667026717 03 01 01 JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code FTL 9 Eb 15 9789027261021 06 10.1075/ftl.9 13 2020013899 DG 002 02 01 FTL 02 2405-6944 Figurative Thought and Language 9 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Figurative Meaning Construction in Thought and Language</TitleText> 01 ftl.9 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/ftl.9 1 B01 Annalisa Baicchi Baicchi, Annalisa Annalisa Baicchi University of Genoa 01 eng 319 vii 311 LAN009000 v.2006 CF 2 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.COGN Cognition and language 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.SYNTAX Syntax 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.THEOR Theoretical linguistics 06 01 This volume brings together twelve usage-based studies conducted by leading researchers in language and cognition that explore core issues of figurativeness from the Cognitive Linguistics perspective. <br />The individual chapters reveal the central function of figurativeness in thought and its impact on language. Cognition relies on knowledge-structuring tools in the construction of meaning both mentally and linguistically. Collectively, the chapters delve into an array of topics that are crucial to future research in figurative meaning construction, especially on questions of identification and structure of figures, the figurative motivation of constructions, the impact of figurativeness on pragmatic and multimodal communication, and the correlation between figures and cognitive models. 04 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/ftl.9.png 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027207050.jpg 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027207050.tif 06 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/ftl.9.hb.png 07 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/ftl.9.png 25 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/ftl.9.hb.png 27 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/ftl.9.hb.png 10 01 JB code ftl.9.for vii viii 2 Miscellaneous 1 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Foreword and acknowledgements</TitleText> 10 01 JB code ftl.9.int 1 10 10 Chapter 2 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Figurativeness all the way down</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">By way of introduction</Subtitle> 1 A01 Annalisa Baicchi Baicchi, Annalisa Annalisa Baicchi University of Genoa 10 01 JB code ftl.9.p1 14 88 75 Section header 3 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Part I. Figurativeness and theory</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Addition, identification and structure</Subtitle> 10 01 JB code ftl.9.01bar 13 44 32 Chapter 4 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Metaphor thoughtfully</TitleText> 1 A01 John Barnden Barnden, John John Barnden University of Birmingham 20 bidirectionality 20 fictionalism 20 mental representation 20 metaphor in thought 20 metaphorical mappings 01 Some Cognitive Linguistic theorizing and related psychological experimentation points to the active use of metaphorical, source/target relationships (mappings) in the mind even when external metaphorical communications are absent. However, some ramifications of this need attention. This article explores how people might mentally <i>add metaphor</i> while understanding discourse, i.e., mentally couch their understanding in metaphorical terms not used by the discourse itself. This could even involve giving a literal sentence a metaphorical understanding. Metaphor addition is suggested by psychological evidence of bidirectionality in metaphor, where there is not only the normal, “forwards” transfer of information from source to target but also “reverse” transfer. In a different vein, the article deepens the author’s previous <i>Anti-Analogy-Extension Thesis</i> whereby source-domain items that are not mapped into the target can nevertheless be crucial in indirectly illuminating the target, and therefore arguably crucial in representing it. This results in an unusually holistic and fictionalist view of mental representation. 10 01 JB code ftl.9.02brd 45 70 26 Chapter 5 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Separating (non-)figurative weeds from wheat</TitleText> 1 A01 Mario Brdar Brdar, Mario Mario Brdar University of Osijek 2 A01 Rita Brdar-Szabó Brdar-Szabó, Rita Rita Brdar-Szabó ELTE, Budapest 3 A01 Benedikt Perak Perak, Benedikt Benedikt Perak University of Rijeka 20 figurative expression 20 literal expression 20 metaphor recognition 20 metonymy 01 While approaches developed to recognize figurative expressions in discourse widely differ with respect to their formalization, most of them aim for the identification of the figurativeness as directly as possible. There is, however, another promising starting point – to turn our back to figurative wheat and attend to non-figurative weeds first, identifying and subsequently eliminating them from further consideration. On the basis of a methodological exercise consisting of several small-scale case studies involving English and Croatian material, we claim that by approaching metaphors in a negative way we can achieve a high success rate while using considerably leaner tools. We also show that the situation with conceptual metonymies seems to be very different, i.e. searching for literal uses first and then for metonymic ones, does not lead to the same success. 10 01 JB code ftl.9.03kov 71 88 18 Chapter 6 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">A multi-level view of metaphor and some of its advantages</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>A </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">multi-level view of metaphor and some of its advantages</TitleWithoutPrefix> 1 A01 Zoltán Kövecses Kövecses, Zoltán Zoltán Kövecses Eötvös Loránd University 20 conceptual metaphors 20 domain 20 frame 20 image schema 20 mental space 01 This chapter focuses on the way in which we think about our conceptual system and puts forward a number of questions related to its essential structures in terms of their schematicity. It is proposed that image schemas, domains, frames and mental spaces are interconnected in metaphorical conceptualization. A detailed analysis of the source domain of <sc>building</sc> is carried out in order to pin down the kind of distinctions that we may postulate regarding its operation with a view to depicting the functioning of the system. The multi-layered view of metaphor is advanced, which can accommodate many aspects of metaphor and account for a number of metaphor-related phenomena in a unified manner. 10 01 JB code ftl.9.p2 92 184 93 Section header 7 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Part II. Figurativeness and constructions</TitleText> 10 01 JB code ftl.9.04ath 91 106 16 Chapter 8 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Intensification via figurative language</TitleText> 1 A01 Angeliki Athanasiadou Athanasiadou, Angeliki Angeliki Athanasiadou Aristotle University of Thessaloniki 20 constructional patterns 20 figuration 20 figurative processes 20 incongruity 20 intensification 20 lexicogrammar 20 opposition 01 Figurative language, generally speaking, involves intended meaning; it is employed in order to communicate something beyond the very meaning of the elements of a construction. This is largely accomplished by the incongruence of domains, scripts, frames or entities that participate in the conceptualization and the expression of figuration. Irony, simile, metaphor, hyperbole, or metonymy are witnessed to come to the surface, depending on the degree of incongruity between sources and targets. Each figurative process highlights different degrees of intensification. Intensification seems also to be due not only to the type of figure but to two additional parameters as well: the evocation of more than one figure and the special constructional patterns of the usage involved. 10 01 JB code ftl.9.05bro 107 128 22 Chapter 9 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02"><i>Falling to one’s death</i> in multiple landscapes</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">From blending to typology</Subtitle> 1 A01 Cristiano Broccias Broccias, Cristiano Cristiano Broccias Università di Genova (Italy) 20 blending 20 metonymy 20 resultative 20 satellite-framed language 20 Unique Path Constraint 20 verb-framed language 01 This paper discusses whether <i>He fell to his death</i> is a possible counterexample to Goldberg’s (1995) Unique Path Constraint, which bans simultaneous motion in multiple landscapes in caused motion/resultative constructions. On the face of it, <i>He fell to his death</i> involves the blending of motion in a physical landscape (as hinted at by <i>fell</i>) and motion in a metaphorical landscape (dying is conceptualised as telic motion). A possible solution to this apparent violation is the claim that <i>He fell to his death</i> is not an instance of the resultative construction and/or that <i>to his death</i> is metonymic for the place where one is presumed to have died. This paper argues that neither option is feasible: the example at hand instantiates the resultative construction and metonymy is not relevant. Instead, our ability for blending intimately connected facets of a complex event and the satellite-framed nature of English are held to be decisive factors for the licensing of the example under discussion. 10 01 JB code ftl.9.06dek 129 150 22 Chapter 10 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Metaphorical adjective-noun phrases in German journalese</TitleText> 1 A01 Sabine De Knop De Knop, Sabine Sabine De Knop Université Saint-Louis 20 adjective-noun 20 German 20 journalese 20 metaphorical 20 nominal phrase 01 The study explores metaphorical adjective-noun phrases (ANPs) and describes the semantics behind the polysemous structure of ANPs. The data for the research have been collected in German newspapers. The whole ANP-construction provides an overall figurative frame and tends to influence the metaphorical use of the adjective in that construction. As the study shows the same syntactic structure can refer to different metaphorical or literal predications. The role of the context is also discussed as well as the nature of the adjective in the ANP. 10 01 JB code ftl.9.07gon 151 184 34 Chapter 11 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Metonymy meets coercion</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">The case of the intensification of nouns in attributive and predicative constructions in Spanish</Subtitle> 1 A01 Francisco Gonzálvez-García Gonzálvez-García, Francisco Francisco Gonzálvez-García University of Almería 20 Cognitive Construction Grammar 20 concession 20 constructionalization 20 intensifier 20 subjectivity 01 Drawing on Cognitive Construction Grammar (Goldberg, 2006), this chapter furnishes a usage-based analysis of coercion involving the intensification of a <i>prima facie</i> non-gradable category, such as nouns. Our data analysis reveals that, in present-day Spanish, intensifiers (e.g. <i>muy</i> ‘very’, <i>bastante</i> ‘very’, <i>completamente</i> ‘completely’, <i>totalmente</i> ‘totally’, etc.) can felicitously combine, in attributive and predicative contexts, with proper and common nouns connected with fairly disparate semantic areas such as celebrities, animals, internet, music, etc. In these cases, the intensifier coerces the noun into encoding a positive or negative property through a <sc>generic for specific</sc> metonymic parameterization (Ruiz de Mendoza Ibáñez and Pérez Hernández, 2001). The analysis proposed here can nicely capture the semantico-pragmatic commonalities in these two environments, while also accommodating the non-alternation of <i>muy</i> (‘very’) with other intensifiers in lower-level predicative configurations with a concessive interpretation. 10 01 JB code ftl.9.p3 188 222 35 Section header 12 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Part III. Figurativeness, pragmaticity and multimodality</TitleText> 10 01 JB code ftl.9.08col 187 208 22 Chapter 13 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Sources of pragmatic effects in irony and hyperbole</TitleText> 1 A01 Herbert L. Colston Colston, Herbert L. Herbert L. Colston University of Alberta 2 A01 Ann Carreno Carreno, Ann Ann Carreno Rosalind Franklin University 20 accusation denial 20 cognitive side-effect 20 extreme case formulation 20 figurative language 20 hyperbole 20 irony 20 persuasion 20 positive cognitive effect 20 pragmatic effect 20 pragmatic theory 20 Relevance Theory 01 How persuasion is accomplished by speakers who use hyperbole and irony, in response to accusations of wrong-doing, was investigated in three experiments. Results confirmed a predicted dissociation – when accused speakers exaggerate denials (e.g., “I have never, ever stolen anything from this store”), they look relatively guilty compared to using no exaggeration (e.g., “I did not steal from this store”). But when accused speakers exaggerate <i>ironic</i> denials (e.g., “Oh sure, I have always, stolen everything from this store”), they are perceived as comparatively innocent relative to using no exaggeration. This dissociation is also not due to differences in hyperbolizing-toward-zero, versus hyperbolizing-toward-infinity, a difference which can affect pragmatic effects leveraged by hyperbole (Colston &#38; Keller, 1998). The results are interpreted as demonstrating the operation of psychological figurative comprehension and influence mechanisms both in parallel to and independent from similar pragmatic mechanisms found in some theories of linguistic pragmatics (e.g., Relevance Theory). 10 01 JB code ftl.9.09kuc 209 222 14 Chapter 14 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Metaphorical interplay of words and gestures in the Catholic liturgy</TitleText> 1 A01 Marcin Kuczok Kuczok, Marcin Marcin Kuczok University of Silesia 20 Catholic liturgy 20 conceptual metaphor 20 monomodal metaphor 20 multimodal metaphor 01 This chapter analyzes selected Catholic liturgical rituals as motivated by verbal and gestural metaphors. Lakoff and Johnson (2003/1980) claim that the conceptual systems of religions are of metaphorical nature. The Catholic liturgy contains a number of gestures and movements used in worship, for instance, kneeling, bowing, raising hands, standing up, joining hands together, prostrating, beating oneself in the chest, or washing the hands. These gestures are often accompanied by specific spoken formulas, which express humiliation before God, regret for one’s sins, submission to God, readiness to listen to God’s word, or response to His will. The aim of this Chapter is to show that in line with the claim that metaphor is a multimodal phenomenon (Forceville, 2009), it is possible to interpret the interplay of words and certain liturgical gestures as metaphorical. 10 01 JB code ftl.9.p4 226 307 82 Section header 15 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Part IV. Typology of figures and cognitive models</TitleText> 10 01 JB code ftl.9.10bie 225 252 28 Chapter 16 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Figures of speech revisited</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Introducing syntonymy and syntaphor</Subtitle> 1 A01 Bogusław Bierwiaczonek Bierwiaczonek, Bogusław Bogusław Bierwiaczonek Jan Dlugosz University of Czestochowa 20 basic level 20 catachresis 20 master tropes 20 metaphor 20 metonymy 20 polysemy 20 synecdoche 01 The aim of the paper is to add the terms and concepts of synecdochic metonymy (syntonymy) and synecdochic metaphor (syntaphor) to the traditional typology of figures of speech. It is argued that the two additional terms are useful as they cover important intermediate categories of transfers of meaning between synecdoche, understood as vertical transfer based on various levels of taxonomy, and two other “master tropes”, namely metonymy and metaphor. The proposed concepts and terms may not only help identify and designate certain borderline cases of figurative language, but also add precision and adequacy to the analyses of lexical polysemy. They may also contribute to a cognitive account of catachresis. 10 01 JB code ftl.9.11dev 253 282 30 Chapter 17 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Cutting and breaking metaphors of the self and the Motivation &#38; Sedimentation Model</TitleText> 1 A01 Simon Devylder Devylder, Simon Simon Devylder Centre for Languages and Literature, Lund University, Sweden/Department of Language and Culture, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Norway 2 A01 Jordan Zlatev Zlatev, Jordan Jordan Zlatev Centre for Languages and Literature, Lund University, Sweden/Centre for Language EvolutionStudies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland 20 cognitive semiotics 20 Conceptual Metaphor Theory 20 iconicity 20 irreversible separation 20 metaphoricity 01 Why are expressions of irreversible separation (e.g. <i>I feel torn apart</i>) used to speak about the self? Are they to be treated as metaphorical? We address these questions by using concepts and methods from cognitive semiotics, and especially <i>the conceptual-empirical loop</i>. We develop identification and classification procedures based on intersubjective intuitions, and apply these to data from a corpus of personal descriptions of traumatic experiences. To provide a principled explanation of these expressions, we employ the Motivation &#38; Sedimentation Model (hereafter, MSM), which distinguishes between three interacting levels of meaning making: the Situated, the Sedimented, and the Embodied. On this basis we provide a definition of metaphor, leading to the conclusion that most instances of expressions in the sample would qualify as metaphorical, while affirming that metaphoricity is a scalar notion. 10 01 JB code ftl.9.12rui 283 308 26 Chapter 18 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">The metonymic exploitation of descriptive, attitudinal, and regulatory scenarios in meaning making</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>The </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">metonymic exploitation of descriptive, attitudinal, and regulatory scenarios in meaning making</TitleWithoutPrefix> 1 A01 Francisco José Ruiz de Mendoza Ibáñez Ruiz de Mendoza Ibáñez, Francisco José Francisco José Ruiz de Mendoza Ibáñez University of La Rioja 2 A01 Alicia Galera Masegosa Galera Masegosa, Alicia Alicia Galera Masegosa University of Almería 20 base 20 metonymic chains 20 pragmatic inference 20 profile 01 This chapter accounts for the different outcomes resulting from the exploitation of different kinds of situational cognitive models (<i>scenarios</i>). Starting from Ruiz de Mendoza and Galera’s (2014) taxonomy of cognitive models, we take a step further by subdividing scenarios into descriptive, attitudinal, and regulatory types. It is our contention that the kind of scenario involved constrains the inferential mechanisms activated at the pragmatic levels, which are supported by metonymic activity in the form of metonymic expansion plus metonymic reduction. How such processes can motivate the various formal aspects of constructions is discussed with reference to Kay and Fillmore’s (1999) well-known description of the <i>What’s X Doing Y?</i> construction. This chapter also shows the connections between Langacker’s profile-base relations and the metonymic exploitation of the different kinds of scenarios. 10 01 JB code ftl.9.index 309 311 3 Miscellaneous 19 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Index</TitleText> 02 JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam/Philadelphia NL 04 20200812 2020 John Benjamins B.V. 02 WORLD 13 15 9789027207050 01 JB 3 John Benjamins e-Platform 03 jbe-platform.com 09 WORLD 21 01 00 99.00 EUR R 01 00 83.00 GBP Z 01 gen 00 149.00 USD S 814026716 03 01 01 JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code FTL 9 Hb 15 9789027207050 13 2020013898 BB 01 FTL 02 2405-6944 Figurative Thought and Language 9 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Figurative Meaning Construction in Thought and Language</TitleText> 01 ftl.9 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/ftl.9 1 B01 Annalisa Baicchi Baicchi, Annalisa Annalisa Baicchi University of Genoa 01 eng 319 vii 311 LAN009000 v.2006 CF 2 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.COGN Cognition and language 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.SYNTAX Syntax 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.THEOR Theoretical linguistics 06 01 This volume brings together twelve usage-based studies conducted by leading researchers in language and cognition that explore core issues of figurativeness from the Cognitive Linguistics perspective. <br />The individual chapters reveal the central function of figurativeness in thought and its impact on language. Cognition relies on knowledge-structuring tools in the construction of meaning both mentally and linguistically. Collectively, the chapters delve into an array of topics that are crucial to future research in figurative meaning construction, especially on questions of identification and structure of figures, the figurative motivation of constructions, the impact of figurativeness on pragmatic and multimodal communication, and the correlation between figures and cognitive models. 04 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/ftl.9.png 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027207050.jpg 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027207050.tif 06 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/ftl.9.hb.png 07 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/ftl.9.png 25 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/ftl.9.hb.png 27 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/ftl.9.hb.png 10 01 JB code ftl.9.for vii viii 2 Miscellaneous 1 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Foreword and acknowledgements</TitleText> 10 01 JB code ftl.9.int 1 10 10 Chapter 2 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Figurativeness all the way down</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">By way of introduction</Subtitle> 1 A01 Annalisa Baicchi Baicchi, Annalisa Annalisa Baicchi University of Genoa 10 01 JB code ftl.9.p1 14 88 75 Section header 3 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Part I. Figurativeness and theory</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Addition, identification and structure</Subtitle> 10 01 JB code ftl.9.01bar 13 44 32 Chapter 4 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Metaphor thoughtfully</TitleText> 1 A01 John Barnden Barnden, John John Barnden University of Birmingham 20 bidirectionality 20 fictionalism 20 mental representation 20 metaphor in thought 20 metaphorical mappings 01 Some Cognitive Linguistic theorizing and related psychological experimentation points to the active use of metaphorical, source/target relationships (mappings) in the mind even when external metaphorical communications are absent. However, some ramifications of this need attention. This article explores how people might mentally <i>add metaphor</i> while understanding discourse, i.e., mentally couch their understanding in metaphorical terms not used by the discourse itself. This could even involve giving a literal sentence a metaphorical understanding. Metaphor addition is suggested by psychological evidence of bidirectionality in metaphor, where there is not only the normal, “forwards” transfer of information from source to target but also “reverse” transfer. In a different vein, the article deepens the author’s previous <i>Anti-Analogy-Extension Thesis</i> whereby source-domain items that are not mapped into the target can nevertheless be crucial in indirectly illuminating the target, and therefore arguably crucial in representing it. This results in an unusually holistic and fictionalist view of mental representation. 10 01 JB code ftl.9.02brd 45 70 26 Chapter 5 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Separating (non-)figurative weeds from wheat</TitleText> 1 A01 Mario Brdar Brdar, Mario Mario Brdar University of Osijek 2 A01 Rita Brdar-Szabó Brdar-Szabó, Rita Rita Brdar-Szabó ELTE, Budapest 3 A01 Benedikt Perak Perak, Benedikt Benedikt Perak University of Rijeka 20 figurative expression 20 literal expression 20 metaphor recognition 20 metonymy 01 While approaches developed to recognize figurative expressions in discourse widely differ with respect to their formalization, most of them aim for the identification of the figurativeness as directly as possible. There is, however, another promising starting point – to turn our back to figurative wheat and attend to non-figurative weeds first, identifying and subsequently eliminating them from further consideration. On the basis of a methodological exercise consisting of several small-scale case studies involving English and Croatian material, we claim that by approaching metaphors in a negative way we can achieve a high success rate while using considerably leaner tools. We also show that the situation with conceptual metonymies seems to be very different, i.e. searching for literal uses first and then for metonymic ones, does not lead to the same success. 10 01 JB code ftl.9.03kov 71 88 18 Chapter 6 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">A multi-level view of metaphor and some of its advantages</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>A </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">multi-level view of metaphor and some of its advantages</TitleWithoutPrefix> 1 A01 Zoltán Kövecses Kövecses, Zoltán Zoltán Kövecses Eötvös Loránd University 20 conceptual metaphors 20 domain 20 frame 20 image schema 20 mental space 01 This chapter focuses on the way in which we think about our conceptual system and puts forward a number of questions related to its essential structures in terms of their schematicity. It is proposed that image schemas, domains, frames and mental spaces are interconnected in metaphorical conceptualization. A detailed analysis of the source domain of <sc>building</sc> is carried out in order to pin down the kind of distinctions that we may postulate regarding its operation with a view to depicting the functioning of the system. The multi-layered view of metaphor is advanced, which can accommodate many aspects of metaphor and account for a number of metaphor-related phenomena in a unified manner. 10 01 JB code ftl.9.p2 92 184 93 Section header 7 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Part II. Figurativeness and constructions</TitleText> 10 01 JB code ftl.9.04ath 91 106 16 Chapter 8 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Intensification via figurative language</TitleText> 1 A01 Angeliki Athanasiadou Athanasiadou, Angeliki Angeliki Athanasiadou Aristotle University of Thessaloniki 20 constructional patterns 20 figuration 20 figurative processes 20 incongruity 20 intensification 20 lexicogrammar 20 opposition 01 Figurative language, generally speaking, involves intended meaning; it is employed in order to communicate something beyond the very meaning of the elements of a construction. This is largely accomplished by the incongruence of domains, scripts, frames or entities that participate in the conceptualization and the expression of figuration. Irony, simile, metaphor, hyperbole, or metonymy are witnessed to come to the surface, depending on the degree of incongruity between sources and targets. Each figurative process highlights different degrees of intensification. Intensification seems also to be due not only to the type of figure but to two additional parameters as well: the evocation of more than one figure and the special constructional patterns of the usage involved. 10 01 JB code ftl.9.05bro 107 128 22 Chapter 9 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02"><i>Falling to one’s death</i> in multiple landscapes</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">From blending to typology</Subtitle> 1 A01 Cristiano Broccias Broccias, Cristiano Cristiano Broccias Università di Genova (Italy) 20 blending 20 metonymy 20 resultative 20 satellite-framed language 20 Unique Path Constraint 20 verb-framed language 01 This paper discusses whether <i>He fell to his death</i> is a possible counterexample to Goldberg’s (1995) Unique Path Constraint, which bans simultaneous motion in multiple landscapes in caused motion/resultative constructions. On the face of it, <i>He fell to his death</i> involves the blending of motion in a physical landscape (as hinted at by <i>fell</i>) and motion in a metaphorical landscape (dying is conceptualised as telic motion). A possible solution to this apparent violation is the claim that <i>He fell to his death</i> is not an instance of the resultative construction and/or that <i>to his death</i> is metonymic for the place where one is presumed to have died. This paper argues that neither option is feasible: the example at hand instantiates the resultative construction and metonymy is not relevant. Instead, our ability for blending intimately connected facets of a complex event and the satellite-framed nature of English are held to be decisive factors for the licensing of the example under discussion. 10 01 JB code ftl.9.06dek 129 150 22 Chapter 10 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Metaphorical adjective-noun phrases in German journalese</TitleText> 1 A01 Sabine De Knop De Knop, Sabine Sabine De Knop Université Saint-Louis 20 adjective-noun 20 German 20 journalese 20 metaphorical 20 nominal phrase 01 The study explores metaphorical adjective-noun phrases (ANPs) and describes the semantics behind the polysemous structure of ANPs. The data for the research have been collected in German newspapers. The whole ANP-construction provides an overall figurative frame and tends to influence the metaphorical use of the adjective in that construction. As the study shows the same syntactic structure can refer to different metaphorical or literal predications. The role of the context is also discussed as well as the nature of the adjective in the ANP. 10 01 JB code ftl.9.07gon 151 184 34 Chapter 11 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Metonymy meets coercion</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">The case of the intensification of nouns in attributive and predicative constructions in Spanish</Subtitle> 1 A01 Francisco Gonzálvez-García Gonzálvez-García, Francisco Francisco Gonzálvez-García University of Almería 20 Cognitive Construction Grammar 20 concession 20 constructionalization 20 intensifier 20 subjectivity 01 Drawing on Cognitive Construction Grammar (Goldberg, 2006), this chapter furnishes a usage-based analysis of coercion involving the intensification of a <i>prima facie</i> non-gradable category, such as nouns. Our data analysis reveals that, in present-day Spanish, intensifiers (e.g. <i>muy</i> ‘very’, <i>bastante</i> ‘very’, <i>completamente</i> ‘completely’, <i>totalmente</i> ‘totally’, etc.) can felicitously combine, in attributive and predicative contexts, with proper and common nouns connected with fairly disparate semantic areas such as celebrities, animals, internet, music, etc. In these cases, the intensifier coerces the noun into encoding a positive or negative property through a <sc>generic for specific</sc> metonymic parameterization (Ruiz de Mendoza Ibáñez and Pérez Hernández, 2001). The analysis proposed here can nicely capture the semantico-pragmatic commonalities in these two environments, while also accommodating the non-alternation of <i>muy</i> (‘very’) with other intensifiers in lower-level predicative configurations with a concessive interpretation. 10 01 JB code ftl.9.p3 188 222 35 Section header 12 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Part III. Figurativeness, pragmaticity and multimodality</TitleText> 10 01 JB code ftl.9.08col 187 208 22 Chapter 13 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Sources of pragmatic effects in irony and hyperbole</TitleText> 1 A01 Herbert L. Colston Colston, Herbert L. Herbert L. Colston University of Alberta 2 A01 Ann Carreno Carreno, Ann Ann Carreno Rosalind Franklin University 20 accusation denial 20 cognitive side-effect 20 extreme case formulation 20 figurative language 20 hyperbole 20 irony 20 persuasion 20 positive cognitive effect 20 pragmatic effect 20 pragmatic theory 20 Relevance Theory 01 How persuasion is accomplished by speakers who use hyperbole and irony, in response to accusations of wrong-doing, was investigated in three experiments. Results confirmed a predicted dissociation – when accused speakers exaggerate denials (e.g., “I have never, ever stolen anything from this store”), they look relatively guilty compared to using no exaggeration (e.g., “I did not steal from this store”). But when accused speakers exaggerate <i>ironic</i> denials (e.g., “Oh sure, I have always, stolen everything from this store”), they are perceived as comparatively innocent relative to using no exaggeration. This dissociation is also not due to differences in hyperbolizing-toward-zero, versus hyperbolizing-toward-infinity, a difference which can affect pragmatic effects leveraged by hyperbole (Colston &#38; Keller, 1998). The results are interpreted as demonstrating the operation of psychological figurative comprehension and influence mechanisms both in parallel to and independent from similar pragmatic mechanisms found in some theories of linguistic pragmatics (e.g., Relevance Theory). 10 01 JB code ftl.9.09kuc 209 222 14 Chapter 14 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Metaphorical interplay of words and gestures in the Catholic liturgy</TitleText> 1 A01 Marcin Kuczok Kuczok, Marcin Marcin Kuczok University of Silesia 20 Catholic liturgy 20 conceptual metaphor 20 monomodal metaphor 20 multimodal metaphor 01 This chapter analyzes selected Catholic liturgical rituals as motivated by verbal and gestural metaphors. Lakoff and Johnson (2003/1980) claim that the conceptual systems of religions are of metaphorical nature. The Catholic liturgy contains a number of gestures and movements used in worship, for instance, kneeling, bowing, raising hands, standing up, joining hands together, prostrating, beating oneself in the chest, or washing the hands. These gestures are often accompanied by specific spoken formulas, which express humiliation before God, regret for one’s sins, submission to God, readiness to listen to God’s word, or response to His will. The aim of this Chapter is to show that in line with the claim that metaphor is a multimodal phenomenon (Forceville, 2009), it is possible to interpret the interplay of words and certain liturgical gestures as metaphorical. 10 01 JB code ftl.9.p4 226 307 82 Section header 15 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Part IV. Typology of figures and cognitive models</TitleText> 10 01 JB code ftl.9.10bie 225 252 28 Chapter 16 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Figures of speech revisited</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Introducing syntonymy and syntaphor</Subtitle> 1 A01 Bogusław Bierwiaczonek Bierwiaczonek, Bogusław Bogusław Bierwiaczonek Jan Dlugosz University of Czestochowa 20 basic level 20 catachresis 20 master tropes 20 metaphor 20 metonymy 20 polysemy 20 synecdoche 01 The aim of the paper is to add the terms and concepts of synecdochic metonymy (syntonymy) and synecdochic metaphor (syntaphor) to the traditional typology of figures of speech. It is argued that the two additional terms are useful as they cover important intermediate categories of transfers of meaning between synecdoche, understood as vertical transfer based on various levels of taxonomy, and two other “master tropes”, namely metonymy and metaphor. The proposed concepts and terms may not only help identify and designate certain borderline cases of figurative language, but also add precision and adequacy to the analyses of lexical polysemy. They may also contribute to a cognitive account of catachresis. 10 01 JB code ftl.9.11dev 253 282 30 Chapter 17 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Cutting and breaking metaphors of the self and the Motivation &#38; Sedimentation Model</TitleText> 1 A01 Simon Devylder Devylder, Simon Simon Devylder Centre for Languages and Literature, Lund University, Sweden/Department of Language and Culture, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Norway 2 A01 Jordan Zlatev Zlatev, Jordan Jordan Zlatev Centre for Languages and Literature, Lund University, Sweden/Centre for Language EvolutionStudies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland 20 cognitive semiotics 20 Conceptual Metaphor Theory 20 iconicity 20 irreversible separation 20 metaphoricity 01 Why are expressions of irreversible separation (e.g. <i>I feel torn apart</i>) used to speak about the self? Are they to be treated as metaphorical? We address these questions by using concepts and methods from cognitive semiotics, and especially <i>the conceptual-empirical loop</i>. We develop identification and classification procedures based on intersubjective intuitions, and apply these to data from a corpus of personal descriptions of traumatic experiences. To provide a principled explanation of these expressions, we employ the Motivation &#38; Sedimentation Model (hereafter, MSM), which distinguishes between three interacting levels of meaning making: the Situated, the Sedimented, and the Embodied. On this basis we provide a definition of metaphor, leading to the conclusion that most instances of expressions in the sample would qualify as metaphorical, while affirming that metaphoricity is a scalar notion. 10 01 JB code ftl.9.12rui 283 308 26 Chapter 18 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">The metonymic exploitation of descriptive, attitudinal, and regulatory scenarios in meaning making</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>The </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">metonymic exploitation of descriptive, attitudinal, and regulatory scenarios in meaning making</TitleWithoutPrefix> 1 A01 Francisco José Ruiz de Mendoza Ibáñez Ruiz de Mendoza Ibáñez, Francisco José Francisco José Ruiz de Mendoza Ibáñez University of La Rioja 2 A01 Alicia Galera Masegosa Galera Masegosa, Alicia Alicia Galera Masegosa University of Almería 20 base 20 metonymic chains 20 pragmatic inference 20 profile 01 This chapter accounts for the different outcomes resulting from the exploitation of different kinds of situational cognitive models (<i>scenarios</i>). Starting from Ruiz de Mendoza and Galera’s (2014) taxonomy of cognitive models, we take a step further by subdividing scenarios into descriptive, attitudinal, and regulatory types. It is our contention that the kind of scenario involved constrains the inferential mechanisms activated at the pragmatic levels, which are supported by metonymic activity in the form of metonymic expansion plus metonymic reduction. How such processes can motivate the various formal aspects of constructions is discussed with reference to Kay and Fillmore’s (1999) well-known description of the <i>What’s X Doing Y?</i> construction. This chapter also shows the connections between Langacker’s profile-base relations and the metonymic exploitation of the different kinds of scenarios. 10 01 JB code ftl.9.index 309 311 3 Miscellaneous 19 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Index</TitleText> 02 JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam/Philadelphia NL 04 20200812 2020 John Benjamins B.V. 02 WORLD 08 705 gr 01 JB 1 John Benjamins Publishing Company +31 20 6304747 +31 20 6739773 bookorder@benjamins.nl 01 https://benjamins.com 01 WORLD US CA MX 21 63 10 01 02 JB 1 00 99.00 EUR R 02 02 JB 1 00 104.94 EUR R 01 JB 10 bebc +44 1202 712 934 +44 1202 712 913 sales@bebc.co.uk 03 GB 21 10 02 02 JB 1 00 83.00 GBP Z 01 JB 2 John Benjamins North America +1 800 562-5666 +1 703 661-1501 benjamins@presswarehouse.com 01 https://benjamins.com 01 US CA MX 21 1 10 01 gen 02 JB 1 00 149.00 USD