219-7677
10
7500817
John Benjamins Publishing Company
Marketing Department / Karin Plijnaar, Pieter Lamers
onix@benjamins.nl
201608250416
ONIX title feed
eng
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EUR
750008349
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JB
John Benjamins Publishing Company
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9789027274816
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10.1075/gs.6
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2011050944
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1874-6829
Gesture Studies
6
01
Developments in Primate Gesture Research
01
gs.6
01
https://benjamins.com
02
https://benjamins.com/catalog/gs.6
1
B01
Simone Pika
Pika, Simone
Simone
Pika
Max Planck Institute for Ornithology
2
B01
Katja Liebal
Liebal, Katja
Katja
Liebal
Freie Universität Berlin, University of Portsmouth & Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
01
eng
270
xiii
256
SCI070050
v.2006
PSVP
2
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.COGN
Cognition and language
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.EVO
Evolution of language
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JB Subject Scheme
LIN.GEST
Gesture Studies
06
01
The book is a themed, mutually referenced collection of articles from a very high-powered set of authors based on the workshop on “Current developments in non-human primate gesture research”, which was held in July 2010 at the European University Viadrina, Frankfurt (Oder), Germany. The motivation for this book – following on from the motivation for the workshop series – was to present the state of the art in non-human primate gesture research with a special emphasis on its history, interdisciplinary perspectives, developments and future directions. This book provides, for the first time in a single volume, the most recent work on comparative gestural signaling by many of the major scholars in the field, such as W.D. Hopkins, D. Leavens, T. Racine, J. van Hooff, and S. Wilcox (in alphabetical order).
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Acknowledgements
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xiv
4
Article
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About the contributors
10
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gs.6.01pik
1
12
12
Article
3
01
Introduction
Developments in primate gesture research
1
A01
Simone Pika
Pika, Simone
Simone
Pika
Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Humboldt Research Group “Comparative Gestural Signalling”, Eberhard-Gwinner Strasse, Geesehouse Seewiesen, Germany
2
A01
Katja Liebal
Liebal, Katja
Katja
Liebal
Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
10
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Section header
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Article
10
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JB code
gs.6.02van
13
32
20
Article
5
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Facial-vocal displays, gestures and language
1
A01
Jan A.R.A.M. van Hooff
Hooff, Jan A.R.A.M. van
Jan A.R.A.M.
van
Hooff
Universiteit Utrecht, The Netherlands
01
Animals possess nonverbal displays consisting of chemical signals, postures, gestures, calls, and, in mammals, of facial-vocal expressions, essentially reflecting intentions and attitudes of the sender. Humans, in addition, possess a verbal language with an ‘unlimited’ repertoire of referential and representational symbols, syntactically combined into meaningful complexes. Because of the vital role of speech the emancipation of vocal utterances in primates is seen as the beginning of linguistic evolution. However, in humans gesturing is closely associated with linguistic expression, favouring a gestural origin. Here I compare features of gesturing and facial-vocal expression in our primate relatives, e.g. referentiality and intentionality, contrasting these with linguistic performance. The conclusion is that a choice between one of the former as the main precursor of language cannot as yet be made.
10
01
JB code
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Research Studies
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JB code
gs.6.03mar
33
54
22
Article
7
01
Does ontogenetic ritualization explain early communicative gestures in human infants?
1
A01
Paula Marentette
Marentette, Paula
Paula
Marentette
University of Alberta–Augustana, Camrose, Alberta, Canada
2
A01
Elena Nicoladis
Nicoladis, Elena
Elena
Nicoladis
University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
01
This chapter evaluates predictions that the origins of at least some gestures of human infants are shaped through ontogenetic ritualization (Clark 1978; Lock 1978; Tomasello 2008). To do so, we examine the development of five gesture types in four children between the ages of 6.5 and 11.5 months. This analysis supports a comparison between those gestures thought to be ritualized (<i>pick-me-up, graspindex</i>), with those that are socially learned (<i>wave, clap, clasp-hands</i>). Although some limited evidence for ritualization is found, developmental similarity amongst the five gesture types is strong. Through comparisons of gesture ontogeny between human and non-human primates, we explore the possible reasons for this result.
10
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Section header
8
01
Non-human primates
10
01
JB code
gs.6.04per
55
72
18
Article
9
01
A mother gorilla’s variable use of touch to guide her infant
A
mother gorilla’s variable use of touch to guide her infant
Insights into iconicity and the relationship between gesture and action
1
A01
Marcus Perlman
Perlman, Marcus
Marcus
Perlman
Department of Psychology, University of California, Santa Cruz
2
A01
Joanne E. Tanner
Tanner, Joanne E.
Joanne E.
Tanner
The Gorilla Foundation
3
A01
Barbara J. King
King, Barbara J.
Barbara J.
King
Department of Anthropology, College of William and Mary
01
This chapter examines how gestures of the great apes are created from instrumental actions. Ape gestures are generally believed to form through phylogenetic or ontogenetic ritualization, or – at least in humans – “iconic” gestures are created spontaneously during online interaction. These alternatives are evaluated with respect to data on the tactile<i> pushes</i> used by a mother gorilla to direct her infant around their enclosure. Analysis shows that the<i> pushes</i> exhibit variability in form and force in ways that are tuned to the present physical and social context, indicating the underlying activation of afforded instrumental actions and thus iconic processes in the creation of these gestures, opposed to ritualization. We discuss how this variability reveals continuity between gesture and action that is compatible with recent simulation-based accounts of iconic gesture.
10
01
JB code
gs.6.05tem
73
92
20
Article
10
01
Spontaneous use of gesture sequences in orangutans
A case for strategy?
1
A01
Sebastian Tempelmann
Tempelmann, Sebastian
Sebastian
Tempelmann
Department of Developmental and Comparative Psychology, Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
2
A01
Katja Liebal
Liebal, Katja
Katja
Liebal
Department of Developmental and Comparative Psychology, Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
01
Great apes use gestures flexibly across different contexts and with a considerable degree of individual variability. However, little is still known about whether great apes combine gestures to increase the efficacy of their communicative attempts – either by anticipatorily attracting the attention of the recipient towards themselves or by continuing to gesture in case the recipient does not respond. The few existing studies are not consistent in their conclusions. The present study thus aims to contribute to this discussion by providing a systematic investigation of gesture sequences of 16 captive orangutans. Our results showed that 20% of their gestures were part of a sequence and consisted mostly of combinations of two gestures with the majority representing repetitions of the same gesture. In addition, senders continued to gesture regardless of whether recipients responded to the initial gesture, they did not use particular gestures at the beginning of a sequence to attract the attention of recipients, and they did not switch to more efficient gestures in case the recipient did not respond. These findings therefore do not support the assumption that orangutans’ use of gesture sequences reflects goal directedness in achieving a particular goal, but may rather be the result of the arousal of the gesturing individual in particular contexts, such as play.
10
01
JB code
gs.6.06hop
93
112
20
Article
11
01
Handedness for manual gestures in great apes
A meta-analysis
1
A01
William D. Hopkins
Hopkins, William D.
William D.
Hopkins
Department of Psychology, Agnes Scott College, Decatur, Georgia, United States
2
A01
Simone Pika
Pika, Simone
Simone
Pika
Humboldt Research Group “Comparative Gestural Signalling”, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Eberhard-Gwinner-Strasse, Seewiesen, Germany
3
A01
Katja Liebal
Liebal, Katja
Katja
Liebal
Department of Psychology, Freie Universitat Berlin, Habelschwerdter Allee Berlin, Germany
4
A01
Amanda Bania
Bania, Amanda
Amanda
Bania
The National Zoo, Washington, D.C. Department of Veterinary Sciences, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, Texas
5
A01
Adrien Meguerditchian
Meguerditchian, Adrien
Adrien
Meguerditchian
Division of Developmental and Cognitive Neuroscience, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
6
A01
Molly Gardner
Gardner, Molly
Molly
Gardner
7
A01
Steven J. Schapiro
Schapiro, Steven J.
Steven J.
Schapiro
01
Left hemisphere dominance for language and speech is a prominent feature of the human brain. Some have suggested that left hemisphere lateralization for language in modern humans evolved from an existing lateralized system for gestural communication in the common ancestor of humans and apes. Here, we conducted a meta-analysis of the data on handedness for manual gestures in great apes to test whether species-level asymmetries in hand use were evident and if these asymmetries were consistent across species. Hand preference data for manual gestures were summarized for published and unpublished data in the literature. For observational data, we found that bonobos, chimpanzees, gorillas and orangutans all showed group-level right handedness for manual gestures. For experimental data, group-level right handedness was only found for chimpanzees, though sample sizes were relatively small in the remaining ape species. When hand preference data were combined across ape species, we found that right handedness was much more prevalent for auditory gestures, such as clapping, compared to visual and tactile gestures. The results support the view that asymmetries in hand use for gestural communication was prevalent in the common ancestor of chimpanzees and humans and was possibly evident even earlier in primate evolution. Additional data are needed, particularly from wild apes to test for the presence of these asymmetries in subjects raised in their natural environment.
10
01
JB code
gs.6.07lai
113
128
16
Article
12
01
Mandrill visual gestures
A round-the-world study of the largest of all monkeys
1
A01
Mark E. Laidre
Laidre, Mark E.
Mark E.
Laidre
Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley
01
Apes have rich gestural communication systems. But do monkeys? If so, what forms and functions do monkey gestures have, and how does the relationship between form and function originate developmentally? This chapter reports intensive observations aimed at answering these questions in the largest of all monkeys, the mandrill (<i>Mandrillus sphinx</i>). Nearly thirty captive mandrill groups distributed across three continents were studied over the course of a decade, some groups for three consecutive generations. Mandrills performed three visual gestures: slap ground, hand extension, and eye covering. While slap ground was distributed uniformly across individuals and groups, hand extension and eye covering – the two focal gestures of this chapter – showed restricted distributions that were consistent with their being learned rather than instinctive. Contrasting hand extension against eye covering for fifteen different signal parameters revealed that these two gestures had antithetical forms and functions but had similar developmental histories. Within each gesture the close correspondence between form and function suggested that ontogenetic ritualization contributed to both hand extension’s and eye covering’s origin. Furthermore, for eye covering the clustering of all known performers within a single group suggested this gesture was culturally transmitted. Broadly, these results suggest that multiple interacting factors, including instinct, learning, and culture may contribute to the emergence of monkey gestures. Follow-up experiments, however, remain critical for rigorously testing the developmental origins and potential cultural transmission of non-human gestures. Keywords: development; gestural acquisition; ontogenetic ritualization; cultural transmission; monkeys
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gs.6.08hob
129
146
18
Article
13
01
Gesture use in consortship
Wild chimpanzees’ use of gesture for an ‘evolutionarily urgent’ purpose
1
A01
Catherine Hobaiter
Hobaiter, Catherine
Catherine
Hobaiter
Centre for Social Learning and Cognitive Evolution and Scottish Primate Research Group, University of St Andrews, School of Psychology, St Andrews, KY16 9JP, Scotland
2
A01
Richard W. Byrne
Byrne, Richard W.
Richard W.
Byrne
Centre for Social Learning and Cognitive Evolution and Scottish Primate Research Group, University of St Andrews, School of Psychology, St Andrews, KY16 9JP, Scotland
01
We describe the gestural communication of wild chimpanzees in the evolutionarily urgent context of consortship. Consortship represented the dominant context for the use of gestural communication by adult males in the Sonso community. Gesturing provided consorting males with the opportunity to communicate their intentions to the female, while avoiding the risk of also advertising these to other community males. The extensive use of gesturing by adult males differs from the low frequency reported in captivity, and emphasises the importance of studying behaviour in a natural population.
10
01
JB code
gs.6.14new
Section header
14
01
New trends and debates
10
01
JB code
gs.6.09sco
147
164
18
Article
15
01
A call for conformity
A
call for conformity
Gesture studies in human and non-human primates
1
A01
Nicole M. Scott
Scott, Nicole M.
Nicole M.
Scott
Center for Cognitive Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
2
A01
Simone Pika
Pika, Simone
Simone
Pika
Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Humboldt Research Group “Comparative Gestural Signalling”, Eberhard-Gwinner-Strasse, 82319 Seewiesen, Germany
01
Many advances in the study of gesture have been accomplished; however idiosyncratic methodologies and definitions have been applied for different subject pools in human and non-human animals. Since gesture use in our phylogeny dates back at least to other primates, a useful framework for furthering this study should accommodate all gesture forms regardless of species membership. Such a framework would allow for in depth comparisons also if gesture is a product of convergent evolution. The current chapter (i) provides an overview of the state of the art of gesture studies in humans and other primates, (ii) adjusts McNeill’s Gesture Continuum to accommodate all gesture types by implementing Tinbergen’s four “why’s” and (iii) creates a comprehensive definition of gesture that satisfies studies of any animal species.
10
01
JB code
gs.6.10rac
165
180
16
Article
16
01
Cognitivism, adaptationism and pointing
1
A01
Timothy P. Racine
Racine, Timothy P.
Timothy P.
Racine
Simon Fraser University
01
I analyze the conceptual foundations of Tomasello and colleagues’ influential theory of the origins of pointing gestures in an attempt to clarify its aims and limit its scope. After some preliminary remarks, I consider the postulated cognitive mechanisms that are claimed to be the developmental basis for the sharing of intentional states with others, and then turn to the postulated evolutionary mechanisms that are said to serve as a basis for cognitive abilities. I discuss the strengths and limitations of this account in terms of its parent meta-theoretical positions of cognitivism and adaptationism respectively. Keywords: pointing; mental states; adaptations; intentions; shared intentionality
10
01
JB code
gs.6.11lea
181
198
18
Article
17
01
Pointing
Contexts and instrumentality
1
A01
David A. Leavens
Leavens, David A.
David A.
Leavens
University of Sussex
01
Although long heralded as a human species-unique gesture, pointing has now been demonstrated in numerous species of non-human animals. Many contemporary researchers argue that pointing for instrumental ends marks a different kind of psychological process from pointing to share attention as an end in itself. Thus, a large body of contemporary theory is built on presumptions about the hypothetical motivations underlying pointing. I will briefly outline some of the contexts and motivations in which humans point, and argue that virtually all human pointing can be interpreted in instrumental terms. If this is correct, then instrumentality, <i>per se</i>, cannot illuminate the evolutionary origins of joint attention.
10
01
JB code
gs.6.12wil
199
222
24
Article
18
01
Requesting behaviours within episodes of active sharing
A new look on chimpanzee signalling
1
A01
Ray Wilkinson
Wilkinson, Ray
Ray
Wilkinson
University of Manchester, School of Psychological Sciences, Manchester, UK
2
A01
Ivan Leudar
Leudar, Ivan
Ivan
Leudar
University of Manchester, School of Psychological Sciences, Manchester, UK
3
A01
Simone Pika
Pika, Simone
Simone
Pika
Humboldt Research Group “Comparative Gestural Signalling”, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Seewiesen, Germany
01
Similarly to humans, one of human’s closest living congener, chimpanzees (<i>Pan troglodytes</i>), have been observed to share food between unrelated individuals regardless of age and sex. The most remarkable cases of extended food sharing episodes including active sharing occur after chimpanzees have preyed upon mammals such as monkeys, duikers or bush pigs. Although a tremendous amount of research attention has focused on the function underlying the sophisticated sharing events, relatively little systematic research has investigated the behaviours and communicative signals surrounding and initiating these events. In the present paper, we thus provide the first systematic analysis of active meat sharing episodes by combining methods of comparative research with a micro-analytic approach in the form of conversation analysis. We describe how chimpanzees involved in sharing episodes achieve active sharing through a three-part process of (1) B requesting meat; (2) A giving meat; and (3) B taking meat. In addition, we describe the interactive process by which requests may not be acceded to and how subsequent requests may then be shaped and customized.
10
01
JB code
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Section header
19
01
Article
10
01
JB code
gs.6.13wil
223
240
18
Article
20
01
Hands and faces
Linking human language and non-human primate communication
1
A01
Sherman Wilcox
Wilcox, Sherman
Sherman
Wilcox
Department of Linguistics, University of New Mexico
01
This chapter investigates the linguistic links between gesture and language, relying on data from signed languages. Data focuses on the developmental routes by which non-linguistic gestures become incorporated into the linguistic system of signed languages. Evidence is presented for two routes: one leading from gesture to word to grammatical morpheme, and a second leading from gesture to prosody to grammatical marker. These two routes emerge because of the semiotic characteristics of hands and faces. One application of this work is to inform research on non-human primate gesture. The goal is to pose new questions about the relation between gesture and language and to propose a new approach that primate gesture researchers may address when surveying the range of gestural forms.
10
01
JB code
gs.6.14kat
241
252
12
Article
21
01
Where next?
1
A01
Katja Liebal
Liebal, Katja
Katja
Liebal
2
A01
Simone Pika
Pika, Simone
Simone
Pika
Humboldt Research Group “Comparative Gestural Signalling”, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Eberhard-Gwinner-Strasse, Geesehouse Seewiesen, Germany
10
01
JB code
gs.6.15ind
253
256
4
Article
22
01
Index
02
JBENJAMINS
John Benjamins Publishing Company
01
John Benjamins Publishing Company
Amsterdam/Philadelphia
NL
04
20120612
2012
John Benjamins
02
WORLD
13
15
9789027228482
01
JB
3
John Benjamins e-Platform
03
jbe-platform.com
09
WORLD
21
01
00
90.00
EUR
R
01
00
76.00
GBP
Z
01
gen
00
135.00
USD
S
185008348
03
01
01
JB
John Benjamins Publishing Company
01
JB code
GS 6 Hb
15
9789027228482
13
2011050944
BB
01
GS
02
1874-6829
Gesture Studies
6
01
Developments in Primate Gesture Research
01
gs.6
01
https://benjamins.com
02
https://benjamins.com/catalog/gs.6
1
B01
Simone Pika
Pika, Simone
Simone
Pika
Max Planck Institute for Ornithology
2
B01
Katja Liebal
Liebal, Katja
Katja
Liebal
Freie Universität Berlin, University of Portsmouth & Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
01
eng
270
xiii
256
SCI070050
v.2006
PSVP
2
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.COGN
Cognition and language
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.EVO
Evolution of language
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.GEST
Gesture Studies
06
01
The book is a themed, mutually referenced collection of articles from a very high-powered set of authors based on the workshop on “Current developments in non-human primate gesture research”, which was held in July 2010 at the European University Viadrina, Frankfurt (Oder), Germany. The motivation for this book – following on from the motivation for the workshop series – was to present the state of the art in non-human primate gesture research with a special emphasis on its history, interdisciplinary perspectives, developments and future directions. This book provides, for the first time in a single volume, the most recent work on comparative gestural signaling by many of the major scholars in the field, such as W.D. Hopkins, D. Leavens, T. Racine, J. van Hooff, and S. Wilcox (in alphabetical order).
04
09
01
https://benjamins.com/covers/475/gs.6.png
04
03
01
https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027228482.jpg
04
03
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06
09
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07
09
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25
09
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27
09
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https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/gs.6.hb.png
10
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ix
x
2
Article
1
01
Acknowledgements
10
01
JB code
gs.6.002abo
xi
xiv
4
Article
2
01
About the contributors
10
01
JB code
gs.6.01pik
1
12
12
Article
3
01
Introduction
Developments in primate gesture research
1
A01
Simone Pika
Pika, Simone
Simone
Pika
Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Humboldt Research Group “Comparative Gestural Signalling”, Eberhard-Gwinner Strasse, Geesehouse Seewiesen, Germany
2
A01
Katja Liebal
Liebal, Katja
Katja
Liebal
Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
10
01
JB code
gs.6.04art
Section header
4
01
Article
10
01
JB code
gs.6.02van
13
32
20
Article
5
01
Facial-vocal displays, gestures and language
1
A01
Jan A.R.A.M. van Hooff
Hooff, Jan A.R.A.M. van
Jan A.R.A.M.
van
Hooff
Universiteit Utrecht, The Netherlands
01
Animals possess nonverbal displays consisting of chemical signals, postures, gestures, calls, and, in mammals, of facial-vocal expressions, essentially reflecting intentions and attitudes of the sender. Humans, in addition, possess a verbal language with an ‘unlimited’ repertoire of referential and representational symbols, syntactically combined into meaningful complexes. Because of the vital role of speech the emancipation of vocal utterances in primates is seen as the beginning of linguistic evolution. However, in humans gesturing is closely associated with linguistic expression, favouring a gestural origin. Here I compare features of gesturing and facial-vocal expression in our primate relatives, e.g. referentiality and intentionality, contrasting these with linguistic performance. The conclusion is that a choice between one of the former as the main precursor of language cannot as yet be made.
10
01
JB code
gs.6.06res
Section header
6
01
Research Studies
10
01
JB code
gs.6.03mar
33
54
22
Article
7
01
Does ontogenetic ritualization explain early communicative gestures in human infants?
1
A01
Paula Marentette
Marentette, Paula
Paula
Marentette
University of Alberta–Augustana, Camrose, Alberta, Canada
2
A01
Elena Nicoladis
Nicoladis, Elena
Elena
Nicoladis
University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
01
This chapter evaluates predictions that the origins of at least some gestures of human infants are shaped through ontogenetic ritualization (Clark 1978; Lock 1978; Tomasello 2008). To do so, we examine the development of five gesture types in four children between the ages of 6.5 and 11.5 months. This analysis supports a comparison between those gestures thought to be ritualized (<i>pick-me-up, graspindex</i>), with those that are socially learned (<i>wave, clap, clasp-hands</i>). Although some limited evidence for ritualization is found, developmental similarity amongst the five gesture types is strong. Through comparisons of gesture ontogeny between human and non-human primates, we explore the possible reasons for this result.
10
01
JB code
gs.6.08non
Section header
8
01
Non-human primates
10
01
JB code
gs.6.04per
55
72
18
Article
9
01
A mother gorilla’s variable use of touch to guide her infant
A
mother gorilla’s variable use of touch to guide her infant
Insights into iconicity and the relationship between gesture and action
1
A01
Marcus Perlman
Perlman, Marcus
Marcus
Perlman
Department of Psychology, University of California, Santa Cruz
2
A01
Joanne E. Tanner
Tanner, Joanne E.
Joanne E.
Tanner
The Gorilla Foundation
3
A01
Barbara J. King
King, Barbara J.
Barbara J.
King
Department of Anthropology, College of William and Mary
01
This chapter examines how gestures of the great apes are created from instrumental actions. Ape gestures are generally believed to form through phylogenetic or ontogenetic ritualization, or – at least in humans – “iconic” gestures are created spontaneously during online interaction. These alternatives are evaluated with respect to data on the tactile<i> pushes</i> used by a mother gorilla to direct her infant around their enclosure. Analysis shows that the<i> pushes</i> exhibit variability in form and force in ways that are tuned to the present physical and social context, indicating the underlying activation of afforded instrumental actions and thus iconic processes in the creation of these gestures, opposed to ritualization. We discuss how this variability reveals continuity between gesture and action that is compatible with recent simulation-based accounts of iconic gesture.
10
01
JB code
gs.6.05tem
73
92
20
Article
10
01
Spontaneous use of gesture sequences in orangutans
A case for strategy?
1
A01
Sebastian Tempelmann
Tempelmann, Sebastian
Sebastian
Tempelmann
Department of Developmental and Comparative Psychology, Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
2
A01
Katja Liebal
Liebal, Katja
Katja
Liebal
Department of Developmental and Comparative Psychology, Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
01
Great apes use gestures flexibly across different contexts and with a considerable degree of individual variability. However, little is still known about whether great apes combine gestures to increase the efficacy of their communicative attempts – either by anticipatorily attracting the attention of the recipient towards themselves or by continuing to gesture in case the recipient does not respond. The few existing studies are not consistent in their conclusions. The present study thus aims to contribute to this discussion by providing a systematic investigation of gesture sequences of 16 captive orangutans. Our results showed that 20% of their gestures were part of a sequence and consisted mostly of combinations of two gestures with the majority representing repetitions of the same gesture. In addition, senders continued to gesture regardless of whether recipients responded to the initial gesture, they did not use particular gestures at the beginning of a sequence to attract the attention of recipients, and they did not switch to more efficient gestures in case the recipient did not respond. These findings therefore do not support the assumption that orangutans’ use of gesture sequences reflects goal directedness in achieving a particular goal, but may rather be the result of the arousal of the gesturing individual in particular contexts, such as play.
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gs.6.06hop
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Handedness for manual gestures in great apes
A meta-analysis
1
A01
William D. Hopkins
Hopkins, William D.
William D.
Hopkins
Department of Psychology, Agnes Scott College, Decatur, Georgia, United States
2
A01
Simone Pika
Pika, Simone
Simone
Pika
Humboldt Research Group “Comparative Gestural Signalling”, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Eberhard-Gwinner-Strasse, Seewiesen, Germany
3
A01
Katja Liebal
Liebal, Katja
Katja
Liebal
Department of Psychology, Freie Universitat Berlin, Habelschwerdter Allee Berlin, Germany
4
A01
Amanda Bania
Bania, Amanda
Amanda
Bania
The National Zoo, Washington, D.C. Department of Veterinary Sciences, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, Texas
5
A01
Adrien Meguerditchian
Meguerditchian, Adrien
Adrien
Meguerditchian
Division of Developmental and Cognitive Neuroscience, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
6
A01
Molly Gardner
Gardner, Molly
Molly
Gardner
7
A01
Steven J. Schapiro
Schapiro, Steven J.
Steven J.
Schapiro
01
Left hemisphere dominance for language and speech is a prominent feature of the human brain. Some have suggested that left hemisphere lateralization for language in modern humans evolved from an existing lateralized system for gestural communication in the common ancestor of humans and apes. Here, we conducted a meta-analysis of the data on handedness for manual gestures in great apes to test whether species-level asymmetries in hand use were evident and if these asymmetries were consistent across species. Hand preference data for manual gestures were summarized for published and unpublished data in the literature. For observational data, we found that bonobos, chimpanzees, gorillas and orangutans all showed group-level right handedness for manual gestures. For experimental data, group-level right handedness was only found for chimpanzees, though sample sizes were relatively small in the remaining ape species. When hand preference data were combined across ape species, we found that right handedness was much more prevalent for auditory gestures, such as clapping, compared to visual and tactile gestures. The results support the view that asymmetries in hand use for gestural communication was prevalent in the common ancestor of chimpanzees and humans and was possibly evident even earlier in primate evolution. Additional data are needed, particularly from wild apes to test for the presence of these asymmetries in subjects raised in their natural environment.
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gs.6.07lai
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128
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12
01
Mandrill visual gestures
A round-the-world study of the largest of all monkeys
1
A01
Mark E. Laidre
Laidre, Mark E.
Mark E.
Laidre
Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley
01
Apes have rich gestural communication systems. But do monkeys? If so, what forms and functions do monkey gestures have, and how does the relationship between form and function originate developmentally? This chapter reports intensive observations aimed at answering these questions in the largest of all monkeys, the mandrill (<i>Mandrillus sphinx</i>). Nearly thirty captive mandrill groups distributed across three continents were studied over the course of a decade, some groups for three consecutive generations. Mandrills performed three visual gestures: slap ground, hand extension, and eye covering. While slap ground was distributed uniformly across individuals and groups, hand extension and eye covering – the two focal gestures of this chapter – showed restricted distributions that were consistent with their being learned rather than instinctive. Contrasting hand extension against eye covering for fifteen different signal parameters revealed that these two gestures had antithetical forms and functions but had similar developmental histories. Within each gesture the close correspondence between form and function suggested that ontogenetic ritualization contributed to both hand extension’s and eye covering’s origin. Furthermore, for eye covering the clustering of all known performers within a single group suggested this gesture was culturally transmitted. Broadly, these results suggest that multiple interacting factors, including instinct, learning, and culture may contribute to the emergence of monkey gestures. Follow-up experiments, however, remain critical for rigorously testing the developmental origins and potential cultural transmission of non-human gestures. Keywords: development; gestural acquisition; ontogenetic ritualization; cultural transmission; monkeys
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01
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gs.6.08hob
129
146
18
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13
01
Gesture use in consortship
Wild chimpanzees’ use of gesture for an ‘evolutionarily urgent’ purpose
1
A01
Catherine Hobaiter
Hobaiter, Catherine
Catherine
Hobaiter
Centre for Social Learning and Cognitive Evolution and Scottish Primate Research Group, University of St Andrews, School of Psychology, St Andrews, KY16 9JP, Scotland
2
A01
Richard W. Byrne
Byrne, Richard W.
Richard W.
Byrne
Centre for Social Learning and Cognitive Evolution and Scottish Primate Research Group, University of St Andrews, School of Psychology, St Andrews, KY16 9JP, Scotland
01
We describe the gestural communication of wild chimpanzees in the evolutionarily urgent context of consortship. Consortship represented the dominant context for the use of gestural communication by adult males in the Sonso community. Gesturing provided consorting males with the opportunity to communicate their intentions to the female, while avoiding the risk of also advertising these to other community males. The extensive use of gesturing by adult males differs from the low frequency reported in captivity, and emphasises the importance of studying behaviour in a natural population.
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gs.6.14new
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01
New trends and debates
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gs.6.09sco
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164
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Article
15
01
A call for conformity
A
call for conformity
Gesture studies in human and non-human primates
1
A01
Nicole M. Scott
Scott, Nicole M.
Nicole M.
Scott
Center for Cognitive Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
2
A01
Simone Pika
Pika, Simone
Simone
Pika
Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Humboldt Research Group “Comparative Gestural Signalling”, Eberhard-Gwinner-Strasse, 82319 Seewiesen, Germany
01
Many advances in the study of gesture have been accomplished; however idiosyncratic methodologies and definitions have been applied for different subject pools in human and non-human animals. Since gesture use in our phylogeny dates back at least to other primates, a useful framework for furthering this study should accommodate all gesture forms regardless of species membership. Such a framework would allow for in depth comparisons also if gesture is a product of convergent evolution. The current chapter (i) provides an overview of the state of the art of gesture studies in humans and other primates, (ii) adjusts McNeill’s Gesture Continuum to accommodate all gesture types by implementing Tinbergen’s four “why’s” and (iii) creates a comprehensive definition of gesture that satisfies studies of any animal species.
10
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JB code
gs.6.10rac
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180
16
Article
16
01
Cognitivism, adaptationism and pointing
1
A01
Timothy P. Racine
Racine, Timothy P.
Timothy P.
Racine
Simon Fraser University
01
I analyze the conceptual foundations of Tomasello and colleagues’ influential theory of the origins of pointing gestures in an attempt to clarify its aims and limit its scope. After some preliminary remarks, I consider the postulated cognitive mechanisms that are claimed to be the developmental basis for the sharing of intentional states with others, and then turn to the postulated evolutionary mechanisms that are said to serve as a basis for cognitive abilities. I discuss the strengths and limitations of this account in terms of its parent meta-theoretical positions of cognitivism and adaptationism respectively. Keywords: pointing; mental states; adaptations; intentions; shared intentionality
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gs.6.11lea
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198
18
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17
01
Pointing
Contexts and instrumentality
1
A01
David A. Leavens
Leavens, David A.
David A.
Leavens
University of Sussex
01
Although long heralded as a human species-unique gesture, pointing has now been demonstrated in numerous species of non-human animals. Many contemporary researchers argue that pointing for instrumental ends marks a different kind of psychological process from pointing to share attention as an end in itself. Thus, a large body of contemporary theory is built on presumptions about the hypothetical motivations underlying pointing. I will briefly outline some of the contexts and motivations in which humans point, and argue that virtually all human pointing can be interpreted in instrumental terms. If this is correct, then instrumentality, <i>per se</i>, cannot illuminate the evolutionary origins of joint attention.
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gs.6.12wil
199
222
24
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01
Requesting behaviours within episodes of active sharing
A new look on chimpanzee signalling
1
A01
Ray Wilkinson
Wilkinson, Ray
Ray
Wilkinson
University of Manchester, School of Psychological Sciences, Manchester, UK
2
A01
Ivan Leudar
Leudar, Ivan
Ivan
Leudar
University of Manchester, School of Psychological Sciences, Manchester, UK
3
A01
Simone Pika
Pika, Simone
Simone
Pika
Humboldt Research Group “Comparative Gestural Signalling”, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Seewiesen, Germany
01
Similarly to humans, one of human’s closest living congener, chimpanzees (<i>Pan troglodytes</i>), have been observed to share food between unrelated individuals regardless of age and sex. The most remarkable cases of extended food sharing episodes including active sharing occur after chimpanzees have preyed upon mammals such as monkeys, duikers or bush pigs. Although a tremendous amount of research attention has focused on the function underlying the sophisticated sharing events, relatively little systematic research has investigated the behaviours and communicative signals surrounding and initiating these events. In the present paper, we thus provide the first systematic analysis of active meat sharing episodes by combining methods of comparative research with a micro-analytic approach in the form of conversation analysis. We describe how chimpanzees involved in sharing episodes achieve active sharing through a three-part process of (1) B requesting meat; (2) A giving meat; and (3) B taking meat. In addition, we describe the interactive process by which requests may not be acceded to and how subsequent requests may then be shaped and customized.
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gs.6.13wil
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20
01
Hands and faces
Linking human language and non-human primate communication
1
A01
Sherman Wilcox
Wilcox, Sherman
Sherman
Wilcox
Department of Linguistics, University of New Mexico
01
This chapter investigates the linguistic links between gesture and language, relying on data from signed languages. Data focuses on the developmental routes by which non-linguistic gestures become incorporated into the linguistic system of signed languages. Evidence is presented for two routes: one leading from gesture to word to grammatical morpheme, and a second leading from gesture to prosody to grammatical marker. These two routes emerge because of the semiotic characteristics of hands and faces. One application of this work is to inform research on non-human primate gesture. The goal is to pose new questions about the relation between gesture and language and to propose a new approach that primate gesture researchers may address when surveying the range of gestural forms.
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gs.6.14kat
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01
Where next?
1
A01
Katja Liebal
Liebal, Katja
Katja
Liebal
2
A01
Simone Pika
Pika, Simone
Simone
Pika
Humboldt Research Group “Comparative Gestural Signalling”, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Eberhard-Gwinner-Strasse, Geesehouse Seewiesen, Germany
10
01
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253
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Index
02
JBENJAMINS
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