The 385+ million word Corpus of Contemporary American English (1990–2008+)
Design, architecture, and linguistic insights
Mark Davies | Brigham Young University
The Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA), which was released online in early 2008, is the first large and diverse corpus of American English. In this paper, we first discuss the design of the corpus — which contains more than 385 million words from 1990–2008 (20 million words each year), balanced between spoken, fiction, popular magazines, newspapers, and academic journals. We also discuss the unique relational databases architecture, which allows for a wide range of queries that are not available (or are quite difficult) with other architectures and interfaces. To conclude, we consider insights from the corpus on a number of cases of genre-based variation and recent linguistic variation, including an extended analysis of phrasal verbs in contemporary American English.
Keywords: American English, corpus, diachronic, relational databases, genres, phrasal verbs
Published online: 11 June 2009
https://doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.14.2.02dav
https://doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.14.2.02dav
Cited by
Cited by 171 other publications
No author info given
2015.
In Practical Corpus Linguistics,
► pp. 121 ff. 
No author info given
2015.
In Practical Corpus Linguistics,
► pp. 276 ff.
No author info given
2017.
In Discourse-Pragmatic Variation in Context [Studies in Language Companion Series, 187],
No author info given
2018.
In How to Do Corpus Pragmatics on Pragmatically Annotated Data [Studies in Corpus Linguistics, 84],
No author info given
2019.
In Morpho-Syntactic Patterns in Spoken Korean English [Varieties of English Around the World, G62],
No author info given
2020.
In Computer Corpora and Open Source Software for Language Learning [Advances in Educational Technologies and Instructional Design, ],
► pp. 1 ff.
No author info given
2020.
In Language Processing in Advanced Learners of English [Bilingual Processing and Acquisition, 9],
(Wynn Nguyen), NhuQuynh Luu Nguyen
2013. The EMOTION-IS-LIQUID Metaphor in English and Vietnamese: A Contrastive Analysis.
Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 95 ► pp. 363 ff.
Abdul Rahman, Zuhair Abdul Amir & Raith Zeher Abid
2014. Rarity or Non-Existence of Phrasal Verbs in the Written Discourse of Omani Student-Teachers of English.
SAGE Open 4:4 ► pp. 215824401455698 ff.
Andersen, Gisle
2014. Pragmatic borrowing.
Journal of Pragmatics 67 ► pp. 17 ff.
Anderwald, Lieselotte
2012. Clumsy, awkward or having a peculiar propriety? Prescriptive judgements and language change in the 19th century.
Language Sciences 34:1 ► pp. 28 ff.
Anderwald, Lieselotte
2017. I’m Loving It– Marketing Ploy or Language Change in Progress?.
Studia Neophilologica 89:2 ► pp. 176 ff.
Arshi Saloot, Mohammad, Norisma Idris, AiTi Aw & Dirk Thorleuchter
2016. Twitter corpus creation: The case of a Malay Chat-style-text Corpus (MCC).
Digital Scholarship in the Humanities 31:2 ► pp. 227 ff.
Ashkenazi, Orit, Dorit Ravid & Steven Gillis
2016. Breaking into the Hebrew verb system: A learning problem.
First Language 36:5 ► pp. 505 ff.
Assaf, Dan, Yair Neuman, Yohai Cohen, Shlomo Argamon, Newton Howard, Mark Last, Ophir Frieder & Moshe Koppel
2013.
In 2013 IEEE Symposium on Computational Intelligence, Cognitive Algorithms, Mind, and Brain (CCMB),
► pp. 60 ff.
Aull, Laura L. & Zak Lancaster
2014. Linguistic Markers of Stance in Early and Advanced Academic Writing.
Written Communication 31:2 ► pp. 151 ff.
BARNES, Erica M., Jill F. GRIFENHAGEN & David K. DICKINSON
2020. Mealtimes in Head Start pre-k classrooms: examining language-promoting opportunities in a hybrid space.
Journal of Child Language 47:2 ► pp. 337 ff.
Barnes, Erica M., Alandeom W. Oliveira & David K. Dickinson
2019. Teacher Accommodation of Academic Language During Head Start Pre-Kindergarten Read-Alouds.
Journal of Education for Students Placed at Risk (JESPAR) 24:4 ► pp. 369 ff.
Bednarek, Monika
2018.
In Language and Television Series,
Bednarek, Monika, Marcia Veirano Pinto & Valentin Werner
2021. Corpus approaches to telecinematic language.
International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 26:1 ► pp. 1 ff.
Berger, Cynthia, Scott Crossley & Stephen Skalicky
2019. USING LEXICAL FEATURES TO INVESTIGATE SECOND LANGUAGE LEXICAL DECISION PERFORMANCE.
Studies in Second Language Acquisition 41:5 ► pp. 911 ff.
Bloom, Nicholas, Tarek A. Hassan, Aakash Kalyani, Josh Lerner & Ahmed Tahoun
2020. The Geography of New Technologies.
Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series ► pp. 1 ff.
Bohmann, Axel
2019.
In Variation in English Worldwide,
Boholm, Max
2016. The use and meaning of nano in American English: Towards a systematic description.
Ampersand 3 ► pp. 163 ff.
Boholm, Max
2016. Towards a semiotic definition of discourse and a basis for a typology of discourses.
Semiotica 2016:208 ► pp. 177 ff.
Boholm, Max
2019. Risk and Quantification: A Linguistic Study.
Risk Analysis 39:6 ► pp. 1243 ff.
Boholm, Max, Niklas Möller & Sven Ove Hansson
2016. The Concepts of Risk, Safety, and Security: Applications in Everyday Language.
Risk Analysis 36:2 ► pp. 320 ff.
Bolozky, Shmuel & Ruth A. Berman
2020.
In Usage-Based Studies in Modern Hebrew [Studies in Language Companion Series, 210],
► pp. 265 ff.
Boulton, Alex
2012. Beyond concordancing: Multiple affordances of corpora in university language degrees.
Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 34 ► pp. 33 ff.
Boulton, Alex
2015.
In Multiple Affordances of Language Corpora for Data-driven Learning [Studies in Corpus Linguistics, 69],
► pp. 267 ff.
Boulton, Alex
2016.
In Language and Technology,
► pp. 1 ff.
Boulton, Alex
2017.
In Language, Education and Technology,
► pp. 181 ff.
Brezina, Vaclav
2012. Use of Google Scholar in corpus-driven EAP research.
Journal of English for Academic Purposes 11:4 ► pp. 319 ff.
Brysbaert, Marc, Amy Beth Warriner & Victor Kuperman
2014. Concreteness ratings for 40 thousand generally known English word lemmas.
Behavior Research Methods 46:3 ► pp. 904 ff.
Carter, Rebecca R., Clayton D. Rothwell, Cynthia J. Sieck & Ann Scheck McAlearney
2019. Assessing Mental Models from Communications: Patient, Family, and Care Team Messaging within the Hospital.
Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 63:1 ► pp. 653 ff.
Chen, Xiaocong & Yanping Dong
2019. Evaluating objective and subjective frequency measures in L2 lexical processing.
Lingua 230 ► pp. 102738 ff.
Chen, Xiaocong, Yanping Dong & Xiufen Yu
2018. On the predictive validity of various corpus-based frequency norms in L2 English lexical processing.
Behavior Research Methods 50:1 ► pp. 1 ff.
Choi, Kahyun & J. Stephen Downie
2019.
In 6th International Conference on Digital Libraries for Musicology,
► pp. 43 ff.
Colla, Davide, Enrico Mensa & Daniele P. Radicioni
2020. LessLex: Linking Multilingual Embeddings to SenSe Representations of LEXical Items.
Computational Linguistics 46:2 ► pp. 289 ff.
Cook, Paul & Laurel J. Brinton
2017. Building and evaluating web corpora representing national varieties of English.
Language Resources and Evaluation 51:3 ► pp. 643 ff.
Crossley, Scott & Victor Kostyuk
2017.
In Language, Data, and Knowledge [Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 10318],
► pp. 330 ff.
Crossley, Scott A., Renu Balyan, Jennifer Liu, Andrew J. Karter, Danielle McNamara & Dean Schillinger
2020. Predicting the readability of physicians’ secure messages to improve health communication using novel linguistic features: Findings from the ECLIPPSE study.
Journal of Communication in Healthcare 13:4 ► pp. 344 ff.
Crossley, Scott A., Minkyung Kim, Laura Allen & Danielle McNamara
2019.
In Artificial Intelligence in Education [Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 11625],
► pp. 84 ff.
Crossley, Scott A., Dani Francuz Rose, Cassondra Danekes, Charles Wesley Rose & Danielle S. McNamara
2017. That noun phrase may be beneficial and this may not be: discourse cohesion in reading and writing.
Reading and Writing 30:3 ► pp. 569 ff.
Crossley, Scott A., Stephen Skalicky, Mihai Dascalu, Danielle S. McNamara & Kristopher Kyle
2017. Predicting Text Comprehension, Processing, and Familiarity in Adult Readers: New Approaches to Readability Formulas.
Discourse Processes 54:5-6 ► pp. 340 ff.
Crossley, Scott A., Stephen Skalicky & Mihai Dascalu
2019. Moving beyond classic readability formulas: new methods and new models.
Journal of Research in Reading 42:3-4 ► pp. 541 ff.
Dash, Niladri Sekhar & S. Arulmozi
2018.
In History, Features, and Typology of Language Corpora,
► pp. 51 ff.
Davies, M.
2010. The Corpus of Contemporary American English as the first reliable monitor corpus of English.
Literary and Linguistic Computing 25:4 ► pp. 447 ff.
Davies, Mark
2012. Expanding horizons in historical linguistics with the 400-million word Corpus of Historical American English.
Corpora 7:2 ► pp. 121 ff.
Davies, Mark
2017.
In Data Collection in Sociolinguistics,
► pp. 211 ff.
Davies, Mark
2021. The TV and Movies corpora.
International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 26:1 ► pp. 10 ff.
Davies, Mark & Robert Fuchs
2015. Expanding horizons in the study of World Englishes with the 1.9 billion word Global Web-based English Corpus (GloWbE).
English World-Wide. A Journal of Varieties of English 36:1 ► pp. 1 ff.
Davies, Mark & Jong-Bok Kim
2018.
In Explorations in English Historical Syntax [Studies in Language Companion Series, 198],
► pp. 159 ff.
Davies, Mark & Jong-Bok Kim
2019. Historical shifts with the into-causative construction in American English.
Linguistics 57:1 ► pp. 29 ff.
De Deyne, Simon, Danielle J. Navarro, Guillem Collell & Andrew Perfors
2021. Visual and Affective Multimodal Models of Word Meaning in Language and Mind.
Cognitive Science 45:1
Dichtel, Frédéric
2016. A quantifier used on many occasions.
International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 21:1 ► pp. 80 ff.
Dunn, Jonathan
2013.
In Computational Linguistics and Intelligent Text Processing [Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 7816],
► pp. 471 ff.
EGUCHI, MASAKI & KRISTOPHER KYLE
2020. Continuing to Explore the Multidimensional Nature of Lexical Sophistication: The Case of Oral Proficiency Interviews.
The Modern Language Journal 104:2 ► pp. 381 ff.
Ehara, Yo
2020.
In Computational Linguistics [Communications in Computer and Information Science, 1215],
► pp. 88 ff.
Elli, Giulia V, Connor Lane & Marina Bedny
2019. A Double Dissociation in Sensitivity to Verb and Noun Semantics Across Cortical Networks.
Cerebral Cortex 29:11 ► pp. 4803 ff.
Felt, Paul, Eric K. Ringger, Kevin Seppi, Kristian S. Heal, Robbie A. Haertel & Deryle Lonsdale
2014. Evaluating machine-assisted annotation in under-resourced settings.
Language Resources and Evaluation 48:4 ► pp. 561 ff.
FRANCIS, ELAINE J. & LAURA A. MICHAELIS
2017. When relative clause extraposition is the right choice, it’s easier.
Language and Cognition 9:2 ► pp. 332 ff.
Fruchter, Joseph, Tal Linzen, Masha Westerlund & Alec Marantz
2015. Lexical Preactivation in Basic Linguistic Phrases.
Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 27:10 ► pp. 1912 ff.
Gisle, Andersen
2020. Phraseology in a cross-linguistic perspective: A diachronic and corpus-based account.
Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory 0:0
Glines, Porter, Brandon Biggs & Paul M. Bodily
2020.
In 2020 Intermountain Engineering, Technology and Computing (IETC),
► pp. 1 ff.
Grasso, Stephanie M., Kaleigh M. Shuster & Maya L. Henry
2019. Comparing the effects of clinician and caregiver-administered lexical retrieval training for progressive anomia.
Neuropsychological Rehabilitation 29:6 ► pp. 866 ff.
Gudivada, Venkat N.
2018.
In Computational Analysis and Understanding of Natural Languages: Principles, Methods and Applications [Handbook of Statistics, 38],
► pp. 403 ff.
Hasebe, Yoichiro
2015. Design and Implementation of an Online Corpus of Presentation Transcripts of TED Talks.
Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 198 ► pp. 174 ff.
Hashimoto, Brett J. & Jesse Egbert
2019. More Than Frequency? Exploring Predictors of Word Difficulty for Second Language Learners.
Language Learning 69:4 ► pp. 839 ff.
Hashimoto, Brett James
2021. Is Frequency Enough?: The Frequency Model in Vocabulary Size Testing.
Language Assessment Quarterly ► pp. 1 ff.
Henry, Maya L., H. Isabel Hubbard, Stephanie M. Grasso, Heather R. Dial, Pélagie M. Beeson, Bruce L. Miller & Maria Luisa Gorno-Tempini
2019. Treatment for Word Retrieval in Semantic and Logopenic Variants of Primary Progressive Aphasia: Immediate and Long-Term Outcomes.
Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 62:8 ► pp. 2723 ff.
Hepler, Justin & Dolores Albarracin
2013. Complete unconscious control: Using (in)action primes to demonstrate completely unconscious activation of inhibitory control mechanisms.
Cognition 128:3 ► pp. 271 ff.
Herdağdelen, Amaç
2013. Twitter n-gram corpus with demographic metadata.
Language Resources and Evaluation 47:4 ► pp. 1127 ff.
Hiebert, Elfrieda H.
2020. The Core Vocabulary: The Foundation of Proficient Comprehension.
The Reading Teacher 73:6 ► pp. 757 ff.
Hiebert, Elfrieda H., Amanda P. Goodwin & Gina N. Cervetti
2018. Core Vocabulary: Its Morphological Content and Presence in Exemplar Texts.
Reading Research Quarterly 53:1 ► pp. 29 ff.
Hiebert, Elfrieda H., Judith A. Scott, Ruben Castaneda & Alexandra Spichtig
2019. An Analysis of the Features of Words That Influence Vocabulary Difficulty.
Education Sciences 9:1 ► pp. 8 ff.
Hills, Thomas T. & James S. Adelman
2015. Recent evolution of learnability in American English from 1800 to 2000.
Cognition 143 ► pp. 87 ff.
Hirata, Yoko & Yoshihiro Hirata
2015.
In Technology in Education. Technology-Mediated Proactive Learning [Communications in Computer and Information Science, 559],
► pp. 23 ff.
Hoffmann, Sebastian
2012.
In The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics,
Hoffmann, Thomas, Jakob Horsch & Thomas Brunner
2019. The more data, the better: A usage-based account of the English comparative correlative construction.
Cognitive Linguistics 30:1 ► pp. 1 ff.
Hunter, Starling & Susan Smith
2013. Thematic and Lexical Repetition in a Contemporary Screenplay.
Open Journal of Modern Linguistics 03:01 ► pp. 9 ff.
Ikegami, Yukino & Setsuo Tsuruta
2015. Hybrid method for modeless Japanese input using N-gram based binary classification and dictionary.
Multimedia Tools and Applications 74:11 ► pp. 3933 ff.
Iordăchioaia, Gianina & Martina Werner
2019. Categorial shift via aspect and gender change in deverbal nouns.
Language Sciences 73 ► pp. 62 ff.
Jacobs, Arthur M.
2018. (Neuro-)Cognitive poetics and computational stylistics.
Scientific Study of Literature 8:1 ► pp. 165 ff.
Jones, Michael N., Melody Dye & Brendan T. Johns
2017.
In [Psychology of Learning and Motivation, 67],
► pp. 239 ff.
Joo, Ian & Meichun Liu
2020. Caused-Motion and Caused-Position.
Studies in Language
June-Q Lee
2010. Explicit Knowledge of Thematic Relations in Second Language Compounds: A Moving window Study.
Korean Journal of English Language and Linguistics 10:3 ► pp. 699 ff.
Kerz, Elma & Daniel Wiechmann
2019.
In Computational and Corpus-Based Phraseology [Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 11755],
► pp. 200 ff.
Kilgarriff, Adam, Vít Baisa, Jan Bušta, Miloš Jakubíček, Vojtěch Kovář, Jan Michelfeit, Pavel Rychlý & Vít Suchomel
2014. The Sketch Engine: ten years on.
Lexicography 1:1 ► pp. 7 ff.
Kim, Hyunwoo & Yangon Rah
2019. Constructional Processing in a Second Language: The Role of Constructional Knowledge in Verb‐Construction Integration.
Language Learning 69:4 ► pp. 1022 ff.
Kodner, Jordan
2019. Estimating child linguistic experience from historical corpora.
Glossa: a journal of general linguistics 4:1 ► pp. 122 ff.
Kurdi, Mohamed Zakaria
2017.
In Proceedings of the 2017 International Conference on Information System and Data Mining - ICISDM '17,
► pp. 66 ff.
Kyle, Kristopher, Scott Crossley & Cynthia Berger
2018. The tool for the automatic analysis of lexical sophistication (TAALES): version 2.0.
Behavior Research Methods 50:3 ► pp. 1030 ff.
Kyle, Kristopher, Scott Crossley & Marjolijn Verspoor
2020. MEASURING LONGITUDINAL WRITING DEVELOPMENT USING INDICES OF SYNTACTIC COMPLEXITY AND SOPHISTICATION.
Studies in Second Language Acquisition ► pp. 1 ff.
Lau, Ellen F. & Anna Namyst
2019. fMRI evidence that left posterior temporal cortex contributes to N400 effects of predictability independent of congruity.
Brain and Language 199 ► pp. 104697 ff.
Lederer, Jenny
2016. Finding source domain triggers.
International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 21:4 ► pp. 527 ff.
Lever, Jake, Sitanshu Gakkhar, Michael Gottlieb, Tahereh Rashnavadi, Santina Lin, Celia Siu, Maia Smith, Martin R Jones, Martin Krzywinski, Steven J M Jones & Jonathan Wren
2018. A collaborative filtering-based approach to biomedical knowledge discovery.
Bioinformatics 34:4 ► pp. 652 ff.
Lever, Jake, Martin R. Jones, Arpad M. Danos, Kilannin Krysiak, Melika Bonakdar, Jasleen K. Grewal, Luka Culibrk, Obi L. Griffith, Malachi Griffith & Steven J. M. Jones
2019. Text-mining clinically relevant cancer biomarkers for curation into the CIViC database.
Genome Medicine 11:1
Levin, Magnus
2014. The Bathroom Formula: A corpus-based study of a speech act in American and British English.
Journal of Pragmatics 64 ► pp. 1 ff.
Levin, Magnus & Hans Lindquist
2015.
In Current Issues in Phraseology [Benjamins Current Topics, 74],
► pp. 7 ff.
Lin, You-Min & Michelle Y. Chen
2020. Understanding writing quality change: A longitudinal study of repeaters of a high-stakes standardized English proficiency test.
Language Testing 37:4 ► pp. 523 ff.
Liu, Yingying & Xiaofei Lu
2020. Chinese EFL learners’ misconceptions of noun countability and article use.
System 90 ► pp. 102222 ff.
Luke, Steven G. & Kiel Christianson
2016. Limits on lexical prediction during reading.
Cognitive Psychology 88 ► pp. 22 ff.
Mair, Christian & Geoffrey N. Leech
2020.
In The Handbook of English Linguistics,
► pp. 249 ff.
Maniez, François
2011. L’apport des corpus spécialisés en terminographie multilingue : le cas des groupes nominaux de type Nom-Adjectif dans la langue médicale.
Meta 56:2 ► pp. 391 ff.
Marian, Viorica
2017. Orthographic and phonological neighborhood databases across multiple languages.
Written Language & Literacy 20:1 ► pp. 6 ff.
Mark Davies
2013. Examining syntactic variation in English: The importance of corpus design and corpus size.
English Language and Linguistics 19:3 ► pp. 1 ff.
McMillen, Stephanie, Linda Jarmulowicz, Michael M. Mackay & D. Kimbrough Oller
2020. Rapid shift in naming efficiency on a rapid automatic naming task by young Spanish-speaking English language learners.
Applied Psycholinguistics 41:4 ► pp. 847 ff.
Miller, Don
2015.
In Corpus-based Research in Applied Linguistics [Studies in Corpus Linguistics, 66],
► pp. 123 ff.
Moore, Margaret J. & Nele Demeyere
2019. Neglect dyslexia as a word-centred impairment: A single case study.
Cortex 119 ► pp. 543 ff.
Motschenbacher, Heiko
2018. Corpus linguistics in language and sexuality studies.
Journal of Language and Sexuality 7:2 ► pp. 145 ff.
Motschenbacher, Heiko
2020. Greece, the Netherlands and (the) Ukraine: A Corpus-Based Study of Definite Article Use with Country Names.
Names 68:1 ► pp. 1 ff.
Myachykov, Andriy, Christoph Scheepers, Simon Garrod, Dominic Thompson & Olga Fedorova
2013. Syntactic flexibility and competition in sentence production: The case of English and Russian.
Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 66:8 ► pp. 1601 ff.
Namgeun Lee
2015. A Data Driven Learning Approch to English Extraposition Constructions.
The Linguistic Association of Korea Journal 23:3 ► pp. 69 ff.
Nenadić, Filip & Benjamin V. Tucker
2020. Computational modelling of an auditory lexical decision experiment using jTRACE and TISK.
Language, Cognition and Neuroscience 35:10 ► pp. 1326 ff.
Neuman, Yair
2016.
In Computational Personality Analysis,
► pp. 39 ff.
Neuman, Yair
2016.
In Psychology as the Science of Human Being,
► pp. 279 ff.
Neuman, Yair
2017.
In Mathematical Structures of Natural Intelligence [Mathematics in Mind, ],
► pp. 31 ff.
Neuman, Yair, Dan Assaf, Yochai Cohen & James L. Knoll
2015. Profiling School Shooters: Automatic Text-Based Analysis.
Frontiers in Psychiatry 6
Neuman, Yair, Dan Assaf & Yohai Cohen
2013.
In 2013 IEEE Symposium on Computational Intelligence, Cognitive Algorithms, Mind, and Brain (CCMB),
► pp. 66 ff.
Neuman, Yair, Dan Assaf & Yohai Cohen
2013. Fusing distributional and experiential information for measuring semantic relatedness.
Information Fusion 14:3 ► pp. 281 ff.
Neuman, Yair, Dan Assaf, Yohai Cohen, Mark Last, Shlomo Argamon, Newton Howard, Ophir Frieder & Eduardo G. Altmann
2013. Metaphor Identification in Large Texts Corpora.
PLoS ONE 8:4 ► pp. e62343 ff.
Neuman, Yair & Yochai Cohen
2015. A Vectorial Semantics Approach to Personality Assessment.
Scientific Reports 4:1
Neuman, Yair, Yochai Cohen & Dan Assaf
2015. How do we understand the meaning of connotations? A cognitive computational model.
Semiotica 2015:205 ► pp. 1 ff.
Neuman, Yair, Yochai Cohen, Dan Assaf & Marcel Danesi
2017. Identifying the Meta-Forms of Situations.
International Journal of Semiotics and Visual Rhetoric 1:1 ► pp. 56 ff.
Neuman, Yair, Yochai Cohen, Navot Israeli & Boaz Tamir
2018. A proposed methodology for studying the historical trajectory of words’ meaning through Tsallis entropy.
Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 492 ► pp. 804 ff.
Neuman, Yair, Yohai Cohen, Dan Assaf & Gabbi Kedma
2012. Proactive screening for depression through metaphorical and automatic text analysis.
Artificial Intelligence in Medicine 56:1 ► pp. 19 ff.
Neuman, Yair, Newton Howard, Louis Falissard & Rafi Malach
2017. The embodiment of connotations: A proposed model.
Semiotica 2017:218 ► pp. 65 ff.
Neuman, Yair, Yiftach Neuman & Yochai Cohen
2017. A Novel Procedure for Measuring Semantic Synergy.
Complexity 2017 ► pp. 1 ff.
Nevalainen, Terttu, Helena Raumolin-Brunberg & Heikki Mannila
2011. The diffusion of language change in real time: Progressive and conservative individuals and the time depth of change.
Language Variation and Change 23:1 ► pp. 1 ff.
Pagel, Mark, Mark Beaumont, Andrew Meade, Annemarie Verkerk & Andreea Calude
2019. Dominant words rise to the top by positive frequency-dependent selection.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116:15 ► pp. 7397 ff.
Pagán Cánovas, Cristóbal, Javier Valenzuela, Daniel Alcaraz Carrión, Inés Olza, Michael Ramscar & Marcus Perlman
2020. Quantifying the speech-gesture relation with massive multimodal datasets: Informativity in time expressions.
PLOS ONE 15:6 ► pp. e0233892 ff.
Partington, Alan & Jane Helen Johnson
2020.
In The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics,
► pp. 1 ff.
Pogacar, Ruth, Emily Plant, Laura Felton Rosulek & Michal Kouril
2015. Sounds good: Phonetic sound patterns in top brand names.
Marketing Letters 26:4 ► pp. 549 ff.
Poll, Gerard H., Carol A. Miller & Janet G. van Hell
2015. Evidence of compensatory processing in adults with developmental language impairment: Testing the predictions of the procedural deficit hypothesis.
Journal of Communication Disorders 53 ► pp. 84 ff.
Poll, Gerard H., Carol A. Miller & Janet G. van Hell
2016. Sentence Repetition Accuracy in Adults With Developmental Language Impairment: Interactions of Participant Capacities and Sentence Structures.
Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 59:2 ► pp. 302 ff.
Poll, Gerard H., Holly S. Watkins & Carol A. Miller
2014. Lexical Decay During Online Sentence Processing in Adults With Specific Language Impairment.
Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 57:6 ► pp. 2253 ff.
Ramscar, Michael & Melody Dye
2011. Learning language from the input: Why innate constraints can’t explain noun compounding.
Cognitive Psychology 62:1 ► pp. 1 ff.
Ramscar, Michael, Melody Dye, Hanna Muenke Popick, Fiona O'Donnell-McCarthy & Dorothy Bishop
2011. The Enigma of Number: Why Children Find the Meanings of Even Small Number Words Hard to Learn and How We Can Help Them Do Better.
PLoS ONE 6:7 ► pp. e22501 ff.
Ramscar, Michael, Peter Hendrix, Bradley Love & R. H. Baayen
2013. Learning is not decline.
The Mental Lexicon 8:3 ► pp. 450 ff.
Ramscar, Michael, Peter Hendrix, Bradley Love & R. Harald Baayen
2015.
In Phonological and Phonetic Considerations of Lexical Processing [Benjamins Current Topics, 80],
► pp. 199 ff.
Ramscar, Michael, Peter Hendrix, Cyrus Shaoul, Petar Milin & Harald Baayen
2014. The Myth of Cognitive Decline: Non-Linear Dynamics of Lifelong Learning.
Topics in Cognitive Science 6:1 ► pp. 5 ff.
Ramscar, Michael, Teenie Matlock & Melody Dye
2010. Running down the clock: The role of expectation in our understanding of time and motion.
Language and Cognitive Processes 25:5 ► pp. 589 ff.
Ramscar, Michael & Robert F. Port
2016. How spoken languages work in the absence of an inventory of discrete units.
Language Sciences 53 ► pp. 58 ff.
Ravid, Dorit, O. Ashkenazi, Ronit Levie, G. Ben-Zadok, T. Grunwald & Steven Gillis
2016.
In Acquisition and Development of Hebrew [Trends in Language Acquisition Research, 19],
► pp. 95 ff.
Rezvani Kalajahi, Seyed Ali, Steve Neufeld & Ain Nadzimah Abdullah
2017. The discourse connector list: a multi-genre cross-cultural corpus analysis.
Text & Talk 37:3
Robenalt, Clarice & Adele E. Goldberg
2016. Nonnative Speakers Do Not Take Competing Alternative Expressions Into Account the Way Native Speakers Do.
Language Learning 66:1 ► pp. 60 ff.
Roncero, Carlos & Roberto G. de Almeida
2014. The importance of being apt: metaphor comprehension in Alzheimer's disease.
Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 8
Rühlemann, Christoph
2009. Review of Hoffmann, Evert, Smith, Lee & Berglund Prytz (2008): Corpus Linguistics with BNC web – a Practical Guide.
International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 14:4 ► pp. 557 ff.
Saito, Kazuya
2020. Multi‐ or Single‐Word Units? The Role of Collocation Use in Comprehensible and Contextually Appropriate Second Language Speech.
Language Learning 70:2 ► pp. 548 ff.
Saito, Kazuya & Yuwei Liu
2021. Roles of collocation in L2 oral proficiency revisited: Different tasks, L1 vs. L2 raters, and cross-sectional vs. longitudinal analyses.
Second Language Research ► pp. 026765832098805 ff.
Samant, Surender Singh, N. L. Bhanu Murthy & Aruna Malapati
2018.
In Distributed Computing and Internet Technology [Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 10722],
► pp. 306 ff.
Santini, Marina, Arne Jönsson, Wiktor Strandqvist, Gustav Cederblad, Mikael Nyström, Marjan Alirezaie, Leili Lind, Eva Blomqvist, Maria Lindén & Annica Kristoffersson
2019.
In Cyber-Physical Systems for Social Applications [Advances in Systems Analysis, Software Engineering, and High Performance Computing, ],
► pp. 98 ff.
Schuster, Sebastian & Judith Degen
2020. I know what you're probably going to say: Listener adaptation to variable use of uncertainty expressions.
Cognition 203 ► pp. 104285 ff.
Schütze, Carson T.
2011. Linguistic evidence and grammatical theory.
Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science 2:2 ► pp. 206 ff.
Shutova, Ekaterina
2015. Design and Evaluation of Metaphor Processing Systems.
Computational Linguistics 41:4 ► pp. 579 ff.
Soo, Rachel, Abdulwahab Sidiqi, Monica Shah & Philip J. Monahan
2020. Lexical bias in second language perception: Word position, age of arrival, and native language phonology.
The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 148:4 ► pp. EL326 ff.
Starr, Ariel, Alagia J. Cirolia, Katharine A. Tillman & Mahesh Srinivasan
2020. Spatial Metaphor Facilitates Word Learning.
Child Development
Sugandhi, Rekha & Anjali Mahajan
2017.
In 2017 1st International Conference on Intelligent Systems and Information Management (ICISIM),
► pp. 255 ff.
Suárez, Maria del Mar & Ferran Gesa
2019. Learning vocabulary with the support of sustained exposure to captioned video: do proficiency and aptitude make a difference?.
The Language Learning Journal 47:4 ► pp. 497 ff.
Tatsenko, Nataliia, Vitalii Stepanov & Hanna Shcherbak
2020. CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF POLITICS IN AMERICAN ENGLISH.
Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews 8:2 ► pp. 248 ff.
Tavakoli, Parvaneh & Takumi Uchihara
2020. To What Extent Are Multiword Sequences Associated With Oral Fluency?.
Language Learning 70:2 ► pp. 506 ff.
Townsend, David J.
2018. Stage salience and situational likelihood in the formation of situation models during sentence comprehension.
Lingua 206 ► pp. 1 ff.
Townsend, Dianna & Darl Kiernan
2015. Selecting Academic Vocabulary Words Worth Learning.
The Reading Teacher 69:1 ► pp. 113 ff.
Tucker, Benjamin V., Daniel Brenner, D. Kyle Danielson, Matthew C. Kelley, Filip Nenadić & Michelle Sims
2019. The Massive Auditory Lexical Decision (MALD) database.
Behavior Research Methods 51:3 ► pp. 1187 ff.
Umbach, Gray, Pranish Kantak, Joshua Jacobs, Michael Kahana, Brad E. Pfeiffer, Michael Sperling & Bradley Lega
2020. Time cells in the human hippocampus and entorhinal cortex support episodic memory.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117:45 ► pp. 28463 ff.
Upeksha, Dimuthu, Chamila Wijayarathna, Maduranga Siriwardena, Lahiru Lasandun, Chinthana Wimalasuriya, N. H. N. D. de Silva & Gihan Dias
2015.
In Beyond Databases, Architectures and Structures [Communications in Computer and Information Science, 521],
► pp. 82 ff.
Vartiainen, Turo
2016. Evaluative nominals in Present-day English: A corpus-based study of the definiteness and syntactic distribution of subjective and objective NPs.
Folia Linguistica 50:1
Verberne, Suzan, Maya Sappelli, Djoerd Hiemstra & Wessel Kraaij
2016. Evaluation and analysis of term scoring methods for term extraction.
Information Retrieval Journal 19:5 ► pp. 510 ff.
Warriner, Amy Beth & Victor Kuperman
2015. Affective biases in English are bi-dimensional.
Cognition and Emotion 29:7 ► pp. 1147 ff.
Wedel, Andrew, Noah Nelson & Rebecca Sharp
2018. The phonetic specificity of contrastive hyperarticulation in natural speech.
Journal of Memory and Language 100 ► pp. 61 ff.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 10 february 2021. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.