation. What distinguishes them is the type of metarepresentation they mark: the particle <i>loo</i> specifically indicates non-attributive metarepresentations of desirable utterances. 10 01 JB code ftl.8.p03 165 226 62 Section header 10 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Part&#160;3. Multimodality and style</TitleText> 10 01 JB code ftl.8.06sco 167 192 26 Chapter 11 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter&#160;6. When <i> <b>EVERYTHING</b> </i> STANDS OUT, <u>Nothing</u> <x> </x> <b>Does</b></TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Typography, expectations and procedures</Subtitle> 1 A01 Kate Scott Scott, Kate Kate Scott Kingston University London, UK 2 A01 Rebecca Jackson Jackson, Rebecca Rebecca Jackson Independent researcher 20 contrast 20 hearer expectations 20 natural highlighting 20 orthography 20 paralinguistic information 20 procedural meaning 20 prosody 20 punctuation 20 typography 01 Writers often use typographical features such as capitalization, boldface or underlining to draw attention to particular words or phrases in a written text. In this article we use ideas from the relevance-theoretic pragmatic framework to discuss how use of typographical features may convey meaning and/or produce stylistic or literary effects in written texts. We show how typography, like prosody in spoken language, can be used intentionally to guide a reader&#8217;s interpretation. We discuss a range of examples to show how typographical features are interpreted relative to the rest of the text and relative to the cultural norms and expectations associated with a particular language and writing system. 10 01 JB code ftl.8.07sas 193 226 34 Chapter 12 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter&#160;7. Relevance, style and multimodality</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Typographical features as stylistic devices</Subtitle> 1 A01 Ryoko Sasamoto Sasamoto, Ryoko Ryoko Sasamoto Dublin City University, Ireland 2 A01 Minako O'Hagan O'Hagan, Minako Minako O'Hagan The University of Auckland, New Zealand 20 affect 20 eyetracking 20 Japanese TV 20 multimodality 20 pragmatic effects 20 propositional attitudes 20 style 20 telop 20 typography 20 viewer behaviour 01 Brightly coloured textual inserts, which often occupy a sizable part of the TV screen, have become a key feature in Japanese TV. This paper unpacks the contribution of such multimodal stimuli to inference, and the consequences this has for the interpretation process. Using data derived from a mixed-methods approach (i.e. eye-tracking and a multimodal content analysis), we evaluate the relationship between cognitive processing and communicative stimuli. We demonstrate how typographical features (colours and fonts) are used as highlighting stylistic devices by TV producers to manipulate the viewer comprehension process by guiding the audience to an intended interpretation. The results suggest how editorial choices regarding typographical features to trigger certain effects might be subsumed under the current view of style in relevance theory. 10 01 JB code ftl.8.p04 227 287 61 Section header 13 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Part&#160;4. Pragmatic effects and emotions</TitleText> 10 01 JB code ftl.8.08lin 229 257 29 Chapter 14 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter&#160;8. Towards a relevance-theoretic account of hate speech</TitleText> 1 A01 Jadwiga Linde-Usiekniewicz Linde-Usiekniewicz, Jadwiga Jadwiga Linde-Usiekniewicz University of Warsaw, Poland 20 covert and overt hate speech 20 direct and indirect hate speech 20 hate speech 20 hate speech and cognitive vigilance 20 slurs and quasi-slurs 01 Hate speech has been studied as a social, psychological and legal phenomenon in various frameworks offered by relevant disciplines, with most famous account being Judith Butler&#8217;s analysis of hate speech in terms of Austinian speech act theory. This chapter explores the possibility of applying relevance-theoretic analysis to hate speech. It argues that all kinds of hate speech, ranging from most direct to most covert, are instances of ostensive behavior that requires being processed together with some mental representations, corresponding to either intuitive or reflected beliefs about generalized inferiority of a group of people by virtue of their race, ethnicity, faith/atheism, gender, sexual orientation, sexual identity, or etc. or, their corresponding meta-representations, for greatest (tentatively optimal) relevance. 10 01 JB code ftl.8.09sol 259 287 29 Chapter 15 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter&#160;9. Tropes of ill repute</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Puns and (often thwarted) expectations of relevance</Subtitle> 1 A01 Agnieszka Solska Solska, Agnieszka Agnieszka Solska University of Silesia, Poland 20 ambiguity 20 figurative language 20 paronomasia 20 pun perception 20 puns 20 tropes 20 utterance interpretation 20 wordplay 01 Puns, a form of figurative language exploiting ambiguity in its many guises, tend to be regarded as a trope of lesser value. The present article explores this tainted reputation of puns in the light of the relevance-theoretic model of utterance interpretation and attributes it to the fact that like no other figure of speech they often thwart our expectations of relevance. Moreover, many of them do so boldly, conspicuously, thus making us particularly likely to take note of the emotional reactions we experience and to articulate them. The article identifies six ways in which puns may go against our expectations about verbal inputs and attempts to specify the possible negative consequences this may have for our perception of puns. 10 01 JB code ftl.8.p05 289 350 62 Section header 16 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Part&#160;5. Stylistic effects in literary works</TitleText> 10 01 JB code ftl.8.10uch 291 308 18 Chapter 17 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter&#160;10. Another look at &#8220;Cat in the rain&#8221;</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">A cognitive pragmatic approach to text analysis</Subtitle> 1 A01 Seiji Uchida Uchida, Seiji Seiji Uchida Nara University, Japan 20 cognitive effect 20 Gricean implicature 20 reference assignment 20 strong/weak implicature 20 tortoise shell cat 20 'twist' in literary text 01 Hemingway&#8217;s &#8220;Cat in the rain&#8221; has been discussed from various viewpoints, both by literary critics and by linguists. Among the points in dispute is the issue of whether the cat the American wife saw under the table in the rain was identical with the big tortoise-shell cat introduced in the final paragraph of the story. The chapter reconsiders the issue in terms of strong/weak implicatures in relevance theory. I argue that the interpretation that the cat the hotel owner told the maid to bring to the American wife is different from the one the wife saw is obtained as a strong implicature and that the identity of the two cats can be derived from a weak implicature. I also argue that the latter interpretation leads to an interesting implication: both cats could be the same type of a tortoise-shell cat but not identical. 10 01 JB code ftl.8.11wal 309 326 18 Chapter 18 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter&#160;11. Echoic irony in Philip Larkin&#8217;s poetry and its preservation in Polish translations</TitleText> 1 A01 Agnieszka Walczak Walczak, Agnieszka Agnieszka Walczak University of Warsaw, Poland 20 comparative study 20 echoic irony 20 meaning reversal 20 Philip Larkin 20 translation 01 This chapter deals with the implications that the relevance-theoretic account of irony might have for the interpretation of Philip Larkin&#8217;s poetry, acknowledged to be ironic by many literary critics. This is exemplified by poems <i>Church Going</i> and <i>Water.</i> In reference to the latter, the chapter also considers the impact of adopting this model on assessing translations. To illustrate this point, two Polish translations of this poem are discussed. It is argued that incorporating an analysis of echoic irony into the critique of the translations can shed light on the issue of their faithfulness to the original. 10 01 JB code ftl.8.12cas 327 350 24 Chapter 19 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter&#160;12. Humour and irony in George Mikes&#8217; <i>How to be a Brit</i></TitleText> 1 A01 Maria Angeles Ruiz-Moneva Ruiz-Moneva, Maria Angeles Maria Angeles Ruiz-Moneva University of Zaragoza, Spain 20 figurative language 20 George Mikes 20 How to be a Brit 20 humour 20 irony 01 Within relevance theory, and contrarily to classical formalist models, it is claimed that figurative language does not require any special processing route, other than the steps followed in the addressee&#8217;s inferential recognition of the speaker&#8217;s communicative intention made manifest through the message encoded in a certain context. The present paper sets out to analyse humour and irony as used by Mikes in <i>How to be a Brit</i> as manifestations of figurative language following a relevance-theoretic approach. It will be shown that the inferential steps followed by the addressee in coping with the message communicated by the speaker with different degrees of strength can be exploited for the expression of irony and humour. 10 01 JB code ftl.8.ni 351 354 4 Miscellaneous 20 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Name index</TitleText> 10 01 JB code ftl.8.si 355 357 3 Miscellaneous 21 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Subject index</TitleText> 02 JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam/Philadelphia NL 04 20200520 2020 John Benjamins B.V. 02 WORLD 13 15 9789027205544 01 JB 3 John Benjamins e-Platform 03 jbe-platform.com 09 WORLD 21 01 00 99.00 EUR R 01 00 83.00 GBP Z 01 gen 00 149.00 USD S 85026612 03 01 01 JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code FTL 8 Hb 15 9789027205544 13 2020006062 BB 01 FTL 02 2405-6944 Figurative Thought and Language 8 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Relevance Theory, Figuration, and Continuity in Pragmatics</TitleText> 01 ftl.8 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/ftl.8 1 B01 Agnieszka Piskorska Piskorska, Agnieszka Agnieszka Piskorska University of Warsaw 01 eng 365 vii 357 LAN009030 v.2006 CFG 2 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.DISC Discourse studies 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.PRAG Pragmatics 06 01 The chapters in this volume apply the methodology of relevance theory to develop accounts of various pragmatic phenomena which can be associated with the broadly conceived notion of style. Some of them are devoted to central cases of figurative language (metaphor, metonymy, puns, irony) while others deal with issues not readily associated with figurativeness (from multimodal communicative stimuli through strong and weak implicatures to discourse functions of connectives, particles and participles). Other chapters shed light on the use of specific communicative styles, ranging from hate speech to humour and humorous irony. <br />Using the relevance-theoretic toolkit to analyse a spectrum of style-related issues, this volume makes a case for the model of pragmatics founded upon inference and continuity, understood as the non-existence of sharply delineated boundaries between classes of communicative phenomena. 05 This original and entertaining series of essays uses the framework of relevance theory to offer striking new insights into the workings of figurative language and style. Why do puns have such a bad reputation? What is the meaning of “sunbeds are the new cigarettes”? How does choice of typography affect understanding? These and many more questions are illustrated with original examples from everyday conversation and literary texts, and illuminated from a variety of theoretical perspectives. Deirdre Wilson 04 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/ftl.8.png 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027205544.jpg 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027205544.tif 06 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/ftl.8.hb.png 07 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/ftl.8.png 25 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/ftl.8.hb.png 27 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/ftl.8.hb.png 10 01 JB code ftl.8.ack vii 1 Miscellaneous 1 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Acknowledgements</TitleText> 10 01 JB code ftl.8.00pis 1 22 22 Chapter 2 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Introduction</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">The literal-figurative language continuum and optimally relevant interpretations</Subtitle> 1 A01 Agnieszka Piskorska Piskorska, Agnieszka Agnieszka Piskorska University of Warsaw, Poland 10 01 JB code ftl.8.p01 23 65 43 Section header 3 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Part&#160;1. Continua in non-literalness</TitleText> 10 01 JB code ftl.8.01wal 25 43 19 Chapter 4 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter&#160;1. Category extension as a variety of loose use</TitleText> 1 A01 Ewa Wałaszewska Wałaszewska, Ewa Ewa Wałaszewska University of Warsaw, Poland 20 broadening 20 category extension 20 lexical modulation 20 loose use 20 pragmatic routines 20 relevance theory 20 schemata 20 snowclones 01 The chapter focuses on category extension, typically illustrated by the use of salient brand names such as <i>Hoover</i> for any vacuum cleaner, and seeks to provide a comprehensive discussion of this relevance-theoretic notion. Category extension is regarded as part of the continuum of loose uses, along with approximation, hyperbole and metaphor, but, compared with the other varieties, it has not been given due attention. The chapter seeks to clarify the theoretical status of category extension, by discussing its relation to the other varieties of loose use and by analysing different cases of the phenomenon falling into two groups: limited and creative category extensions. The chapter also shows how concepts such as lexical warfare, paragons, snowclones, schemata and pragmatic routines may improve the understanding of category extension. 10 01 JB code ftl.8.02jod 45 65 21 Chapter 5 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter&#160;2. Metonymic relations&#160;&#8211; from determinacy to indeterminacy</TitleText> 1 A01 Maria Jodlowiec Jodlowiec, Maria Maria Jodlowiec Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Poland 2 A01 Agnieszka Piskorska Piskorska, Agnieszka Agnieszka Piskorska University of Warsaw, Poland 20 comprehension heuristic 20 free enrichment 20 inferential processes 20 metonymy 20 mutual parallel adjustment 20 non-lexicalized concepts 20 non-paraphrasability 20 semantic indeterminacy 20 shallow processing 20 vagueness 01 The chapter offers an account of metonymy and discusses some stylistic effects which may be provided by metonymic expressions. We treat metonymically communicated concepts as part of the inferentially established proposition of an utterance and argue that many such concepts may be indeterminate. We posit that the reference of metonymic expressions is assigned through the operation of a pragmatic mechanism called contextual cognitive fix, which can be seen as an alternative to free enrichment. In line with other relevance-theoretic works, we see indeterminacy as an asset rather than deficit of communication, showing that it can be a source of stylistic effects also in the case of metonymy. 10 01 JB code ftl.8.p02 67 164 98 Section header 6 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Part&#160;2. Concepts, procedures and discourse effects</TitleText> 10 01 JB code ftl.8.03crz 69 94 26 Chapter 7 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter&#160;3. Evidential participles and epistemic vigilance</TitleText> 1 A01 Manuel Padilla Cruz Padilla Cruz, Manuel Manuel Padilla Cruz Universidad de Sevilla 20 (dis)belief 20 comprehension 20 epistemic stance 20 epistemic vigilance 20 evidential participles 20 evidentiality 20 evidentials 20 propositional attitude 20 stylistic choices 01 For communicated contents to be accepted by the audience, they have to pass the filters of epistemic vigilance mechanisms, which check the credibility and reliability of communicators and the information provided. Communicators may lack adequate evidence about the information they dispense. One of the ways to indicate to the audience that they are uncertain about some information (rather than to put their reputation as reliable speakers at risk) is to use participial adjectives, such as <i>alleged</i> or <i>suspected</i>. The chapter discusses the features of such adjectives and argues that they specialise for marking the speaker&#8217;s epistemic stance towards the information communicated &#8211; a function they share with other evidentials. Unlike many other expressions denoting epistemic stance, however, they appear to be confined in their scope to the noun phrase in which they occur. 10 01 JB code ftl.8.04cas 95 119 25 Chapter 8 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter&#160;4. The Greek connective <i>gar</i></TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Different genres, different effects?</Subtitle> 1 A01 Sarah Casson Casson, Sarah Sarah Casson St. Mellitus College, UK/SIL International 20 argumentation 20 cognitive effect of strengthening 20 connectives 20 epistemic vigilance 20 gar 20 Koine Greek 20 narrative 20 New Testament 20 persuasion 20 procedural marker 01 Traditional accounts of the Greek connective <i>gar</i> offer an inadequate causal definition, while multiplying descriptive categories. Linguistic accounts have paid little attention to the role of <i>gar</i> in different kinds of communication. This article proposes a relevance-theoretic procedural explanation which provides a unifying cognitive explanation for <i>gar</i>&#8217;s communicative role. <i>Gar</i> indicates that the premise it introduces is relevant in relation to a previously communicated claim, which, when combined with implicit assumptions, it strengthens. This strengthening may work itself out differently in diverse kinds of communication: typically, as confirmation in argumentation, and explanation in narrative. Perceived differences in stylistic effects sometimes associated with <i>gar</i> are attributable not to multiple functions, but to recognition of differing communicator goals in narrative and argumentation. 10 01 JB code ftl.8.05lub 121 164 44 Chapter 9 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter&#160;5. Metarepresentation markers in Indus Kohistani</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">A study with special reference to the marker of desirable utterances <i>loo</i></Subtitle> 1 A01 Beate Lubberger Lubberger, Beate Beate Lubberger Independent researcher 20 desirable utterances 20 discourse marker 20 Indus Kohistani 20 non-attributive metarepresentation 20 procedural encoding 20 third-person imperative 01 The marker <i>loo</i>, a discourse particle of Indus Kohistani, spoken in Northern Pakistan, marks utterances that a speaker wishes her audience to convey to a third party and furthermore indicates third-person imperative. The proposed analysis uses relevance theory as framework and includes a brief look at three other Indus Kohistani discourse particles: the &#8220;hearsay&#8221; evidential <i>lee</i>, the quotative <i>karee</i>, and the complementizer <i>&#269;e</i>. The distinction made within relevance theory between utterances that represent states of affairs and utterances that metarepresent other representations (speech, thought) on one hand, and between conceptual and procedural meaning on the other hand, allows for an analysis of all four markers as procedural indicators of metarepresentation. What distinguishes them is the type of metarepresentation they mark: the particle <i>loo</i> specifically indicates non-attributive metarepresentations of desirable utterances. 10 01 JB code ftl.8.p03 165 226 62 Section header 10 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Part&#160;3. Multimodality and style</TitleText> 10 01 JB code ftl.8.06sco 167 192 26 Chapter 11 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter&#160;6. When <i> <b>EVERYTHING</b> </i> STANDS OUT, <u>Nothing</u> <x> </x> <b>Does</b></TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Typography, expectations and procedures</Subtitle> 1 A01 Kate Scott Scott, Kate Kate Scott Kingston University London, UK 2 A01 Rebecca Jackson Jackson, Rebecca Rebecca Jackson Independent researcher 20 contrast 20 hearer expectations 20 natural highlighting 20 orthography 20 paralinguistic information 20 procedural meaning 20 prosody 20 punctuation 20 typography 01 Writers often use typographical features such as capitalization, boldface or underlining to draw attention to particular words or phrases in a written text. In this article we use ideas from the relevance-theoretic pragmatic framework to discuss how use of typographical features may convey meaning and/or produce stylistic or literary effects in written texts. We show how typography, like prosody in spoken language, can be used intentionally to guide a reader&#8217;s interpretation. We discuss a range of examples to show how typographical features are interpreted relative to the rest of the text and relative to the cultural norms and expectations associated with a particular language and writing system. 10 01 JB code ftl.8.07sas 193 226 34 Chapter 12 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter&#160;7. Relevance, style and multimodality</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Typographical features as stylistic devices</Subtitle> 1 A01 Ryoko Sasamoto Sasamoto, Ryoko Ryoko Sasamoto Dublin City University, Ireland 2 A01 Minako O'Hagan O'Hagan, Minako Minako O'Hagan The University of Auckland, New Zealand 20 affect 20 eyetracking 20 Japanese TV 20 multimodality 20 pragmatic effects 20 propositional attitudes 20 style 20 telop 20 typography 20 viewer behaviour 01 Brightly coloured textual inserts, which often occupy a sizable part of the TV screen, have become a key feature in Japanese TV. This paper unpacks the contribution of such multimodal stimuli to inference, and the consequences this has for the interpretation process. Using data derived from a mixed-methods approach (i.e. eye-tracking and a multimodal content analysis), we evaluate the relationship between cognitive processing and communicative stimuli. We demonstrate how typographical features (colours and fonts) are used as highlighting stylistic devices by TV producers to manipulate the viewer comprehension process by guiding the audience to an intended interpretation. The results suggest how editorial choices regarding typographical features to trigger certain effects might be subsumed under the current view of style in relevance theory. 10 01 JB code ftl.8.p04 227 287 61 Section header 13 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Part&#160;4. Pragmatic effects and emotions</TitleText> 10 01 JB code ftl.8.08lin 229 257 29 Chapter 14 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter&#160;8. Towards a relevance-theoretic account of hate speech</TitleText> 1 A01 Jadwiga Linde-Usiekniewicz Linde-Usiekniewicz, Jadwiga Jadwiga Linde-Usiekniewicz University of Warsaw, Poland 20 covert and overt hate speech 20 direct and indirect hate speech 20 hate speech 20 hate speech and cognitive vigilance 20 slurs and quasi-slurs 01 Hate speech has been studied as a social, psychological and legal phenomenon in various frameworks offered by relevant disciplines, with most famous account being Judith Butler&#8217;s analysis of hate speech in terms of Austinian speech act theory. This chapter explores the possibility of applying relevance-theoretic analysis to hate speech. It argues that all kinds of hate speech, ranging from most direct to most covert, are instances of ostensive behavior that requires being processed together with some mental representations, corresponding to either intuitive or reflected beliefs about generalized inferiority of a group of people by virtue of their race, ethnicity, faith/atheism, gender, sexual orientation, sexual identity, or etc. or, their corresponding meta-representations, for greatest (tentatively optimal) relevance. 10 01 JB code ftl.8.09sol 259 287 29 Chapter 15 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter&#160;9. Tropes of ill repute</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Puns and (often thwarted) expectations of relevance</Subtitle> 1 A01 Agnieszka Solska Solska, Agnieszka Agnieszka Solska University of Silesia, Poland 20 ambiguity 20 figurative language 20 paronomasia 20 pun perception 20 puns 20 tropes 20 utterance interpretation 20 wordplay 01 Puns, a form of figurative language exploiting ambiguity in its many guises, tend to be regarded as a trope of lesser value. The present article explores this tainted reputation of puns in the light of the relevance-theoretic model of utterance interpretation and attributes it to the fact that like no other figure of speech they often thwart our expectations of relevance. Moreover, many of them do so boldly, conspicuously, thus making us particularly likely to take note of the emotional reactions we experience and to articulate them. The article identifies six ways in which puns may go against our expectations about verbal inputs and attempts to specify the possible negative consequences this may have for our perception of puns. 10 01 JB code ftl.8.p05 289 350 62 Section header 16 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Part&#160;5. Stylistic effects in literary works</TitleText> 10 01 JB code ftl.8.10uch 291 308 18 Chapter 17 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter&#160;10. Another look at &#8220;Cat in the rain&#8221;</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">A cognitive pragmatic approach to text analysis</Subtitle> 1 A01 Seiji Uchida Uchida, Seiji Seiji Uchida Nara University, Japan 20 cognitive effect 20 Gricean implicature 20 reference assignment 20 strong/weak implicature 20 tortoise shell cat 20 'twist' in literary text 01 Hemingway&#8217;s &#8220;Cat in the rain&#8221; has been discussed from various viewpoints, both by literary critics and by linguists. Among the points in dispute is the issue of whether the cat the American wife saw under the table in the rain was identical with the big tortoise-shell cat introduced in the final paragraph of the story. The chapter reconsiders the issue in terms of strong/weak implicatures in relevance theory. I argue that the interpretation that the cat the hotel owner told the maid to bring to the American wife is different from the one the wife saw is obtained as a strong implicature and that the identity of the two cats can be derived from a weak implicature. I also argue that the latter interpretation leads to an interesting implication: both cats could be the same type of a tortoise-shell cat but not identical. 10 01 JB code ftl.8.11wal 309 326 18 Chapter 18 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter&#160;11. Echoic irony in Philip Larkin&#8217;s poetry and its preservation in Polish translations</TitleText> 1 A01 Agnieszka Walczak Walczak, Agnieszka Agnieszka Walczak University of Warsaw, Poland 20 comparative study 20 echoic irony 20 meaning reversal 20 Philip Larkin 20 translation 01 This chapter deals with the implications that the relevance-theoretic account of irony might have for the interpretation of Philip Larkin&#8217;s poetry, acknowledged to be ironic by many literary critics. This is exemplified by poems <i>Church Going</i> and <i>Water.</i> In reference to the latter, the chapter also considers the impact of adopting this model on assessing translations. To illustrate this point, two Polish translations of this poem are discussed. It is argued that incorporating an analysis of echoic irony into the critique of the translations can shed light on the issue of their faithfulness to the original. 10 01 JB code ftl.8.12cas 327 350 24 Chapter 19 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter&#160;12. Humour and irony in George Mikes&#8217; <i>How to be a Brit</i></TitleText> 1 A01 Maria Angeles Ruiz-Moneva Ruiz-Moneva, Maria Angeles Maria Angeles Ruiz-Moneva University of Zaragoza, Spain 20 figurative language 20 George Mikes 20 How to be a Brit 20 humour 20 irony 01 Within relevance theory, and contrarily to classical formalist models, it is claimed that figurative language does not require any special processing route, other than the steps followed in the addressee&#8217;s inferential recognition of the speaker&#8217;s communicative intention made manifest through the message encoded in a certain context. The present paper sets out to analyse humour and irony as used by Mikes in <i>How to be a Brit</i> as manifestations of figurative language following a relevance-theoretic approach. It will be shown that the inferential steps followed by the addressee in coping with the message communicated by the speaker with different degrees of strength can be exploited for the expression of irony and humour. 10 01 JB code ftl.8.ni 351 354 4 Miscellaneous 20 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Name index</TitleText> 10 01 JB code ftl.8.si 355 357 3 Miscellaneous 21 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Subject index</TitleText> 02 JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam/Philadelphia NL 04 20200520 2020 John Benjamins B.V. 02 WORLD 08 800 gr 01 JB 1 John Benjamins Publishing Company +31 20 6304747 +31 20 6739773 bookorder@benjamins.nl 01 https://benjamins.com 01 WORLD US CA MX 21 79 18 01 02 JB 1 00 99.00 EUR R 02 02 JB 1 00 104.94 EUR R 01 JB 10 bebc +44 1202 712 934 +44 1202 712 913 sales@bebc.co.uk 03 GB 21 18 02 02 JB 1 00 83.00 GBP Z 01 JB 2 John Benjamins North America +1 800 562-5666 +1 703 661-1501 benjamins@presswarehouse.com 01 https://benjamins.com 01 US CA MX 21 1 18 01 gen 02 JB 1 00 149.00 USD