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John Benjamins Publishing Company
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JB code
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10.1075/ihll.33
13
2021003478
DG
002
02
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IHLL
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2213-3887
Issues in Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics
33
01
East and West of The Pentacrest
Linguistic studies in honor of Paula Kempchinsky
01
ihll.33
01
https://benjamins.com
02
https://benjamins.com/catalog/ihll.33
1
B01
Timothy Gupton
Gupton, Timothy
Timothy
Gupton
University of Georgia
2
B01
Elizabeth Gielau
Gielau, Elizabeth
Elizabeth
Gielau
Miami University
01
eng
225
viii
217
LAN009060
v.2006
CFK
2
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.ROM
Romance linguistics
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.SYNTAX
Syntax
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.THEOR
Theoretical linguistics
06
01
This book is a collection of contemporary essays and squibs exploring the mental representation of Spanish and other languages in the Romance family. Although largely formal in orientation, they incorporate experimental and corpus data to inform questions of synchronic and diachronic importance. As a whole, these contributions explore two areas of particular interest to linguistic theorizing. The first is linguistic interfaces with chapters on syntax-information structure, syntax-prosody, syntax-semantics, and lexicon-phonology. The second consists of explorations of noun phrases of all sizes—from clitics to nominalized clauses. The results and conclusions of these studies encourage researchers to continue to explore individual languages in particular in order to gain insight on human language in general. This edited volume in honor of Dr. Paula Kempchinsky is reflective of the diversity of approaches that inspired her teaching, research, and mentoring for over thirty years at the University of Iowa and beyond.
46
01
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
47
Open access -- this title is available under a CC BY-NC-ND license. For full details, see: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
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Acknowledgements
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JB code
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1
14
14
Chapter
2
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Introduction
1
A01
Timothy Gupton
Gupton, Timothy
Timothy
Gupton
University of Georgia
2
A01
Elizabeth Gielau
Gielau, Elizabeth
Elizabeth
Gielau
Miami University
10
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JB code
ihll.33.p1
Section header
3
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Part I. Crosslinguistic explorations at the interfaces
10
01
JB code
ihll.33.01wal
17
40
24
Chapter
4
01
Chapter 1. Interpretation of focus in Haitian Creole <i>se</i>-clefts
1
A01
Kezia Walker-Cecil
Walker-Cecil, Kezia
Kezia
Walker-Cecil
University of Iowa
2
A01
Emilie Destruel Johnson
Destruel Johnson, Emilie
Emilie
Destruel Johnson
University of Iowa
01
While past literature on Haitian Creole focus structures primarily concentrates on predicate clefts (see DeGraff, 1995; Glaude & Zribi-Hertz, 2012; Harbour, 2008; Lefebvre, 1990), few authors use empirical data to justify proposed interpretations of clefts. In this paper, we empirically test which interpretations are available in <i>se-</i>clefts, expanding on previous work on clefts in Haitian Creole and other languages. Our first experiment investigates the influence of predicate gradability (Harbour, 2008) and syntactic structure (Glaude & Zribi-Hertz, 2012) on predicate cleft interpretation, using a felicity judgment task. Prior work on Haitian <i>se</i>-clefts has not discussed the exhaustive inference, an inference conveyed in similar clefts cross-linguistically (see Destruel et al., 2015; Horn, 1981). Our second experiment examines the exhaustivity inference in both predicate and nominal <i>se-</i>clefts, comparing Haitian speakers’ judgments to results from similar clefts in other languages, particularly French, via a forced-choice task adapted from Onea and Beaver (2011).
10
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68
28
Chapter
5
01
Chapter 2. Aligning syntax and prosody in Galician
Against a prosodic isomorphism account
1
A01
Timothy Gupton
Gupton, Timothy
Timothy
Gupton
University of Georgia
01
The current chapter contributes to recent studies on the syntax and prosody of the left periphery (LP) in Romance in general and Galician in particular. The experimental data examined establish prosodic contours for six information structure contexts in Galician using the Melodic Analysis of Speech (MAS) protocol (Cantero, 2002; Cantero & Font-Rotchés, 2009). I test the claim in e.g. Frascarelli & Hinterhölzl (2007) that left-peripheral syntactic projections each have a unique, corresponding prosodic contour, a claim based on one-to-one correspondences between pitch and information structure in Italian and German data. Findings suggest that, despite some tendencies in support of this account, certain intonation contours are used to encode more than one information structure type. The data examined militate against an isomorphic account of intonation and syntax, and instead favor a homomorphic relation between the two, thus supporting a more parsimonious view of the LP (Emonds, 2004; Kempchinsky, 2013; López, 2009).
10
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69
82
14
Chapter
6
01
Chapter 3. Why does D-linking reduce the need for inversion in Spanish <i>wh</i>-questions?
1
A01
Grant Goodall
Goodall, Grant
Grant
Goodall
University of California
01
Spanish <i>wh</i>-questions without inversion are much more acceptable when the <i>wh</i>-phrase is D-linked. Standard semantic and syntactic analyses of D-linking, developed for the more well-known case of D-linking in weak islands, make incorrect predictions regarding the Spanish case, while analyses based on working memory fare better. In these analyses, the effect obtains because at the time when the gap is posited, the processor is able to retrieve a D-linked filler more easily, and this results in increased acceptability. This type of analysis makes correct predictions about D-linking in Spanish <i>wh</i>-questions, and the Spanish facts provide new evidence that such an approach to D-linking based on working memory is correct. The analysis adopted leaves open the question of the proper analysis of inversion itself. Even if D-linking results from properties of working memory, the inversion phenomenon could still be the result of a grammatical constraint.
10
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92
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Chapter
7
01
Chapter 4. Negation and mood in epistemic contexts
1
A01
Elizabeth Gielau
Gielau, Elizabeth
Elizabeth
Gielau
Miami University
01
This squib examines mood contrasts in Spanish and (Modern) Greek. It is argued that the dual interpretation of negation, first analyzed in Horn’s (1989) seminal work, can provide new insights for mood contrasts in negated epistemic contexts. I show that metalinguistic (narrow-scope) negation of Spanish <i>creo</i> ‘I believe’ and Greek <i>pistévo</i> ‘I believe’ entails an intentional, rather than intensional, pragmatic function: the speaker wishes to reserve truth-value judgment, resulting in an unevaluated propositional complement. In intentional contexts, the subjunctive is exhibited in Spanish, and the indicative in Greek. I suggest that the subjunctive is exhibited in Spanish because unevaluated propositions fail to update the context, in keeping with Farkas (2003). Conversely, the indicative surfaces in Greek because unevaluated propositions are not non-veridical, aligning with Giannakidou (1997, 1998, 1999, 2006, 2009, 2013). I then extend the investigation to emotive predicates, another context of mood variation, providing more evidence that metalinguistic negation marks unassertive propositional complements.
10
01
JB code
ihll.33.05one
93
106
14
Chapter
8
01
Chapter 5. The complicated timeline of Spanish
Implications for lexical processing
1
A01
Sarah O’Neill
O’Neill, Sarah
Sarah
O’Neill
University of Iowa
2
A01
Christine Shea
Shea, Christine
Christine
Shea
University of Iowa
01
Sound change is a dynamic process that shapes the phonology and lexicon of a language across a language’s history. The existence of loanwords and <i>cultismos</i> (<i>learned forms</i>) complicate this process. Not all words are equally subjected to sound change. In Spanish, <i>cultismos</i> and loanwords often exhibit characteristics that differ from <i>derived</i> words (words that underwent regular phonological sound changes in Spanish). In either instance, the resulting word differs from other items in the Spanish lexicon. We discuss the significance of loanwords and <i>cultismos</i> for the Spanish lexicon. We suggest that although they result in less regularity across the lexicon, there are also consistent patterns that arise. Through these ‘regular irregularities,’ speakers may build associations between lexical forms and possibly access them to facilitate lexical activation.
10
01
JB code
ihll.33.p2
Section header
9
01
Part II. Innovative approaches to clitics and noun phrases in Romance
10
01
JB code
ihll.33.06gar
109
134
26
Chapter
10
01
Chapter 6. Me gohtaba ehta linguaji barranquenha
Variable object clitics in Barranquenho
1
A01
Jordan Garrett
Garrett, Jordan
Jordan
Garrett
Indiana University/Iowa City High School
01
The villa of Barrancos, Portugal, has a multilingual population that in addition to European Portuguese and Spanish also speaks an autochthonous contact variety, Barranquenho. Previous research on several phonological and morphosyntactic properties suggest Barranquenho is a mixed language albeit not a prototypical one. The current study analyzes 895 tokens of object clitics taken from a corpus of 20 native-speaker interviews and examines their placement, morphology and distribution in specific constructions. Results suggest that Barranquenho speakers possess a mixed clitic system containing both Spanish and Portuguese-like properties. The data also suggest a more Spanish-like placement pattern; one that is sensitive to finiteness rather than the presence/absence of various operators or morphophonological (PF) restrictions when interpreted in light of current approaches to the syntax of clitics. Moreover, this study has implications for existing typological models of contact varieties and point to future research regarding the application of syntactic models to these approaches.
10
01
JB code
ihll.33.7mac
135
156
22
Chapter
11
01
Chapter 7. Spanish impersonal <i>se</i> in control infinitivals and the ungrammaticality of <i>se se</i> sequences
1
A01
Jonathan E. MacDonald
MacDonald, Jonathan E.
Jonathan E.
MacDonald
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
2
A01
Almike Vázquez-Lozares
Vázquez-Lozares, Almike
Almike
Vázquez-Lozares
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
01
In this paper, we offer an analysis of impersonal <i>se</i> (Imp<sub>se</sub>) constructions in control infinitivals. We claim that <i>se</i> itself spells out the valued version of the [uD] feature that Holmberg (2010) and Roberts (2010) propose is a property of T in consistent null subject languages. As a corollary, we link Imp<sub>se</sub> constructions to the consistent null subject status of a language (in the spirit of Belletti, 1982). Moreover, we claim that in Imp<sub>se</sub> constructions there is a projected null external argument (<i>pro</i> <sub>se</sub>) interpreted as non-referential because of the valued version of Holmberg’s [uD] feature in T that <i>se</i> spells out. We also argue that ungrammatical sequences of Imp<sub>se</sub> and other <i>se</i> result from the featural deficiency of <i>pro</i> <sub>se</sub>; specifically, it lacks a specification for number.
10
01
JB code
ihll.33.08lea
157
188
32
Chapter
12
01
Chapter 8. Case assignment in Spanish nominalizations
A self-paced reading investigation
1
A01
Tania Leal
Leal, Tania
Tania
Leal
University of Nevada, Reno
2
A01
Jeffrey Renaud
Renaud, Jeffrey
Jeffrey
Renaud
Augustana College
01
Spanish nominalizations, structures in which a determiner precedes an infinitive (<i>el susurrar de Mario</i> “Mario’s whispering”), present a syntactic contradiction in which a verb exists within a Determiner Phrase (DP). Speakers attest two types: nominalizations co-occurring with nominal modifiers (e.g., adjectives, genitive case for argument expression) and those whose modifiers are verbal (adverbs, nominative/accusative arguments). Absent cartographic approaches (Cinque, 2002) predetermining the order of functional heads, the point in the derivation at which verbal categories transition into nominal ones, and this transition’s effect on case assignment, are thus far unanswered empirical questions. Using a self-paced reading task, we adopt Alexiadou et al.’s (2011) proposal to experimentally determine the cases available in each nominalization type. Results show that speakers process nominal nominalizations as expected but may allow for the possibility of adverbial adjunction, as suggested by Ramírez (2003). We propose that this data reveals the value of empirically testing syntactic proposals.
10
01
JB code
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189
214
26
Chapter
13
01
Chapter 9. Dual competence in dual language learners
Gradience and variability of object clitics in Spanish heritage language learners
1
A01
Teresa Satterfield
Satterfield, Teresa
Teresa
Satterfield
University of Michigan
01
This chapter focuses on grammatical variability in object clitic placement (omission and clitic climbing) and morphology (gender and number) in child heritage Spanish. Implementing Wexler’s (2003) Clitic Acquisition Theory (CAT), original corpus data from 60 U.S. Spanish heritage speakers (SHS), ages 4–7, are analyzed and compared to previous research on adult L1/L2/child L1 and bilingual acquisition on clitic expression and acceptability judgments. Results show SHS at all proficiency levels produce clitics to some degree; however compared to Wexler (2003) and subsequent CAT studies, SHS demonstrate ongoing clitic optionality. A high percentage of this variability is grammatical: for instance, no substantial difference in SHS frequencies for proclisis or enclisis occurs. In the spirit of L2 work by Slabakova, Rothman and Kempchinsky (2011), the Underlying and Surface Competence (Duffield, 2003) is tested as a generative-based account of variability in more mature child grammars, complementing CAT. The dual competence model provides a finer-grained snapshot of ‘adult-like’ Spanish clitic expression in children.
10
01
JB code
ihll.33.index
215
217
3
Miscellaneous
14
01
Index
02
JBENJAMINS
John Benjamins Publishing Company
01
John Benjamins Publishing Company
Amsterdam/Philadelphia
NL
04
20210510
2021
John Benjamins B.V.
02
WORLD
13
15
9789027208675
01
JB
3
John Benjamins e-Platform
03
jbe-platform.com
09
WORLD
40
01
278027459
03
01
01
JB
John Benjamins Publishing Company
01
JB code
IHLL 33 Hb
15
9789027208675
13
2021003477
BB
01
IHLL
02
2213-3887
Issues in Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics
33
01
East and West of The Pentacrest
Linguistic studies in honor of Paula Kempchinsky
01
ihll.33
01
https://benjamins.com
02
https://benjamins.com/catalog/ihll.33
1
B01
Timothy Gupton
Gupton, Timothy
Timothy
Gupton
University of Georgia
2
B01
Elizabeth Gielau
Gielau, Elizabeth
Elizabeth
Gielau
Miami University
01
eng
225
viii
217
LAN009060
v.2006
CFK
2
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.ROM
Romance linguistics
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.SYNTAX
Syntax
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.THEOR
Theoretical linguistics
06
01
This book is a collection of contemporary essays and squibs exploring the mental representation of Spanish and other languages in the Romance family. Although largely formal in orientation, they incorporate experimental and corpus data to inform questions of synchronic and diachronic importance. As a whole, these contributions explore two areas of particular interest to linguistic theorizing. The first is linguistic interfaces with chapters on syntax-information structure, syntax-prosody, syntax-semantics, and lexicon-phonology. The second consists of explorations of noun phrases of all sizes—from clitics to nominalized clauses. The results and conclusions of these studies encourage researchers to continue to explore individual languages in particular in order to gain insight on human language in general. This edited volume in honor of Dr. Paula Kempchinsky is reflective of the diversity of approaches that inspired her teaching, research, and mentoring for over thirty years at the University of Iowa and beyond.
04
09
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03
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ihll.33.ack
vii
viii
2
Miscellaneous
1
01
Acknowledgements
10
01
JB code
ihll.33.int
1
14
14
Chapter
2
01
Introduction
1
A01
Timothy Gupton
Gupton, Timothy
Timothy
Gupton
University of Georgia
2
A01
Elizabeth Gielau
Gielau, Elizabeth
Elizabeth
Gielau
Miami University
10
01
JB code
ihll.33.p1
Section header
3
01
Part I. Crosslinguistic explorations at the interfaces
10
01
JB code
ihll.33.01wal
17
40
24
Chapter
4
01
Chapter 1. Interpretation of focus in Haitian Creole <i>se</i>-clefts
1
A01
Kezia Walker-Cecil
Walker-Cecil, Kezia
Kezia
Walker-Cecil
University of Iowa
2
A01
Emilie Destruel Johnson
Destruel Johnson, Emilie
Emilie
Destruel Johnson
University of Iowa
01
While past literature on Haitian Creole focus structures primarily concentrates on predicate clefts (see DeGraff, 1995; Glaude & Zribi-Hertz, 2012; Harbour, 2008; Lefebvre, 1990), few authors use empirical data to justify proposed interpretations of clefts. In this paper, we empirically test which interpretations are available in <i>se-</i>clefts, expanding on previous work on clefts in Haitian Creole and other languages. Our first experiment investigates the influence of predicate gradability (Harbour, 2008) and syntactic structure (Glaude & Zribi-Hertz, 2012) on predicate cleft interpretation, using a felicity judgment task. Prior work on Haitian <i>se</i>-clefts has not discussed the exhaustive inference, an inference conveyed in similar clefts cross-linguistically (see Destruel et al., 2015; Horn, 1981). Our second experiment examines the exhaustivity inference in both predicate and nominal <i>se-</i>clefts, comparing Haitian speakers’ judgments to results from similar clefts in other languages, particularly French, via a forced-choice task adapted from Onea and Beaver (2011).
10
01
JB code
ihll.33.02gup
41
68
28
Chapter
5
01
Chapter 2. Aligning syntax and prosody in Galician
Against a prosodic isomorphism account
1
A01
Timothy Gupton
Gupton, Timothy
Timothy
Gupton
University of Georgia
01
The current chapter contributes to recent studies on the syntax and prosody of the left periphery (LP) in Romance in general and Galician in particular. The experimental data examined establish prosodic contours for six information structure contexts in Galician using the Melodic Analysis of Speech (MAS) protocol (Cantero, 2002; Cantero & Font-Rotchés, 2009). I test the claim in e.g. Frascarelli & Hinterhölzl (2007) that left-peripheral syntactic projections each have a unique, corresponding prosodic contour, a claim based on one-to-one correspondences between pitch and information structure in Italian and German data. Findings suggest that, despite some tendencies in support of this account, certain intonation contours are used to encode more than one information structure type. The data examined militate against an isomorphic account of intonation and syntax, and instead favor a homomorphic relation between the two, thus supporting a more parsimonious view of the LP (Emonds, 2004; Kempchinsky, 2013; López, 2009).
10
01
JB code
ihll.33.03goo
69
82
14
Chapter
6
01
Chapter 3. Why does D-linking reduce the need for inversion in Spanish <i>wh</i>-questions?
1
A01
Grant Goodall
Goodall, Grant
Grant
Goodall
University of California
01
Spanish <i>wh</i>-questions without inversion are much more acceptable when the <i>wh</i>-phrase is D-linked. Standard semantic and syntactic analyses of D-linking, developed for the more well-known case of D-linking in weak islands, make incorrect predictions regarding the Spanish case, while analyses based on working memory fare better. In these analyses, the effect obtains because at the time when the gap is posited, the processor is able to retrieve a D-linked filler more easily, and this results in increased acceptability. This type of analysis makes correct predictions about D-linking in Spanish <i>wh</i>-questions, and the Spanish facts provide new evidence that such an approach to D-linking based on working memory is correct. The analysis adopted leaves open the question of the proper analysis of inversion itself. Even if D-linking results from properties of working memory, the inversion phenomenon could still be the result of a grammatical constraint.
10
01
JB code
ihll.33.04gie
83
92
10
Chapter
7
01
Chapter 4. Negation and mood in epistemic contexts
1
A01
Elizabeth Gielau
Gielau, Elizabeth
Elizabeth
Gielau
Miami University
01
This squib examines mood contrasts in Spanish and (Modern) Greek. It is argued that the dual interpretation of negation, first analyzed in Horn’s (1989) seminal work, can provide new insights for mood contrasts in negated epistemic contexts. I show that metalinguistic (narrow-scope) negation of Spanish <i>creo</i> ‘I believe’ and Greek <i>pistévo</i> ‘I believe’ entails an intentional, rather than intensional, pragmatic function: the speaker wishes to reserve truth-value judgment, resulting in an unevaluated propositional complement. In intentional contexts, the subjunctive is exhibited in Spanish, and the indicative in Greek. I suggest that the subjunctive is exhibited in Spanish because unevaluated propositions fail to update the context, in keeping with Farkas (2003). Conversely, the indicative surfaces in Greek because unevaluated propositions are not non-veridical, aligning with Giannakidou (1997, 1998, 1999, 2006, 2009, 2013). I then extend the investigation to emotive predicates, another context of mood variation, providing more evidence that metalinguistic negation marks unassertive propositional complements.
10
01
JB code
ihll.33.05one
93
106
14
Chapter
8
01
Chapter 5. The complicated timeline of Spanish
Implications for lexical processing
1
A01
Sarah O’Neill
O’Neill, Sarah
Sarah
O’Neill
University of Iowa
2
A01
Christine Shea
Shea, Christine
Christine
Shea
University of Iowa
01
Sound change is a dynamic process that shapes the phonology and lexicon of a language across a language’s history. The existence of loanwords and <i>cultismos</i> (<i>learned forms</i>) complicate this process. Not all words are equally subjected to sound change. In Spanish, <i>cultismos</i> and loanwords often exhibit characteristics that differ from <i>derived</i> words (words that underwent regular phonological sound changes in Spanish). In either instance, the resulting word differs from other items in the Spanish lexicon. We discuss the significance of loanwords and <i>cultismos</i> for the Spanish lexicon. We suggest that although they result in less regularity across the lexicon, there are also consistent patterns that arise. Through these ‘regular irregularities,’ speakers may build associations between lexical forms and possibly access them to facilitate lexical activation.
10
01
JB code
ihll.33.p2
Section header
9
01
Part II. Innovative approaches to clitics and noun phrases in Romance
10
01
JB code
ihll.33.06gar
109
134
26
Chapter
10
01
Chapter 6. Me gohtaba ehta linguaji barranquenha
Variable object clitics in Barranquenho
1
A01
Jordan Garrett
Garrett, Jordan
Jordan
Garrett
Indiana University/Iowa City High School
01
The villa of Barrancos, Portugal, has a multilingual population that in addition to European Portuguese and Spanish also speaks an autochthonous contact variety, Barranquenho. Previous research on several phonological and morphosyntactic properties suggest Barranquenho is a mixed language albeit not a prototypical one. The current study analyzes 895 tokens of object clitics taken from a corpus of 20 native-speaker interviews and examines their placement, morphology and distribution in specific constructions. Results suggest that Barranquenho speakers possess a mixed clitic system containing both Spanish and Portuguese-like properties. The data also suggest a more Spanish-like placement pattern; one that is sensitive to finiteness rather than the presence/absence of various operators or morphophonological (PF) restrictions when interpreted in light of current approaches to the syntax of clitics. Moreover, this study has implications for existing typological models of contact varieties and point to future research regarding the application of syntactic models to these approaches.
10
01
JB code
ihll.33.7mac
135
156
22
Chapter
11
01
Chapter 7. Spanish impersonal <i>se</i> in control infinitivals and the ungrammaticality of <i>se se</i> sequences
1
A01
Jonathan E. MacDonald
MacDonald, Jonathan E.
Jonathan E.
MacDonald
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
2
A01
Almike Vázquez-Lozares
Vázquez-Lozares, Almike
Almike
Vázquez-Lozares
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
01
In this paper, we offer an analysis of impersonal <i>se</i> (Imp<sub>se</sub>) constructions in control infinitivals. We claim that <i>se</i> itself spells out the valued version of the [uD] feature that Holmberg (2010) and Roberts (2010) propose is a property of T in consistent null subject languages. As a corollary, we link Imp<sub>se</sub> constructions to the consistent null subject status of a language (in the spirit of Belletti, 1982). Moreover, we claim that in Imp<sub>se</sub> constructions there is a projected null external argument (<i>pro</i> <sub>se</sub>) interpreted as non-referential because of the valued version of Holmberg’s [uD] feature in T that <i>se</i> spells out. We also argue that ungrammatical sequences of Imp<sub>se</sub> and other <i>se</i> result from the featural deficiency of <i>pro</i> <sub>se</sub>; specifically, it lacks a specification for number.
10
01
JB code
ihll.33.08lea
157
188
32
Chapter
12
01
Chapter 8. Case assignment in Spanish nominalizations
A self-paced reading investigation
1
A01
Tania Leal
Leal, Tania
Tania
Leal
University of Nevada, Reno
2
A01
Jeffrey Renaud
Renaud, Jeffrey
Jeffrey
Renaud
Augustana College
01
Spanish nominalizations, structures in which a determiner precedes an infinitive (<i>el susurrar de Mario</i> “Mario’s whispering”), present a syntactic contradiction in which a verb exists within a Determiner Phrase (DP). Speakers attest two types: nominalizations co-occurring with nominal modifiers (e.g., adjectives, genitive case for argument expression) and those whose modifiers are verbal (adverbs, nominative/accusative arguments). Absent cartographic approaches (Cinque, 2002) predetermining the order of functional heads, the point in the derivation at which verbal categories transition into nominal ones, and this transition’s effect on case assignment, are thus far unanswered empirical questions. Using a self-paced reading task, we adopt Alexiadou et al.’s (2011) proposal to experimentally determine the cases available in each nominalization type. Results show that speakers process nominal nominalizations as expected but may allow for the possibility of adverbial adjunction, as suggested by Ramírez (2003). We propose that this data reveals the value of empirically testing syntactic proposals.
10
01
JB code
ihll.33.09sat
189
214
26
Chapter
13
01
Chapter 9. Dual competence in dual language learners
Gradience and variability of object clitics in Spanish heritage language learners
1
A01
Teresa Satterfield
Satterfield, Teresa
Teresa
Satterfield
University of Michigan
01
This chapter focuses on grammatical variability in object clitic placement (omission and clitic climbing) and morphology (gender and number) in child heritage Spanish. Implementing Wexler’s (2003) Clitic Acquisition Theory (CAT), original corpus data from 60 U.S. Spanish heritage speakers (SHS), ages 4–7, are analyzed and compared to previous research on adult L1/L2/child L1 and bilingual acquisition on clitic expression and acceptability judgments. Results show SHS at all proficiency levels produce clitics to some degree; however compared to Wexler (2003) and subsequent CAT studies, SHS demonstrate ongoing clitic optionality. A high percentage of this variability is grammatical: for instance, no substantial difference in SHS frequencies for proclisis or enclisis occurs. In the spirit of L2 work by Slabakova, Rothman and Kempchinsky (2011), the Underlying and Surface Competence (Duffield, 2003) is tested as a generative-based account of variability in more mature child grammars, complementing CAT. The dual competence model provides a finer-grained snapshot of ‘adult-like’ Spanish clitic expression in children.
10
01
JB code
ihll.33.index
215
217
3
Miscellaneous
14
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Index
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