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John Benjamins Publishing Company
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Figurative Thought and Language
9
01
Figurative Meaning Construction in Thought and Language
01
ftl.9
01
https://benjamins.com
02
https://benjamins.com/catalog/ftl.9
1
B01
Annalisa Baicchi
Baicchi, Annalisa
Annalisa
Baicchi
University of Genoa
01
eng
319
vii
311
LAN009000
v.2006
CF
2
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.COGN
Cognition and language
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.SYNTAX
Syntax
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.THEOR
Theoretical linguistics
06
01
This volume brings together twelve usage-based studies conducted by leading researchers in language and cognition that explore core issues of figurativeness from the Cognitive Linguistics perspective. <br />The individual chapters reveal the central function of figurativeness in thought and its impact on language. Cognition relies on knowledge-structuring tools in the construction of meaning both mentally and linguistically. Collectively, the chapters delve into an array of topics that are crucial to future research in figurative meaning construction, especially on questions of identification and structure of figures, the figurative motivation of constructions, the impact of figurativeness on pragmatic and multimodal communication, and the correlation between figures and cognitive models.
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Miscellaneous
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Foreword and acknowledgements
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Chapter
2
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Figurativeness all the way down
By way of introduction
1
A01
Annalisa Baicchi
Baicchi, Annalisa
Annalisa
Baicchi
University of Genoa
10
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JB code
ftl.9.p1
14
88
75
Section header
3
01
Part I. Figurativeness and theory
Addition, identification and structure
10
01
JB code
ftl.9.01bar
13
44
32
Chapter
4
01
Metaphor thoughtfully
1
A01
John Barnden
Barnden, John
John
Barnden
University of Birmingham
20
bidirectionality
20
fictionalism
20
mental representation
20
metaphor in thought
20
metaphorical mappings
01
Some Cognitive Linguistic theorizing and related psychological experimentation points to the active use of metaphorical, source/target relationships (mappings) in the mind even when external metaphorical communications are absent. However, some ramifications of this need attention. This article explores how people might mentally <i>add metaphor</i> while understanding discourse, i.e., mentally couch their understanding in metaphorical terms not used by the discourse itself. This could even involve giving a literal sentence a metaphorical understanding. Metaphor addition is suggested by psychological evidence of bidirectionality in metaphor, where there is not only the normal, “forwards” transfer of information from source to target but also “reverse” transfer. In a different vein, the article deepens the author’s previous <i>Anti-Analogy-Extension Thesis</i> whereby source-domain items that are not mapped into the target can nevertheless be crucial in indirectly illuminating the target, and therefore arguably crucial in representing it. This results in an unusually holistic and fictionalist view of mental representation.
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Chapter
5
01
Separating (non-)figurative weeds from wheat
1
A01
Mario Brdar
Brdar, Mario
Mario
Brdar
University of Osijek
2
A01
Rita Brdar-Szabó
Brdar-Szabó, Rita
Rita
Brdar-Szabó
ELTE, Budapest
3
A01
Benedikt Perak
Perak, Benedikt
Benedikt
Perak
University of Rijeka
20
figurative expression
20
literal expression
20
metaphor recognition
20
metonymy
01
While approaches developed to recognize figurative expressions in discourse widely differ with respect to their formalization, most of them aim for the identification of the figurativeness as directly as possible. There is, however, another promising starting point – to turn our back to figurative wheat and attend to non-figurative weeds first, identifying and subsequently eliminating them from further consideration. On the basis of a methodological exercise consisting of several small-scale case studies involving English and Croatian material, we claim that by approaching metaphors in a negative way we can achieve a high success rate while using considerably leaner tools. We also show that the situation with conceptual metonymies seems to be very different, i.e. searching for literal uses first and then for metonymic ones, does not lead to the same success.
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Chapter
6
01
A multi-level view of metaphor and some of its advantages
A
multi-level view of metaphor and some of its advantages
1
A01
Zoltán Kövecses
Kövecses, Zoltán
Zoltán
Kövecses
Eötvös Loránd University
20
conceptual metaphors
20
domain
20
frame
20
image schema
20
mental space
01
This chapter focuses on the way in which we think about our conceptual system and puts forward a number of questions related to its essential structures in terms of their schematicity. It is proposed that image schemas, domains, frames and mental spaces are interconnected in metaphorical conceptualization. A detailed analysis of the source domain of <sc>building</sc> is carried out in order to pin down the kind of distinctions that we may postulate regarding its operation with a view to depicting the functioning of the system. The multi-layered view of metaphor is advanced, which can accommodate many aspects of metaphor and account for a number of metaphor-related phenomena in a unified manner.
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184
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Section header
7
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Part II. Figurativeness and constructions
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106
16
Chapter
8
01
Intensification via figurative language
1
A01
Angeliki Athanasiadou
Athanasiadou, Angeliki
Angeliki
Athanasiadou
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
20
constructional patterns
20
figuration
20
figurative processes
20
incongruity
20
intensification
20
lexicogrammar
20
opposition
01
Figurative language, generally speaking, involves intended meaning; it is employed in order to communicate something beyond the very meaning of the elements of a construction. This is largely accomplished by the incongruence of domains, scripts, frames or entities that participate in the conceptualization and the expression of figuration. Irony, simile, metaphor, hyperbole, or metonymy are witnessed to come to the surface, depending on the degree of incongruity between sources and targets. Each figurative process highlights different degrees of intensification. Intensification seems also to be due not only to the type of figure but to two additional parameters as well: the evocation of more than one figure and the special constructional patterns of the usage involved.
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128
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Chapter
9
01
<i>Falling to one’s death</i> in multiple landscapes
From blending to typology
1
A01
Cristiano Broccias
Broccias, Cristiano
Cristiano
Broccias
Università di Genova (Italy)
20
blending
20
metonymy
20
resultative
20
satellite-framed language
20
Unique Path Constraint
20
verb-framed language
01
This paper discusses whether <i>He fell to his death</i> is a possible counterexample to Goldberg’s (1995) Unique Path Constraint, which bans simultaneous motion in multiple landscapes in caused motion/resultative constructions. On the face of it, <i>He fell to his death</i> involves the blending of motion in a physical landscape (as hinted at by <i>fell</i>) and motion in a metaphorical landscape (dying is conceptualised as telic motion). A possible solution to this apparent violation is the claim that <i>He fell to his death</i> is not an instance of the resultative construction and/or that <i>to his death</i> is metonymic for the place where one is presumed to have died. This paper argues that neither option is feasible: the example at hand instantiates the resultative construction and metonymy is not relevant. Instead, our ability for blending intimately connected facets of a complex event and the satellite-framed nature of English are held to be decisive factors for the licensing of the example under discussion.
10
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129
150
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Chapter
10
01
Metaphorical adjective-noun phrases in German journalese
1
A01
Sabine De Knop
De Knop, Sabine
Sabine
De Knop
Université Saint-Louis
20
adjective-noun
20
German
20
journalese
20
metaphorical
20
nominal phrase
01
The study explores metaphorical adjective-noun phrases (ANPs) and describes the semantics behind the polysemous structure of ANPs. The data for the research have been collected in German newspapers. The whole ANP-construction provides an overall figurative frame and tends to influence the metaphorical use of the adjective in that construction. As the study shows the same syntactic structure can refer to different metaphorical or literal predications. The role of the context is also discussed as well as the nature of the adjective in the ANP.
10
01
JB code
ftl.9.07gon
151
184
34
Chapter
11
01
Metonymy meets coercion
The case of the intensification of nouns in attributive and predicative constructions in Spanish
1
A01
Francisco Gonzálvez-García
Gonzálvez-García, Francisco
Francisco
Gonzálvez-García
University of Almería
20
Cognitive Construction Grammar
20
concession
20
constructionalization
20
intensifier
20
subjectivity
01
Drawing on Cognitive Construction Grammar (Goldberg, 2006), this chapter furnishes a usage-based analysis of coercion involving the intensification of a <i>prima facie</i> non-gradable category, such as nouns. Our data analysis reveals that, in present-day Spanish, intensifiers (e.g. <i>muy</i> ‘very’, <i>bastante</i> ‘very’, <i>completamente</i> ‘completely’, <i>totalmente</i> ‘totally’, etc.) can felicitously combine, in attributive and predicative contexts, with proper and common nouns connected with fairly disparate semantic areas such as celebrities, animals, internet, music, etc. In these cases, the intensifier coerces the noun into encoding a positive or negative property through a <sc>generic for specific</sc> metonymic parameterization (Ruiz de Mendoza Ibáñez and Pérez Hernández, 2001). The analysis proposed here can nicely capture the semantico-pragmatic commonalities in these two environments, while also accommodating the non-alternation of <i>muy</i> (‘very’) with other intensifiers in lower-level predicative configurations with a concessive interpretation.
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JB code
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222
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Section header
12
01
Part III. Figurativeness, pragmaticity and multimodality
10
01
JB code
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187
208
22
Chapter
13
01
Sources of pragmatic effects in irony and hyperbole
1
A01
Herbert L. Colston
Colston, Herbert L.
Herbert L.
Colston
University of Alberta
2
A01
Ann Carreno
Carreno, Ann
Ann
Carreno
Rosalind Franklin University
20
accusation denial
20
cognitive side-effect
20
extreme case formulation
20
figurative language
20
hyperbole
20
irony
20
persuasion
20
positive cognitive effect
20
pragmatic effect
20
pragmatic theory
20
Relevance Theory
01
How persuasion is accomplished by speakers who use hyperbole and irony, in response to accusations of wrong-doing, was investigated in three experiments. Results confirmed a predicted dissociation – when accused speakers exaggerate denials (e.g., “I have never, ever stolen anything from this store”), they look relatively guilty compared to using no exaggeration (e.g., “I did not steal from this store”). But when accused speakers exaggerate <i>ironic</i> denials (e.g., “Oh sure, I have always, stolen everything from this store”), they are perceived as comparatively innocent relative to using no exaggeration. This dissociation is also not due to differences in hyperbolizing-toward-zero, versus hyperbolizing-toward-infinity, a difference which can affect pragmatic effects leveraged by hyperbole (Colston & Keller, 1998). The results are interpreted as demonstrating the operation of psychological figurative comprehension and influence mechanisms both in parallel to and independent from similar pragmatic mechanisms found in some theories of linguistic pragmatics (e.g., Relevance Theory).
10
01
JB code
ftl.9.09kuc
209
222
14
Chapter
14
01
Metaphorical interplay of words and gestures in the Catholic liturgy
1
A01
Marcin Kuczok
Kuczok, Marcin
Marcin
Kuczok
University of Silesia
20
Catholic liturgy
20
conceptual metaphor
20
monomodal metaphor
20
multimodal metaphor
01
This chapter analyzes selected Catholic liturgical rituals as motivated by verbal and gestural metaphors. Lakoff and Johnson (2003/1980) claim that the conceptual systems of religions are of metaphorical nature. The Catholic liturgy contains a number of gestures and movements used in worship, for instance, kneeling, bowing, raising hands, standing up, joining hands together, prostrating, beating oneself in the chest, or washing the hands. These gestures are often accompanied by specific spoken formulas, which express humiliation before God, regret for one’s sins, submission to God, readiness to listen to God’s word, or response to His will. The aim of this Chapter is to show that in line with the claim that metaphor is a multimodal phenomenon (Forceville, 2009), it is possible to interpret the interplay of words and certain liturgical gestures as metaphorical.
10
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JB code
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226
307
82
Section header
15
01
Part IV. Typology of figures and cognitive models
10
01
JB code
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225
252
28
Chapter
16
01
Figures of speech revisited
Introducing syntonymy and syntaphor
1
A01
Bogusław Bierwiaczonek
Bierwiaczonek, Bogusław
Bogusław
Bierwiaczonek
Jan Dlugosz University of Czestochowa
20
basic level
20
catachresis
20
master tropes
20
metaphor
20
metonymy
20
polysemy
20
synecdoche
01
The aim of the paper is to add the terms and concepts of synecdochic metonymy (syntonymy) and synecdochic metaphor (syntaphor) to the traditional typology of figures of speech. It is argued that the two additional terms are useful as they cover important intermediate categories of transfers of meaning between synecdoche, understood as vertical transfer based on various levels of taxonomy, and two other “master tropes”, namely metonymy and metaphor. The proposed concepts and terms may not only help identify and designate certain borderline cases of figurative language, but also add precision and adequacy to the analyses of lexical polysemy. They may also contribute to a cognitive account of catachresis.
10
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JB code
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253
282
30
Chapter
17
01
Cutting and breaking metaphors of the self and the Motivation & Sedimentation Model
1
A01
Simon Devylder
Devylder, Simon
Simon
Devylder
Centre for Languages and Literature, Lund University, Sweden/Department of Language and Culture, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Norway
2
A01
Jordan Zlatev
Zlatev, Jordan
Jordan
Zlatev
Centre for Languages and Literature, Lund University, Sweden/Centre for Language EvolutionStudies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland
20
cognitive semiotics
20
Conceptual Metaphor Theory
20
iconicity
20
irreversible separation
20
metaphoricity
01
Why are expressions of irreversible separation (e.g. <i>I feel torn apart</i>) used to speak about the self? Are they to be treated as metaphorical? We address these questions by using concepts and methods from cognitive semiotics, and especially <i>the conceptual-empirical loop</i>. We develop identification and classification procedures based on intersubjective intuitions, and apply these to data from a corpus of personal descriptions of traumatic experiences. To provide a principled explanation of these expressions, we employ the Motivation & Sedimentation Model (hereafter, MSM), which distinguishes between three interacting levels of meaning making: the Situated, the Sedimented, and the Embodied. On this basis we provide a definition of metaphor, leading to the conclusion that most instances of expressions in the sample would qualify as metaphorical, while affirming that metaphoricity is a scalar notion.
10
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283
308
26
Chapter
18
01
The metonymic exploitation of descriptive, attitudinal, and regulatory scenarios in meaning making
The
metonymic exploitation of descriptive, attitudinal, and regulatory scenarios in meaning making
1
A01
Francisco José Ruiz de Mendoza Ibáñez
Ruiz de Mendoza Ibáñez, Francisco José
Francisco José
Ruiz de Mendoza Ibáñez
University of La Rioja
2
A01
Alicia Galera Masegosa
Galera Masegosa, Alicia
Alicia
Galera Masegosa
University of Almería
20
base
20
metonymic chains
20
pragmatic inference
20
profile
01
This chapter accounts for the different outcomes resulting from the exploitation of different kinds of situational cognitive models (<i>scenarios</i>). Starting from Ruiz de Mendoza and Galera’s (2014) taxonomy of cognitive models, we take a step further by subdividing scenarios into descriptive, attitudinal, and regulatory types. It is our contention that the kind of scenario involved constrains the inferential mechanisms activated at the pragmatic levels, which are supported by metonymic activity in the form of metonymic expansion plus metonymic reduction. How such processes can motivate the various formal aspects of constructions is discussed with reference to Kay and Fillmore’s (1999) well-known description of the <i>What’s X Doing Y?</i> construction. This chapter also shows the connections between Langacker’s profile-base relations and the metonymic exploitation of the different kinds of scenarios.
10
01
JB code
ftl.9.index
309
311
3
Miscellaneous
19
01
Index
02
JBENJAMINS
John Benjamins Publishing Company
01
John Benjamins Publishing Company
Amsterdam/Philadelphia
NL
04
20200812
2020
John Benjamins B.V.
02
WORLD
13
15
9789027207050
01
JB
3
John Benjamins e-Platform
03
jbe-platform.com
09
WORLD
21
01
00
99.00
EUR
R
01
00
83.00
GBP
Z
01
gen
00
149.00
USD
S
814026716
03
01
01
JB
John Benjamins Publishing Company
01
JB code
FTL 9 Hb
15
9789027207050
13
2020013898
BB
01
FTL
02
2405-6944
Figurative Thought and Language
9
01
Figurative Meaning Construction in Thought and Language
01
ftl.9
01
https://benjamins.com
02
https://benjamins.com/catalog/ftl.9
1
B01
Annalisa Baicchi
Baicchi, Annalisa
Annalisa
Baicchi
University of Genoa
01
eng
319
vii
311
LAN009000
v.2006
CF
2
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.COGN
Cognition and language
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.SYNTAX
Syntax
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.THEOR
Theoretical linguistics
06
01
This volume brings together twelve usage-based studies conducted by leading researchers in language and cognition that explore core issues of figurativeness from the Cognitive Linguistics perspective. <br />The individual chapters reveal the central function of figurativeness in thought and its impact on language. Cognition relies on knowledge-structuring tools in the construction of meaning both mentally and linguistically. Collectively, the chapters delve into an array of topics that are crucial to future research in figurative meaning construction, especially on questions of identification and structure of figures, the figurative motivation of constructions, the impact of figurativeness on pragmatic and multimodal communication, and the correlation between figures and cognitive models.
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09
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Miscellaneous
1
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Foreword and acknowledgements
10
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1
10
10
Chapter
2
01
Figurativeness all the way down
By way of introduction
1
A01
Annalisa Baicchi
Baicchi, Annalisa
Annalisa
Baicchi
University of Genoa
10
01
JB code
ftl.9.p1
14
88
75
Section header
3
01
Part I. Figurativeness and theory
Addition, identification and structure
10
01
JB code
ftl.9.01bar
13
44
32
Chapter
4
01
Metaphor thoughtfully
1
A01
John Barnden
Barnden, John
John
Barnden
University of Birmingham
20
bidirectionality
20
fictionalism
20
mental representation
20
metaphor in thought
20
metaphorical mappings
01
Some Cognitive Linguistic theorizing and related psychological experimentation points to the active use of metaphorical, source/target relationships (mappings) in the mind even when external metaphorical communications are absent. However, some ramifications of this need attention. This article explores how people might mentally <i>add metaphor</i> while understanding discourse, i.e., mentally couch their understanding in metaphorical terms not used by the discourse itself. This could even involve giving a literal sentence a metaphorical understanding. Metaphor addition is suggested by psychological evidence of bidirectionality in metaphor, where there is not only the normal, “forwards” transfer of information from source to target but also “reverse” transfer. In a different vein, the article deepens the author’s previous <i>Anti-Analogy-Extension Thesis</i> whereby source-domain items that are not mapped into the target can nevertheless be crucial in indirectly illuminating the target, and therefore arguably crucial in representing it. This results in an unusually holistic and fictionalist view of mental representation.
10
01
JB code
ftl.9.02brd
45
70
26
Chapter
5
01
Separating (non-)figurative weeds from wheat
1
A01
Mario Brdar
Brdar, Mario
Mario
Brdar
University of Osijek
2
A01
Rita Brdar-Szabó
Brdar-Szabó, Rita
Rita
Brdar-Szabó
ELTE, Budapest
3
A01
Benedikt Perak
Perak, Benedikt
Benedikt
Perak
University of Rijeka
20
figurative expression
20
literal expression
20
metaphor recognition
20
metonymy
01
While approaches developed to recognize figurative expressions in discourse widely differ with respect to their formalization, most of them aim for the identification of the figurativeness as directly as possible. There is, however, another promising starting point – to turn our back to figurative wheat and attend to non-figurative weeds first, identifying and subsequently eliminating them from further consideration. On the basis of a methodological exercise consisting of several small-scale case studies involving English and Croatian material, we claim that by approaching metaphors in a negative way we can achieve a high success rate while using considerably leaner tools. We also show that the situation with conceptual metonymies seems to be very different, i.e. searching for literal uses first and then for metonymic ones, does not lead to the same success.
10
01
JB code
ftl.9.03kov
71
88
18
Chapter
6
01
A multi-level view of metaphor and some of its advantages
A
multi-level view of metaphor and some of its advantages
1
A01
Zoltán Kövecses
Kövecses, Zoltán
Zoltán
Kövecses
Eötvös Loránd University
20
conceptual metaphors
20
domain
20
frame
20
image schema
20
mental space
01
This chapter focuses on the way in which we think about our conceptual system and puts forward a number of questions related to its essential structures in terms of their schematicity. It is proposed that image schemas, domains, frames and mental spaces are interconnected in metaphorical conceptualization. A detailed analysis of the source domain of <sc>building</sc> is carried out in order to pin down the kind of distinctions that we may postulate regarding its operation with a view to depicting the functioning of the system. The multi-layered view of metaphor is advanced, which can accommodate many aspects of metaphor and account for a number of metaphor-related phenomena in a unified manner.
10
01
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92
184
93
Section header
7
01
Part II. Figurativeness and constructions
10
01
JB code
ftl.9.04ath
91
106
16
Chapter
8
01
Intensification via figurative language
1
A01
Angeliki Athanasiadou
Athanasiadou, Angeliki
Angeliki
Athanasiadou
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
20
constructional patterns
20
figuration
20
figurative processes
20
incongruity
20
intensification
20
lexicogrammar
20
opposition
01
Figurative language, generally speaking, involves intended meaning; it is employed in order to communicate something beyond the very meaning of the elements of a construction. This is largely accomplished by the incongruence of domains, scripts, frames or entities that participate in the conceptualization and the expression of figuration. Irony, simile, metaphor, hyperbole, or metonymy are witnessed to come to the surface, depending on the degree of incongruity between sources and targets. Each figurative process highlights different degrees of intensification. Intensification seems also to be due not only to the type of figure but to two additional parameters as well: the evocation of more than one figure and the special constructional patterns of the usage involved.
10
01
JB code
ftl.9.05bro
107
128
22
Chapter
9
01
<i>Falling to one’s death</i> in multiple landscapes
From blending to typology
1
A01
Cristiano Broccias
Broccias, Cristiano
Cristiano
Broccias
Università di Genova (Italy)
20
blending
20
metonymy
20
resultative
20
satellite-framed language
20
Unique Path Constraint
20
verb-framed language
01
This paper discusses whether <i>He fell to his death</i> is a possible counterexample to Goldberg’s (1995) Unique Path Constraint, which bans simultaneous motion in multiple landscapes in caused motion/resultative constructions. On the face of it, <i>He fell to his death</i> involves the blending of motion in a physical landscape (as hinted at by <i>fell</i>) and motion in a metaphorical landscape (dying is conceptualised as telic motion). A possible solution to this apparent violation is the claim that <i>He fell to his death</i> is not an instance of the resultative construction and/or that <i>to his death</i> is metonymic for the place where one is presumed to have died. This paper argues that neither option is feasible: the example at hand instantiates the resultative construction and metonymy is not relevant. Instead, our ability for blending intimately connected facets of a complex event and the satellite-framed nature of English are held to be decisive factors for the licensing of the example under discussion.
10
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JB code
ftl.9.06dek
129
150
22
Chapter
10
01
Metaphorical adjective-noun phrases in German journalese
1
A01
Sabine De Knop
De Knop, Sabine
Sabine
De Knop
Université Saint-Louis
20
adjective-noun
20
German
20
journalese
20
metaphorical
20
nominal phrase
01
The study explores metaphorical adjective-noun phrases (ANPs) and describes the semantics behind the polysemous structure of ANPs. The data for the research have been collected in German newspapers. The whole ANP-construction provides an overall figurative frame and tends to influence the metaphorical use of the adjective in that construction. As the study shows the same syntactic structure can refer to different metaphorical or literal predications. The role of the context is also discussed as well as the nature of the adjective in the ANP.
10
01
JB code
ftl.9.07gon
151
184
34
Chapter
11
01
Metonymy meets coercion
The case of the intensification of nouns in attributive and predicative constructions in Spanish
1
A01
Francisco Gonzálvez-García
Gonzálvez-García, Francisco
Francisco
Gonzálvez-García
University of Almería
20
Cognitive Construction Grammar
20
concession
20
constructionalization
20
intensifier
20
subjectivity
01
Drawing on Cognitive Construction Grammar (Goldberg, 2006), this chapter furnishes a usage-based analysis of coercion involving the intensification of a <i>prima facie</i> non-gradable category, such as nouns. Our data analysis reveals that, in present-day Spanish, intensifiers (e.g. <i>muy</i> ‘very’, <i>bastante</i> ‘very’, <i>completamente</i> ‘completely’, <i>totalmente</i> ‘totally’, etc.) can felicitously combine, in attributive and predicative contexts, with proper and common nouns connected with fairly disparate semantic areas such as celebrities, animals, internet, music, etc. In these cases, the intensifier coerces the noun into encoding a positive or negative property through a <sc>generic for specific</sc> metonymic parameterization (Ruiz de Mendoza Ibáñez and Pérez Hernández, 2001). The analysis proposed here can nicely capture the semantico-pragmatic commonalities in these two environments, while also accommodating the non-alternation of <i>muy</i> (‘very’) with other intensifiers in lower-level predicative configurations with a concessive interpretation.
10
01
JB code
ftl.9.p3
188
222
35
Section header
12
01
Part III. Figurativeness, pragmaticity and multimodality
10
01
JB code
ftl.9.08col
187
208
22
Chapter
13
01
Sources of pragmatic effects in irony and hyperbole
1
A01
Herbert L. Colston
Colston, Herbert L.
Herbert L.
Colston
University of Alberta
2
A01
Ann Carreno
Carreno, Ann
Ann
Carreno
Rosalind Franklin University
20
accusation denial
20
cognitive side-effect
20
extreme case formulation
20
figurative language
20
hyperbole
20
irony
20
persuasion
20
positive cognitive effect
20
pragmatic effect
20
pragmatic theory
20
Relevance Theory
01
How persuasion is accomplished by speakers who use hyperbole and irony, in response to accusations of wrong-doing, was investigated in three experiments. Results confirmed a predicted dissociation – when accused speakers exaggerate denials (e.g., “I have never, ever stolen anything from this store”), they look relatively guilty compared to using no exaggeration (e.g., “I did not steal from this store”). But when accused speakers exaggerate <i>ironic</i> denials (e.g., “Oh sure, I have always, stolen everything from this store”), they are perceived as comparatively innocent relative to using no exaggeration. This dissociation is also not due to differences in hyperbolizing-toward-zero, versus hyperbolizing-toward-infinity, a difference which can affect pragmatic effects leveraged by hyperbole (Colston & Keller, 1998). The results are interpreted as demonstrating the operation of psychological figurative comprehension and influence mechanisms both in parallel to and independent from similar pragmatic mechanisms found in some theories of linguistic pragmatics (e.g., Relevance Theory).
10
01
JB code
ftl.9.09kuc
209
222
14
Chapter
14
01
Metaphorical interplay of words and gestures in the Catholic liturgy
1
A01
Marcin Kuczok
Kuczok, Marcin
Marcin
Kuczok
University of Silesia
20
Catholic liturgy
20
conceptual metaphor
20
monomodal metaphor
20
multimodal metaphor
01
This chapter analyzes selected Catholic liturgical rituals as motivated by verbal and gestural metaphors. Lakoff and Johnson (2003/1980) claim that the conceptual systems of religions are of metaphorical nature. The Catholic liturgy contains a number of gestures and movements used in worship, for instance, kneeling, bowing, raising hands, standing up, joining hands together, prostrating, beating oneself in the chest, or washing the hands. These gestures are often accompanied by specific spoken formulas, which express humiliation before God, regret for one’s sins, submission to God, readiness to listen to God’s word, or response to His will. The aim of this Chapter is to show that in line with the claim that metaphor is a multimodal phenomenon (Forceville, 2009), it is possible to interpret the interplay of words and certain liturgical gestures as metaphorical.
10
01
JB code
ftl.9.p4
226
307
82
Section header
15
01
Part IV. Typology of figures and cognitive models
10
01
JB code
ftl.9.10bie
225
252
28
Chapter
16
01
Figures of speech revisited
Introducing syntonymy and syntaphor
1
A01
Bogusław Bierwiaczonek
Bierwiaczonek, Bogusław
Bogusław
Bierwiaczonek
Jan Dlugosz University of Czestochowa
20
basic level
20
catachresis
20
master tropes
20
metaphor
20
metonymy
20
polysemy
20
synecdoche
01
The aim of the paper is to add the terms and concepts of synecdochic metonymy (syntonymy) and synecdochic metaphor (syntaphor) to the traditional typology of figures of speech. It is argued that the two additional terms are useful as they cover important intermediate categories of transfers of meaning between synecdoche, understood as vertical transfer based on various levels of taxonomy, and two other “master tropes”, namely metonymy and metaphor. The proposed concepts and terms may not only help identify and designate certain borderline cases of figurative language, but also add precision and adequacy to the analyses of lexical polysemy. They may also contribute to a cognitive account of catachresis.
10
01
JB code
ftl.9.11dev
253
282
30
Chapter
17
01
Cutting and breaking metaphors of the self and the Motivation & Sedimentation Model
1
A01
Simon Devylder
Devylder, Simon
Simon
Devylder
Centre for Languages and Literature, Lund University, Sweden/Department of Language and Culture, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Norway
2
A01
Jordan Zlatev
Zlatev, Jordan
Jordan
Zlatev
Centre for Languages and Literature, Lund University, Sweden/Centre for Language EvolutionStudies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland
20
cognitive semiotics
20
Conceptual Metaphor Theory
20
iconicity
20
irreversible separation
20
metaphoricity
01
Why are expressions of irreversible separation (e.g. <i>I feel torn apart</i>) used to speak about the self? Are they to be treated as metaphorical? We address these questions by using concepts and methods from cognitive semiotics, and especially <i>the conceptual-empirical loop</i>. We develop identification and classification procedures based on intersubjective intuitions, and apply these to data from a corpus of personal descriptions of traumatic experiences. To provide a principled explanation of these expressions, we employ the Motivation & Sedimentation Model (hereafter, MSM), which distinguishes between three interacting levels of meaning making: the Situated, the Sedimented, and the Embodied. On this basis we provide a definition of metaphor, leading to the conclusion that most instances of expressions in the sample would qualify as metaphorical, while affirming that metaphoricity is a scalar notion.
10
01
JB code
ftl.9.12rui
283
308
26
Chapter
18
01
The metonymic exploitation of descriptive, attitudinal, and regulatory scenarios in meaning making
The
metonymic exploitation of descriptive, attitudinal, and regulatory scenarios in meaning making
1
A01
Francisco José Ruiz de Mendoza Ibáñez
Ruiz de Mendoza Ibáñez, Francisco José
Francisco José
Ruiz de Mendoza Ibáñez
University of La Rioja
2
A01
Alicia Galera Masegosa
Galera Masegosa, Alicia
Alicia
Galera Masegosa
University of Almería
20
base
20
metonymic chains
20
pragmatic inference
20
profile
01
This chapter accounts for the different outcomes resulting from the exploitation of different kinds of situational cognitive models (<i>scenarios</i>). Starting from Ruiz de Mendoza and Galera’s (2014) taxonomy of cognitive models, we take a step further by subdividing scenarios into descriptive, attitudinal, and regulatory types. It is our contention that the kind of scenario involved constrains the inferential mechanisms activated at the pragmatic levels, which are supported by metonymic activity in the form of metonymic expansion plus metonymic reduction. How such processes can motivate the various formal aspects of constructions is discussed with reference to Kay and Fillmore’s (1999) well-known description of the <i>What’s X Doing Y?</i> construction. This chapter also shows the connections between Langacker’s profile-base relations and the metonymic exploitation of the different kinds of scenarios.
10
01
JB code
ftl.9.index
309
311
3
Miscellaneous
19
01
Index
02
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