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906007494 03 01 01 JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code HSM 11 Eb 15 9789027287113 06 10.1075/hsm.11 13 2011000208 DG 002 02 01 HSM 02 1571-4934 Hamburg Studies on Multilingualism 11 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">The Development of Grammar</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>The </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">Development of Grammar</TitleWithoutPrefix> <Subtitle textformat="02">Language acquisition and diachronic change. In honour of Jürgen M. Meisel</Subtitle> 01 hsm.11 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/hsm.11 1 B01 Esther Rinke Rinke, Esther Esther Rinke Goethe University Frankfurt 2 B01 Tanja Kupisch Kupisch, Tanja Tanja Kupisch University of Hamburg 01 eng 422 viii 414 LAN009000 v.2006 CFDM 2 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.HL Historical linguistics 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.LA Language acquisition 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.BIL Multilingualism 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.SYNTAX Syntax 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.THEOR Theoretical linguistics 06 01 This volume focuses on different aspects of language development. The contributions are concerned with similarities and differences between first and second language acquisition, the acquisition of sentence structure and functional categories, cross-linguistic influence in bilingual first language acquisition as well as the relation between language acquisition, language contact and diachronic change. The recurrent topic of the volume is the link between linguistic variation and the limitation of structural variability in the framework of a well-defined theory of language. In this respect, the volume opens up new perspectives for future research. 04 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/hsm.11.png 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027219312.jpg 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027219312.tif 06 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/hsm.11.hb.png 07 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/hsm.11.png 25 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/hsm.11.hb.png 27 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/hsm.11.hb.png 10 01 JB code hsm.11.01rin 1 15 15 Article 1 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">&#65279;Introduction</TitleText> 1 A01 Esther Rinke Rinke, Esther Esther Rinke 2 A01 Tanja Kupisch Kupisch, Tanja Tanja Kupisch 10 01 JB code hsm.11.02p1 Section header 2 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Part I. (2)L1 versus L2 versus child L2</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Similarities and differences</Subtitle> 10 01 JB code hsm.11.03car 19 46 28 Article 3 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">&#8216;Acquisition&#8217; in grammatical development</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">What does word order tell us?</Subtitle> 1 A01 Susanne Elizabeth Carroll Carroll, Susanne Elizabeth Susanne Elizabeth Carroll 20 induction 20 Principles and Parameters Theory 20 problem-solving 20 second language acquisition 20 verb-raising 20 word order 01 J&#252;rgen M. Meisel has long championed parameter-setting as an account of the development of word order in monolingual and bilingual first language acquisition. For second language learners, he has proposed that development is to be explained by induction but does not provide detail as to what the mechanisms are or how they operate. In my contribution, I examine such claims more closely discussing statistical learning and inductive inference (problem-solving) and their relevance for learning word order. I suggest that word order can be teased apart from dominance relations in syntax and that properly testing claims about fundamental differences between L1 and L2 learning requires information about dominance and scope in interlanguage grammars. 10 01 JB code hsm.11.04sch 47 74 28 Article 4 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Tense and Aspect in early French development in aL2, 2L1 and cL2 learners</TitleText> 1 A01 Suzanne Schlyter Schlyter, Suzanne Suzanne Schlyter 20 Age of Onset 20 child second language acquisition 20 French 20 tense-aspect 01 In line with current research by Meisel (2008, 2009), this study discusses the nature of child second language (cL2) acquisition, compared with adult second language (aL2) acquisition and the development of two first languages (2L1). Early stages of tense-aspect acquisition of French are studied in these three learner types, all having Swedish as a first or concomitant language, and all with differences with regard to the Age of Onset of French. Focus is on past tense marking, lexical aspect and temporal reference. The cognitive-syntactic development of the first language is proposed to account for the differences observed between aL2 and 2L1 acquisition, as well as for the similarities in the behaviour of cL2 and aL2 learners. 10 01 JB code hsm.11.05pre 75 103 29 Article 5 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Subject clitics in child L2 acquisition of French</TitleText> 1 A01 Anne-Kathrin Preissler Preissler, Anne-Kathrin Anne-Kathrin Preissler 20 age of onset 20 child second language acquisition 20 critical period 20 French subject clitics 01 This paper presents findings from a study on successive language acquisition by German children first exposed to French at the age of 3&#8211;4 years. The general research question is whether child second language acquisition (cL2) parallels monolingual or bilingual first language acquisition (2L1) or rather adult L2 acquisition (aL2). The specific grammatical domain investigated is subject clitics (SCL). Since L1 and aL2 differ with respect to the distribution and the nature of SCL, their usage qualifies as a criterion discriminating between the two acquisition types. My findings suggest that cL2 learners with a higher age of onset behave like aL2 learners in this domain, supporting the claim that cL2 acquisition differs qualitatively from 2L1 development in the domain of bound morphology. 10 01 JB code hsm.11.06sop 105 121 17 Article 6 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Placement of infinitives in successive child language acquisition</TitleText> 1 A01 Aldona Sopata Sopata, Aldona Aldona Sopata 20 German acquisition 20 infinitives 20 subject verb agreement 20 successive child language acquisition 01 In recent work on child second language acquisition (cL2) a number of different age ranges for the onset of this acquisition type have been proposed (Schwartz 2004; Meisel 2008; Nicholas &#38; Lightbown 2008). This paper aims at showing at which age noticeable differences as compared to first language acquisition (L1) emerge in the placement of infinitives in German. The study is also concerned with the acquisition of subject verb agreement as a turning point in the developmental sequence of German. The data of the children studied are shown to be consistent with the hypothesis of Meisel (2008) assuming the onset of cL2 between the ages 3 and 4. 10 01 JB code hsm.11.07p2 Section header 7 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Part II. The acquisition of sentence structure and functional categories</TitleText> 10 01 JB code hsm.11.08cha 125 149 25 Article 8 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">The developmental pathway of nominal functional categories in early child Mandarin</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>The </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">developmental pathway of nominal functional categories in early child Mandarin</TitleWithoutPrefix> <Subtitle textformat="02">Language specific features and other driving factors</Subtitle> 1 A01 Meiyun Chang-Smith Chang-Smith, Meiyun Meiyun Chang-Smith 20 DP 20 first language acquisition 20 Mandarin Chinese 20 nominal functional categories 01 Longitudinal data from a monolingual Mandarin-speaking child (1;8.22&#8211;2;2.25) is examined focusing on acquisition of nominal functional categories: Determiner Phrase (DP), Number Phrase (NumP) and Classifier Phrase (ClP). Analysis reveals that in the latter two-word stage the functional heads D and Cl&#160;&#8211; but not Num &#8211; within definite nominal expressions are instantiated. Feature compositions of these heads appear to be under-specified &#8211; the complement-feature (or its associated grammatical properties) of the head Cl was still lacking during this stage. Mandarin nominal functional categories are thus instantiated incrementally and likewise the grammatical features of the functional heads. The Weak Continuity perspective appears most appropriate to account for these results. 10 01 JB code hsm.11.09kin 151 178 28 Article 9 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">The emergence of CP in child Basque</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>The </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">emergence of CP in child Basque</TitleWithoutPrefix> <Subtitle textformat="02">Evidence for a fine-structured CP?</Subtitle> 1 A01 Noemi Kintana Kintana, Noemi Noemi Kintana 20 Basque 20 first language acquisition 20 information structure 20 left periphery 20 split-CP 01 In the present study, I investigate the acquisition of CP-related structures in Basque by one monolingual child and two Basque-Spanish bilingual children aged 1;05&#8211;3;00. The aim of this study is to determine whether there is evidence in the child data supporting a fine-structured CP for Basque, as proposed by Ortiz de Urbina (1999a, 2008). For that purpose, I have looked at time of emergence of CP-related structures, following Grinstead &#38; Elizondo&#8217;s (2001) work on this topic. Assuming a richly articulated CP, the data available on the left periphery so far is compatible with the Full Competence Hypothesis (cf. Poeppel &#38; Wexler 1993, among others) and with the Structure Building Hypothesis (Guilfoyle &#38; Noonan 1992). Incremental acquisition for the latter implies that the CP field is built incrementally, possibly one layer at a time. This is, however, not clearly suggested by the data. 10 01 JB code hsm.11.10gro 179 203 25 Article 10 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Some directions for the systematic investigation of the acquisition of Cypriot Greek</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">A new perspective on production abilities from object clitic placement</Subtitle> 1 A01 Kleanthes K. Grohmann Grohmann, Kleanthes K. Kleanthes K. Grohmann 20 bidialectism 20 bilingualism 20 bi-x 20 diglossia 20 elicitation-production task 20 first language acquisition 20 Modern Greek 20 Socio-Syntax of Development Hypothesis 01 Cypriot Greek is an understudied variety of Modern Greek, certainly as concerns the morphosyntactic grammatical system and developmental stages in young learners. This chapter lays out the beginnings of a larger research agenda currently undertaken by the Cyprus Acquisition Team and presents a first systematic foray into the first language acquisition of Cypriot Greek. One interesting contrast with Standard Modern Greek, and its relevance for young learners, is particularly highlighted: direct object clitic placement. The results from the pilot study presented here are capitalized on by formulating the tender beginnings of the Socio-Syntax of Development Hypothesis for language acquisition in &#8216;bi-x environments&#8217; &#8211; that is, first language development in linguistic environments, such as that of Greek-speaking Cyprus, that are variably characterized as diglossic, bidialectal, or bilingual. 10 01 JB code hsm.11.11roe 205 228 24 Article 11 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Strict Interfaces and three kinds of Multiple Grammar</TitleText> 1 A01 Thomas Roeper Roeper, Thomas Thomas Roeper 20 dialect 20 Externalization 20 interfaces 20 language acquisition 20 language design 20 language variation 20 minimalist theory 20 Multiple Grammars 20 strong minimalist thesis 20 syntax 01 Modern linguistic theory introduces the question of how interfaces are to be mechanically represented. It is argued that there are strict innate interfaces where semantics, pragmatics, and syntax must coincide. The Strong Minimalist Thesis (Chomsky 2005) is a prime example. We argue that so-called 3rd Factors, which are part of these interfaces, must be present in core aspects of grammar. It follows language variation cannot and should not, as suggested by Richards (2008) be abstracted out of core grammar as entirely due to 3rd Factor or Externalization processes. Several instances where variation is compatible because it can be represented are introduced. 10 01 JB code hsm.11.12p3 Section header 12 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Part III. Autonomous development vs. crosslinguistic influence in bilingual first language acquisition</TitleText> 10 01 JB code hsm.11.13pat 231 261 31 Article 13 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Delay and acceleration in bilingual first language acquisition</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">The same or different?</Subtitle> 1 A01 Marisa Patuto Patuto, Marisa Marisa Patuto 2 A01 Valentina Repetto Repetto, Valentina Valentina Repetto 3 A01 Natascha Müller Müller, Natascha Natascha Müller 20 (non-) null-subject language 20 acceleration 20 bilingual first language acquisition 20 cross-linguistic influence 20 delay 20 finite verb placement 01 Research on bilingual first language acquisition has shown that bilingual children do not develop both of their two languages similarly to monolingual children. Two opposing views exist for the difference between bilingual and monolingual development. According to the first, cross-linguistic effects may either slow down or accelerate language acquisition. The opposing view holds that processing is at the heart of the difference between bilingual and monolingual language development. In the present article we will argue in favor of the position that delay is the outcome of cross-linguistic influence, where a linguistically less complex analysis is applied to both languages, A and B. We will show that delay effects depend on the language combination, and will compare German-Italian, German-Spanish and Italian-French children with respect to non-null-subject usage. At the same time, acceleration effects are visible in all bilingual children, regardless of the language combination. We will also argue that acceleration results from processing preferences. The grammatical phenomenon under investigation here is finite verb placement in bilingual German, which seems to be guided by principles of efficient computation. The empirical results allow for an interpretation of acceleration effects not in terms of cross-linguistic influence, but in terms of an effect of bilingualism as such. As a result, the differences between early child bilingualism and monolingual language development should be described in terms of the interaction of two knowledge systems and of processing effects in bilinguals. 10 01 JB code hsm.11.14lle 263 286 24 Article 14 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Intonation targets of yes/no questions by Spanish and German monolingual and bilingual children</TitleText> 1 A01 Conxita Lleó Lleó, Conxita Conxita Lleó 2 A01 Martin Rakow Rakow, Martin Martin Rakow 20 alignment 20 bilinguals 20 boundary tone 20 falling F0 20 intonation contours 20 pitch accent 20 rising F0 20 scaling 20 yes/no questions 01 Yes/no interrogative utterances in German and Spanish exhibit four comparable intonation points: a first peak, a falling F0, an L and a final H. However, there are differences regarding the alignment and scaling of H and L tones across the two languages. Yes/no questions by German and Spanish monolinguals and German-Spanish bilinguals aged 2;0 and 3;0 are analyzed, with the aim of finding out whether children at these ages have already acquired the intonation contours of yes/no questions. Results show that monolingual children already produce both the F0 contours and the alignment of the four crucial points before 3;0, whereas bilinguals correctly produce the contours, but some of them tend to not differentiate alignment and/or scaling in the two languages. 10 01 JB code hsm.11.15flo 287 305 19 Article 15 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Perception of German vowels by bilingual Portuguese-German returnees</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">A case of phonological attrition?</Subtitle> 1 A01 Cristina Flores Flores, Cristina Cristina Flores 2 A01 Andréia Schurt Rauber Rauber, Andréia Schurt Andréia Schurt Rauber 20 attrition 20 German phonology 20 perception 20 returnees 01 This study investigates the perception of German vowels by a group of eight Portuguese adolescents and young adults who were raised bilingually in Germany and returned to Portugal in early childhood (between the ages of 5 and 10 years). All the participants reported that they never use German in Portugal and that they are unable to formulate accurate sentences in that language. Our aim was to test whether their perceptual ability to discriminate German sounds had undergone attrition or remained invulnerable to the lack of language use. Unlike German vowels, Portuguese vowels are not distinctive in duration and the Portuguese inventory does not contain the rounded vowels /y/ and /y:/ or the lax vowels /i/ and /~/. Thus, we tested the participants&#8217; perceptual ability to discriminate vowels in terms of (i) duration, in the contrast /a-a:/; (ii)&#160;quality+duration, in the contrasts /i-i:/ and /~-u:/; and (iii) quality in the contrasts /i-y/, /~-Y/, /i:-y:/ and /u:-y:/ by means of a categorical discrimination test. The results reveal that the returnees were able to make vowel duration and quality perceptual distinctions in the attrited language. This indicates that their ability to discriminate German sounds seems to remain stable. 10 01 JB code hsm.11.16p4 Section header 16 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Part IV. Language acquisition, language contact and diachronic change</TitleText> 10 01 JB code hsm.11.17kat 309 330 22 Article 17 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Acquisition in the context of language change</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">The case of Brazilian Portuguese null subjects</Subtitle> 1 A01 Mary Aizawa Kato Kato, Mary Aizawa Mary Aizawa Kato 20 Brazilian Portuguese 20 core grammar 20 L2 grammar 20 null and pronominal subjects 01 Brazilian Portuguese (BP) has been described as having undergone a selective loss of null subjects, with the categorical maintenance of null expletives, and a limited possibility of referential null subjects in the third person. In the I-language of most literate adults, a range of referential null subjects is still possible, competing with the innovative weak pronouns. The present study will claim that core grammars do not admit morphological &#8216;doublets&#8217;, and will give evidence that pre-school children do not have pronouns competing with referential null subjects. These are argued to be acquired as a second grammar, through schooling. The maintenance of anaphoric null subjects is observed in written texts, the object of diachronic studies. The conclusion is that the only null subject licensed in BP core grammars is the non-referential null subject, namely expletive and indefinite subjects without the clitic se. The study will also claim that the null subject recovered through schooling is not the same as the prototypical null subject that was lost, but is still an object possible in Universal Grammar (UG). 10 01 JB code hsm.11.18nun 331 354 24 Article 18 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">On the diachronic reanalysis of null subjects and null objects in Brazilian Portuguese</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Triggers and consequences</Subtitle> 1 A01 Jairo Nunes Nunes, Jairo Jairo Nunes 20 Brazilian Portuguese 20 clitics 20 finite control 20 hyper-raising 20 null objects 20 null subjects 01 This paper discusses some acquisition issues involved in the syntactic changes that affected the distribution and interpretation of null subjects and null objects in Brazilian Portuguese (BP). Based on work by Ferreira (2000) and Nunes (2008a), I argue that the emergence of finite control in BP was triggered by the weakening of its verbal agreement paradigm associated with the fact that some infinitival forms are ambiguous in being associated with a complete or an incomplete set of &#966;-features. As for null objects, I discuss some consequences of Nunes&#8217;s (1993) proposal that the appearance of pronominal null objects in BP was ultimately a by-product of the change in the directionality of phonological cliticization in the language. 10 01 JB code hsm.11.19kai 355 381 27 Article 19 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">On the decrease in subject-verb inversion in French declaratives</TitleText> 1 A01 Georg Kaiser Kaiser, Georg Georg Kaiser 2 A01 Michael Zimmermann Zimmermann, Michael Michael Zimmermann 20 diachronic change 20 French 20 syntax 01 This paper discusses the evolution of subject-verb inversion in declarative root clauses in French. The frequent occurrence of such constructions in Medieval French is generally accounted for in terms of a V2 analysis, and their marginality in Modern French is attributed to the loss of V2. Given clear evidence against the assumed V2 status of Medieval French, subject-verb inversion is alternatively explained in terms of a differentiation of subject-verb inversions (&#8216;true&#8217; subject-verb inversion vs. &#8216;NP-inversion&#8217;) as well as in terms of the existence of a &#8216;Focus Criterion&#8217;. It is claimed that while in (non-colloquial) Modern French, NP-inversion still exists, the highly limited instances of true subject-verb inversion constitute learnt vestiges. The loss of true subject-verb inversion is attributed to a parametric resetting of the Spell-Out condition associated with the &#8216;Focus Criterion&#8217;. 10 01 JB code hsm.11.20adl 383 403 21 Article 20 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">On the relation between acceptability and frequency</TitleText> 1 A01 Aria Adli Adli, Aria Aria Adli 20 grammar 20 Spanish 20 subject position 20 usage 20 wh-questions 01 The aim of this work is to lay out the relation between the two main sources of linguistic evidence, acceptability judgments and frequency of occurrence in spontaneous speech. Tying acceptability to grammar and frequency to usage, the empirical relation between these data sources is seen as a manifestation of the underlying relation between grammar and usage. Contrasting with the functionalist view, I argue in favor of a clear distinction between grammar and usage, and contrasting with the standard generative view, I propose that both grammar and usage are constitutive parts of human syntax. They are related in a very specific way and their interplay is crucial in syntactic variation and the process of grammatical change. A systematic experimental study has been conducted in which acceptability and frequency data are obtained from the same subjects and on the same linguistic phenomenon: which is the well-known interaction between the semantic role of the wh-element and the preferred position of the subject (preverbal vs. postverbal) in Spanish. The results show that acceptability is not a sufficient but a necessary condition for usage. Constructions that are acceptable but not or hardly used are called latent constructions. It is suggested that latent constructions can occur as an intermediate step in the process of syntactic change. 10 01 JB code hsm.11.21index Miscellaneous 21 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Index</TitleText> 02 JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam/Philadelphia NL 04 20110525 2011 John Benjamins 02 WORLD 13 15 9789027219312 01 JB 3 John Benjamins e-Platform 03 jbe-platform.com 09 WORLD 21 01 00 75.00 EUR R 01 00 63.00 GBP Z 01 gen 00 113.00 USD S 927007493 03 01 01 JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code HSM 11 Hb 15 9789027219312 13 2011000208 BB 01 HSM 02 1571-4934 Hamburg Studies on Multilingualism 11 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">The Development of Grammar</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>The </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">Development of Grammar</TitleWithoutPrefix> <Subtitle textformat="02">Language acquisition and diachronic change. In honour of Jürgen M. Meisel</Subtitle> 01 hsm.11 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/hsm.11 1 B01 Esther Rinke Rinke, Esther Esther Rinke Goethe University Frankfurt 2 B01 Tanja Kupisch Kupisch, Tanja Tanja Kupisch University of Hamburg 01 eng 422 viii 414 LAN009000 v.2006 CFDM 2 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.HL Historical linguistics 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.LA Language acquisition 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.BIL Multilingualism 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.SYNTAX Syntax 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.THEOR Theoretical linguistics 06 01 This volume focuses on different aspects of language development. The contributions are concerned with similarities and differences between first and second language acquisition, the acquisition of sentence structure and functional categories, cross-linguistic influence in bilingual first language acquisition as well as the relation between language acquisition, language contact and diachronic change. The recurrent topic of the volume is the link between linguistic variation and the limitation of structural variability in the framework of a well-defined theory of language. In this respect, the volume opens up new perspectives for future research. 04 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/hsm.11.png 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027219312.jpg 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027219312.tif 06 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/hsm.11.hb.png 07 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/hsm.11.png 25 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/hsm.11.hb.png 27 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/hsm.11.hb.png 10 01 JB code hsm.11.01rin 1 15 15 Article 1 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">&#65279;Introduction</TitleText> 1 A01 Esther Rinke Rinke, Esther Esther Rinke 2 A01 Tanja Kupisch Kupisch, Tanja Tanja Kupisch 10 01 JB code hsm.11.02p1 Section header 2 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Part I. (2)L1 versus L2 versus child L2</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Similarities and differences</Subtitle> 10 01 JB code hsm.11.03car 19 46 28 Article 3 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">&#8216;Acquisition&#8217; in grammatical development</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">What does word order tell us?</Subtitle> 1 A01 Susanne Elizabeth Carroll Carroll, Susanne Elizabeth Susanne Elizabeth Carroll 20 induction 20 Principles and Parameters Theory 20 problem-solving 20 second language acquisition 20 verb-raising 20 word order 01 J&#252;rgen M. Meisel has long championed parameter-setting as an account of the development of word order in monolingual and bilingual first language acquisition. For second language learners, he has proposed that development is to be explained by induction but does not provide detail as to what the mechanisms are or how they operate. In my contribution, I examine such claims more closely discussing statistical learning and inductive inference (problem-solving) and their relevance for learning word order. I suggest that word order can be teased apart from dominance relations in syntax and that properly testing claims about fundamental differences between L1 and L2 learning requires information about dominance and scope in interlanguage grammars. 10 01 JB code hsm.11.04sch 47 74 28 Article 4 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Tense and Aspect in early French development in aL2, 2L1 and cL2 learners</TitleText> 1 A01 Suzanne Schlyter Schlyter, Suzanne Suzanne Schlyter 20 Age of Onset 20 child second language acquisition 20 French 20 tense-aspect 01 In line with current research by Meisel (2008, 2009), this study discusses the nature of child second language (cL2) acquisition, compared with adult second language (aL2) acquisition and the development of two first languages (2L1). Early stages of tense-aspect acquisition of French are studied in these three learner types, all having Swedish as a first or concomitant language, and all with differences with regard to the Age of Onset of French. Focus is on past tense marking, lexical aspect and temporal reference. The cognitive-syntactic development of the first language is proposed to account for the differences observed between aL2 and 2L1 acquisition, as well as for the similarities in the behaviour of cL2 and aL2 learners. 10 01 JB code hsm.11.05pre 75 103 29 Article 5 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Subject clitics in child L2 acquisition of French</TitleText> 1 A01 Anne-Kathrin Preissler Preissler, Anne-Kathrin Anne-Kathrin Preissler 20 age of onset 20 child second language acquisition 20 critical period 20 French subject clitics 01 This paper presents findings from a study on successive language acquisition by German children first exposed to French at the age of 3&#8211;4 years. The general research question is whether child second language acquisition (cL2) parallels monolingual or bilingual first language acquisition (2L1) or rather adult L2 acquisition (aL2). The specific grammatical domain investigated is subject clitics (SCL). Since L1 and aL2 differ with respect to the distribution and the nature of SCL, their usage qualifies as a criterion discriminating between the two acquisition types. My findings suggest that cL2 learners with a higher age of onset behave like aL2 learners in this domain, supporting the claim that cL2 acquisition differs qualitatively from 2L1 development in the domain of bound morphology. 10 01 JB code hsm.11.06sop 105 121 17 Article 6 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Placement of infinitives in successive child language acquisition</TitleText> 1 A01 Aldona Sopata Sopata, Aldona Aldona Sopata 20 German acquisition 20 infinitives 20 subject verb agreement 20 successive child language acquisition 01 In recent work on child second language acquisition (cL2) a number of different age ranges for the onset of this acquisition type have been proposed (Schwartz 2004; Meisel 2008; Nicholas &#38; Lightbown 2008). This paper aims at showing at which age noticeable differences as compared to first language acquisition (L1) emerge in the placement of infinitives in German. The study is also concerned with the acquisition of subject verb agreement as a turning point in the developmental sequence of German. The data of the children studied are shown to be consistent with the hypothesis of Meisel (2008) assuming the onset of cL2 between the ages 3 and 4. 10 01 JB code hsm.11.07p2 Section header 7 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Part II. The acquisition of sentence structure and functional categories</TitleText> 10 01 JB code hsm.11.08cha 125 149 25 Article 8 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">The developmental pathway of nominal functional categories in early child Mandarin</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>The </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">developmental pathway of nominal functional categories in early child Mandarin</TitleWithoutPrefix> <Subtitle textformat="02">Language specific features and other driving factors</Subtitle> 1 A01 Meiyun Chang-Smith Chang-Smith, Meiyun Meiyun Chang-Smith 20 DP 20 first language acquisition 20 Mandarin Chinese 20 nominal functional categories 01 Longitudinal data from a monolingual Mandarin-speaking child (1;8.22&#8211;2;2.25) is examined focusing on acquisition of nominal functional categories: Determiner Phrase (DP), Number Phrase (NumP) and Classifier Phrase (ClP). Analysis reveals that in the latter two-word stage the functional heads D and Cl&#160;&#8211; but not Num &#8211; within definite nominal expressions are instantiated. Feature compositions of these heads appear to be under-specified &#8211; the complement-feature (or its associated grammatical properties) of the head Cl was still lacking during this stage. Mandarin nominal functional categories are thus instantiated incrementally and likewise the grammatical features of the functional heads. The Weak Continuity perspective appears most appropriate to account for these results. 10 01 JB code hsm.11.09kin 151 178 28 Article 9 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">The emergence of CP in child Basque</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>The </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">emergence of CP in child Basque</TitleWithoutPrefix> <Subtitle textformat="02">Evidence for a fine-structured CP?</Subtitle> 1 A01 Noemi Kintana Kintana, Noemi Noemi Kintana 20 Basque 20 first language acquisition 20 information structure 20 left periphery 20 split-CP 01 In the present study, I investigate the acquisition of CP-related structures in Basque by one monolingual child and two Basque-Spanish bilingual children aged 1;05&#8211;3;00. The aim of this study is to determine whether there is evidence in the child data supporting a fine-structured CP for Basque, as proposed by Ortiz de Urbina (1999a, 2008). For that purpose, I have looked at time of emergence of CP-related structures, following Grinstead &#38; Elizondo&#8217;s (2001) work on this topic. Assuming a richly articulated CP, the data available on the left periphery so far is compatible with the Full Competence Hypothesis (cf. Poeppel &#38; Wexler 1993, among others) and with the Structure Building Hypothesis (Guilfoyle &#38; Noonan 1992). Incremental acquisition for the latter implies that the CP field is built incrementally, possibly one layer at a time. This is, however, not clearly suggested by the data. 10 01 JB code hsm.11.10gro 179 203 25 Article 10 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Some directions for the systematic investigation of the acquisition of Cypriot Greek</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">A new perspective on production abilities from object clitic placement</Subtitle> 1 A01 Kleanthes K. Grohmann Grohmann, Kleanthes K. Kleanthes K. Grohmann 20 bidialectism 20 bilingualism 20 bi-x 20 diglossia 20 elicitation-production task 20 first language acquisition 20 Modern Greek 20 Socio-Syntax of Development Hypothesis 01 Cypriot Greek is an understudied variety of Modern Greek, certainly as concerns the morphosyntactic grammatical system and developmental stages in young learners. This chapter lays out the beginnings of a larger research agenda currently undertaken by the Cyprus Acquisition Team and presents a first systematic foray into the first language acquisition of Cypriot Greek. One interesting contrast with Standard Modern Greek, and its relevance for young learners, is particularly highlighted: direct object clitic placement. The results from the pilot study presented here are capitalized on by formulating the tender beginnings of the Socio-Syntax of Development Hypothesis for language acquisition in &#8216;bi-x environments&#8217; &#8211; that is, first language development in linguistic environments, such as that of Greek-speaking Cyprus, that are variably characterized as diglossic, bidialectal, or bilingual. 10 01 JB code hsm.11.11roe 205 228 24 Article 11 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Strict Interfaces and three kinds of Multiple Grammar</TitleText> 1 A01 Thomas Roeper Roeper, Thomas Thomas Roeper 20 dialect 20 Externalization 20 interfaces 20 language acquisition 20 language design 20 language variation 20 minimalist theory 20 Multiple Grammars 20 strong minimalist thesis 20 syntax 01 Modern linguistic theory introduces the question of how interfaces are to be mechanically represented. It is argued that there are strict innate interfaces where semantics, pragmatics, and syntax must coincide. The Strong Minimalist Thesis (Chomsky 2005) is a prime example. We argue that so-called 3rd Factors, which are part of these interfaces, must be present in core aspects of grammar. It follows language variation cannot and should not, as suggested by Richards (2008) be abstracted out of core grammar as entirely due to 3rd Factor or Externalization processes. Several instances where variation is compatible because it can be represented are introduced. 10 01 JB code hsm.11.12p3 Section header 12 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Part III. Autonomous development vs. crosslinguistic influence in bilingual first language acquisition</TitleText> 10 01 JB code hsm.11.13pat 231 261 31 Article 13 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Delay and acceleration in bilingual first language acquisition</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">The same or different?</Subtitle> 1 A01 Marisa Patuto Patuto, Marisa Marisa Patuto 2 A01 Valentina Repetto Repetto, Valentina Valentina Repetto 3 A01 Natascha Müller Müller, Natascha Natascha Müller 20 (non-) null-subject language 20 acceleration 20 bilingual first language acquisition 20 cross-linguistic influence 20 delay 20 finite verb placement 01 Research on bilingual first language acquisition has shown that bilingual children do not develop both of their two languages similarly to monolingual children. Two opposing views exist for the difference between bilingual and monolingual development. According to the first, cross-linguistic effects may either slow down or accelerate language acquisition. The opposing view holds that processing is at the heart of the difference between bilingual and monolingual language development. In the present article we will argue in favor of the position that delay is the outcome of cross-linguistic influence, where a linguistically less complex analysis is applied to both languages, A and B. We will show that delay effects depend on the language combination, and will compare German-Italian, German-Spanish and Italian-French children with respect to non-null-subject usage. At the same time, acceleration effects are visible in all bilingual children, regardless of the language combination. We will also argue that acceleration results from processing preferences. The grammatical phenomenon under investigation here is finite verb placement in bilingual German, which seems to be guided by principles of efficient computation. The empirical results allow for an interpretation of acceleration effects not in terms of cross-linguistic influence, but in terms of an effect of bilingualism as such. As a result, the differences between early child bilingualism and monolingual language development should be described in terms of the interaction of two knowledge systems and of processing effects in bilinguals. 10 01 JB code hsm.11.14lle 263 286 24 Article 14 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Intonation targets of yes/no questions by Spanish and German monolingual and bilingual children</TitleText> 1 A01 Conxita Lleó Lleó, Conxita Conxita Lleó 2 A01 Martin Rakow Rakow, Martin Martin Rakow 20 alignment 20 bilinguals 20 boundary tone 20 falling F0 20 intonation contours 20 pitch accent 20 rising F0 20 scaling 20 yes/no questions 01 Yes/no interrogative utterances in German and Spanish exhibit four comparable intonation points: a first peak, a falling F0, an L and a final H. However, there are differences regarding the alignment and scaling of H and L tones across the two languages. Yes/no questions by German and Spanish monolinguals and German-Spanish bilinguals aged 2;0 and 3;0 are analyzed, with the aim of finding out whether children at these ages have already acquired the intonation contours of yes/no questions. Results show that monolingual children already produce both the F0 contours and the alignment of the four crucial points before 3;0, whereas bilinguals correctly produce the contours, but some of them tend to not differentiate alignment and/or scaling in the two languages. 10 01 JB code hsm.11.15flo 287 305 19 Article 15 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Perception of German vowels by bilingual Portuguese-German returnees</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">A case of phonological attrition?</Subtitle> 1 A01 Cristina Flores Flores, Cristina Cristina Flores 2 A01 Andréia Schurt Rauber Rauber, Andréia Schurt Andréia Schurt Rauber 20 attrition 20 German phonology 20 perception 20 returnees 01 This study investigates the perception of German vowels by a group of eight Portuguese adolescents and young adults who were raised bilingually in Germany and returned to Portugal in early childhood (between the ages of 5 and 10 years). All the participants reported that they never use German in Portugal and that they are unable to formulate accurate sentences in that language. Our aim was to test whether their perceptual ability to discriminate German sounds had undergone attrition or remained invulnerable to the lack of language use. Unlike German vowels, Portuguese vowels are not distinctive in duration and the Portuguese inventory does not contain the rounded vowels /y/ and /y:/ or the lax vowels /i/ and /~/. Thus, we tested the participants&#8217; perceptual ability to discriminate vowels in terms of (i) duration, in the contrast /a-a:/; (ii)&#160;quality+duration, in the contrasts /i-i:/ and /~-u:/; and (iii) quality in the contrasts /i-y/, /~-Y/, /i:-y:/ and /u:-y:/ by means of a categorical discrimination test. The results reveal that the returnees were able to make vowel duration and quality perceptual distinctions in the attrited language. This indicates that their ability to discriminate German sounds seems to remain stable. 10 01 JB code hsm.11.16p4 Section header 16 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Part IV. Language acquisition, language contact and diachronic change</TitleText> 10 01 JB code hsm.11.17kat 309 330 22 Article 17 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Acquisition in the context of language change</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">The case of Brazilian Portuguese null subjects</Subtitle> 1 A01 Mary Aizawa Kato Kato, Mary Aizawa Mary Aizawa Kato 20 Brazilian Portuguese 20 core grammar 20 L2 grammar 20 null and pronominal subjects 01 Brazilian Portuguese (BP) has been described as having undergone a selective loss of null subjects, with the categorical maintenance of null expletives, and a limited possibility of referential null subjects in the third person. In the I-language of most literate adults, a range of referential null subjects is still possible, competing with the innovative weak pronouns. The present study will claim that core grammars do not admit morphological &#8216;doublets&#8217;, and will give evidence that pre-school children do not have pronouns competing with referential null subjects. These are argued to be acquired as a second grammar, through schooling. The maintenance of anaphoric null subjects is observed in written texts, the object of diachronic studies. The conclusion is that the only null subject licensed in BP core grammars is the non-referential null subject, namely expletive and indefinite subjects without the clitic se. The study will also claim that the null subject recovered through schooling is not the same as the prototypical null subject that was lost, but is still an object possible in Universal Grammar (UG). 10 01 JB code hsm.11.18nun 331 354 24 Article 18 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">On the diachronic reanalysis of null subjects and null objects in Brazilian Portuguese</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Triggers and consequences</Subtitle> 1 A01 Jairo Nunes Nunes, Jairo Jairo Nunes 20 Brazilian Portuguese 20 clitics 20 finite control 20 hyper-raising 20 null objects 20 null subjects 01 This paper discusses some acquisition issues involved in the syntactic changes that affected the distribution and interpretation of null subjects and null objects in Brazilian Portuguese (BP). Based on work by Ferreira (2000) and Nunes (2008a), I argue that the emergence of finite control in BP was triggered by the weakening of its verbal agreement paradigm associated with the fact that some infinitival forms are ambiguous in being associated with a complete or an incomplete set of &#966;-features. As for null objects, I discuss some consequences of Nunes&#8217;s (1993) proposal that the appearance of pronominal null objects in BP was ultimately a by-product of the change in the directionality of phonological cliticization in the language. 10 01 JB code hsm.11.19kai 355 381 27 Article 19 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">On the decrease in subject-verb inversion in French declaratives</TitleText> 1 A01 Georg Kaiser Kaiser, Georg Georg Kaiser 2 A01 Michael Zimmermann Zimmermann, Michael Michael Zimmermann 20 diachronic change 20 French 20 syntax 01 This paper discusses the evolution of subject-verb inversion in declarative root clauses in French. The frequent occurrence of such constructions in Medieval French is generally accounted for in terms of a V2 analysis, and their marginality in Modern French is attributed to the loss of V2. Given clear evidence against the assumed V2 status of Medieval French, subject-verb inversion is alternatively explained in terms of a differentiation of subject-verb inversions (&#8216;true&#8217; subject-verb inversion vs. &#8216;NP-inversion&#8217;) as well as in terms of the existence of a &#8216;Focus Criterion&#8217;. It is claimed that while in (non-colloquial) Modern French, NP-inversion still exists, the highly limited instances of true subject-verb inversion constitute learnt vestiges. The loss of true subject-verb inversion is attributed to a parametric resetting of the Spell-Out condition associated with the &#8216;Focus Criterion&#8217;. 10 01 JB code hsm.11.20adl 383 403 21 Article 20 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">On the relation between acceptability and frequency</TitleText> 1 A01 Aria Adli Adli, Aria Aria Adli 20 grammar 20 Spanish 20 subject position 20 usage 20 wh-questions 01 The aim of this work is to lay out the relation between the two main sources of linguistic evidence, acceptability judgments and frequency of occurrence in spontaneous speech. Tying acceptability to grammar and frequency to usage, the empirical relation between these data sources is seen as a manifestation of the underlying relation between grammar and usage. Contrasting with the functionalist view, I argue in favor of a clear distinction between grammar and usage, and contrasting with the standard generative view, I propose that both grammar and usage are constitutive parts of human syntax. They are related in a very specific way and their interplay is crucial in syntactic variation and the process of grammatical change. A systematic experimental study has been conducted in which acceptability and frequency data are obtained from the same subjects and on the same linguistic phenomenon: which is the well-known interaction between the semantic role of the wh-element and the preferred position of the subject (preverbal vs. postverbal) in Spanish. The results show that acceptability is not a sufficient but a necessary condition for usage. Constructions that are acceptable but not or hardly used are called latent constructions. It is suggested that latent constructions can occur as an intermediate step in the process of syntactic change. 10 01 JB code hsm.11.21index Miscellaneous 21 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Index</TitleText> 02 JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam/Philadelphia NL 04 20110525 2011 John Benjamins 02 WORLD 01 245 mm 02 164 mm 08 915 gr 01 JB 1 John Benjamins Publishing Company +31 20 6304747 +31 20 6739773 bookorder@benjamins.nl 01 https://benjamins.com 01 WORLD US CA MX 21 10 12 01 02 JB 1 00 75.00 EUR R 02 02 JB 1 00 79.50 EUR R 01 JB 10 bebc +44 1202 712 934 +44 1202 712 913 sales@bebc.co.uk 03 GB 21 12 02 02 JB 1 00 63.00 GBP Z 01 JB 2 John Benjamins North America +1 800 562-5666 +1 703 661-1501 benjamins@presswarehouse.com 01 https://benjamins.com 01 US CA MX 21 12 01 gen 02 JB 1 00 113.00 USD