101013337 03 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code Impact 25 GE 15 9789027289780 06 10.1075/impact.25 00 EA E133 10 01 JB code Impact 02 JB code 1385-7908 02 25.00 01 02 IMPACT: Studies in Language, Culture and Society IMPACT: Studies in Language, Culture and Society 01 01 Variation in Indigenous Minority Languages Variation in Indigenous Minority Languages 1 B01 01 JB code 912101835 James N. Stanford Stanford, James N. James N. Stanford Dartmouth College 2 B01 01 JB code 493101836 Dennis R. Preston Preston, Dennis R. Dennis R. Preston Oklahoma State University 01 eng 11 528 03 03 vii 03 00 519 03 24 JB code LIN.HL Historical linguistics 24 JB code LIN.SOCIO Sociolinguistics and Dialectology 24 JB code LIN.THEOR Theoretical linguistics 10 LAN009000 12 CFB 01 06 03 00 Indigenous minority languages have played crucial roles in many areas of linguistics - phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, typology, and the ethnography of communication. Such languages have, however, received comparatively little attention from quantitative or variationist sociolinguistics. Without the diverse perspectives that underrepresented language communities can provide, our understanding of language variation and change will be incomplete. To help fill this gap and develop broader viewpoints, this anthology presents 21 original, fieldwork-based studies of a wide range of indigenous languages in the framework of quantitative sociolinguistics. The studies illustrate how such understudied communities can provide new insights into language variation and change with respect to socioeconomic status, gender, age, clan, lack of a standard, exogamy, contact with dominant majority languages, internal linguistic factors, and many other topics. 01 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/impact.25.png 01 01 D502 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027218643.jpg 01 01 D504 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027218643.tif 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/impact.25.hb.png 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/impact.25.png 02 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/impact.25.hb.png 03 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/impact.25.hb.png 01 01 JB code impact.25.01int 06 10.1075/impact.25.01int Section header 1 01 04 Introduction Introduction 01 01 JB code impact.25.01sta 06 10.1075/impact.25.01sta 1 20 20 Article 2 01 04 The lure of a distant horizon: Variation in indigenous minority languages The lure of a distant horizon: Variation in indigenous minority languages 1 A01 01 JB code 782102339 James N. Stanford Stanford, James N. James N. Stanford Dartmouth College 2 A01 01 JB code 35102340 Dennis R. Preston Preston, Dennis R. Dennis R. Preston Oklahoma State University 01 01 JB code impact.25.02par 06 10.1075/impact.25.02par Section header 3 01 04 Part I. Variation in phonetics and phonology Part I. Variation in phonetics and phonology 01 01 JB code impact.25.03bab 06 10.1075/impact.25.03bab 23 45 23 Article 4 01 04 1. The phonetic and phonological effects of obsolescence in Northern Paiute 1. The phonetic and phonological effects of obsolescence in Northern Paiute 1 A01 01 JB code 443102341 Molly Babel Babel, Molly Molly Babel University of California, Berkeley 01 01 JB code impact.25.04bru 06 10.1075/impact.25.04bru 47 75 29 Article 5 01 04 2. Diglossia and monosyllabization in Eastern Cham: A sociolinguistic study 2. Diglossia and monosyllabization in Eastern Cham: A sociolinguistic study 1 A01 01 JB code 567102342 Marc Brunelle Brunelle, Marc Marc Brunelle University of Ottawa 01 01 JB code impact.25.05car 06 10.1075/impact.25.05car 77 107 31 Article 6 01 04 3. Affricates in Lleidata: A sociophonetic case study 3. Affricates in Lleidatà: A sociophonetic case study 1 A01 01 JB code 223102343 Josefina Carrera Sabaté Carrera Sabaté, Josefina Josefina Carrera Sabaté University of Barcelona 01 01 JB code impact.25.06cla 06 10.1075/impact.25.06cla 109 128 20 Article 7 01 04 4. Sociolinguistic stratification and new dialect formation in a Canadian aboriginal community: Not so different after all? 4. Sociolinguistic stratification and new dialect formation in a Canadian aboriginal community: Not so different after all? 1 A01 01 JB code 52102344 Sandra Clarke Clarke, Sandra Sandra Clarke Memorial University 01 01 JB code impact.25.07har 06 10.1075/impact.25.07har 129 152 24 Article 8 01 04 5. The changing sound of the Maori language 5. The changing sound of the Māori language 1 A01 01 JB code 297102345 Ray Harlow Harlow, Ray Ray Harlow 2 A01 01 JB code 788102346 Peter Keegan Keegan, Peter Peter Keegan 3 A01 01 JB code 19102347 Jeanette King King, Jeanette Jeanette King 4 A01 01 JB code 175102348 Margaret Maclagan Maclagan, Margaret Margaret Maclagan 5 A01 01 JB code 207102349 Catherine I. Watson Watson, Catherine I. Catherine I. Watson University of Canterbury 01 01 JB code impact.25.08las 06 10.1075/impact.25.08las 153 171 19 Article 9 01 04 6. Toward a study of language variation and change in Jonaz Chichimeco 6. Toward a study of language variation and change in Jonaz Chichimeco 1 A01 01 JB code 396102350 Yolanda Lastra Lastra, Yolanda Yolanda Lastra Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México 01 01 JB code impact.25.09leo 06 10.1075/impact.25.09leo 173 210 38 Article 10 01 04 7. A sociolinguistic sketch of vowel shifts in Kaqchikel: ATR-RTR parameters and redundancy markedness of syllabic nuclei in an Eastern Mayan language 7. A sociolinguistic sketch of vowel shifts in Kaqchikel: ATR-RTR parameters and redundancy markedness of syllabic nuclei in an Eastern Mayan language 1 A01 01 JB code 740102351 Jean Leó Léonard Léonard, Jean Leó Jean Leó Léonard French National Center for Scientific Research, Paris 2 A01 01 JB code 863102352 Cecilio Tuyuc Sucuc Sucuc, Cecilio Tuyuc Cecilio Tuyuc Sucuc Academy of Mayan Languages of Guatemala 01 01 JB code impact.25.10mon 06 10.1075/impact.25.10mon 211 227 17 Article 11 01 04 8. Phonological features of attrition: The shift from Catalan to Spanish in Alicante 8. Phonological features of attrition: The shift from Catalan to Spanish in Alicante 1 A01 01 JB code 577102353 Brauli Montoya-Abat Montoya-Abat, Brauli Brauli Montoya-Abat University of Alicante 01 01 JB code impact.25.11nog 06 10.1075/impact.25.11nog 229 244 16 Article 12 01 04 9. Sociophonetic variation in urban Ewe 9. Sociophonetic variation in urban Ewe 1 A01 01 JB code 267102354 Kossi Noglo Noglo, Kossi Kossi Noglo University of Paris 01 01 JB code impact.25.12pas 06 10.1075/impact.25.12pas 245 258 14 Article 13 01 04 10. Phonological variation in a Peruvian Quechua speech community 10. Phonological variation in a Peruvian Quechua speech community 1 A01 01 JB code 594102355 Michael Pasquale Pasquale, Michael Michael Pasquale Cornerstone University 01 01 JB code impact.25.13rau 06 10.1075/impact.25.13rau 259 279 21 Article 14 01 04 11. A tale of two diphthongs in an indigenous minority language: Yami of Taiwan 11. A tale of two diphthongs in an indigenous minority language: Yami of Taiwan 1 A01 01 JB code 297102356 Victoria Rau Rau, Victoria Victoria Rau Wheaton College 2 A01 01 JB code 19102357 Hui-Huan Ann Chang Chang, Hui-Huan Ann Hui-Huan Ann Chang Providence University 3 A01 01 JB code 100102358 Maa-Neu Dong Dong, Maa-Neu Maa-Neu Dong National Museum of Natural Science, Taiwan 01 01 JB code impact.25.14rom 06 10.1075/impact.25.14rom 281 297 17 Article 15 01 04 12. Phonological markedness, regional identity, and sex in Mayan: The fricativization of intervocalic /l/ 12. Phonological markedness, regional identity, and sex in Mayan: The fricativization of intervocalic /l/ 1 A01 01 JB code 288102359 Sergio Romero Romero, Sergio Sergio Romero Vanderbilt University 01 01 JB code impact.25.15bez 06 10.1075/impact.25.15bez 299 318 20 Article 16 01 04 13. The pronunciation of /r/ in Frisian: A comparative study with Dutch and Town Frisian 13. The pronunciation of /r/ in Frisian: A comparative study with Dutch and Town Frisian 1 A01 01 JB code 405102360 Renée Bezooijen Bezooijen, Renée Renée Bezooijen Radboud University 01 01 JB code impact.25.16par 06 10.1075/impact.25.16par Section header 17 01 04 Part II. Variation in syntax, morphology, and morphophonology Part II. Variation in syntax, morphology, and morphophonology 01 01 JB code impact.25.17bir 06 10.1075/impact.25.17bir 321 346 26 Article 18 01 04 14. Language shift among the Mansi 14. Language shift among the Mansi 1 A01 01 JB code 734102361 Bernadett Bíró Bíró, Bernadett Bernadett Bíró 2 A01 01 JB code 594102362 Katalin Sipőcz Sipőcz, Katalin Katalin Sipőcz University of Szeged 01 01 JB code impact.25.18bos 06 10.1075/impact.25.18bos 347 368 22 Article 19 01 04 15. Fine-grained morphophonological variation in Scottish Gaelic: Evidence from the Linguistic Survey of Scotland 15. Fine-grained morphophonological variation in Scottish Gaelic: Evidence from the Linguistic Survey of Scotland 1 A01 01 JB code 378102363 Anna Bosch Bosch, Anna Anna Bosch University of Kentucky 2 A01 01 JB code 2102364 James Scobbie Scobbie, James James Scobbie Queen Margaret University, Edinburgh 01 01 JB code impact.25.19mey 06 10.1075/impact.25.19mey 369 396 28 Article 20 01 04 16. Animacy in Bislama? Using quantitative methods to evaluate transfer of a substrate feature 16. Animacy in Bislama? Using quantitative methods to evaluate transfer of a substrate feature 1 A01 01 JB code 507102365 Miriam Meyerhoff Meyerhoff, Miriam Miriam Meyerhoff University of Edinburgh 01 01 JB code impact.25.20nag 06 10.1075/impact.25.20nag 397 417 21 Article 21 01 04 17. The challenges of less commonly studied languages: Writing a sociogrammar of Faetar 17. The challenges of less commonly studied languages: Writing a sociogrammar of Faetar 1 A01 01 JB code 723102366 Naomi Nagy Nagy, Naomi Naomi Nagy University of Toronto 01 01 JB code impact.25.21os 06 10.1075/impact.25.21os 419 439 21 Article 22 01 04 18. Language variation and change in a North Australian indigenous community 18. Language variation and change in a North Australian indigenous community 1 A01 01 JB code 52102367 Carmel O'Shannessy O'Shannessy, Carmel Carmel O'Shannessy University of Michigan 01 01 JB code impact.25.22sat 06 10.1075/impact.25.22sat 441 462 22 Article 23 01 04 19. Ethnicity, bilingualism and variable clitic marking in Bishnupriya Manipuri 19. Ethnicity, bilingualism and variable clitic marking in Bishnupriya Manipuri 1 A01 01 JB code 740102368 Shobha Satyanath Satyanath, Shobha Shobha Satyanath 2 A01 01 JB code 937102369 Nazrin B. Laskar Laskar, Nazrin B. Nazrin B. Laskar University of Delhi 01 01 JB code impact.25.23sta 06 10.1075/impact.25.23sta 463 484 22 Article 24 01 04 20. Clan as a sociolinguistic variable: Three approaches to Sui clans 20. Clan as a sociolinguistic variable: Three approaches to Sui clans 1 A01 01 JB code 659102370 James N. Stanford Stanford, James N. James N. Stanford Dartmouth College 01 01 JB code impact.25.24thi 06 10.1075/impact.25.24thi 485 516 32 Article 25 01 04 21. Language loss in spatial semantics: Dene Suline 21. Language loss in spatial semantics: Dene Sųłiné 1 A01 01 JB code 19102371 Martin Thiering Thiering, Martin Martin Thiering Humboldt-Universität zu Ber, Max Planck Institute for the History of Science (MPIWG) 01 01 JB code impact.25.25ind 06 10.1075/impact.25.25ind 517 519 3 Miscellaneous 26 01 04 Index Index 01 JB code JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 https://benjamins.com Amsterdam NL 00 John Benjamins Publishing Company Marketing Department / Karin Plijnaar, Pieter Lamers onix@benjamins.nl 04 01 00 20090415 C 2009 John Benjamins Publishing Company D 2009 John Benjamins Publishing Company 02 WORLD 13 15 9789027218643 WORLD 03 01 JB 17 Google 03 https://play.google.com/store/books 21 01 00 Unqualified price 00 105.00 EUR 01 00 Unqualified price 00 88.00 GBP 01 00 Unqualified price 00 158.00 USD 867007439 03 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code Impact 25 Hb 15 9789027218643 06 10.1075/impact.25 13 2008047583 00 BB 01 245 mm 02 164 mm 08 1085 gr 10 01 JB code Impact 02 1385-7908 02 25.00 01 02 IMPACT: Studies in Language, Culture and Society IMPACT: Studies in Language, Culture and Society 01 01 Variation in Indigenous Minority Languages Variation in Indigenous Minority Languages 1 B01 01 JB code 912101835 James N. Stanford Stanford, James N. James N. Stanford Dartmouth College 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/912101835 2 B01 01 JB code 493101836 Dennis R. Preston Preston, Dennis R. Dennis R. Preston Oklahoma State University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/493101836 01 eng 11 528 03 03 vii 03 00 519 03 01 22 417/.2 03 2009 P120.I56 04 Indigenous peoples--Language--Variation. 04 Minorities--Language--Variation. 04 Language and languages--Variation. 04 Linguistic change. 04 Linguistic minorities. 04 Sociolinguistics. 10 LAN009000 12 CFB 24 JB code LIN.HL Historical linguistics 24 JB code LIN.SOCIO Sociolinguistics and Dialectology 24 JB code LIN.THEOR Theoretical linguistics 01 06 03 00 Indigenous minority languages have played crucial roles in many areas of linguistics - phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, typology, and the ethnography of communication. Such languages have, however, received comparatively little attention from quantitative or variationist sociolinguistics. Without the diverse perspectives that underrepresented language communities can provide, our understanding of language variation and change will be incomplete. To help fill this gap and develop broader viewpoints, this anthology presents 21 original, fieldwork-based studies of a wide range of indigenous languages in the framework of quantitative sociolinguistics. The studies illustrate how such understudied communities can provide new insights into language variation and change with respect to socioeconomic status, gender, age, clan, lack of a standard, exogamy, contact with dominant majority languages, internal linguistic factors, and many other topics. 01 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/impact.25.png 01 01 D502 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027218643.jpg 01 01 D504 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027218643.tif 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/impact.25.hb.png 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/impact.25.png 02 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/impact.25.hb.png 03 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/impact.25.hb.png 01 01 JB code impact.25.01int 06 10.1075/impact.25.01int Section header 1 01 04 Introduction Introduction 01 eng 01 01 JB code impact.25.01sta 06 10.1075/impact.25.01sta 1 20 20 Article 2 01 04 The lure of a distant horizon: Variation in indigenous minority languages The lure of a distant horizon: Variation in indigenous minority languages 1 A01 01 JB code 782102339 James N. Stanford Stanford, James N. James N. Stanford Dartmouth College 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/782102339 2 A01 01 JB code 35102340 Dennis R. Preston Preston, Dennis R. Dennis R. Preston Oklahoma State University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/35102340 01 eng 01 01 JB code impact.25.02par 06 10.1075/impact.25.02par Section header 3 01 04 Part I. Variation in phonetics and phonology Part I. Variation in phonetics and phonology 01 eng 01 01 JB code impact.25.03bab 06 10.1075/impact.25.03bab 23 45 23 Article 4 01 04 1. The phonetic and phonological effects of obsolescence in Northern Paiute 1. The phonetic and phonological effects of obsolescence in Northern Paiute 1 A01 01 JB code 443102341 Molly Babel Babel, Molly Molly Babel University of California, Berkeley 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/443102341 01 eng 03 00

Structural changes in a language are considered nearly inevitable consequences of language death (Campbell & Muntzel 1989; Wolfram 2002). The literature on sound change in endangered languages has focused on whether the changes are internally or externally motivated and, therefore, the difference between categorical sound shifts and gradient phonetic effects has been overlooked. This paper discusses sound change in Northern Paiute through two experiments that investigate the difference between categorical changes in the phonological inventory and subphonemic variation within a category. The paper argues that sound change in obsolescing languages may take one of two predictable paths: substitution or approximation/expansion of phonological categories in the moribund language.

01 01 JB code impact.25.04bru 06 10.1075/impact.25.04bru 47 75 29 Article 5 01 04 2. Diglossia and monosyllabization in Eastern Cham: A sociolinguistic study 2. Diglossia and monosyllabization in Eastern Cham: A sociolinguistic study 1 A01 01 JB code 567102342 Marc Brunelle Brunelle, Marc Marc Brunelle University of Ottawa 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/567102342 01 eng 03 00

In Eastern Cham, the modern reflexes of Classical Cham disyllables exhibit variation between sesquisyllabic and monosyllabic word shapes, which suggests that the language is becoming increasingly monosyllabic. This apparent change in progress has been attributed to contact with monosyllabic Vietnamese, but a variationist study of formal colloquial speech based on interviews conducted with 42 native speakers sheds doubt on this claim. I propose that the variation in word shapes is actually due to the quasi-diglossia found in Eastern Cham communities. It seems that the variation in word shapes can be explained by the subjects’ attitudes towards the two varieties of their own language and that these attitudes are in turn shaped by the relative prestige of Cham and Vietnamese languages and cultures.

01 01 JB code impact.25.05car 06 10.1075/impact.25.05car 77 107 31 Article 6 01 04 3. Affricates in Lleidata: A sociophonetic case study 3. Affricates in Lleidatà: A sociophonetic case study 1 A01 01 JB code 223102343 Josefina Carrera Sabaté Carrera Sabaté, Josefina Josefina Carrera Sabaté University of Barcelona 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/223102343 01 eng 03 00

The aim of this paper is to explore the variability between voiced and voiceless affricates and fricatives in initial and post-consonantal position in a western dialect of Catalan: Lleidatà. The eastern Catalan dialects are more prestigious than the western dialects, and the former have less affricates than the latter. The data obtained can be summed up in the following way: (1) there is a loss of alveolopalatal affricates only in words containing voiceless affricates and when they are pronounced by readers (in news programs); (2) the voiceless fricatives and affricates in initial and post-consonantal position are better discriminated than the voiced ones, and the fricatives are starting to be considered the “correct” pronunciation by some speakers who have a secondary level of education.

01 01 JB code impact.25.06cla 06 10.1075/impact.25.06cla 109 128 20 Article 7 01 04 4. Sociolinguistic stratification and new dialect formation in a Canadian aboriginal community: Not so different after all? 4. Sociolinguistic stratification and new dialect formation in a Canadian aboriginal community: Not so different after all? 1 A01 01 JB code 52102344 Sandra Clarke Clarke, Sandra Sandra Clarke Memorial University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/52102344 01 eng 03 00

This paper documents a case of new dialect formation in the Canadian aboriginal community of Sheshatshiu, Labrador, established as a permanent settlement in 1959. It examines the applicability of a quantitative variationist approach to the investigation of language change and cross-generational linguistic focusing in a context characterized by the absence of an overt status hierarchy. Results indicate partial dialect convergence among first generation residents of the new settlement. Despite the community’s relatively egalitarian socioeconomic profile, phonological change leading to dialect convergence is shown to be linked to a covert status hierarchy based on territorial group membership, with upward social mobility playing an important role.

01 01 JB code impact.25.07har 06 10.1075/impact.25.07har 129 152 24 Article 8 01 04 5. The changing sound of the Maori language 5. The changing sound of the Māori language 1 A01 01 JB code 297102345 Ray Harlow Harlow, Ray Ray Harlow 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/297102345 2 A01 01 JB code 788102346 Peter Keegan Keegan, Peter Peter Keegan 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/788102346 3 A01 01 JB code 19102347 Jeanette King King, Jeanette Jeanette King 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/19102347 4 A01 01 JB code 175102348 Margaret Maclagan Maclagan, Margaret Margaret Maclagan 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/175102348 5 A01 01 JB code 207102349 Catherine I. Watson Watson, Catherine I. Catherine I. Watson University of Canterbury 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/207102349 01 eng 03 00

Māori is the indigenous language of New Zealand. Its increasingly close contact with English over the last 150 years led to its endangerment, though it is now subject to active revitalization efforts. This chapter reports on some results from the MAONZE (Māori and New Zealand English) Research Project, which is studying aspects of the mutual influence of Māori and English in the area of pronunciation. Three groups of male speakers are analyzed, with birth dates ranging over 100 years (1880s to 1980s). Acoustic analyses of vowels and diphthongs are presented together with analyses of the stop consonants and /f/ (). The results show that there has been considerable change in all the analyzed aspects of Māori pronunciation. Some changes could reflect languageinternal change, but since they relate closely to similar changes that have taken place in New Zealand English over the same time period, they probably also represent external influence.

01 01 JB code impact.25.08las 06 10.1075/impact.25.08las 153 171 19 Article 9 01 04 6. Toward a study of language variation and change in Jonaz Chichimeco 6. Toward a study of language variation and change in Jonaz Chichimeco 1 A01 01 JB code 396102350 Yolanda Lastra Lastra, Yolanda Yolanda Lastra Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/396102350 01 eng 03 00

Jonaz Chichimec is an endangered Otopamean language spoken in Misión de Chichimecas adjacent to the city of San Luis de la Paz in Guanajuato, Mexico. Four ongoing phonological changes are described with respect to the age of the speakers. The restructuring of the system of classifiers used for possession is also examined.

01 01 JB code impact.25.09leo 06 10.1075/impact.25.09leo 173 210 38 Article 10 01 04 7. A sociolinguistic sketch of vowel shifts in Kaqchikel: ATR-RTR parameters and redundancy markedness of syllabic nuclei in an Eastern Mayan language 7. A sociolinguistic sketch of vowel shifts in Kaqchikel: ATR-RTR parameters and redundancy markedness of syllabic nuclei in an Eastern Mayan language 1 A01 01 JB code 740102351 Jean Leó Léonard Léonard, Jean Leó Jean Leó Léonard French National Center for Scientific Research, Paris 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/740102351 2 A01 01 JB code 863102352 Cecilio Tuyuc Sucuc Sucuc, Cecilio Tuyuc Cecilio Tuyuc Sucuc Academy of Mayan Languages of Guatemala 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/863102352 01 eng 03 00

Kaqchikel, a Quichean language of the Guatemalan Highlands, is well known for its Tense/Lax Vowel Contrast (TLVC) and the wide range of dialect variation of its vowel system, but the acoustic properties of its vocoids have never been scrutinized. A preliminary survey of the speech of ten informants from four sub-dialect areas, with a focus on San Juan Comalapa, shows regular patterns of variation according to degree of tongue-root fronting or backing (ATR and RTR), along with unexpected clues of a lingering Proto-Mayan length correlation. Emerging vowel shifts are described and traced to the Colonial era and to more recent social upheavals. A striking regularity of dialect patterns is observed when Kaqchikel is viewed as a diasystem.

01 01 JB code impact.25.10mon 06 10.1075/impact.25.10mon 211 227 17 Article 11 01 04 8. Phonological features of attrition: The shift from Catalan to Spanish in Alicante 8. Phonological features of attrition: The shift from Catalan to Spanish in Alicante 1 A01 01 JB code 577102353 Brauli Montoya Abat Montoya Abat, Brauli Brauli Montoya Abat University of Alicante 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/577102353 01 eng 03 00

This paper examines phonological attrition from a variationist viewpoint in an urban speech community where the target language is a marginalized one. This language is Catalan, the major speaking area of which is dominated by Spanish. Fieldwork is based on a sample of 69 subjects representing the small number of speakers born in the city who learned Catalan by engaging in natural meaningful communication. In the past, the phonological level of the grammar had remained the most faithful to the Catalan heritage in local speech. Recently, however, this component of grammar has become the most affected by attrition, as shown in the vocalic and consonantal systems, which are now converging from Catalan to Spanish.

01 01 JB code impact.25.11nog 06 10.1075/impact.25.11nog 229 244 16 Article 12 01 04 9. Sociophonetic variation in urban Ewe 9. Sociophonetic variation in urban Ewe 1 A01 01 JB code 267102354 Kossi Noglo Noglo, Kossi Kossi Noglo University of Paris 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/267102354 01 eng 03 00

Due to fast-paced urbanization and rural exodus, speakers of different dialects of the Ewe language are thrown together in Lome, the capital city of Togo. Using various theoretical approaches that attempt to address such phenomena, I provide a quantitative analysis suggesting that urban Ewe in southern Togo is undergoing processes of leveling and simplification. I investigate the use of bilabial fricatives, alveolar affricates, and reduplication (as dependent variables) to show that ethnicity, community setting, and gender are influential factors in Ewe language variation in southern Togo.

01 01 JB code impact.25.12pas 06 10.1075/impact.25.12pas 245 258 14 Article 13 01 04 10. Phonological variation in a Peruvian Quechua speech community 10. Phonological variation in a Peruvian Quechua speech community 1 A01 01 JB code 594102355 Michael Pasquale Pasquale, Michael Michael Pasquale Cornerstone University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/594102355 01 eng 03 00

Previous work on Quechua language variation and change has focused on what changes had occurred to the syntactic system (cf. Sanchez 2003) or the phonological system (cf. Pasquale 2000, 2001, 2005; Guion 2003). This article will explore the motivations for linguistic change in Quechua, particularly in the vowel system of Quechua speakers in a speech community in contact with Spanish. Two examples of phonological change will be reviewed. First, the phonological change in Quechua which raises the high vowels /I/ and /~/ to the level of [i] and [u] will be explained as a change in progress. Second, an allophonic rule in Quechua which backs /i/ to [e] and /~/ to [o] when in the vicinity of a uvular consonant (e.g., [q], [q’], [qh]) is compared among monolingual and bilingual speakers of Quechua. Linguistic and social factors are both at work in these examples to explain the motivation for phonological change in Quechua.

01 01 JB code impact.25.13rau 06 10.1075/impact.25.13rau 259 279 21 Article 14 01 04 11. A tale of two diphthongs in an indigenous minority language: Yami of Taiwan 11. A tale of two diphthongs in an indigenous minority language: Yami of Taiwan 1 A01 01 JB code 297102356 Victoria Rau Rau, Victoria Victoria Rau Wheaton College 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/297102356 2 A01 01 JB code 19102357 Hui-Huan Ann Chang Chang, Hui-Huan Ann Hui-Huan Ann Chang Providence University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/19102357 3 A01 01 JB code 100102358 Maa-Neu Dong Dong, Maa-Neu Maa-Neu Dong National Museum of Natural Science, Taiwan 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/100102358 01 eng 03 00

This study investigates the phonological variation and sound change in the Yami diphthongs (ay) and (aw) (e.g., mangay ~ mangey ‘go’, araw ~ arow ‘day, sun’), a Philippine language spoken on Orchid Island, 60 kilometers southeast of Taiwan. Previous studies (Rau & Chang 2006; Rau & Dong 2006) found that the two diphthongs were undergoing vowel raising on the island with an isogloss separating the more progressive northeast from the more conservative southwest. However, social factors were not discussed, and thus no interpretation of the vowel raising was provided.

The present study examined both linguistic and social factors accounting for vowel raising, with a goal of interpreting the indexical meanings of sound change in the two diphthongs on the island. The data were 20 narratives taken from a Yami corpus (http://yamiproject.cs.pu.edu.tw/yami), 10 narratives from Dong & Rau (1999, 2000), and word list elicitation collected in 1995. Our results from VARBRUL analyses confirmed that vowel raising is a geographical feature and that the rates of change have formed a clear isogloss separating the northeast from the southwest varieties. However, vowel raising of (ay) has progressed slightly faster than that of (aw). The preceding segments of (ay) and (aw) favoring raising are mainly determined by the feature of [continuant]. For both diphthongs, [+continuant] favors raising whereas [–continuant] disfavors it. There was stylistic variation with more raising in narrative style than in word list reading. Vowel raising was preferred by males; however, young females seem to have surpassed young males in adopting this feature in narrative style, a phenomenon corresponding to the social mobility of women. Perhaps vowel raising has ceased to be a gender marker and shifted to an ethnic identity marker.

01 01 JB code impact.25.14rom 06 10.1075/impact.25.14rom 281 297 17 Article 15 01 04 12. Phonological markedness, regional identity, and sex in Mayan: The fricativization of intervocalic /l/ 12. Phonological markedness, regional identity, and sex in Mayan: The fricativization of intervocalic /l/ 1 A01 01 JB code 288102359 Sergio Romero Romero, Sergio Sergio Romero Vanderbilt University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/288102359 01 eng 03 00

This paper is a quantitative study of the intervocalic fricativization of /l/, a marked allophonic process across languages, which has nevertheless become a linguistic stereotype of the dialect of K’iche’ Mayan spoken in the township of Santa Maria Chiquimula (MAR) in the highlands of Western Guatemala. Based on the quantitative analysis of 1856 tokens of intervocalic /l/ from sociolinguistic interviews and recordings of 85 speakers (34 women and 51 men), I will show that it is precisely its status as a regional stereotype that has led it to override its phonetic markedness to spread throughout the township and beyond as ethnolinguistic marker of MAR. A pattern of sociolinguistic variation has emerged in which women lead over men in frequency of the fricative variant. There is also variation related to frequency of contact with speakers of other dialects. Men are more sensitive to the stigmatization of fricativized /l/ due to their more frequent contact with speakers of other dialects of K’iche’, and therefore accommodate more than women, contradicting the well known sociolinguistic principle that women tend to avoid stigmatized forms more than men.

01 01 JB code impact.25.15bez 06 10.1075/impact.25.15bez 299 318 20 Article 16 01 04 13. The pronunciation of /r/ in Frisian: A comparative study with Dutch and Town Frisian 13. The pronunciation of /r/ in Frisian: A comparative study with Dutch and Town Frisian 1 A01 01 JB code 405102360 Renée Bezooijen Bezooijen, Renée Renée Bezooijen Radboud University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/405102360 01 eng 03 00

West Frisian is an indigenous minority language situated in the north of the Netherlands. The majority language is Dutch. Both languages traditionally have an alveolar [r]. However, during the last century Dutch has acquired two other variants of /r/, namely uvular [r] and approximant [r]. We examined whether the close contact with Dutch has influenced the pronunciation of /r/ in Frisian. Recordings of 26 speakers of Frisian showed alveolar [r] only. However, we did find traces of uvular [r] in Town Frisian, spoken in the older cities in Friesland. This variant is due to contacts between the urban elites in Friesland and in Holland at the beginning of the twentieth century. Apparently, neither in Dutch nor in Town Frisian has uvular [r] been a model for speakers of Frisian. Also, the more recent approximant has not (yet) infiltrated.

01 01 JB code impact.25.16par 06 10.1075/impact.25.16par Section header 17 01 04 Part II. Variation in syntax, morphology, and morphophonology Part II. Variation in syntax, morphology, and morphophonology 01 eng 01 01 JB code impact.25.17bir 06 10.1075/impact.25.17bir 321 346 26 Article 18 01 04 14. Language shift among the Mansi 14. Language shift among the Mansi 1 A01 01 JB code 734102361 Bernadett Bíró Bíró, Bernadett Bernadett Bíró 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/734102361 2 A01 01 JB code 594102362 Katalin Sipőcz Sipőcz, Katalin Katalin Sipőcz University of Szeged 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/594102362 01 eng 03 00

This paper investigates the process of language shift in Mansi (Vogul, Uralic language family). The scope of the investigation is a period of approximately 100 years and analyzes two corpora of written texts to see what kinds of changes are manifested in various sub-systems of Mansi as a result of the intensive language shift going on in the language. Two aspects of the language are targeted: on the one hand, the grammatical system (and, within it, the use of the passive and the dual), in order to see what kinds of changes and simplification processes characteristic of language loss are happening; and, on the other hand, the lexicon and the Russian elements that can be found in it.

01 01 JB code impact.25.18bos 06 10.1075/impact.25.18bos 347 368 22 Article 19 01 04 15. Fine-grained morphophonological variation in Scottish Gaelic: Evidence from the Linguistic Survey of Scotland 15. Fine-grained morphophonological variation in Scottish Gaelic: Evidence from the Linguistic Survey of Scotland 1 A01 01 JB code 378102363 Anna Bosch Bosch, Anna Anna Bosch University of Kentucky 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/378102363 2 A01 01 JB code 2102364 James Scobbie Scobbie, James James Scobbie Queen Margaret University, Edinburgh 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/2102364 01 eng 03 00

Descriptive accounts of Scottish Gaelic dialects (e.g. Borgstrøm 1937; Oftedal 1956; Ternes 1973) have noted significant regional variation in the surface description of nasal mutation; this paper brings previously unpublished data from archives of the Linguistic Survey of Scotland to bear on the full range of variation across Gaelic speaking Scotland. We employ these data to map out the actual range of variation in the nasal mutation; using Mapmaker software we focus on three graded parameters: voicing, aspiration, and nasalization. With this research we demonstrate the continuing value of “historical” data for the analysis of endangered and minority languages. As yet, no maps have been published based on this survey data.

01 01 JB code impact.25.19mey 06 10.1075/impact.25.19mey 369 396 28 Article 20 01 04 16. Animacy in Bislama? Using quantitative methods to evaluate transfer of a substrate feature 16. Animacy in Bislama? Using quantitative methods to evaluate transfer of a substrate feature 1 A01 01 JB code 507102365 Miriam Meyerhoff Meyerhoff, Miriam Miriam Meyerhoff University of Edinburgh 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/507102365 01 eng 03 00

The source of and, hence, principal factors constraining, several variables in Bislama, an English-lexified Pacific creole, remain the subject of some dispute. This chapter uses quantitative methods to evaluate the strength of claims that variable presence/absence of arguments in Bislama is principally due to the transfer of preferences in the substrate languages. It focuses particularly on the role that the animacy of a referent plays in determining:

a. presence/absence of pronominal subject in a clause,

b. the form of 3p agreement, and

c. the presence/absence of pronominal objects (Crowley 1990, 2002).

Other research has claimed discourse salience (not a substrate feature) and/or direct possession relations (substrate feature) are more relevant (Meyerhoff 2000, 2003a). Clauses of spontaneous conversational Bislama recorded on Malo island in the 1990s and a corpus of 10 Tamambo (the Malo vernacular, Jauncey 1997) narratives or process texts are analysed for the same factors. The results show that animacy is a significant constraint on the subject pronominal variable, but it is not strong for the other two variables. The result is an empirical gain and a theoretical gain. First, claims for transfer of substrate features into Bislama are motivated in a more transparent way than they have been before. Second, we see clearly the potential that multivariate analysis offers for resolving outstanding questions and debates relating to language contact and the role of substrate transfer. This is especially true for the Pacific creoles where we continue to be able to gather, and analyse, substrate corpora.

01 01 JB code impact.25.20nag 06 10.1075/impact.25.20nag 397 417 21 Article 21 01 04 17. The challenges of less commonly studied languages: Writing a sociogrammar of Faetar 17. The challenges of less commonly studied languages: Writing a sociogrammar of Faetar 1 A01 01 JB code 723102366 Naomi Nagy Nagy, Naomi Naomi Nagy University of Toronto 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/723102366 01 eng 03 00

The study of minority languages highlights the need for variationist approaches to grammars. This article addresses some conflicts that arise when we combine the enterprises of writing a descriptive grammar and constructing a sociolinguistic description of a language. Conflicts between conciseness and completeness on the one hand, and sociolinguistic accuracy and representation of competing variants, on the other, are addressed. As a case in point, I discuss documentation (in book and web formats) of the endangered language Faetar, spoken in a small village in southern Italy, focusing on (1) advantages and disadvantages of various data collection methods; (2) organization of examples that illustrate inter- and intra-speaker variation; (3) codification of an oral language; (4) value judgments necessitated by codification; and (5) coordination with other grammars.

01 01 JB code impact.25.21os 06 10.1075/impact.25.21os 419 439 21 Article 22 01 04 18. Language variation and change in a North Australian indigenous community 18. Language variation and change in a North Australian indigenous community 1 A01 01 JB code 52102367 Carmel O'Shannessy O'Shannessy, Carmel Carmel O'Shannessy University of Michigan 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/52102367 01 eng 03 00

Speakers in a Warlpiri community in northern Australia are participants in a complex multilingual situation in which there has been a dramatic change in the last thirty years. Children, and adults under approximately age 30, now speak a new bilingual mixed language as the language of their everyday communication. The new language, Light Warlpiri, systematically combines elements from the variety of Warlpiri spoken in Lajamanu (Lajamanu Warlpiri) and Aboriginal English or Kriol (an English-lexified creole). Both Lajamanu Warlpiri and Light Warlpiri are learned and spoken in the community. In both languages grammatical relations are indicated by an ergative-absolutive casemarking system on overt agents and a nominative-accusative system of bound pronouns, and both show variable word order. But in Light Warlpiri ergative case-marking is optional, and word order and pragmatic factors also contribute information about indicating agents. The study shows that there has been intergenerational change in the use of ergative case-marking in Warlpiri, with younger speakers using it on agents less often than older speakers. Both children and adults use ergative marking more often on agents that are postverbal, and children produce this pattern more frequently than adults do, which suggests that they are regularizing a pattern found in adult speech.

01 01 JB code impact.25.22sat 06 10.1075/impact.25.22sat 441 462 22 Article 23 01 04 19. Ethnicity, bilingualism and variable clitic marking in Bishnupriya Manipuri 19. Ethnicity, bilingualism and variable clitic marking in Bishnupriya Manipuri 1 A01 01 JB code 740102368 Shobha Satyanath Satyanath, Shobha Shobha Satyanath 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/740102368 2 A01 01 JB code 937102369 Nazrin B. Laskar Laskar, Nazrin B. Nazrin B. Laskar University of Delhi 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/937102369 01 eng 03 00

This paper discusses variable patterns of overt marking in Bishnupriya NP structure. The main interest of the paper lies in the use of animacy-based classifier clitics (clf) which may be located on the head of a noun phrase, on one or more dependents, on both the head and the dependent(s) or on neither (i.e., zero marking). The variation in marking appears to be intimately linked with the structure of NP, variability in word order of NP constituents (i.e., head and the dependents), and the occurrence of the pronominal/numeral clitics (cl). The presence of cl itself is variable. The connection between the variable patterns of marking (of both clf and cl) and the variation in the ordering of head and dependent is explained in terms of bilinguality that is deeply embedded into the linguistic structure of Bishnurpriya. The duality of structure, it is argued here, serves as the symbolic marker of dual linguistic and ethnic identity of the Bishnupriyas as Bishnupriya Manipuri.

01 01 JB code impact.25.23sta 06 10.1075/impact.25.23sta 463 484 22 Article 24 01 04 20. Clan as a sociolinguistic variable: Three approaches to Sui clans 20. Clan as a sociolinguistic variable: Three approaches to Sui clans 1 A01 01 JB code 659102370 James N. Stanford Stanford, James N. James N. Stanford Dartmouth College 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/659102370 01 eng 03 00

As lesser studied minority languages are added to the purview of quantitative variationist sociolinguistics, we naturally expect to see lesser studied sociolinguistic variables brought to the forefront. One such variable is clan. Among the Sui people of southwest China and in many other societies, clan has a powerful sociolinguistic influence. Therefore, following in the tradition of “age as a sociolinguistic variable” (Eckert 1997), “gender as a sociolinguistic variable” (Meyerhoff 1996; Wodak & Benke 1997) and so on, the present article suggests that clan, too, may be viewed as a key player in variationist sociolinguistics. Using insights from Sui and other communities, this chapter investigates clan as a sociolinguistic variable in terms of each of the three approaches to language and identity outlined by Mendoza-Denton (2002): “Sociodemographic categorybased identity,” “practice-based identity,” and “practice-based variation.” Clan is shown to be a highly relevant and meaningful sociolinguistic variable from all three perspectives.

01 01 JB code impact.25.24thi 06 10.1075/impact.25.24thi 485 516 32 Article 25 01 04 21. Language loss in spatial semantics: Dene Suline 21. Language loss in spatial semantics: Dene Sųłiné 1 A01 01 JB code 19102371 Martin Thiering Thiering, Martin Martin Thiering Humboldt-Universität zu Ber, Max Planck Institute for the History of Science (MPIWG) 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/19102371 01 eng 03 00

This paper presents a cognitive semantic description of the ongoing process of language loss in the encoding of spatial topological relations in a Northern Athapaskan language, Dene Sųłiné. Using the Topological Relation Markers elicitation tool (Pederson, Wilkins & Bowerman 1998), results are presented that show a difference in the encoding of spatial topological relations between younger and elder speakers. This difference becomes visible through selected data points that show elder speakers encoding spatial topological relations on a higher degree of specificity than younger speakers. This is reflected by a larger inventory of morpho-syntactic and semantic choices. In addition, younger speakers produce rather restricted and often ungrammatical utterances; their inventory for linguistic variety is limited or simply not available. As I will argue in this paper, this limitation is due to ongoing language loss and the influence of English as the dominant way to communicate.

01 01 JB code impact.25.25ind 06 10.1075/impact.25.25ind 517 519 3 Miscellaneous 26 01 04 Index Index 01 eng
01 JB code JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/impact.25 Amsterdam NL 00 John Benjamins Publishing Company Marketing Department / Karin Plijnaar, Pieter Lamers onix@benjamins.nl 04 01 00 20090415 C 2009 John Benjamins Publishing Company D 2009 John Benjamins Publishing Company 02 WORLD WORLD US CA MX 09 01 JB 1 John Benjamins Publishing Company +31 20 6304747 +31 20 6739773 bookorder@benjamins.nl 01 https://benjamins.com 21 118 12 01 00 Unqualified price 02 JB 1 02 105.00 EUR 02 00 Unqualified price 02 88.00 01 Z 0 GBP GB US CA MX 01 01 JB 2 John Benjamins Publishing Company +1 800 562-5666 +1 703 661-1501 benjamins@presswarehouse.com 01 https://benjamins.com 21 118 12 01 00 Unqualified price 02 JB 1 02 158.00 USD
977007440 03 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code Impact 25 Eb 15 9789027289780 06 10.1075/impact.25 00 EA E107 10 01 JB code Impact 02 1385-7908 02 25.00 01 02 IMPACT: Studies in Language, Culture and Society IMPACT: Studies in Language, Culture and Society 11 01 JB code jbe-all 01 02 Full EBA collection (ca. 4,200 titles) 11 01 JB code jbe-2015-all 01 02 Complete backlist (3,208 titles, 1967–2015) 05 02 Complete backlist (1967–2015) 11 01 JB code jbe-2015-impact 01 02 IMPACT: Studies in Language and Society (vols. 1–40, 1997–2015) 05 02 Impact (vols. 1–40, 1997–2015) 11 01 JB code jbe-2015-linguistics 01 02 Subject collection: Linguistics (2,773 titles, 1967–2015) 05 02 Linguistics (1967–2015) 01 01 Variation in Indigenous Minority Languages Variation in Indigenous Minority Languages 1 B01 01 JB code 912101835 James N. Stanford Stanford, James N. James N. Stanford Dartmouth College 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/912101835 2 B01 01 JB code 493101836 Dennis R. Preston Preston, Dennis R. Dennis R. Preston Oklahoma State University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/493101836 01 eng 11 528 03 03 vii 03 00 519 03 01 22 417/.2 03 2009 P120.I56 04 Indigenous peoples--Language--Variation. 04 Minorities--Language--Variation. 04 Language and languages--Variation. 04 Linguistic change. 04 Linguistic minorities. 04 Sociolinguistics. 10 LAN009000 12 CFB 24 JB code LIN.HL Historical linguistics 24 JB code LIN.SOCIO Sociolinguistics and Dialectology 24 JB code LIN.THEOR Theoretical linguistics 01 06 03 00 Indigenous minority languages have played crucial roles in many areas of linguistics - phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, typology, and the ethnography of communication. Such languages have, however, received comparatively little attention from quantitative or variationist sociolinguistics. Without the diverse perspectives that underrepresented language communities can provide, our understanding of language variation and change will be incomplete. To help fill this gap and develop broader viewpoints, this anthology presents 21 original, fieldwork-based studies of a wide range of indigenous languages in the framework of quantitative sociolinguistics. The studies illustrate how such understudied communities can provide new insights into language variation and change with respect to socioeconomic status, gender, age, clan, lack of a standard, exogamy, contact with dominant majority languages, internal linguistic factors, and many other topics. 01 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/impact.25.png 01 01 D502 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027218643.jpg 01 01 D504 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027218643.tif 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/impact.25.hb.png 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/impact.25.png 02 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/impact.25.hb.png 03 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/impact.25.hb.png 01 01 JB code impact.25.01int 06 10.1075/impact.25.01int Section header 1 01 04 Introduction Introduction 01 eng 01 01 JB code impact.25.01sta 06 10.1075/impact.25.01sta 1 20 20 Article 2 01 04 The lure of a distant horizon: Variation in indigenous minority languages The lure of a distant horizon: Variation in indigenous minority languages 1 A01 01 JB code 782102339 James N. Stanford Stanford, James N. James N. Stanford Dartmouth College 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/782102339 2 A01 01 JB code 35102340 Dennis R. Preston Preston, Dennis R. Dennis R. Preston Oklahoma State University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/35102340 01 eng 01 01 JB code impact.25.02par 06 10.1075/impact.25.02par Section header 3 01 04 Part I. Variation in phonetics and phonology Part I. Variation in phonetics and phonology 01 eng 01 01 JB code impact.25.03bab 06 10.1075/impact.25.03bab 23 45 23 Article 4 01 04 1. The phonetic and phonological effects of obsolescence in Northern Paiute 1. The phonetic and phonological effects of obsolescence in Northern Paiute 1 A01 01 JB code 443102341 Molly Babel Babel, Molly Molly Babel University of California, Berkeley 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/443102341 01 eng 03 00

Structural changes in a language are considered nearly inevitable consequences of language death (Campbell & Muntzel 1989; Wolfram 2002). The literature on sound change in endangered languages has focused on whether the changes are internally or externally motivated and, therefore, the difference between categorical sound shifts and gradient phonetic effects has been overlooked. This paper discusses sound change in Northern Paiute through two experiments that investigate the difference between categorical changes in the phonological inventory and subphonemic variation within a category. The paper argues that sound change in obsolescing languages may take one of two predictable paths: substitution or approximation/expansion of phonological categories in the moribund language.

01 01 JB code impact.25.04bru 06 10.1075/impact.25.04bru 47 75 29 Article 5 01 04 2. Diglossia and monosyllabization in Eastern Cham: A sociolinguistic study 2. Diglossia and monosyllabization in Eastern Cham: A sociolinguistic study 1 A01 01 JB code 567102342 Marc Brunelle Brunelle, Marc Marc Brunelle University of Ottawa 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/567102342 01 eng 03 00

In Eastern Cham, the modern reflexes of Classical Cham disyllables exhibit variation between sesquisyllabic and monosyllabic word shapes, which suggests that the language is becoming increasingly monosyllabic. This apparent change in progress has been attributed to contact with monosyllabic Vietnamese, but a variationist study of formal colloquial speech based on interviews conducted with 42 native speakers sheds doubt on this claim. I propose that the variation in word shapes is actually due to the quasi-diglossia found in Eastern Cham communities. It seems that the variation in word shapes can be explained by the subjects’ attitudes towards the two varieties of their own language and that these attitudes are in turn shaped by the relative prestige of Cham and Vietnamese languages and cultures.

01 01 JB code impact.25.05car 06 10.1075/impact.25.05car 77 107 31 Article 6 01 04 3. Affricates in Lleidata: A sociophonetic case study 3. Affricates in Lleidatà: A sociophonetic case study 1 A01 01 JB code 223102343 Josefina Carrera Sabaté Carrera Sabaté, Josefina Josefina Carrera Sabaté University of Barcelona 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/223102343 01 eng 03 00

The aim of this paper is to explore the variability between voiced and voiceless affricates and fricatives in initial and post-consonantal position in a western dialect of Catalan: Lleidatà. The eastern Catalan dialects are more prestigious than the western dialects, and the former have less affricates than the latter. The data obtained can be summed up in the following way: (1) there is a loss of alveolopalatal affricates only in words containing voiceless affricates and when they are pronounced by readers (in news programs); (2) the voiceless fricatives and affricates in initial and post-consonantal position are better discriminated than the voiced ones, and the fricatives are starting to be considered the “correct” pronunciation by some speakers who have a secondary level of education.

01 01 JB code impact.25.06cla 06 10.1075/impact.25.06cla 109 128 20 Article 7 01 04 4. Sociolinguistic stratification and new dialect formation in a Canadian aboriginal community: Not so different after all? 4. Sociolinguistic stratification and new dialect formation in a Canadian aboriginal community: Not so different after all? 1 A01 01 JB code 52102344 Sandra Clarke Clarke, Sandra Sandra Clarke Memorial University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/52102344 01 eng 03 00

This paper documents a case of new dialect formation in the Canadian aboriginal community of Sheshatshiu, Labrador, established as a permanent settlement in 1959. It examines the applicability of a quantitative variationist approach to the investigation of language change and cross-generational linguistic focusing in a context characterized by the absence of an overt status hierarchy. Results indicate partial dialect convergence among first generation residents of the new settlement. Despite the community’s relatively egalitarian socioeconomic profile, phonological change leading to dialect convergence is shown to be linked to a covert status hierarchy based on territorial group membership, with upward social mobility playing an important role.

01 01 JB code impact.25.07har 06 10.1075/impact.25.07har 129 152 24 Article 8 01 04 5. The changing sound of the Maori language 5. The changing sound of the Māori language 1 A01 01 JB code 297102345 Ray Harlow Harlow, Ray Ray Harlow 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/297102345 2 A01 01 JB code 788102346 Peter Keegan Keegan, Peter Peter Keegan 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/788102346 3 A01 01 JB code 19102347 Jeanette King King, Jeanette Jeanette King 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/19102347 4 A01 01 JB code 175102348 Margaret Maclagan Maclagan, Margaret Margaret Maclagan 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/175102348 5 A01 01 JB code 207102349 Catherine I. Watson Watson, Catherine I. Catherine I. Watson University of Canterbury 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/207102349 01 eng 03 00

Māori is the indigenous language of New Zealand. Its increasingly close contact with English over the last 150 years led to its endangerment, though it is now subject to active revitalization efforts. This chapter reports on some results from the MAONZE (Māori and New Zealand English) Research Project, which is studying aspects of the mutual influence of Māori and English in the area of pronunciation. Three groups of male speakers are analyzed, with birth dates ranging over 100 years (1880s to 1980s). Acoustic analyses of vowels and diphthongs are presented together with analyses of the stop consonants and /f/ (). The results show that there has been considerable change in all the analyzed aspects of Māori pronunciation. Some changes could reflect languageinternal change, but since they relate closely to similar changes that have taken place in New Zealand English over the same time period, they probably also represent external influence.

01 01 JB code impact.25.08las 06 10.1075/impact.25.08las 153 171 19 Article 9 01 04 6. Toward a study of language variation and change in Jonaz Chichimeco 6. Toward a study of language variation and change in Jonaz Chichimeco 1 A01 01 JB code 396102350 Yolanda Lastra Lastra, Yolanda Yolanda Lastra Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/396102350 01 eng 03 00

Jonaz Chichimec is an endangered Otopamean language spoken in Misión de Chichimecas adjacent to the city of San Luis de la Paz in Guanajuato, Mexico. Four ongoing phonological changes are described with respect to the age of the speakers. The restructuring of the system of classifiers used for possession is also examined.

01 01 JB code impact.25.09leo 06 10.1075/impact.25.09leo 173 210 38 Article 10 01 04 7. A sociolinguistic sketch of vowel shifts in Kaqchikel: ATR-RTR parameters and redundancy markedness of syllabic nuclei in an Eastern Mayan language 7. A sociolinguistic sketch of vowel shifts in Kaqchikel: ATR-RTR parameters and redundancy markedness of syllabic nuclei in an Eastern Mayan language 1 A01 01 JB code 740102351 Jean Leó Léonard Léonard, Jean Leó Jean Leó Léonard French National Center for Scientific Research, Paris 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/740102351 2 A01 01 JB code 863102352 Cecilio Tuyuc Sucuc Sucuc, Cecilio Tuyuc Cecilio Tuyuc Sucuc Academy of Mayan Languages of Guatemala 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/863102352 01 eng 03 00

Kaqchikel, a Quichean language of the Guatemalan Highlands, is well known for its Tense/Lax Vowel Contrast (TLVC) and the wide range of dialect variation of its vowel system, but the acoustic properties of its vocoids have never been scrutinized. A preliminary survey of the speech of ten informants from four sub-dialect areas, with a focus on San Juan Comalapa, shows regular patterns of variation according to degree of tongue-root fronting or backing (ATR and RTR), along with unexpected clues of a lingering Proto-Mayan length correlation. Emerging vowel shifts are described and traced to the Colonial era and to more recent social upheavals. A striking regularity of dialect patterns is observed when Kaqchikel is viewed as a diasystem.

01 01 JB code impact.25.10mon 06 10.1075/impact.25.10mon 211 227 17 Article 11 01 04 8. Phonological features of attrition: The shift from Catalan to Spanish in Alicante 8. Phonological features of attrition: The shift from Catalan to Spanish in Alicante 1 A01 01 JB code 577102353 Brauli Montoya Abat Montoya Abat, Brauli Brauli Montoya Abat University of Alicante 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/577102353 01 eng 03 00

This paper examines phonological attrition from a variationist viewpoint in an urban speech community where the target language is a marginalized one. This language is Catalan, the major speaking area of which is dominated by Spanish. Fieldwork is based on a sample of 69 subjects representing the small number of speakers born in the city who learned Catalan by engaging in natural meaningful communication. In the past, the phonological level of the grammar had remained the most faithful to the Catalan heritage in local speech. Recently, however, this component of grammar has become the most affected by attrition, as shown in the vocalic and consonantal systems, which are now converging from Catalan to Spanish.

01 01 JB code impact.25.11nog 06 10.1075/impact.25.11nog 229 244 16 Article 12 01 04 9. Sociophonetic variation in urban Ewe 9. Sociophonetic variation in urban Ewe 1 A01 01 JB code 267102354 Kossi Noglo Noglo, Kossi Kossi Noglo University of Paris 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/267102354 01 eng 03 00

Due to fast-paced urbanization and rural exodus, speakers of different dialects of the Ewe language are thrown together in Lome, the capital city of Togo. Using various theoretical approaches that attempt to address such phenomena, I provide a quantitative analysis suggesting that urban Ewe in southern Togo is undergoing processes of leveling and simplification. I investigate the use of bilabial fricatives, alveolar affricates, and reduplication (as dependent variables) to show that ethnicity, community setting, and gender are influential factors in Ewe language variation in southern Togo.

01 01 JB code impact.25.12pas 06 10.1075/impact.25.12pas 245 258 14 Article 13 01 04 10. Phonological variation in a Peruvian Quechua speech community 10. Phonological variation in a Peruvian Quechua speech community 1 A01 01 JB code 594102355 Michael Pasquale Pasquale, Michael Michael Pasquale Cornerstone University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/594102355 01 eng 03 00

Previous work on Quechua language variation and change has focused on what changes had occurred to the syntactic system (cf. Sanchez 2003) or the phonological system (cf. Pasquale 2000, 2001, 2005; Guion 2003). This article will explore the motivations for linguistic change in Quechua, particularly in the vowel system of Quechua speakers in a speech community in contact with Spanish. Two examples of phonological change will be reviewed. First, the phonological change in Quechua which raises the high vowels /I/ and /~/ to the level of [i] and [u] will be explained as a change in progress. Second, an allophonic rule in Quechua which backs /i/ to [e] and /~/ to [o] when in the vicinity of a uvular consonant (e.g., [q], [q’], [qh]) is compared among monolingual and bilingual speakers of Quechua. Linguistic and social factors are both at work in these examples to explain the motivation for phonological change in Quechua.

01 01 JB code impact.25.13rau 06 10.1075/impact.25.13rau 259 279 21 Article 14 01 04 11. A tale of two diphthongs in an indigenous minority language: Yami of Taiwan 11. A tale of two diphthongs in an indigenous minority language: Yami of Taiwan 1 A01 01 JB code 297102356 Victoria Rau Rau, Victoria Victoria Rau Wheaton College 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/297102356 2 A01 01 JB code 19102357 Hui-Huan Ann Chang Chang, Hui-Huan Ann Hui-Huan Ann Chang Providence University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/19102357 3 A01 01 JB code 100102358 Maa-Neu Dong Dong, Maa-Neu Maa-Neu Dong National Museum of Natural Science, Taiwan 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/100102358 01 eng 03 00

This study investigates the phonological variation and sound change in the Yami diphthongs (ay) and (aw) (e.g., mangay ~ mangey ‘go’, araw ~ arow ‘day, sun’), a Philippine language spoken on Orchid Island, 60 kilometers southeast of Taiwan. Previous studies (Rau & Chang 2006; Rau & Dong 2006) found that the two diphthongs were undergoing vowel raising on the island with an isogloss separating the more progressive northeast from the more conservative southwest. However, social factors were not discussed, and thus no interpretation of the vowel raising was provided.

The present study examined both linguistic and social factors accounting for vowel raising, with a goal of interpreting the indexical meanings of sound change in the two diphthongs on the island. The data were 20 narratives taken from a Yami corpus (http://yamiproject.cs.pu.edu.tw/yami), 10 narratives from Dong & Rau (1999, 2000), and word list elicitation collected in 1995. Our results from VARBRUL analyses confirmed that vowel raising is a geographical feature and that the rates of change have formed a clear isogloss separating the northeast from the southwest varieties. However, vowel raising of (ay) has progressed slightly faster than that of (aw). The preceding segments of (ay) and (aw) favoring raising are mainly determined by the feature of [continuant]. For both diphthongs, [+continuant] favors raising whereas [–continuant] disfavors it. There was stylistic variation with more raising in narrative style than in word list reading. Vowel raising was preferred by males; however, young females seem to have surpassed young males in adopting this feature in narrative style, a phenomenon corresponding to the social mobility of women. Perhaps vowel raising has ceased to be a gender marker and shifted to an ethnic identity marker.

01 01 JB code impact.25.14rom 06 10.1075/impact.25.14rom 281 297 17 Article 15 01 04 12. Phonological markedness, regional identity, and sex in Mayan: The fricativization of intervocalic /l/ 12. Phonological markedness, regional identity, and sex in Mayan: The fricativization of intervocalic /l/ 1 A01 01 JB code 288102359 Sergio Romero Romero, Sergio Sergio Romero Vanderbilt University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/288102359 01 eng 03 00

This paper is a quantitative study of the intervocalic fricativization of /l/, a marked allophonic process across languages, which has nevertheless become a linguistic stereotype of the dialect of K’iche’ Mayan spoken in the township of Santa Maria Chiquimula (MAR) in the highlands of Western Guatemala. Based on the quantitative analysis of 1856 tokens of intervocalic /l/ from sociolinguistic interviews and recordings of 85 speakers (34 women and 51 men), I will show that it is precisely its status as a regional stereotype that has led it to override its phonetic markedness to spread throughout the township and beyond as ethnolinguistic marker of MAR. A pattern of sociolinguistic variation has emerged in which women lead over men in frequency of the fricative variant. There is also variation related to frequency of contact with speakers of other dialects. Men are more sensitive to the stigmatization of fricativized /l/ due to their more frequent contact with speakers of other dialects of K’iche’, and therefore accommodate more than women, contradicting the well known sociolinguistic principle that women tend to avoid stigmatized forms more than men.

01 01 JB code impact.25.15bez 06 10.1075/impact.25.15bez 299 318 20 Article 16 01 04 13. The pronunciation of /r/ in Frisian: A comparative study with Dutch and Town Frisian 13. The pronunciation of /r/ in Frisian: A comparative study with Dutch and Town Frisian 1 A01 01 JB code 405102360 Renée Bezooijen Bezooijen, Renée Renée Bezooijen Radboud University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/405102360 01 eng 03 00

West Frisian is an indigenous minority language situated in the north of the Netherlands. The majority language is Dutch. Both languages traditionally have an alveolar [r]. However, during the last century Dutch has acquired two other variants of /r/, namely uvular [r] and approximant [r]. We examined whether the close contact with Dutch has influenced the pronunciation of /r/ in Frisian. Recordings of 26 speakers of Frisian showed alveolar [r] only. However, we did find traces of uvular [r] in Town Frisian, spoken in the older cities in Friesland. This variant is due to contacts between the urban elites in Friesland and in Holland at the beginning of the twentieth century. Apparently, neither in Dutch nor in Town Frisian has uvular [r] been a model for speakers of Frisian. Also, the more recent approximant has not (yet) infiltrated.

01 01 JB code impact.25.16par 06 10.1075/impact.25.16par Section header 17 01 04 Part II. Variation in syntax, morphology, and morphophonology Part II. Variation in syntax, morphology, and morphophonology 01 eng 01 01 JB code impact.25.17bir 06 10.1075/impact.25.17bir 321 346 26 Article 18 01 04 14. Language shift among the Mansi 14. Language shift among the Mansi 1 A01 01 JB code 734102361 Bernadett Bíró Bíró, Bernadett Bernadett Bíró 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/734102361 2 A01 01 JB code 594102362 Katalin Sipőcz Sipőcz, Katalin Katalin Sipőcz University of Szeged 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/594102362 01 eng 03 00

This paper investigates the process of language shift in Mansi (Vogul, Uralic language family). The scope of the investigation is a period of approximately 100 years and analyzes two corpora of written texts to see what kinds of changes are manifested in various sub-systems of Mansi as a result of the intensive language shift going on in the language. Two aspects of the language are targeted: on the one hand, the grammatical system (and, within it, the use of the passive and the dual), in order to see what kinds of changes and simplification processes characteristic of language loss are happening; and, on the other hand, the lexicon and the Russian elements that can be found in it.

01 01 JB code impact.25.18bos 06 10.1075/impact.25.18bos 347 368 22 Article 19 01 04 15. Fine-grained morphophonological variation in Scottish Gaelic: Evidence from the Linguistic Survey of Scotland 15. Fine-grained morphophonological variation in Scottish Gaelic: Evidence from the Linguistic Survey of Scotland 1 A01 01 JB code 378102363 Anna Bosch Bosch, Anna Anna Bosch University of Kentucky 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/378102363 2 A01 01 JB code 2102364 James Scobbie Scobbie, James James Scobbie Queen Margaret University, Edinburgh 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/2102364 01 eng 03 00

Descriptive accounts of Scottish Gaelic dialects (e.g. Borgstrøm 1937; Oftedal 1956; Ternes 1973) have noted significant regional variation in the surface description of nasal mutation; this paper brings previously unpublished data from archives of the Linguistic Survey of Scotland to bear on the full range of variation across Gaelic speaking Scotland. We employ these data to map out the actual range of variation in the nasal mutation; using Mapmaker software we focus on three graded parameters: voicing, aspiration, and nasalization. With this research we demonstrate the continuing value of “historical” data for the analysis of endangered and minority languages. As yet, no maps have been published based on this survey data.

01 01 JB code impact.25.19mey 06 10.1075/impact.25.19mey 369 396 28 Article 20 01 04 16. Animacy in Bislama? Using quantitative methods to evaluate transfer of a substrate feature 16. Animacy in Bislama? Using quantitative methods to evaluate transfer of a substrate feature 1 A01 01 JB code 507102365 Miriam Meyerhoff Meyerhoff, Miriam Miriam Meyerhoff University of Edinburgh 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/507102365 01 eng 03 00

The source of and, hence, principal factors constraining, several variables in Bislama, an English-lexified Pacific creole, remain the subject of some dispute. This chapter uses quantitative methods to evaluate the strength of claims that variable presence/absence of arguments in Bislama is principally due to the transfer of preferences in the substrate languages. It focuses particularly on the role that the animacy of a referent plays in determining:

a. presence/absence of pronominal subject in a clause,

b. the form of 3p agreement, and

c. the presence/absence of pronominal objects (Crowley 1990, 2002).

Other research has claimed discourse salience (not a substrate feature) and/or direct possession relations (substrate feature) are more relevant (Meyerhoff 2000, 2003a). Clauses of spontaneous conversational Bislama recorded on Malo island in the 1990s and a corpus of 10 Tamambo (the Malo vernacular, Jauncey 1997) narratives or process texts are analysed for the same factors. The results show that animacy is a significant constraint on the subject pronominal variable, but it is not strong for the other two variables. The result is an empirical gain and a theoretical gain. First, claims for transfer of substrate features into Bislama are motivated in a more transparent way than they have been before. Second, we see clearly the potential that multivariate analysis offers for resolving outstanding questions and debates relating to language contact and the role of substrate transfer. This is especially true for the Pacific creoles where we continue to be able to gather, and analyse, substrate corpora.

01 01 JB code impact.25.20nag 06 10.1075/impact.25.20nag 397 417 21 Article 21 01 04 17. The challenges of less commonly studied languages: Writing a sociogrammar of Faetar 17. The challenges of less commonly studied languages: Writing a sociogrammar of Faetar 1 A01 01 JB code 723102366 Naomi Nagy Nagy, Naomi Naomi Nagy University of Toronto 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/723102366 01 eng 03 00

The study of minority languages highlights the need for variationist approaches to grammars. This article addresses some conflicts that arise when we combine the enterprises of writing a descriptive grammar and constructing a sociolinguistic description of a language. Conflicts between conciseness and completeness on the one hand, and sociolinguistic accuracy and representation of competing variants, on the other, are addressed. As a case in point, I discuss documentation (in book and web formats) of the endangered language Faetar, spoken in a small village in southern Italy, focusing on (1) advantages and disadvantages of various data collection methods; (2) organization of examples that illustrate inter- and intra-speaker variation; (3) codification of an oral language; (4) value judgments necessitated by codification; and (5) coordination with other grammars.

01 01 JB code impact.25.21os 06 10.1075/impact.25.21os 419 439 21 Article 22 01 04 18. Language variation and change in a North Australian indigenous community 18. Language variation and change in a North Australian indigenous community 1 A01 01 JB code 52102367 Carmel O'Shannessy O'Shannessy, Carmel Carmel O'Shannessy University of Michigan 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/52102367 01 eng 03 00

Speakers in a Warlpiri community in northern Australia are participants in a complex multilingual situation in which there has been a dramatic change in the last thirty years. Children, and adults under approximately age 30, now speak a new bilingual mixed language as the language of their everyday communication. The new language, Light Warlpiri, systematically combines elements from the variety of Warlpiri spoken in Lajamanu (Lajamanu Warlpiri) and Aboriginal English or Kriol (an English-lexified creole). Both Lajamanu Warlpiri and Light Warlpiri are learned and spoken in the community. In both languages grammatical relations are indicated by an ergative-absolutive casemarking system on overt agents and a nominative-accusative system of bound pronouns, and both show variable word order. But in Light Warlpiri ergative case-marking is optional, and word order and pragmatic factors also contribute information about indicating agents. The study shows that there has been intergenerational change in the use of ergative case-marking in Warlpiri, with younger speakers using it on agents less often than older speakers. Both children and adults use ergative marking more often on agents that are postverbal, and children produce this pattern more frequently than adults do, which suggests that they are regularizing a pattern found in adult speech.

01 01 JB code impact.25.22sat 06 10.1075/impact.25.22sat 441 462 22 Article 23 01 04 19. Ethnicity, bilingualism and variable clitic marking in Bishnupriya Manipuri 19. Ethnicity, bilingualism and variable clitic marking in Bishnupriya Manipuri 1 A01 01 JB code 740102368 Shobha Satyanath Satyanath, Shobha Shobha Satyanath 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/740102368 2 A01 01 JB code 937102369 Nazrin B. Laskar Laskar, Nazrin B. Nazrin B. Laskar University of Delhi 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/937102369 01 eng 03 00

This paper discusses variable patterns of overt marking in Bishnupriya NP structure. The main interest of the paper lies in the use of animacy-based classifier clitics (clf) which may be located on the head of a noun phrase, on one or more dependents, on both the head and the dependent(s) or on neither (i.e., zero marking). The variation in marking appears to be intimately linked with the structure of NP, variability in word order of NP constituents (i.e., head and the dependents), and the occurrence of the pronominal/numeral clitics (cl). The presence of cl itself is variable. The connection between the variable patterns of marking (of both clf and cl) and the variation in the ordering of head and dependent is explained in terms of bilinguality that is deeply embedded into the linguistic structure of Bishnurpriya. The duality of structure, it is argued here, serves as the symbolic marker of dual linguistic and ethnic identity of the Bishnupriyas as Bishnupriya Manipuri.

01 01 JB code impact.25.23sta 06 10.1075/impact.25.23sta 463 484 22 Article 24 01 04 20. Clan as a sociolinguistic variable: Three approaches to Sui clans 20. Clan as a sociolinguistic variable: Three approaches to Sui clans 1 A01 01 JB code 659102370 James N. Stanford Stanford, James N. James N. Stanford Dartmouth College 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/659102370 01 eng 03 00

As lesser studied minority languages are added to the purview of quantitative variationist sociolinguistics, we naturally expect to see lesser studied sociolinguistic variables brought to the forefront. One such variable is clan. Among the Sui people of southwest China and in many other societies, clan has a powerful sociolinguistic influence. Therefore, following in the tradition of “age as a sociolinguistic variable” (Eckert 1997), “gender as a sociolinguistic variable” (Meyerhoff 1996; Wodak & Benke 1997) and so on, the present article suggests that clan, too, may be viewed as a key player in variationist sociolinguistics. Using insights from Sui and other communities, this chapter investigates clan as a sociolinguistic variable in terms of each of the three approaches to language and identity outlined by Mendoza-Denton (2002): “Sociodemographic categorybased identity,” “practice-based identity,” and “practice-based variation.” Clan is shown to be a highly relevant and meaningful sociolinguistic variable from all three perspectives.

01 01 JB code impact.25.24thi 06 10.1075/impact.25.24thi 485 516 32 Article 25 01 04 21. Language loss in spatial semantics: Dene Suline 21. Language loss in spatial semantics: Dene Sųłiné 1 A01 01 JB code 19102371 Martin Thiering Thiering, Martin Martin Thiering Humboldt-Universität zu Ber, Max Planck Institute for the History of Science (MPIWG) 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/19102371 01 eng 03 00

This paper presents a cognitive semantic description of the ongoing process of language loss in the encoding of spatial topological relations in a Northern Athapaskan language, Dene Sųłiné. Using the Topological Relation Markers elicitation tool (Pederson, Wilkins & Bowerman 1998), results are presented that show a difference in the encoding of spatial topological relations between younger and elder speakers. This difference becomes visible through selected data points that show elder speakers encoding spatial topological relations on a higher degree of specificity than younger speakers. This is reflected by a larger inventory of morpho-syntactic and semantic choices. In addition, younger speakers produce rather restricted and often ungrammatical utterances; their inventory for linguistic variety is limited or simply not available. As I will argue in this paper, this limitation is due to ongoing language loss and the influence of English as the dominant way to communicate.

01 01 JB code impact.25.25ind 06 10.1075/impact.25.25ind 517 519 3 Miscellaneous 26 01 04 Index Index 01 eng
01 JB code JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/impact.25 Amsterdam NL 00 John Benjamins Publishing Company Marketing Department / Karin Plijnaar, Pieter Lamers onix@benjamins.nl 04 01 00 20090415 C 2009 John Benjamins Publishing Company D 2009 John Benjamins Publishing Company 02 WORLD 13 15 9789027218643 WORLD 09 01 JB 3 John Benjamins e-Platform 03 https://jbe-platform.com 29 https://jbe-platform.com/content/books/9789027289780 21 01 00 Unqualified price 02 105.00 EUR 01 00 Unqualified price 02 88.00 GBP GB 01 00 Unqualified price 02 158.00 USD