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John Benjamins Publishing Company
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John Benjamins Publishing Company
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002
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IHLL
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Issues in Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics
19
01
Code-switching – Experimental Answers to Theoretical Questions
In honor of Kay González-Vilbazo
01
ihll.19
01
https://benjamins.com
02
https://benjamins.com/catalog/ihll.19
1
B01
Luis López
López, Luis
Luis
López
The University of Illinois at Chicago
01
eng
278
vii
270
LAN009000
v.2006
CF
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LIN.LA
Language acquisition
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JB Subject Scheme
LIN.BIL
Multilingualism
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LIN.ROM
Romance linguistics
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LIN.THEOR
Theoretical linguistics
06
01
This volume compiles eight original chapters dedicated to different topics within bilingual grammar and processing with special focus on code-switching. Three main features unify the contributions to this volume. First, they focus on making a contribution to our understanding of the human language within a coherent theoretical framework; second, they understand that a complete theory of the human language needs to include data from bilinguals’ I-languages; and third, they are committed to obtaining reliable data following experimental protocols.
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14
Chapter
1
01
Introduction
Theory and methodology in code-switching research
1
A01
Luis López
López, Luis
Luis
López
The University of Illinois at Chicago
10
01
JB code
ihll.19.pre
vii
viii
2
Miscellaneous
2
01
Preface
10
01
JB code
ihll.19.02bad
15
38
24
Chapter
3
01
Gender assignment in Basque/Spanish mixed determiner phrases
A study of simultaneous bilinguals
1
A01
Lucia Badiola
Badiola, Lucia
Lucia
Badiola
The University of Illinois at Chicago
2
A01
Ariane Sande
Sande, Ariane
Ariane
Sande
The University of Illinois at Chicago
20
Basque/Spanish simultaneous bilinguals
20
code-switching
20
gender assignment
20
mixed DPs
01
We examine the gender assignment strategies used in Basque/Spanish mixed Determiner Phrases in Gernika Basque. Twenty-one simultaneous bilinguals completed a survey containing an Acceptability Judgment Task, a Forced-choice task, two proficiency tests, and a linguistic background questionnaire. Two Linear Mixed Models revealed that participants use two strategies. First, they assign the Spanish masculine determiner, <i>el</i>, to most Basque nouns. Second, when the Basque noun ends in lexical <i>a,</i> they prefer to assign the Spanish feminine determiner, <i>la</i>, potentially as a result of homophony with the canonical ending for Spanish feminine nouns. Our findings contrast with what Parafita-Couto et al. (2015) found for the same language pair. Yet, they align with what Liceras et al. (2008) found for English/Spanish simultaneous bilinguals.
10
01
JB code
ihll.19.03del
39
62
24
Chapter
4
01
The familiar and the strange
The
familiar and the strange
Gender assignment in Spanish/English mixed DPs
1
A01
Rodrigo Delgado
Delgado, Rodrigo
Rodrigo
Delgado
The University of Illinois at Chicago
20
determiner phrase
20
gender
20
heritage speakers
20
Spanish/English
01
This study examines gender assignment in Spanish/English mixed DPs. In these DPs, heritage speakers of Spanish have the choice of using the feminine or masculine determiner with an English noun (e.g., (1) <x> </x> <i>la</i> table or (2) <x> </x> <i>el</i> table). However, there is no gender agreement between the Spanish determiner and English noun. According to Liceras et al. (2008), this is solved by using the masculine determiner, <i>el</i>; it is not specified for gender (Harris, 1991). Other studies (Jake et al., 2002) have shown that heritage speakers do use the feminine determiner in mixed DPs such as (1). I argue that the feminine determiner is used with English nouns that are feminine in Spanish and are part of the familial domain.
10
01
JB code
ihll.19.04nic
63
100
38
Chapter
5
01
Adjective placement in Spanish and Basque mixed DPs
1
A01
Irati de Nicolás
de Nicolás, Irati
Irati
de Nicolás
The University of Illinois at Chicago
2
A01
Jon Robledo
Robledo, Jon
Jon
Robledo
The University of Illinois at Chicago
20
Basque/Spanish bilinguals
20
code-switched DPs
20
code-switching
01
The present study examines the relative order of noun-adjective sequences within a code-switched DP among Basque/Spanish bilinguals. Several hypotheses have been considered: is this a property defined by the determiner (Bartlett, 2013), the adjective (Cantone & MacSwan, 2009) or the noun (Arnaus et al., 2012)? We propose a new look at the problem by using code-switching of Basque/Spanish, two languages whose typological properties partially overlap. The Basque adjective is rigidly post nominal, while Spanish adjectives range from obligatory pre-nominal to obligatory post-nominal. We found that neither the N nor the D seem to play a role. Furthermore, the study showed that the adjective is responsible for word order in these contexts. Thus, our results confirm Cantone and MacSwan (2009).
10
01
JB code
ihll.19.05ebe
101
145
45
Chapter
6
01
<i>That</i>-trace effects in Spanish-English code-switching
1
A01
Shane Ebert
Ebert, Shane
Shane
Ebert
University of Illinois at Chicago
2
A01
Bradley Hoot
Hoot, Bradley
Bradley
Hoot
DePaul University
20
code-switching
20
complementizers
20
subjects
20
that-trace
01
Many languages, including English, exhibit a restriction on subject extraction over complementizers called the <i>that</i>-trace effect. Although extensively studied, this phenomenon remains a puzzle. Not all languages exhibit the effect; Spanish does not. Spanish also allows postverbal subjects, while English does not, which has been linked to the <i>that</i>-trace effect. Because Spanish/English differ in these properties, combining lexical items from both languages in a single derivation, as in code-switching, offers additional insight into the nature of the restriction. Two acceptability judgment tasks of Spanish/English code-switching reveal that a single Spanish functional head is insufficient to license either postverbal subjects or subject extraction. Instead, we argue, the <i>that</i>-trace effect and related properties arise from the interaction of two heads.
10
01
JB code
ihll.19.06kor
147
176
30
Chapter
7
01
Modality in experimental code-switching research
Aural versus written stimuli
1
A01
Bryan Koronkiewicz
Koronkiewicz, Bryan
Bryan
Koronkiewicz
The University of Alabama
2
A01
Shane Ebert
Ebert, Shane
Shane
Ebert
University of Illinois at Chicago
20
code-switching
20
English
20
methodology
20
modality
20
pronouns
20
Spanish
20
syntax
20
wh-movement
01
Various methodological concerns are specific to code-switching research; however, the modality of experimental stimuli has yet to be thoroughly investigated. This study explicitly tests if the mode of presentation does in fact affect participants’ judgments in Spanish-English code-switching using two different syntactic phenomena: (i) pronouns and lexical DPs, and (ii) wh-movement. The results are parallel, but not identical for the two modalities. We found no difference on a global level, indicating that written code-switched stimuli do not produce depressed ratings. We found a few individual differences when looking at specific structures within the two phenomena. In those cases, the aural condition enhanced the ratings of more acceptable sentences. Crucially, these differences did not affect the interpretation of the results.
10
01
JB code
ihll.19.07luq
177
194
18
Chapter
8
01
Event-related potentials reveal evidence for syntactic co-activation in bilingual language processing
A replication of Sanoudaki and Thierry (2014, 2015)
1
A01
Alicia Luque
Luque, Alicia
Alicia
Luque
The University of Illinois at Chicago
2
A01
Nethaum Mizyed
Mizyed, Nethaum
Nethaum
Mizyed
The University of Illinois at Chicago
3
A01
Kara Morgan-Short
Morgan-Short, Kara
Kara
Morgan-Short
The University of Illinois at Chicago
20
bilingualism
20
co-activation
20
event-related potentials
20
language processing
20
N200
20
response-inhibition
20
syntax
01
A critical question about bilingualism is how two or more languages are processed in the bilingual mind (e.g., Kroll, Bobb, & Hoshino, 2014). Previous research shows that bilinguals’ languages interact, at least at the lexical and phonological levels. Relatively little research has addressed whether this occurs at the syntactic level during sentence processing. One event-related potential study with Welsh-English bilinguals showed co-activation of syntactic properties of one language that affected processing of the other language (Sanoudaki & Thierry, 2014, 2015). The current study replicates Sanoudaki and Thierry with Spanish-English bilinguals, and the results largely reproduce their findings of syntactic co-activation during sentence processing. These converging results have implications for theories about bilingual language processing regarding how syntax may interact in the bilingual mind.
10
01
JB code
ihll.19.08ste
195
222
28
Chapter
9
01
Phonological factors of Spanish/English word internal code-switching
1
A01
Sara Stefanich
Stefanich, Sara
Sara
Stefanich
The University of Illinois at Chicago
2
A01
Jennifer Cabrelli
Cabrelli, Jennifer
Jennifer
Cabrelli
The University of Illinois at Chicago
20
bilingualism
20
code-switching
20
Spanish phonology
01
This chapter examines phonological factors of Spanish/English word-internal code-switching. Specifically, we empirically test the claim that a code-switched word cannot contain phonological elements from two languages (Bandi-Rao & den Dikken, 2014; MacSwan & Colina, 2014). In this pilot study we examine production of English /z/ (not part of the Spanish phonological inventory) in morphologically switched nonce verbs with an English root and Spanish affixes. Data from an elicited production task administered in English/Spanish code-switching and monolingual Spanish conditions indicate that the early Spanish/English bilinguals tested do not maintain English phonology ([z]) in the English root of the switched verb. Instead, Spanish phonology is applied to the entire word, which provides preliminary support for the posited ban on word-internal phonological switches.
10
01
JB code
ihll.19.09ver
223
256
34
Chapter
10
01
Basque complementizers under the microscope
A Spanish/Basque code-switching approach
1
A01
Daniel Vergara-González
Vergara-González, Daniel
Daniel
Vergara-González
Assistant Professor of Spanish Dept., of Foreign Langs. & Lits., Auburn University Haley 6070 Lbadio2@uic.edu 334-844-6367
20
anti-veridical
20
Basque complementizers
20
code-switching
20
complementizer duplication
20
Finite
20
Force
20
Spanish/Basque
01
In this chapter, I argue against the view that Basque complementizers occupy the head of FinP in the left periphery (cf. Ortiz de Urbina, 1999; Artiagoitia and Elordieta, 2016). Based on bilinguals’ acceptability judgments of complement clauses in Spanish/Basque code-switching, I propose that the Basque complementizer <i>-enik</i> is the spell out form of the features [finite], [force] and an interpretable anti-veridical polarity feature in Force<sup><sup><sup><sup>0</sup></sup></sup></sup>. The complementizer <i>-ela</i>, on the other hand, can either spell out the features [finite] and [force] or just the feature [finite]. Furthermore, this chapter provides supporting evidence that the phenomenon of complementizer duplication in Spanish/Basque code-switching can be accounted for by assuming a single system for spelling out syntactic terminals in bilinguals.
10
01
JB code
ihll.19.10tor
257
267
11
Chapter
11
01
The future of code-switching research
The
future of code-switching research
1
A01
Almeida Jacqueline Toribio
Toribio, Almeida Jacqueline
Almeida Jacqueline
Toribio
The University of Texas at Austin
10
01
JB code
ihll.19.11si
269
270
2
Miscellaneous
12
01
Subject index
02
JBENJAMINS
John Benjamins Publishing Company
01
John Benjamins Publishing Company
Amsterdam/Philadelphia
NL
04
20181116
2018
John Benjamins B.V.
02
WORLD
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9789027201447
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BB
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IHLL
02
2213-3887
Issues in Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics
19
01
Code-switching – Experimental Answers to Theoretical Questions
In honor of Kay González-Vilbazo
01
ihll.19
01
https://benjamins.com
02
https://benjamins.com/catalog/ihll.19
1
B01
Luis López
López, Luis
Luis
López
The University of Illinois at Chicago
01
eng
278
vii
270
LAN009000
v.2006
CF
2
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.LA
Language acquisition
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.BIL
Multilingualism
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.ROM
Romance linguistics
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.THEOR
Theoretical linguistics
06
01
This volume compiles eight original chapters dedicated to different topics within bilingual grammar and processing with special focus on code-switching. Three main features unify the contributions to this volume. First, they focus on making a contribution to our understanding of the human language within a coherent theoretical framework; second, they understand that a complete theory of the human language needs to include data from bilinguals’ I-languages; and third, they are committed to obtaining reliable data following experimental protocols.
04
09
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https://benjamins.com/covers/475/ihll.19.png
04
03
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https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027201447.jpg
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14
14
Chapter
1
01
Introduction
Theory and methodology in code-switching research
1
A01
Luis López
López, Luis
Luis
López
The University of Illinois at Chicago
10
01
JB code
ihll.19.pre
vii
viii
2
Miscellaneous
2
01
Preface
10
01
JB code
ihll.19.02bad
15
38
24
Chapter
3
01
Gender assignment in Basque/Spanish mixed determiner phrases
A study of simultaneous bilinguals
1
A01
Lucia Badiola
Badiola, Lucia
Lucia
Badiola
The University of Illinois at Chicago
2
A01
Ariane Sande
Sande, Ariane
Ariane
Sande
The University of Illinois at Chicago
20
Basque/Spanish simultaneous bilinguals
20
code-switching
20
gender assignment
20
mixed DPs
01
We examine the gender assignment strategies used in Basque/Spanish mixed Determiner Phrases in Gernika Basque. Twenty-one simultaneous bilinguals completed a survey containing an Acceptability Judgment Task, a Forced-choice task, two proficiency tests, and a linguistic background questionnaire. Two Linear Mixed Models revealed that participants use two strategies. First, they assign the Spanish masculine determiner, <i>el</i>, to most Basque nouns. Second, when the Basque noun ends in lexical <i>a,</i> they prefer to assign the Spanish feminine determiner, <i>la</i>, potentially as a result of homophony with the canonical ending for Spanish feminine nouns. Our findings contrast with what Parafita-Couto et al. (2015) found for the same language pair. Yet, they align with what Liceras et al. (2008) found for English/Spanish simultaneous bilinguals.
10
01
JB code
ihll.19.03del
39
62
24
Chapter
4
01
The familiar and the strange
The
familiar and the strange
Gender assignment in Spanish/English mixed DPs
1
A01
Rodrigo Delgado
Delgado, Rodrigo
Rodrigo
Delgado
The University of Illinois at Chicago
20
determiner phrase
20
gender
20
heritage speakers
20
Spanish/English
01
This study examines gender assignment in Spanish/English mixed DPs. In these DPs, heritage speakers of Spanish have the choice of using the feminine or masculine determiner with an English noun (e.g., (1) <x> </x> <i>la</i> table or (2) <x> </x> <i>el</i> table). However, there is no gender agreement between the Spanish determiner and English noun. According to Liceras et al. (2008), this is solved by using the masculine determiner, <i>el</i>; it is not specified for gender (Harris, 1991). Other studies (Jake et al., 2002) have shown that heritage speakers do use the feminine determiner in mixed DPs such as (1). I argue that the feminine determiner is used with English nouns that are feminine in Spanish and are part of the familial domain.
10
01
JB code
ihll.19.04nic
63
100
38
Chapter
5
01
Adjective placement in Spanish and Basque mixed DPs
1
A01
Irati de Nicolás
de Nicolás, Irati
Irati
de Nicolás
The University of Illinois at Chicago
2
A01
Jon Robledo
Robledo, Jon
Jon
Robledo
The University of Illinois at Chicago
20
Basque/Spanish bilinguals
20
code-switched DPs
20
code-switching
01
The present study examines the relative order of noun-adjective sequences within a code-switched DP among Basque/Spanish bilinguals. Several hypotheses have been considered: is this a property defined by the determiner (Bartlett, 2013), the adjective (Cantone & MacSwan, 2009) or the noun (Arnaus et al., 2012)? We propose a new look at the problem by using code-switching of Basque/Spanish, two languages whose typological properties partially overlap. The Basque adjective is rigidly post nominal, while Spanish adjectives range from obligatory pre-nominal to obligatory post-nominal. We found that neither the N nor the D seem to play a role. Furthermore, the study showed that the adjective is responsible for word order in these contexts. Thus, our results confirm Cantone and MacSwan (2009).
10
01
JB code
ihll.19.05ebe
101
145
45
Chapter
6
01
<i>That</i>-trace effects in Spanish-English code-switching
1
A01
Shane Ebert
Ebert, Shane
Shane
Ebert
University of Illinois at Chicago
2
A01
Bradley Hoot
Hoot, Bradley
Bradley
Hoot
DePaul University
20
code-switching
20
complementizers
20
subjects
20
that-trace
01
Many languages, including English, exhibit a restriction on subject extraction over complementizers called the <i>that</i>-trace effect. Although extensively studied, this phenomenon remains a puzzle. Not all languages exhibit the effect; Spanish does not. Spanish also allows postverbal subjects, while English does not, which has been linked to the <i>that</i>-trace effect. Because Spanish/English differ in these properties, combining lexical items from both languages in a single derivation, as in code-switching, offers additional insight into the nature of the restriction. Two acceptability judgment tasks of Spanish/English code-switching reveal that a single Spanish functional head is insufficient to license either postverbal subjects or subject extraction. Instead, we argue, the <i>that</i>-trace effect and related properties arise from the interaction of two heads.
10
01
JB code
ihll.19.06kor
147
176
30
Chapter
7
01
Modality in experimental code-switching research
Aural versus written stimuli
1
A01
Bryan Koronkiewicz
Koronkiewicz, Bryan
Bryan
Koronkiewicz
The University of Alabama
2
A01
Shane Ebert
Ebert, Shane
Shane
Ebert
University of Illinois at Chicago
20
code-switching
20
English
20
methodology
20
modality
20
pronouns
20
Spanish
20
syntax
20
wh-movement
01
Various methodological concerns are specific to code-switching research; however, the modality of experimental stimuli has yet to be thoroughly investigated. This study explicitly tests if the mode of presentation does in fact affect participants’ judgments in Spanish-English code-switching using two different syntactic phenomena: (i) pronouns and lexical DPs, and (ii) wh-movement. The results are parallel, but not identical for the two modalities. We found no difference on a global level, indicating that written code-switched stimuli do not produce depressed ratings. We found a few individual differences when looking at specific structures within the two phenomena. In those cases, the aural condition enhanced the ratings of more acceptable sentences. Crucially, these differences did not affect the interpretation of the results.
10
01
JB code
ihll.19.07luq
177
194
18
Chapter
8
01
Event-related potentials reveal evidence for syntactic co-activation in bilingual language processing
A replication of Sanoudaki and Thierry (2014, 2015)
1
A01
Alicia Luque
Luque, Alicia
Alicia
Luque
The University of Illinois at Chicago
2
A01
Nethaum Mizyed
Mizyed, Nethaum
Nethaum
Mizyed
The University of Illinois at Chicago
3
A01
Kara Morgan-Short
Morgan-Short, Kara
Kara
Morgan-Short
The University of Illinois at Chicago
20
bilingualism
20
co-activation
20
event-related potentials
20
language processing
20
N200
20
response-inhibition
20
syntax
01
A critical question about bilingualism is how two or more languages are processed in the bilingual mind (e.g., Kroll, Bobb, & Hoshino, 2014). Previous research shows that bilinguals’ languages interact, at least at the lexical and phonological levels. Relatively little research has addressed whether this occurs at the syntactic level during sentence processing. One event-related potential study with Welsh-English bilinguals showed co-activation of syntactic properties of one language that affected processing of the other language (Sanoudaki & Thierry, 2014, 2015). The current study replicates Sanoudaki and Thierry with Spanish-English bilinguals, and the results largely reproduce their findings of syntactic co-activation during sentence processing. These converging results have implications for theories about bilingual language processing regarding how syntax may interact in the bilingual mind.
10
01
JB code
ihll.19.08ste
195
222
28
Chapter
9
01
Phonological factors of Spanish/English word internal code-switching
1
A01
Sara Stefanich
Stefanich, Sara
Sara
Stefanich
The University of Illinois at Chicago
2
A01
Jennifer Cabrelli
Cabrelli, Jennifer
Jennifer
Cabrelli
The University of Illinois at Chicago
20
bilingualism
20
code-switching
20
Spanish phonology
01
This chapter examines phonological factors of Spanish/English word-internal code-switching. Specifically, we empirically test the claim that a code-switched word cannot contain phonological elements from two languages (Bandi-Rao & den Dikken, 2014; MacSwan & Colina, 2014). In this pilot study we examine production of English /z/ (not part of the Spanish phonological inventory) in morphologically switched nonce verbs with an English root and Spanish affixes. Data from an elicited production task administered in English/Spanish code-switching and monolingual Spanish conditions indicate that the early Spanish/English bilinguals tested do not maintain English phonology ([z]) in the English root of the switched verb. Instead, Spanish phonology is applied to the entire word, which provides preliminary support for the posited ban on word-internal phonological switches.
10
01
JB code
ihll.19.09ver
223
256
34
Chapter
10
01
Basque complementizers under the microscope
A Spanish/Basque code-switching approach
1
A01
Daniel Vergara-González
Vergara-González, Daniel
Daniel
Vergara-González
Assistant Professor of Spanish Dept., of Foreign Langs. & Lits., Auburn University Haley 6070 Lbadio2@uic.edu 334-844-6367
20
anti-veridical
20
Basque complementizers
20
code-switching
20
complementizer duplication
20
Finite
20
Force
20
Spanish/Basque
01
In this chapter, I argue against the view that Basque complementizers occupy the head of FinP in the left periphery (cf. Ortiz de Urbina, 1999; Artiagoitia and Elordieta, 2016). Based on bilinguals’ acceptability judgments of complement clauses in Spanish/Basque code-switching, I propose that the Basque complementizer <i>-enik</i> is the spell out form of the features [finite], [force] and an interpretable anti-veridical polarity feature in Force<sup><sup><sup><sup>0</sup></sup></sup></sup>. The complementizer <i>-ela</i>, on the other hand, can either spell out the features [finite] and [force] or just the feature [finite]. Furthermore, this chapter provides supporting evidence that the phenomenon of complementizer duplication in Spanish/Basque code-switching can be accounted for by assuming a single system for spelling out syntactic terminals in bilinguals.
10
01
JB code
ihll.19.10tor
257
267
11
Chapter
11
01
The future of code-switching research
The
future of code-switching research
1
A01
Almeida Jacqueline Toribio
Toribio, Almeida Jacqueline
Almeida Jacqueline
Toribio
The University of Texas at Austin
10
01
JB code
ihll.19.11si
269
270
2
Miscellaneous
12
01
Subject index
02
JBENJAMINS
John Benjamins Publishing Company
01
John Benjamins Publishing Company
Amsterdam/Philadelphia
NL
04
20181116
2018
John Benjamins B.V.
02
WORLD
08
640
gr
01
JB
1
John Benjamins Publishing Company
+31 20 6304747
+31 20 6739773
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R
02
02
JB
1
00
104.94
EUR
R
01
JB
10
bebc
+44 1202 712 934
+44 1202 712 913
sales@bebc.co.uk
03
GB
21
20
02
02
JB
1
00
83.00
GBP
Z
01
JB
2
John Benjamins North America
+1 800 562-5666
+1 703 661-1501
benjamins@presswarehouse.com
01
https://benjamins.com
01
US CA MX
21
2
20
01
gen
02
JB
1
00
149.00
USD