Index
A
- adjective66,
76–78
, 80,
82–83
,
88–90
,
- adverbial specificationxiv, 34, 36, 45,
47–48
,
55–56
, 156, 159,
- agexv, 9,
20–21
, 123,
125–126
, 128,
130–134
,
136–145
,
148–150
, 158
- age of arrivalxv, 123, 125, 134,
139–140
- agglutination28, 58, 60, 164
- ambiguity41, 43, 64, 76, 82, 90, 105, 163
- analytical
28–29
, 46,
61–62
, 68, 82,
91–92
, 164
- analysisxiii, xiv, 9, 17, 20,
23–25
,
32–34
, 49, 62,
64–67
, 80,
95–99
,
101–102
, 105,
118–119
,
121–128
, 151, 155, 157,
159–160
, 162, 165
- animacy34, 36, 42,
44–45
,
55–56
, 66, 69, 80, 83, 156
- arrival age126, 128,
132–133
, 141, 150
- auxiliary8, 28, 54, 60, 156, 164
B
- Barranquillaxiii, xiv, xv, 1, 7,
9–10
, 18, 20, 23, 25, 27,
32–33
,
35–60
, 65,
67–81
,
83–90
, 93,
95–97
,
99–122
,
124–137
,
140–153
,
155–162
,
165–166
- Bayley, R.14, 26, 34, 95, 97, 100,
108–109
, 142
- Bentivoglio, P.8, 95,
97–98
,
100–101
, 106, 109, 112
- bilingual12, 14, 55, 122, 127, 142, 146, 148, 159
- bilingualismxiv, 14, 127, 138, 150, 152,
161–162
, 166
- Blas Arroyo, J.22,
30–31
, 41, 92, 149, 152, 159
- body partxv, 62, 66,
83–89
- Brazilian Portuguese31, 57, 59, 122, 165
C
- Cali, Colombia9, 110, 112
- Cameron, R.26,
95–97
,
100–101
,
105–106
, 109,
118–119
, 147
- Castilian2,
28–29
, 91, 163
- characteristic4,
6–8
, 15, 34, 38,
42–43
, 70, 75, 80, 107
- Caribbeanxi,
1–10
,
14–18
, 20, 24, 96, 100, 118, 136, 140, 147,
149–151
, 153,
157–158
, 160, 165
- Caribbean Spanishxi,
14–17
, 20, 96, 136, 147, 151,
157–158
, 160
- Carvalho, A.24, 96,
100–101
, 103,
106–110
, 113,
118–119
, 124, 142, 159
- change from below48, 126, 136, 138, 146
- change in progress4, 27, 42, 57, 59,
91–93
, 123, 132, 138, 142,
147–148
, 152, 161, 163,
165–166
- clause
23–24
,
33–39
, 42,
45–46
,
55–56
,
65–66
,
68–70
, 72,
76–77
,
88–89
, 97, 99,
102–103
,
105–106
, 111,
119–120
,
156–157
, 164
- clause length33,
36–38
,
55–56
,
68–70
, 72,
88–89
,
156–157
- clause type33,
36–39
,
55–56
, 69, 97,
102–103
, 111,
119–120
,
156–157
- cognitive (verbs)98, 112, 115, 120,
- college21, 125,
129–130
,
135–136
- Colombiaxiii, 2,
4–8
, 11,
15–21
,
23–26
,
31–32
, 35,
53–54
, 68, 72, 83, 87, 91, 96, 101, 110, 112,
123–124
, 126, 130, 132,
135–136
, 138, 145, 147, 160, 163,
166–167
- Colombian Spanish1, xi,
1–2
,
4–5
,
7–12
,
15–20
,
22–23
,
25–26
,
32–34
, 36, 51, 59, 65, 87, 96, 103,
121–123
, 130,
143–145
, 149,
151–152
, 155,
158–159
,
161–162
, 164, 167
- complementary distribution38, 44, 129
- conjecture28, 34,
38–39
, 53, 59
- contact
xiii–xv
, 5,
10–14
, 16,
18–20
, 22,
24–27
, 30,
32–34
, 36,
41–42
, 46, 48,
53–55
,
57–60
, 62, 68, 87,
90–93
, 96, 101,
109–110
, 113,
121–124
, 127, 130,
135–136
, 140,
144–153
, 155,
157–167
- contact with Englishxiii, xv, 11, 16, 19, 22,
24–25
, 30, 33, 41, 48,
53–54
, 57, 59, 68, 87,
90–91
, 93, 96, 101, 110, 123, 127, 135, 140, 144,
146–153
, 157,
159–161
- conditional33,
38–39
, 56, 66,
97–98
, 108
- configuration49, 54, 62, 99, 111, 128
- conjugation29, 34, 43,
48–49
- conservative11, 123, 128,
134–135
, 138,
146–147
, 161, 163
- consultant
20–21
,
125–126
, 131,
135–136
, 138,
141–142
,
145–147
, 150
- constraint
xiii–xiv
, 22,
24–25
, 33, 36, 48, 51, 69, 74, 77, 163
- continuity of referencexv, 106
- convergencexiii, 16, 18, 22, 24, 36, 57, 60, 65, 87,
92–93
, 121, 136, 145,
147–150
,
152–153
,
158–161
, 165
- conversation
20–21
, 125, 141, 145
- conversation conditions125, 141, 145
- coreferent97,
105–106
, 120
- copulative (verbs)98,
112–113
, 117,
119–120
- corpus10, 20, 34, 52, 99, 145
- corporaxiii, 20, 50, 63, 90, 119, 145
- Costeño
2–3
, 6, 8, 10, 15,
19–23
, 25, 33, 64, 87, 96, 98, 101, 105, 158, 165
- Costeño Spanish10, 15,
21–23
, 25, 33, 64, 87, 96, 98, 105, 158, 165
D
-
dar
48–50
,
53–54
, 56,
114–116
- dataxiii, 12, 20, 24, 26, 33, 64, 67, 78, 95,
99–100
,
103–104
,
106–107
,
111–112
,
114–115
, 119, 121, 126, 128,
141–143
, 147, 155, 159, 166
- data sample99, 106, 111, 128
-
decir
49, 98, 110,
112–117
- declarative33,
38–39
, 56, 66
- definite articlexiv, 7, 24,
61–87
,
89–91
,
133–135
,
138–140
, 156, 163
- diachronic cyclicity32, 58,
60–61
, 91, 93, 163
- dialectxiv,
2–5
, 9,
11–12
,
14–20
,
24–25
, 32, 57, 59, 87,
92–93
, 100, 113, 121, 124, 136, 145, 151, 161, 164
- dialect contact18, 25, 121, 124, 151, 153, 155, 164
- dialect convergence24, 57, 87, 93, 121, 136, 145,
152–153
, 161
- dialectal convergence22, 60, 92, 147,
149–150
, 152,
158–161
, 165
- dialect leveling12, 14, 16, 18, 24, 92, 121
- dialectal classification2, 19, 24, 100, 118
- diasporic setting11, 27, 68, 80, 85, 87, 110, 132, 138, 141, 146, 155,
162–163
- Díaz-Campos, M.2, 6, 8, 10, 26, 99
- direct object46, 66, 72, 97, 105
- discoursexiv, xv, 97, 100, 102, 105, 109, 119, 121
- discourse style97, 102, 119
- distance
23–24
, 33,
36–37
,
40–42
,
55–56
, 58, 61, 65,
69–72
,
88–90
,
156–157
, 159, xiv
- distant future33,
41–42
, 55, 58
- distribution27,
30–33
, 35, 38, 44, 54, 59, 61,
67–68
, 87, 91, 96, 99, 124,
127–129
, 133, 136,
140–142
, 162, xv
- Dominicanxiv, 14, 16,
110–111
, 122, 142, 148, 151, 165
- Dominican Republic19, 30, 142, 148, 151
- Dominican Spanish122, 165
E
- Eckert, P.
128–129
, 132, 146, 152
- education
20–21
, 125,
128–131
,
134–135
, 145, 150
- educational attainment21, 125,
128–130
,
134–136
, 141, 150
- effectxv, 10, 14, 25,
36–54
,
58–59
,
70–71
,
74–76
,
78–79
,
81–86
,
89–90
, 92,
102–119
, 121,
124–126
,
128–129
,
131–132
,
134–135
,
137–139
,
141–145
, 147,
149–150
, 152, 158, 164
-
ellos
43, 53, 63, 80, 99, 107, 120
- enclave19, 22, 25, 32, 48, 54, 59, 141,
144–145
, 147, 155,
157–158
, 160
- Englishxiii, xiv, xv, 1, 5,
11–22
,
24–25
,
28–30
,
32–33
,
41–43
, 48,
53–55
, 57, 59, 65, 68, 82, 87,
90–93
, 96, 101, 110,
122–123
, 127,
129–130
, 133,
135–136
, 140, 144,
146–153
, 157,
159–163
- Enríquez, E.16, 95,
97–98
, 101, 103, 106,
109–112
- envelope of variation32, 34,
65–67
, 99
- Erker, D.96, 100, 103,
108–111
,
113–114
, 122, 151, 165
-
estar
98, 110, 112,
114–117
- estimative (verbs)98, 110, 113
- evolution16, 28,
44–45
, 54, 58, 60, 82,
92–93
, 122, 156,
163–167
- evolutionary process57,
60–61
, 91, 155, 166
- expatriate23, 110, 121, 134, 147, 166
- expression of futurity1, 7,
9–10
, 21,
23–25
,
27–33
,
35–37
,
41–42
,
45–46
,
48–49
,
54–61
, 64, 68,
90–92
, 123, 127,
133–134
, 136, 138,
147–149
, 151,
156–160
,
162–164
, 166
- expression of nominal possession1, 10, 24, 61,
64–65
,
68–69
, 72, 76, 83, 87, 89,
92–93
, 124, 127, 129, 133, 140,
156–157
, 163
- expression of possession9, 17, 21,
61–62
, 65,
68–69
, 72, 77, 83,
87–93
, 134, 138, 140, 142, 151,
160–163
, 166
- external activity (verbs)xv,
98–99
,
110–111
,
113–114
,
116–117
,
119–120
, xv
- external predictor22, 92, 123,
125–127
,
134–135
, 145,
151–153
,
156–158
, 166
F
- factor16, 34,
37–40
,
43–44
,
46–47
,
49–50
, 54, 57, 69, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79,
81–82
, 84, 97, 99, 101,
103–107
, 109,
111–112
,
114–115
,
117–119
,
121–122
, 125, 127,
129–131
, 133,
135–137
,
139–141
, 143, 148, 152,
156–157
, 159
- feminine63, 66,
78–80
,
89–90
- Flores-Ferrán, N.24, 95,
97–98
, 100, 103,
105–106
- formality9, 128, 134, 145
- formulaic expressionxiv, 39,
51–52
- French6, 12, 28, 31, 62, 122, 165
- frequency
8–10
,
30–31
,
35–36
, 41, 46,
51–52
, 54, 57, 59,
67–68
, 87,
95–96
, 99, 106,
117–119
,
121–123
, 132,
156–157
, 160, 163
- functional effect106, 108
- futurexiii, xiv, xv, 1, 5, 7, 17,
23–36
,
38–45
,
47–56
,
58–59
, 64, 68, 72, 78, 93, 98, 100, 108,
123–124
,
127–128
, 131, 142,
145–146
,
149–150
, 156,
159–164
, 167
- future marker29, 42, 47, 131
- future timexiii, 23, 32, 35, 39, 48
- futurityxiii, xiv, 1, 7,
9–10
,
21–25
,
27–38
,
40–42
,
44–49
,
51–61
,
64–65
, 68,
90–92
,
123–124
,
127–134
, 136, 138,
140–149
, 151,
155–160
,
162–164
, 166
- futurity variant
35–36
, 55,
127–128
, 147, 156
G
- genderxv, 9, 14, 66, 69,
77–80
, 89, 123,
125–126
,
128–129
,
134–135
,
141–149
,
151–152
,
157–158
, 161
- gender gap129, 142,
146–147
, 161
- Gili y Gaya, S.62, 64, 74, 82, 86, 90, 92, 163
- grammarxiii, xiv, 62, 64,
106–107
- grammatical
23–24
, 34, 36,
42–45
, 49,
55–56
,
63–64
, 66,
68–69
,
73–74
,
77–83
,
88–91
, 96,
99–100
,
106–107
,
109–110
, 119,
156–157
, 163
- grammatical number34, 36,
42–43
, 45, 49, 56, 66, 68, 74,
78–80
, 83, 156
- grammatical number of the subject36,
42–43
, 45, 49, 68, 156
- grammatical person
23–24
, 34, 36, 42, 44,
55–56
, 66, 69, 77,
80–81
, 83,
88–90
, 96,
99–100
,
106–107
,
109–110
, 119,
156–157
- grammatical person of the subject55
- grammaticalization48,
57–58
, 60, 63, 91,
162–163
, 165, xiv
- Guy, G.
9–10
, 20, 22, 26, 57, 59, 62, 65, 90,
95–98
, 100, 103, 106,
108–111
,
113–114
, 122, 124, 126, 142, 151, 155, 159,
165–166
, xiii
H
-
hacer
34, 49,
114–115
, 117
- high school21, 125,
129–130
,
135–136
- Hispanic World4,
7–8
, 11,
22–23
, 27, 31, 35, 55,
95–97
, 101, 103, 108, 110, 119,
121–122
, 124, 140,
142–143
, 152, 157
- historical present28, 48, 51
- Hochberg, J.
95–96
, 106,
108–109
- Hurtado, L.
8–9
, 11, 17,
95–97
, 109, 112, 142
I
- immigrant12, 18, 21, 49, 60, 123,
125–127
, 136,
152–153
,
162–163
,
165–166
- immigration19, 35, 123, 136
- imperative34, 60, 98, 165
- imperfect7, 39, 98,
108–110
,
119–120
- indirect object66, 72, 97, 105
- inflection8, 24, 34, 36, 45,
48–50
,
54–56
, 156, xiv
- informal6, 31, 63, 138, 146
- innovation8, 64, 91, 124,
162–163
- innovative128, 133, 138,
146–147
, 158
- innovator142, 146, 148, 158, 161
- internal conditioning36, 55, 58, 68,
89–90
, 96, 127, 133, 159
- internal predictor22,
32–33
, 36,
54–55
, 59, 65,
67–68
, 83, 89,
96–98
, 101, 121, 133,
156–158
, 166
- interdialectal parallelismxiv, 22, 38, 42, 45, 55, 57, 59, 65, 90, 97, 122, 124,
151–152
, 155, 159, 166
- interrogative33,
38–39
,
55–56
, 66
-
ir’29,
50–51
, 53, 56, 60,
114–116
, 119, 156
- irregular verb34, 49,
51–52
, 98
L
- Labov, W.34, 99, 123,
125–126
, 128, 132, 138,
144–146
, 149, 152
- language variation1, 11,
22–23
,
25–27
, 32, 34,
59–61
, 65, 99, 123, 126,
144–145
, 151, 153,
155–156
, 158,
165–166
- language variation and change11,
22–23
, 25, 27,
59–61
, 65, 123, 126, 144, 153,
155–156
, 158,
165–166
- Language Variation Suite34, 99
- language change1, 57, 122, 149
- language contactxiii, xiv, xv, 5, 10, 12, 18, 22,
24–25
, 27,
33–34
, 36, 42, 46, 53, 55,
57–59
, 68, 90, 93, 113, 121, 124,
144–145
,
148–149
, 151,
158–164
- Lastra, Y.16, 31,
95–97
, 101, 107,
109–110
, 142, 148, 150
- Latin2,
4–7
, 10, 13, 18, 24,
27–30
, 53, 90,
95–96
, 113, 118, 141,
162–165
, 167
- Latin America2, 5, 7, 10, 18
- Latin American Spanish7, 90, 95, 113
- length of morphological future inflection24, 36, 50,
54–55
, 156
- length of residence (LOR)134, 139
- lexical content96,
98–99
,
101–102
, 108,
110–111
,
113–114
,
116–120
, 157, 160
- lexical frequency
9–10
, 95,
117–119
,
121–122
, 157
- lexical idiosyncrasy95, 118, 165
- linguistic behavior123, 125,
128–129
,
133–135
, 142,
151–153
, 158, 161
- linguistic conditioning35, 95, 101, 120, 124, 141, 144, 155
- linguistic contact13, 25, 36, 60,
91–92
, 165
- linguistic innovation72, 126, 134, 149
- linguistic innovator142, 146, 148, 161
- linguistic market place132
- linguistic predictor
23–24
, 27,
32–33
, 36, 55, 61,
64–65
,
68–69
,
89–90
, 97, 102,
118–119
,
124–125
, 127, 140, 145,
151–153
,
157–158
, 167
- linguistic repertoire20, 93, 125, 134, 141, 150
- linguistic variable1, 7, 22, 24, 27, 31, 34, 46, 54,
58–59
, 61, 64, 83, 87, 96, 124, 127, 133, 138, 145, 149,
156–159
- location of the possessive66, 68,
72–74
, 76,
88–89
, 157
M
- Madrid16, 103, 106,
111–112
- masculine63, 66,
78–80
,
89–90
, 146
- Martín Butragueño, P.16, 31,
95–97
, 101, 107,
109–110
, 142, 148, 150
- men20, 123,
128–129
,
134–135
,
142–144
,
146–149
, 152, 158, 161
- mental activity (verbs)xv,
98–99
,
110–111
,
113–115
, 120
- Mexico2, 8, 11, 16,
30–31
, 101, 103, 110,
117–118
, 142, 148, 150, 159
- Mexico City16,
30–31
, 110, 142, 148, 150
- Mexican
13–14
, 39, 96, 111, 121
- middle class19, 126,
136–138
- modality28,
38–39
, 52,
58–59
, 164
- monolingual21, 55, 60, 96, 109, 122, 142, 148, 159
- monolingualism12, 21, 127
- morphological future (MF)27, 35, 128, 156
- motion (verbs)
98–99
, 112, 114, 116, 120
- multisyllabic verbs36,
48–51
,
54–55
- multivariate analysis
101–102
, 119, xiv
N
- near future33,
40–41
, 56
- New York City (NYC)
xiii–xiv
, 1,
11–20
,
22–23
, 25, 27,
32–33
,
35–44
,
46–48
, 50,
56–57
,
59–60
,
67–69
,
71–73
, 75,
78–82
, 84,
88–90
, 93, 96,
100–102
, 108,
110–111
,
113–118
,
120–123
, 125,
127–149
,
151–152
, 155,
157–163
- New York City Spanish
14–17
, 22, 57, 111, 131, 144, 147, 149, 153,
159–161
, 167
- New York Colombian16,
18–19
, 32, 39, 41, 46, 48,
54–55
,
57–59
, 65,
77–78
, 83,
90–91
, 93, 122,
124–126
,
128–130
, 132 136, 144,
146–148
,
151–153
, 156, 160
- New York Puerto Rican30, 38, 41, 46, 48, 54,
57–59
, 123, 132,
147–148
, 152, 159 161
- nominal possession1, 7, 10,
23–25
, 61,
64–65
,
68–69
, 72, 76, 83, 87,
89–93
,
123–124
, 127, 129, 133,
140–141
, 144,
155–157
, 163, 166, xiii
- non-pro-drop122, 151, 165
- normative usage134, 145, 147, 157, 162
-
nosotros
6, 15, 24, 63,
80–81
, 99,
107–108
, 120, 157
- null subjectxv, 34,
98–100
, 102, 104, 120, 165
- NYCxiv, xv, 9, 13, 16,
19–21
,
24–25
,
35–36
,
40–41
,
46–47
,
49–55
, 57, 65, 68, 72,
75–76
,
80–81
,
83–87
,
90–93
,
101–104
, 106, 108,
110–111
, 116, 119,
121–123
, 129, 131,
133–136
,
138–140
, 142, 144, 146,
149–152
,
155–163
,
165–166
O
- observer’s paradox125, 142, 145
- occupational status21, 126, 152
- occurrence16, 18, 27, 31,
35–38
,
40–41
,
43–45
,
47–49
,
51–55
, 58, 62,
67–71
,
73–78
, 91,
100–102
,
104–106
,
108–109
,
121–122
, 124, 130, 132, 134, 137, 139, 152,
156–157
,
159–162
,
164–165
- opposition36,
40–41
, 44, 46, 49,
54–55
, 69, 72, 81, 83, 87, 89, 117, 131
- Orozco, R.xi, xiii, xiv, xv, 2,
5–11
,
16–17
,
19–23
, 27, 30,
32–36
, 38,
40–41
, 43, 46,
53–55
,
57–59
,
61–62
,
64–65
, 74, 83,
90–91
,
95–98
,
101–103
,
106–108
, 111, 113,
117–119
, 121, 124, 132, 142,
148–149
, 151,
159–161
,
166–167
- Otheguy, R.9, 11, 13, 15, 22, 24, 43, 95,
97–103
,
106–109
, 111, 114, 118, 122, 127, 131, 142,
147–148
,
150–151
,
165–166
- overt subject15, 34,
101–102
, 104, 108, 116, 120, 122, 164, xv
P
-
p-value
36–37
, 46, 75, 84,
101–103
, 106
- paradigm8,
28–29
, 43, 48, 64, 82,
91–92
, 163
- pattern18,
30–31
, 36, 44,
58–59
, 70, 72,
84–86
, 118, 121,
131–133
, 137, 139, 149
- Penny, R.1, 4, 13,
28–29
, 49, 54, 64, 72, 82, 90, 92, 164
-
pensar
98, 110, 112,
114–116
- perception11,
98–99
, 112, 116,
119–120
- periphrasis8,
28–29
, 38, 42, 48, 51,
61–64
,
82–83
, 91, 133, 136, 150, 157,
162–163
- periphrastic future (PF)27, 29, 35, 128, 156
- periphrastic possessive68, 163
- person and number of the subject97, 106,
119–121
, 157
- plural8, 34,
42–43
, 56,
63–64
, 66, 75,
78–83
,
88–90
,
98–100
,
107–108
,
119–120
, 163
-
poder
49, 98,
112–115
, 117
- population2, 4,
11–13
, 16, 18, 23, 57, 110, 124, 129, 132, 144,
147–148
,
150–153
, 162, 166
- Portuguese6, 28, 31, 57, 59, 62, 122, 165, 167
- possessee66, 69,
77–80
, 89, 157
- possessionxiii, xiv, xv, 1, 7,
9–10
, 13, 17,
21–25
,
61–62
,
64–70
, 72,
74–77
,
79–80
, 83,
86–93
,
123–124
, 127, 129,
133–136
,
138–146
, 151,
155–158
,
160–164
, 166
- possessivexiii, xv, 1,
7–8
, 17,
24–25
,
61–92
, 124,
133–140
, 142,
145–146
,
149–152
,
156–157
,
159–164
, xiv
- possessive adjectivexiv, xv, 7, 21,
61–62
,
64–70
,
72–87
,
89–90
, 92,
134–136
,
138–140
,
145–146
,
149–152
,
156–157
,
161–164
- possessive marker62, 64, 67, 82, 86
- possessive periphrasis8,
61–64
,
82–83
, 91, 133, 136, 150, 157,
162–163
- possessive variant73, 84, 86, 146, 157
- possessor61, 66, 69,
76–77
,
80–81
, 83,
88–90
, 157
- posteriority34, 39,
41–42
, 52, 58
- predicate24,
33–34
, 36,
45–46
- predictorxiv, 27,
36–38
, 42, 44, 46,
48–49
,
54–56
, 70,
72–73
,
75–76
, 78, 80,
83–84
,
87–89
, 98,
102–103
,
105–107
, 110, 113,
118–121
,
124–128
, 132, 134, 136, 139,
141–142
, 149, 151, 155
- presentxiii, xv, 7,
23–24
,
27–29
,
32–35
,
41–43
,
47–48
, 51,
55–56
, 58,
66–67
, 77,
87–88
,
90–91
, 95,
98–100
,
105–106
,
108–110
, 120,
124–125
, 128, 133, 138, 141,
143–144
, 146,
150–151
, 156, 159, 163, 166
- prestige
5–6
, 11, 138, 146
- primingxv, 98,
101–102
,
104–106
,
119–120
, 157
- pro-drop95, 99, 122, 151, 165
- pronominal usage17, 25,
64–65
, 101, 104, 108, 122, 149
- pronominal rate15, 24, 96,
99–101
, 110,
121–122
, 144, 149, 157, 160
- pronounxi, 1, 9, 15, 21,
23–24
,
62–64
, 74, 93,
95–97
, 99,
104–106
,
108–109
, 120,
123–124
, 127,
140–141
,
144–145
, 149, 155, 157, 162,
165–166
- Proyecto para el Estudio Sociolingüístico del Español de España y América (PRESEEA)10
- Puerto Rico
13–14
, 30, 41, 95, 101, 103, 106,
110–111
,
147–148
, 151,
159–161
- Puerto Rican
13–14
, 36, 38,
40–41
, 46, 48,
53–54
,
57–58
,
147–148
, 153,
160–161
- Puerto Rican Spanish14, 38, 40,
147–148
,
160–161
R
- random effects factor118, 121
- rangexv, 37,
39–40
,
43–44
,
46–47
,
49–50
, 55, 69,
71–73
,
75–77
, 79, 81,
83–84
, 89,
103–104
,
106–107
, 109,
111–112
,
114–115
,
129–131
, 133,
135–137
,
139–141
, 143, 148
- recasting39,
91–92
,
162–163
- referencexiii, xv, 24, 29, 31, 41, 59,
95–97
,
101–102
,
104–106
,
119–121
, 157
- referent24, 43, 61, 65,
69–72
, 74,
88–90
, 105, 157
- regression34, 67, 99, 127
- role reversal123, 129,
147–148
, 161
- Romance1, 6,
27–29
, 31, 42, 48, 52, 59,
92–93
, 122, 141, 164
- Romance languages1, 6,
27–29
, 31, 42, 48, 52, 59,
92–93
, 122, 141, 164
S
- San Juan, Puerto Rico30, 95,
110–111
, 148,
159–161
- Santo Domingo13, 101, 142, 148
- Schwegler, A.2, 26, 32, 48, 52, 60,
91–92
, 122,
163–165
- second person singular
8–9
, 17, 62,
81–82
, 91, 98, 100, 107, 163
- semanticxv, 1, 24, 28,
38–42
,
52–54
,
58–59
, 61, 64, 66, 69, 77,
83–90
, 95,
115–116
, 118, 157, 160, 164
- semantic category24, 61, 66, 69, 77,
83–90
,
115–116
, 118, 157
- semantic domain28, 41, 52, 58
-
ser
8, 36,
48–49
, 52,
113–117
- speaker cohort24, 67,
101–102
, 113, 121, 128, 149
- speaker's age
125–126
, 131,
136–137
, 140
- shift5, 12, 18, 28, 39, 42, 46,
52–53
, 78, 129, 146, 153
- Shin, N.26,
95–96
,
101–103
,
106–107
,
109–110
, 113,
118–119
, 122, 124, 131, 142,
147–148
, 150, 159,
165–166
- Silva-Corvalán, C.8,
12–13
, 30,
32–36
,
38–39
, 51, 55,
57–58
, 68, 91, 95, 97, 99, 106, 109, 112, 127, 146, 151,
159–160
,
162–164
- simple present (SP)28, 156
- singular
8–9
, 15, 17, 20, 34,
42–43
, 52, 56,
62–63
, 66, 75,
78–83
,
88–91
,
98–100
,
107–108
,
119–120
, 163
- social conditioning123, 133, 140, 144, 155
- social network21, 141, 145
- socioeconomic status9, 14, 21, 123,
125–126
, 128, 130, 134,
136–137
- sociolinguistic behavior123, 129, 134, 143,
146–147
, 152
- sociolinguisticsxi, 26, 123, 138
- sociolinguistic landscape25, 46, 72, 104,
110–111
, 117, 121, 123, 129,
132–134
, 150, 152, 160
- sociolinguistic environment57, 72, 76, 78, 83, 90, 108, 118, 125, 144, 147,
151–152
- Spain8, 11, 16,
30–31
, 39, 41, 92, 96, 101,
148–149
, 159
- Spanishxi, xiii, xiv, xv,
1–2
,
4–30
,
32–36
,
38–41
,
44–45
,
48–52
, 55,
57–62
,
64–65
, 83,
86–87
,
90–93
,
95–96
,
98–99
, 101, 103,
105–109
, 111, 113, 118,
121–124
, 127,
130–131
,
135–136
, 140,
143–153
,
155–167
- Spanish-speaking worldxiv, 8,
15–16
, 30, 35, 50
- speechxiii, xiv, xv, 1,
5–8
,
10–12
,
14–16
, 18,
22–27
, 31, 54,
57–60
,
64–65
, 75, 90, 93, 96, 100, 103,
112–113
,
118–125
, 127, 129, 136, 138, 142,
145–147
,
150–153
,
155–159
,
161–162
, 165
- speech (verbs)98, 112, 115, 117, 120
- speech community
xiii–xv
, 1, 14, 22, 25, 27, 31, 54,
57–60
, 65, 75, 90, 93, 96, 100, 103,
118–119
,
121–124
, 142,
145–147
,
150–153
,
155–159
, 165
- statistical regression34, 67, 99, 127
- statistical significance37, 44, 46,
69–70
,
73–74
, 77, 80,
98–99
, 102, 116,
130–132
, 134, 138
- statistical weight42, 45, 52, 70, 73,
78–79
,
81–82
,
85–86
, 111,
130–132
, 134,
137–138
, 142, 144
- statistically significant24, 36, 39, 52, 55,
68–69
, 77, 99, 103, 121, 136, 140, 142, 147,
156–157
,
159–160
, 162
- stative (verbs)98,
110–111
, 113, 117,
119–120
-
su
xiv, 24,
66–68
, 70, 76, 82, 90, 133, 163
- subjectxi, xiii, xiv, xv, 1,
8–9
, 11, 15,
21–24
,
33–34
, 36,
42–45
,
48–49
, 53, 55, 61, 63,
65–66
, 68,
72–77
, 83,
88–91
, 93,
95–108
, 116,
118–124
, 127, 140,
144–145
,
155–157
,
162–166
- subject personal pronoun (SPP)95
- subject-related predictors97,
103–104
, 106, 108, 119
- subject pronoun expression (SPE)1, 9, 24, 95, 140, 157
- subjunctive39, 58, 98, 108, 162
- speakerxiv,
22–25
, 27,
32–33
,
36–37
,
41–45
, 49,
52–55
, 57, 59, 61, 65, 67,
70–72
, 76,
83–85
, 89,
99–103
,
105–106
,
108–110
, 113, 117, 119, 121,
125–129
, 131,
133–134
,
136–137
,
139–140
, 142, 145,
148–149
,
156–161
- switch reference24,
95–97
,
101–102
,
104–106
,
119–121
, 157
- synthetic
27–28
, 32, 52, 58, 61, 68,
91–92
, 155, 164
T
- Tagliamonte, S.99, 128, 132
- temporal distance23, 33,
36–37
,
40–42
,
55–56
, 58, 156, 159, xiv
- tendency5, 40, 52, 58, 75,
102–103
,
107–108
, 111, 115, 117, 122,
141–142
, 144, 146, 149, 164
-
tener
34, 49, 98, 110, 112,
114–117
- tense
27–29
, 35, 38,
41–43
, 51, 96,
108–110
, 119, 128, 157
- tense mood and aspect (TMA)39, 96, 98,
101–102
,
108–111
,
118–121
, 157
- third person singular8, 52,
81–82
, 90, 98, 107
- Theory of interdialectal parallelismxiv, 22, 42, 45, 55, 57, 59, 65, 90, 97, 122, 124,
151–152
, 155, 159, 166
- Torres Cacoullos, R.21, 24, 98, 103, 105, 110, 112, 114
- transitive verb34, 46, 56
- Travis, C.xiv,
8–9
, 24,
95–98
, 103, 105,
109–110
,
112–114
- type of statement66,
68–69
, 72
- type of subject24, 61, 72,
74–76
, 83,
88–90
, 104, 157
U
- unbounded future33,
40–41
, 47
- uniformity7, 96, 106, 110, 124
- United States (US)
11–14
,
16–19
,
21–23
,
25–26
,
95–96
,
125–127
, 167
- usagexv, xiii,
7–8
, 17, 25, 27,
29–30
, 36,
63–65
, 82,
95–96
, 101,
104–105
, 108,
118–119
,
121–124
,
131–132
, 134, 138, 142,
144–147
,
149–150
, 155, 157, 160, 162,
165–166
- usexiii, xiv, xv,
8–9
,
14–17
,
20–21
, 23, 27,
29–30
,
35–36
,
38–39
, 41, 43,
51–52
, 55, 59,
61–62
, 64,
67–68
,
75–76
, 78,
80–83
,
85–87
, 90, 96, 103,
107–110
, 113, 122, 124, 127,
131–135
,
138–140
, 145,
147–152
, 156,
159–160
,
162–165
V
- variantxiii, xiv, 7, 25,
30–31
,
34–38
, 41, 45, 50, 55, 65,
67–69
,
73–74
, 78, 80,
82–86
, 123,
126–128
, 131,
133–134
,
137–139
,
146–147
, 150,
156–157
- variationxiii, xiv, xv, 1, 4,
8–11
,
22–27
, 29, 32, 34, 57,
59–61
,
65–67
, 83, 90,
92–93
, 99,
121–123
, 126, 138,
144–146
,
151–153
,
155–156
, 158, 161, 163,
165–167
- variationistxiv, 1,
9–10
,
22–23
, 26, 30, 32, 34, 62, 64, 87, 123,
125–126
, 128, 149, 155
- variationist sociolinguistics123
- variety
4–5
,
8–10
, 14,
16–18
, 20, 64, 86, 96, 101, 107, 152, 159
-
ver
34, 36,
48–54
, 56,
114–117
- verb6,
8–9
, 15, 24, 28, 34, 36,
45–46
,
48–50
,
53–56
, 60,
95–99
,
101–102
, 105,
108–121
, 145,
156–157
, 160, 165
- verb semantics9, 24, 95, 98, 101, 111, 113, 118, 121
- verb transitivity34, 36,
45–46
,
55–56
, 156
- verb type49, 96,
98–99
,
101–102
, 108,
111–114
,
116–120
, 157
- vernacular6, 8, 64, 125, 142, 145
W
- women20, 123,
128–129
,
134–135
,
142–149
, 152, 158, 161
- working class8, 20, 126,
136–138
Y
-
yo
8, 45, 47, 52, 58,
66–67
, 75, 85, 95, 99, 104,
107–108
, 120
Z
- Zentella, A.9,
11–16
, 19,
21–22
, 24, 30, 95,
97–103
,
106–109
, 111, 114, 118, 127, 142, 147, 151, 162