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Part of
Reconstructing Non-Standard Languages: A socially-anchored approach
Lenore A. Grenoble and Jessica Kantarovich
[
IMPACT: Studies in Language, Culture and Society
52] 2022
► pp.
345
–
354
◄
previous
Subject index
A
AAVE
89, 298
accent
52–53, 57, 128, 131, 168–171, 173, 175, 269, 305, 306–307
accented
302
admixture
63
adstratum
152
African American English
119, 252, 298
agreement
16, 30, 83, 94–95, 144–148, 154, 167, 176, 187, 261, 271
akan’e
51, 106, 204
Alaskan Russian
79
Altaic
200, 334, 339
alternation
49, 58, 62, 75, 77, 92, 122
anecdotes
118, 243, 296, 309 ;
see also
jokes
anekdoty
305–306
animator
239, 243–244, 260, 262, 268
Arabic
83–84, 91
archaeologist
214, 319
archive
117, 124, 244
Armenian
109, 227
Arsen’ev
see
Arsenyev
Arsenyev
7, 9, 22–24, 26, 35, 185, 216–218, 221–223, 228, 240, 247, 269–274, 278, 319
Asia
31
assimilation
76, 115, 213, 295–297
attitudes
89, 119–121, 206, 226, 246, 248, 253, 270, 296–297, 313
in Russian Language Empire
41–43, 51, 58, 66
toward Odessan Russian
119–121, 134, 295, 299
toward pidgins
178–179, 197, 226, 228
toward Surzhyk
60–61
audience
8–9, 100, 185, 203, 230, 235–236, 238–244, 247–248, 252–253, 270, 274, 278–279, 311–313
audience design
239–241, 253
authentication
283–284
authenticity
7, 23, 26, 88, 125, 216, 221, 237, 247, 249, 252, 275, 278, 283–284, 286, 288–289, 293–294, 299–301, 304–305, 308, 313–315
B
Babel, Isaac
7, 9, 22, 25, 113, 117, 125–127, 132, 136, 139–143, 147–148, 150–151, 154–157, 160, 163–164, 167, 174, 243, 254, 260–262, 266, 268, 270–271, 288–289, 291, 293, 297, 299–301, 307, 317
Bagritsky, Eduard
244–245, 261–262, 304
balanced bilingualism
69
Belarusian
31, 37, 43–56, 61–66, 73, 83, 92, 178, 327, 329, 340
Belfast
100
belles lettres
174, 246
Bichurin, Nikita Y.
203, 211, 245, 252, 321
Biglow Papers, The
251
bilingualism
37, 63, 66, 69–70, 74–75, 79, 82, 85, 87, 92–93, 96, 137, 155, 160, 261, 163
Birmingham
311
Black Country
311
Black Sea
5, 19, 45–46, 95, 106
Bolshevik
28, 30, 37, 39–42, 108, 115, 120, 187
Bogoras, Waldemar
182–185
borderlands
4, 197, 201
borders
6–7, 20, 28, 30–31, 37, 44–45, 47, 67, 93, 96, 179, 183, 197–200, 202–203, 211–212
borrowing
43, 58–59, 62, 70–72, 74–81, 84, 91–92, 96, 105, 108, 115, 127, 134–137, 160, 167–171, 173–175, 191–192, 210
see also
calques, Yiddish substrate
French borrowings
130, 167, 174, 301–302 ;
see also
French
Italian borrowings
127, 169–170, 291 ;
see also
Italian
lexical borrowing
92, 105, 113–115, 121–122, 127, 134–137, 172, 174–175, 193, 197–199
nonce borrowings
50, 71, 77–80
syntactic borrowing
91–95
borrowing hierarchies
62, 80–81, 84
Brighton Beach
6, 20, 23, 106, 112, 123–124, 126–127, 133, 153, 157–158, 267, 287, 290, 292–295, 305–309
“broken” language
41, 49, 66, 184, 211–212
Belarusian
49, 61–65
Russian
5, 10, 20, 30, 34, 179, 200–202, 211, 221, 271
Ukrainian
49, 56–61
Buryat
184
C
calques
58–59, 133, 158
case
13, 55–56, 59–60, 64, 73, 78, 122–123, 139–141, 144–150, 152–154, 156, 171, 182, 208, 210, 261–262, 265, 271, 276, 289, 303–304 ;
see also
genitive
Catherine the Great (Catherine II)
30, 36, 45, 57, 106
census
35, 40–41, 48, 57, 66, 111, 114, 118
change-in-progress
62
Chicano English
282
Chukchi
35, 88, 182–185
Chukchi Pidgin Russian
183
Church Slavonic
36–38, 73, 98
Chuvash
184
classifier
191, 219, 221, 224
Clonard
100–101
civil script
30, 32, 37
code-mixing
11, 49–50, 63, 72, 74–75, 77–78, 92–96, 132, 137, 155, 157, 182, 218, 242, 257, 285, 301
colonization
31, 33, 35, 89, 179–180
comedians
16, 294–295
comitative
140–141
commentary
94, 117, 119, 161, 163, 167, 171–172, 203, 263–265, 279, 281, 286, 309
concord
252
congruent lexicalization
75, 91–93, 96
conjunctions
127, 136, 154–155, 161, 193, 215, 224, 262, 266, 274, 320
constructed
communities
85–91, 294, 311
dialogue
179, 246–248, 285–286
identity
13
language
127, 279, 294
texts
195, 233, 236–242, 244–248
contact
Belarusian-Russian contact
47–50, 61–66
Chinese-Russian contact
197–223, 227–228, 245, 272–273, 278
Norwegian-Russian contact
179–180, 186–197
Ukrainian Russian contact
47–50, 56–60
contact linguistics
8, 11, 26
Contemporary Standard Russian
28, 38 ;
see also
literary language
continuum
19, 37, 43–46, 49–51, 62, 64, 66–67, 85, 96, 110, 196, 234, 237, 245, 276
conventionalization
3, 49–50, 91, 97
conversational data
22, 237
Copper Island Aleut
97, 181, 183–184
core vocabulary
80–81, 193
corpus
9, 21–23, 98, 165, 249
Early Modern English
237–238, 240–241
Odessan Russian
12, 24, 76, 96, 119–123, 125–128, 244–246, 252, 302
Russenorsk
189–193, 195
Surzhyk
58–61
Trasjanka
64–65
correct language
39, 43, 61, 71, 111, 121, 160, 170, 208, 283
“corrupt” Russian
41, 49, 66
corrupted language
51, 71, 183, 202, 227
Cossacks
40, 180
courtroom data
100, 195, 226, 236, 238, 240, 242–244, 279
court transcripts
195, 236
courtyard
113, 142, 172, 299 ;
see also
depositions
covert prestige
18, 88–89, 296–297
CPR
20–21, 224 ;
see also
Chinese-Russian contact, Kyakhta Pidgin Russian, Sino-Russian Pidgins
creole
22, 86, 92, 251–252
creoles
97, 181–182, 229, 276
Crimea
48, 56–57
Crimean
57
criminal
113, 126, 143, 161–162, 164, 178, 266, 288, 297–298, 301, 303
criminality
281, 298–299
D
David Copperfield
250, 252
declension
123, 144–145, 147–150
delovoj jazyk
37
demographics
40–41, 69, 91, 101, 108–109, 115, 118, 159, 161, 173, 213, 241, 276–277, 279–282, 292, 294
in East Slavic countries
47–48, 57
depositions
236–237, 240
derived possessive
206
derivational morphology
80, 122, 137–139, 142, 191, 227, 288
in borrowing hierarchies.
80
Surzhyk, verbal derivation
60
Ukrainian-Russian blends, in ODR
142
Dersu Uzala
7, 9, 22–24, 26, 185, 216–223, 228, 240, 269–273, 278, 319
dialect literature
247, 252, 336
dialogue
6, 20, 22–23, 101, 126, 137, 151, 153, 155, 163, 165, 170–171, 179, 189, 202, 236–237, 244, 246–248, 252, 254, 258, 260, 270, 273–274, 284–285, 289
diaries
5, 18, 22–23, 41, 100, 124, 164, 179, 236–238, 240, 243, 269–270, 278, 287
diaspora
115, 123, 153, 161, 292–293, 295, 329
Dickens, Charles
250, 252, 258
dictionary data
6, 10, 20, 22, 34, 39, 43, 116, 119–124, 126–128, 130–131, 133, 136–139, 142–143, 147, 153–154, 163, 174, 202–203, 207, 209, 211, 222–223, 244–245, 268, 279, 287–288, 307–308, 312, 320–321 ;
see also
Dolopchev
diglossia
72, 82–91, 96, 101–102, 123
in language shift
85–91
diminutives
129, 139, 208
direct quotation
22, 189, 214, 218–220, 237, 257, 270–271
documentation
3–7, 39, 69–72, 98–100, 118–128, 184–186, 188–190, 202–204, 213–217, 244–246, 250–275, 277–279, 285, 287–288, 312–320
Dolgan
183
doublet
84, 195 ;
see also
lexical doublet
drama
100, 235, 237
dual-source
190
Dutch
92, 193
dysfluency
75, 82, 92–93, 96–97, 129, 137, 148, 151, 175
E
Early Modern English
22, 237
East Africa
90
East Anglian
250
East Slavic
31, 36–37, 43–51, 53–54, 56, 66–67, 73, 96, 110, 132, 294
East Slavic dialect continuum
50–51
education
5, 27–29, 32, 34, 36, 40–42, 47, 58, 61–62, 66–67, 83, 87–88, 101, 108, 112, 124, 134, 146, 156, 160, 163, 167–170, 174–175, 194, 198, 202, 251, 280–281, 297, 318–319
Elmolo
90
émigrés
115, 127–128, 198, 202
empire
5, 17–18, 25–37, 39, 41–43, 45, 57, 61, 66, 86, 89, 105–107, 110, 114–116, 134, 174, 179, 281, 290, 296
endangerment
4, 87
endangered language
10–11, 69, 71, 88, 94, 105, 118, 234
English
9, 16–17, 21–22, 25, 29, 35, 43, 49, 74–79, 86, 89–90, 92, 105, 107, 115–116, 119, 131, 133, 136, 139, 142, 153, 156, 170, 181, 183, 185, 193, 197, 203–204, 211, 227, 236–237, 249, 251–252, 255, 258–259, 266, 269, 282, 295–296, 298, 304, 306, 310–311, 317–319
enregisterment
6, 15–16, 61, 159, 255, 277, 280–281, 305
entrenched changes
49, 74–75, 77, 80, 82, 88, 91, 120, 143, 297
entrenchment
14, 77, 80
equivalence constraint
77–79
ethnicity
12, 16–18, 48, 67, 128, 206, 261, 279, 281–282, 290
ethnicized
17, 278, 298
ethnographers
214, 216, 319
ethnography
4, 9–10, 99, 185–186, 198, 214–216, 223, 245, 319
ethnolect
13–15, 19, 49, 101, 110–111, 159, 161, 227, 267, 276–277, 290, 292
ethnolinguistic repertoire
9, 12–13, 15–16, 289
etymology
192, 209–210
exoticization
185, 315
expeditions
183–185, 214–217, 222, 270
explicit attribution
256, 258, 260, 262–263, 265, 272
explorers
4, 7, 10, 24, 31, 33, 184–185, 213, 228, 234, 251
evidentiality
223–224, 226
Evenki
94–95, 183
eye dialect
132, 249, 251, 254
F
Far East
29, 31, 180, 185, 202, 215–216, 312, 319
fiction
3, 23, 124, 237, 242–243, 246–247, 270, 284–285, 321
fieldwork
20, 23, 39, 57, 112, 123, 127, 157–158, 161, 246, 267, 292, 299, 305
Finnic
73, 156
Finnish
73, 190, 193, 195–196, 227, 320
Finnmark
30, 186–189, 193, 195, 227, 312, 319–321
fishermen
6, 18, 20, 179, 183, 187–189, 194–195, 197, 219, 222, 226, 263
Five, The
113, 126–127, 138, 163, 165–168, 170–178, 268, 301–303, 305, 317
explicit attribution in
The Five
260, 263–265
selective reproduction in
The Five
262, 265
fluency
10, 18, 48, 57, 75, 82, 90, 92–93, 96–97, 129, 137–138, 145–146, 151, 175, 179, 219, 260
fluent dysfluency
75, 82, 92–93, 96–97, 129, 137, 151, 175
For Whom the Bell Tolls
259–260
foreigners
108, 111–112, 137, 178, 212, 260, 278, 288
free-morpheme constraint
77–78
free variation
130, 143
French
16, 19, 28–29, 34–35, 38, 40, 86, 106–109, 111, 114, 116, 130–131, 134, 165, 167–170, 173–175, 178, 257, 282, 301–302
fricatives
51, 53, 59, 106
G
Gaelic
89–90
gangster culture
297–298, 301–303
ghetto
318
gender
32, 35, 39, 94–95, 100–101, 122, 127, 144–148, 174, 182, 205, 210, 213, 225, 271, 303
genitive
59–60, 73, 77, 120–121, 140–141, 143, 146, 149–151, 153–154, 156–157, 206–208, 219, 221, 261–262, 271, 304 ;
see also
case
genitive of possession
156–157
geography
8–9, 14, 18, 32, 39, 42–43, 63, 195, 199, 204, 216, 255, 278
German
25, 35, 81, 107–109, 111, 114, 116, 152, 158–159, 181, 193, 200, 202, 205, 282, 306, 318
Germans
111, 152, 212
Gilyak
214–215
Glagolitic
98
globalization
27–28, 304
Gogol’, Nikolai
295
Govorka
181–182, 184, 229
graždanskij šrift
37
Greek
19, 81, 84, 105–106, 109, 112, 115–116, 170, 173
Greeks
107, 111, 115, 293
H
Haitian
84, 86
handbooks
18, 182, 185–186, 237, 279
Harbin
183, 197–198, 215–216, 227–228
Harder They Come, The
22
Hemingway
259–260, 266
heritage speakers
11, 74
high prestige
5, 10, 20, 27, 89, 196
hip hop
298
historical sociolinguistics
3–4, 6, 18, 97–99, 234–235, 239–240, 315, 323, 334, 339
history and
development of Standard Russian
36–39
documentation
237–239
literacy in Russia
39–43
Odessa
45–47, 287, 291–292, 296
pidgins
187–189, 199–204
social networks
161
Surzhyk and Ukrainian
56–58
Holocaust
293
Huckleberry Finn
170, 252
humor
6, 24, 41, 116, 121, 135, 154, 237, 243, 245, 249, 253, 283, 291, 304–305, 310, 321
hypercorrection
148
I
identity
9, 11–19, 48, 53, 58, 61, 88, 90, 95, 125, 128, 132, 136, 163, 168, 178, 206, 215, 221–222, 238, 248, 255, 257–258, 266, 268–273, 277, 280–282, 295–296, 298–301, 304, 307, 311
identity-construction
281, 311
ideology
13, 17, 33, 38–39, 41, 60, 66, 314
idiolect
8
Ilf, Ilya
117, 126, 262, 288, 291, 297, 300, 304–305, 318
illiteracy
40–42
imagined
179, 237–239, 242, 244, 246, 275, 311
imet’
55, 73, 136, 156–159, 269, 298, 308, 310
immigrants
107, 114, 123, 228, 293–294
immigrant languages
86
immigration
6, 19, 62, 95, 106, 114, 197, 291, 293
imperative
171, 191, 198, 205, 208–209, 215, 218–221, 224–225, 271–272
Imperial Russia
17, 28–29, 31–34, 36–37, 40–41, 56, 202, 243, 319
implicational hierarchies
62
imposition
45, 160
inauthentic
283–284, 312
Inber, Vera
125, 151, 317, 329
index and social identity
9, 12–13, 16, 19, 32, 36, 53, 58, 61, 88, 95, 101, 125, 128, 132–136, 148, 162–163, 178, 206, 214–215, 221, 248, 251, 253, 255–258, 261, 265–269, 271, 277, 282, 290, 301, 303, 315
indexing a linguistic system
51–53, 171
indexical
12–15, 24, 107, 143, 175, 178, 240, 277–282, 284, 298, 300–302, 304, 312–313
indexical field
284, 301
indexicality
15–16, 247–248, 281
and authenticity
275–315 ;
see also
index and social identity
Indian
182
Indianness
12
indicators
and nonce borrowings
80
and indexicality
15, 84, 88, 98, 226, 280
of change
98
see also
markers
indigenous
5–6, 17–18, 23, 31, 199, 213–214, 221–223, 271, 273, 278, 319
indirect quotation
221, 262, 270
indirect speech
218, 236
inflectional morphology
21, 62, 77–80, 84, 123, 139, 144–153, 218, 276, 288
innovation
8, 69, 100, 152, 155, 167, 225
insertion
75–77, 92, 95, 149, 332
intelligentsia
17, 36, 39, 42, 170, 175, 185, 257, 293
intelligibility
44, 54, 56, 166, 222
interference
64, 72–74, 91–93, 95–97, 129, 132, 137, 159, 206, 258, 260
interrogative
152, 262
intonation
63, 105, 122, 128, 234, 236, 266–267, 269, 289
invented language
6, 10, 23, 37, 71, 100, 116, 125, 162, 166, 179, 207, 237–238, 242–244, 246–247, 252, 275, 277–280, 283–285, 289, 313
inventory
50–53, 58, 83, 92, 120, 181–182, 223, 226–227, 242
lexical inventories
84, 226
inverted Spanglish
76
intra-speaker
8, 161
Ioakinf, Reverend
203, 321 ;
see also
Bichurin
isolation
114, 314
Italian
25, 91, 105, 108, 112, 115–116, 127, 169–170, 173, 291
Italians
107, 111, 115
Itelmen
182–183
Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible)
30, 180
J
Jabotinsky, Vladimir
7, 22, 25, 113, 125–128, 131–132, 134–136, 138, 141–142, 147–152, 163–169, 171–172, 174, 177–178, 254–255, 260, 262–266, 268, 270, 288–289, 291, 300–303, 317
Japanese
75, 183, 216, 227
jargon
63, 185, 197, 199, 268
Jesup Expedition
185
Jewish intellectuals
7, 112, 168
Jewishness
12, 281–282, 298, 306
Jews
6, 9, 13–14, 17–18, 101, 107–116, 124, 128, 134–135, 161–164, 167–168, 170–173, 175–178, 226, 267, 280, 283, 288–293, 295–300, 302, 304, 318
Jochelson, Vladimir
185
jokes
16, 24, 118, 131–132, 243, 255, 268, 282, 303–311
journalism
112, 164, 245, 321
journalist
243, 317, 320–321
journals
85, 186, 216–218, 228, 237, 243, 245, 247, 257, 269–270, 319
K
Kamchadal
182–183
Kamchatka
182–184
Karamzin, Nikolai
38
Karmen, Lazar’
125, 138, 151, 317
Kartsev, Roman
294, 309–311
Kataev, Valentin
125–126, 137, 142, 318
Ket
76, 338
Khabarovsk
212, 214, 216
Kievan Rus’
30, 40
Kola Peninsula
76, 179, 186, 188, 320
kolorit
16, 135, 266, 291–295, 297, 299–303, 305, 308, 310, 312
Korean
74, 199, 202, 217, 222–223, 227–228
Koryak
182–183
Kven
193, 227
Kurosawa, Akira
7, 185, 216
Kyakhta
20, 30, 218–219, 224–225, 244–245, 252
Kyakhta Pidgin Russian
20, 180–181, 185–186, 198–212, 227–229, 245, 320–321 ;
see also
Chinese-Russian contact, Sino-Russian Pidgins
L
language dialect continuum
43, 110
language empire
17–18, 26–35, 39, 41–43, 45, 66, 86, 89, 179, 290
language policy
32, 89
Latino
9, 334
layered simultaneity
8
legend
294, 296, 299
Letter from Kyakhta
184, 203, 245, 252, 321
letters
5, 18, 30, 38, 41, 51, 85, 98, 100, 124, 179, 237–240, 242–245, 278, 287, 304, 321
letter writing
236–240
lexical
17, 19, 22, 49, 54, 58–64, 66, 70–71, 75–76, 78, 80, 84–85, 119–122, 150, 170, 182, 192–194, 209–210, 214, 223–224, 226–228, 249, 259–260, 266, 271, 288–289, 295, 300–301, 307, 310, 313
lexical doublets
84, 193, 195, 320 ;
see also
borrowing, lexical
lexicon
3–4, 27, 37, 39, 54, 58–60, 62–63, 76, 94, 96, 121, 134, 153, 155, 174, 178, 190–191, 193–196, 199, 214, 220, 223, 226, 228, 253–255, 261, 263, 266, 303
L-form
136, 144
Likbez
42
Likvidacija
xi, 24, 42, 162–163
linguistic isolation
314
literacy
27, 32–34, 39–42, 86, 114, 227, 239, 287
literary dialect
26, 59–61, 136, 165–166, 168, 170–171, 175–176, 180, 237–238, 244, 247–256, 258, 260, 269–270, 274, 285–286
literary language
5, 17, 27–28, 34, 36–38, 42–43, 71, 96, 100, 119, 283, 300 ;
see also
standard language
literature
10, 14, 37, 71–72, 76, 83, 85–86, 88, 93, 100, 112, 116–119, 123, 142–143, 151, 154–155, 161–162, 165, 236–237, 246–249, 252, 256–257, 266, 269–270, 276, 290, 312–313
literature as documentation
123
Lithuania
31, 37, 47
Lomonosov
30, 37–38, 235
low prestige
7, 10, 49, 57, 85, 89–91, 105, 153, 161
lower class
66, 110, 129, 164, 167, 169, 175–178, 281, 297–298, 302
loyalty
90
M
Maimachen
197–199, 201 ;
see also
Kyakhta
Manchu
202, 214, 227
Mandarin
6, 20, 180, 198, 209, 273
marker
15, 36, 50, 53, 144, 150, 163, 168, 178, 188, 191–194, 209–210, 223–226, 267, 281–282, 305, 307
markers
15–18, 60, 62, 151–152, 226, 277, 281
Media Lengua
97
merchant
18, 168, 191, 196, 200, 203, 252
merchants
7, 14, 18, 20, 33, 40, 95, 105, 107, 109, 113, 115, 175, 185–186, 188, 190–191, 194–196, 199–200, 202–203, 211–212, 226–228, 245, 278
meta-commentary
94, 263–265
metalinguistic
76, 161, 163, 167, 173, 286, 300, 309, 315
metapragmatic
118, 300
metathesis
132
metatypy
97
Michif
97, 181
micro-level
8, 13
micro-variation
8
Middle Ages
106, 108
middle class
114–115, 163–164, 167, 170–172, 174–175, 177–178
migrants
75, 107
migration
89, 109, 197, 329
mistakes
6, 10, 34, 43, 111, 120, 124, 145, 200, 211, 228, 233, 247, 259, 261, 271, 287, 320
mixed lects
49–51, 62–65, 71, 78, 92, 96–97, 181–184, 197, 218, 220, 222, 270, 312
mixes
48, 50, 59, 94, 116, 221 ;
see also
Surzhyk, Trasjanka
mobility
41, 84, 113, 281, 330
modal
157–158, 218, 224, 271
modality
136
modes
14, 157, 218, 222, 247–249, 255–260, 263, 270, 274, 309
moja
180, 192–193, 205, 215, 218–219, 224–225, 271, 307, 317
Moldavanka
110, 112–113, 116, 164, 173, 176, 280, 288, 297, 299
Mongolian
200–201, 203, 209, 211, 227
Mongolic
180, 184, 199
monolingual
8, 62, 94, 258, 269, 314
morphology
21, 30, 37, 54–55, 59–60, 63, 76–80, 84, 94, 122, 127, 129, 137–139, 144–145, 149, 152, 155, 167, 170–171, 175–176, 189, 191–192, 196, 206, 218, 253–255, 260
morphosyntax
3, 98, 105, 122–124, 153, 169, 172–173, 175–178, 263, 285
multiethnic identity
5, 45, 292
multilingualism
5, 8, 11–13, 19, 26, 45, 69–70, 72, 74–75, 77–78, 82, 87, 91, 95, 102, 107, 111–112, 115, 165, 172, 258, 275–276, 280, 292, 314
multiple causation
72–73
mundaneness
314
Murmansk
186
N
Nanai
7, 183, 185, 198–199, 202, 212–213, 215–219, 222–223, 228, 271
narrative
94, 117, 170–171, 228, 236–238, 247–248, 258, 264, 270, 272
native identity
221–222
native speakers
53–54, 74, 96, 125–128, 143, 246, 253, 271, 300–301, 314
negation
173, 193, 215, 224, 298
networks
12, 14, 72, 100–101, 161, 163–164, 167, 175–178, 227–228, 242, 246, 248, 276, 279–280, 288
new speakers
11, 91
newspapers
18, 100, 112, 124, 163–164, 195, 203, 243, 245, 287, 290
New World
31
New York
9, 34, 106, 123–124, 185, 266, 293, 295, 298, 318
Nganasan
180, 183
Nivkh
214
nobility
32, 38, 40–41, 113
non-Jews
9, 14, 108, 110, 114–116, 128, 164, 167–168, 170, 172–173, 175–176, 297–298, 304
nonce borrowings
71, 77–80, 127
Nordqvist, Oscar
184
norm
8, 13, 16, 28, 33–39, 41–43, 71, 121, 207, 215, 219, 234, 248, 251, 312
normativity
30, 37, 61, 120–121, 219
Norway
6, 30, 179, 186–188, 190, 312, 325
Norwegian
6, 18–20, 31, 179–180, 183, 186–197, 225–227, 229, 320
nostalgia
290, 325
nostalgic
290, 299–300
noun marker
224
nth
-order indexicality
15, 281
Novgorod Birchbark documents
18
Novorossiya
106–107, 319
null argument
154
null ending
149
O
observer’s paradox
314
Odessan Educational District
287
Odessan Stories
9, 117, 126, 156, 268, 297, 317
Odessanness
301, 306, 308–310
Odesskie Rasskazy
126, 164, 297, 317 ;
see also
Odessan Stories
okan’e
194
Old Church Slavonic
36, 38, 47, 73, 98
-
om
188, 191–192, 194, 207, 224–225
opera
112, 170, 174, 178
orders of indexicality
280, 282
Oroch
212–215, 222–223, 319
Orochen
198
Orthodox church
29
orthographic representation
54, 66, 176, 215, 251, 254, 260
code-mixing
132
conventions
51
reforms
5, 30, 32–33, 37, 120
orthography
5, 33, 37, 52, 120, 132, 204–205, 211
Belarusian
52, 54
literary dialect
132, 176, 249, 251, 254
Othering
278
P
palatalization
51–53, 63, 130–131, 205
palatalized
52–53, 55, 59, 131
paradigm
139, 145–146
paradigmatic gap
208
participants
151, 236, 238, 240–241, 243–244
participant framework
239, 242–243
Paustovsky, Konstantin
126, 288
peasants
18, 40, 61, 106, 281, 290–291, 334
performance
11, 235, 248, 311–312, 318
persona
169, 311
invented
246
Odessan
16, 178, 277, 297–298, 302
Peresyp’
110, 166, 167, 173, 176, 280, 297
Peter I (Peter the Great)
5, 30, 32–34, 37
Petrov
117, 126, 318
phonology
3, 51, 54, 59, 75–76, 78, 83, 94, 96, 105, 122, 128–131, 145, 155, 169, 171, 173, 176, 196, 204, 253–255, 289, 300
phraseology
133–136, 168, 170, 174–175, 196, 199, 261, 266, 269, 303, 308, 310
pidgins
6–7, 20–21, 30, 33, 35–36, 97, 179–230, 240, 244–245, 252, 254, 260, 269–273, 275–278, 312
pitch
128
Pittsburgh
300
Pittsburghese
300, 304
Pjatero
126, 317 ;
see also
Five, The
pluralia tantum
191, 224
pluricentric
28
pogroms
115, 124, 164, 291, 293
Polish
19, 25, 37, 43–45, 47, 74, 105, 108–109, 116, 127, 158–160, 227
polylingualism
256
Pomor
188, 191, 194
populations
56–57, 90, 107–111, 279, 282, 291–294
East Slavic
45–48, 57
multiethnic
5–6, 19–20, 110–111, 114–115, 292
ports
14, 45, 49, 95, 105–107, 110, 134, 169, 173, 175, 178, 183, 188, 229, 290, 312, 317
portrayal
168, 228, 246, 250, 252, 278–279, 312
Portuguese
93, 96–97
possessive construction
151–152, 157–158, 192–193, 205–206, 269
possessive pronouns
152, 168, 173, 180, 193, 198, 205, 210–211, 214, 218, 220–221, 225, 271
post-Soviet
39, 43, 48, 58, 106, 202
pre-war
291–292, 301
prepositions
55–56, 59–60, 63, 73, 139–144, 156, 163, 166, 189, 192–193, 206, 208, 215, 224, 265, 289, 303, 306, 308, 310
prescriptive
7, 16, 42–43, 61, 233–234
press
32, 53, 61, 113, 318
prestige
5, 7–8, 10–11, 18–20, 26–27, 32–33, 35, 43, 49–50, 57, 62, 66, 69, 71, 75, 82–85, 87–91, 93, 105, 114, 134, 153, 161, 174, 178, 180, 196–197, 229–230, 260, 277, 296–298
primary documentation
117, 121, 184, 246
primary sources
5, 10, 19, 100, 121, 190, 229, 254, 278–281, 287, 305
principal
239, 243–244, 247, 268
production
13, 51–52, 216, 236, 238–240, 244, 277
proficiency
11, 24, 40, 71, 75, 79, 84, 90, 95, 124, 196, 227, 276, 279, 301
pronouns
50, 53, 55, 60, 62, 80, 122, 131–132, 150–152, 154, 159, 168, 171, 173, 180, 182, 193, 198, 204–205, 210–211, 214–215, 218–221, 224–225, 271, 300, 307 ;
see also
possessive pronouns
prostorečie
34
purism
33
Pushkin
38, 117, 219
Q
quantitative analysis
22, 176, 252
quotation
22, 169, 189, 214, 218–221, 237, 245, 257, 262, 270–271
Qvistag, Just Knud
189–190, 195, 320
R
reality
37, 67, 112–113, 237–239, 242–243, 276, 278, 281, 283, 297, 300, 304, 314
reanalysis
73, 145–147, 149–150
recalled
179, 237–238, 241, 244, 246, 269
reconstructed language
3–4, 16, 21, 70, 101, 123, 153, 175, 186, 195, 235, 237, 242, 244–245, 255, 275, 283, 288, 301, 306, 308, 310
reconstructing variation
8–9, 21–22, 98, 276
reconstruction
3–4, 6–7, 9–12, 16, 18–21, 23–24, 26, 69–72, 74, 81–82, 84–85, 95, 97–100, 102–103, 105, 117–118, 121–122, 126, 128, 137, 143, 161, 163–165, 167, 171, 175, 180, 188–190, 205, 229, 231, 233–236, 242–245, 248, 252, 255–256, 269, 274–290, 299–300, 312
recorded language
4, 22, 24, 98, 124, 182, 188–189, 210, 227, 237–238, 241–242, 246, 250, 278
reforms
5, 7, 30, 32–33, 37, 42, 120
regional variation
278
regiolect
15
register
8–9, 19, 82, 91, 96, 100–102, 174, 226, 233–234, 239, 242, 269, 278, 302
register variation
82, 100, 233, 242
regressive literacy
40
regulation
7, 32, 39
relevance particle
209–210
relexification
194, 260
rememberers
12, 20, 153, 195, 256, 287, 293, 309, 314
repertoire
9, 12–16, 26, 56, 72, 196, 276–277, 283–284, 289, 292, 302–303, 308, 310, 312
represented language
85, 195, 205
representation
24–26, 61, 71, 155, 228, 231, 277–278, 281, 283–286, 288–289, 308, 311–313
of Odessan stereotype
161–178
of pidgin speaker
179, 218–228, 277
written documentation
233–274
reproduction
256–262, 265–266, 270–271
Republic of Sakha
180
revolution
28, 39–42, 108, 115, 187–188, 281, 293
rhoticization
273
Richelieu Lycee
116
Rudjak, Il’ja
155
Rudyak, Il’ya
318
Russenorsk
6, 18, 20, 30, 32, 179–180, 183–198, 218, 224–227, 229, 240, 254, 277, 319–321
Russian Language Empire
17–18, 26–35, 39, 41–43, 45, 66, 86, 89, 179, 290
Russification
32–34, 62
S
Saami
190–191, 193–194, 196, 227
Sakha
180
Sakhalin
214
salient features
12, 15, 51–54, 59, 63, 73, 76, 105, 120, 136, 139, 162–163, 166, 168, 173, 175, 191–193, 196, 223, 281, 286, 293–295, 297, 300–301, 303, 307, 310
identities
7, 110, 248, 304
school
39–40, 56, 76, 111, 164, 168–169, 175, 200, 214, 298, 318–319
schools
47, 107, 111, 114, 168, 198, 200, 298
scribe
239–240, 242, 244, 253
script
30, 32, 37, 98
selective reproduction
256–262, 265–266, 270–271
semi-speakers
10–11
serfs
106
setting
3, 8, 9, 11, 13, 21, 64–65, 73–75, 78, 83, 87–88, 91, 101, 105–106, 125, 153, 165, 167, 227, 229, 234–235, 248, 257, 268, 275–279, 283, 286, 288, 297, 303, 305, 309–312, 314 ;
see also
social settings
shibboleth
173, 296
shift
10, 19, 47, 63, 65, 69, 78–79, 82, 85–91, 118, 121–122, 128–130, 145–146, 148, 181, 183, 198, 248, 296, 314
shm
-reduplication
133–134, 295
shtetl
266, 292, 299, 318
Siberia
29, 31, 35, 76, 180–181, 184–185, 212
Siberian
6, 17–18, 31, 88, 180–183, 197, 199–200, 203, 212, 219, 228, 271
Sikhote-Alin
216, 272, 319
single-source
190
Sino-Russian Pidgins
6–7, 183–184, 197–202, 212, 216, 218, 223, 225, 227–228 ;
see also
Chinese-Russian contact, Kyakhta Pidgin Russian
Slavin, Lev
154, 262, 288
šm-
see
shm-reduplication
šo
131–132, 173, 254–255, 262, 306, 310
social context
12, 26, 93, 255, 278, 285, 289
social class
35–36, 40–41, 43, 281, 303
socioeconomic class
88–89, 110
social dimensions
211, 222, 226
social mobility
41, 84, 113
social networks
12, 14, 72, 100–101, 161, 163–164, 167, 175–178, 228, 242, 246, 248, 276, 279, 288
social settings
3, 11, 64, 73–74, 83, 165, 227, 248, 278–279, 314
social status
8, 19, 110, 196, 226, 229, 251, 277
sociolect
9, 19, 110
sociolinguistic reconstruction
4, 10, 12, 26, 100, 180, 229, 233, 235, 248, 275–277, 278–280, 286, 290, 300, 312
sociolinguistic variation
8, 13, 16, 18–19, 24, 26, 70, 82, 98–99, 161, 235, 246, 249, 256, 276, 278, 290
Somerset Maugham
259, 266
songs
38, 100, 117–118, 140, 154–155, 171–172, 242–243, 317–318
sound changes
25, 53, 55, 100, 255
Southern African American English
252
Southern American English
89, 249, 252
Soviet period
5, 28, 32, 34–35, 38–43, 45, 47–48, 61, 67, 110, 180, 202, 291, 293
Soviet Union
5–6, 17, 25, 28, 30, 32, 36, 39–40, 48, 57, 62, 65, 106, 123, 197, 243, 291, 293
Spanish
49, 75–76, 93, 96–97, 259, 266, 331
Spanglish
49, 76
speaker demographics
63, 108–109
speech event
236–242, 284–285
spelling
25, 27, 54, 59, 120, 122, 204, 249–251, 254, 286
spoken language
3, 10, 16, 36, 38, 61, 63, 76, 79, 98, 100, 120, 233–235, 245, 248, 253, 256, 285
Sranan
92
standard language
13, 23, 26, 70–71, 83–91, 101–102, 248, 250–251
Standard Russian
5, 7, 16–18, 22–23, 28, 33, 32–39, 42–43, 49, 51–53, 62, 66, 96, 108, 110–111 ;
see also
literary language
standardization
7, 22, 30, 86, 91, 98
stereotype
6–7, 13, 15–19, 53, 90, 105–106, 110, 112–113, 116–117, 125, 134, 162–163, 165, 178–179, 214–215, 217, 228, 233, 248, 261–262, 268, 270–271, 278, 282–284, 287, 289–293, 296, 298–305, 307–308, 310–313
stereotypical
21, 24, 26, 118, 163, 173, 179, 219
stereotyping, linguistic
206
stratification
32, 34, 82, 161, 281–282, 291, 296
stress
51–52, 120, 122, 127–130, 153, 169–170, 204, 207, 225, 277, 289, 320
style
13, 22, 37–39, 135, 147, 157, 162, 166, 233–235, 248, 252, 267, 269–270, 277, 281, 289–291, 301, 303, 305
style-shifting
13, 22, 162, 248, 281, 290
stylistic variation
9, 15
substrate
14, 19–20, 45, 49, 73, 96, 105, 108, 111–112, 136, 152, 155, 159–161, 173–174, 193–194, 198–200, 212, 223, 229, 269, 295
Surzhyk
48–51, 54, 56–63, 66, 71, 83, 171–172
T
Taiap
89
Taimyr
180–184, 229
Taimyr Russian Pidgin
180–181, 183–184, 229
taki
267–268, 306–307, 310, 321, 337
Tamil
77–80
Tan-Bogoraz, Vladimir
185
see also
Bogoras
Tatar
109
Taz
23
temporal distance
238–239, 241–242, 244, 269
tense
55, 60, 94, 122, 144, 172, 188, 208–210, 215, 219, 224, 226, 264, 302
tense/aspect
224, 226
tension, ethnic
114, 291
identity
88
text types
26, 98, 234–246, 249, 274
theater
115–116, 142, 174, 178, 296, 321
Thelwell
22, 252
Tok Pisin
89
Tolstoy, Lev
257
trade
6–7, 20, 30–33, 70, 92, 95, 105–107, 112, 115, 179–180, 182, 185–188, 190–191, 194–199, 201–202, 208, 211–212, 226–229, 277, 297
traders
6–7, 18, 20, 31, 105, 107, 179, 187, 194, 226
transcription
25, 50, 52, 54, 189, 203, 205–206, 218, 241, 250–251, 258, 322
transcripts
22, 123, 179, 195, 234, 236–238, 243–244, 247, 279 ;
see also
court transcripts
translanguaging
11, 49, 56, 66, 70, 75–76, 92
translational interference
258
translingual
329
translingualism
257
transliteration
25, 54, 59, 254, 322
Trasjanka
49–51, 54, 56, 61–63, 65–66, 71, 83
travelogues
20, 179, 185, 189, 195, 200–203, 216, 222, 245, 269–270, 319
Treaty of Kyakhta
30, 199, 201
Treaty of Pereyaslav
30, 57
trials
237–238, 241 ;
see also
court transcripts
Troms
186
Tromsø
186, 188, 325
Tsar
5, 30, 32–33, 185, 303
Tsarist Russia
5, 28, 40, 120, 198
Tungusic
6, 20, 94, 180, 184, 198–199, 212–219, 222–223, 227–228
Turkish
19, 105, 108, 116, 294–295
tvoja
180, 192–193, 205, 214–215, 218, 224–225
Twain, Mark
170, 249, 252–253
U
Udihe
6, 19, 23, 35, 184, 199, 202, 212–213, 216–217, 219, 222–223, 228, 272–273
Ukrainian
6, 14, 17, 19, 25, 30–31, 37, 43–61, 66, 73–74, 92, 95–96, 105–106, 108–109, 112, 114, 116, 121, 125, 127, 129, 131–132, 134–135, 137–139, 141–142, 150–152, 155, 158–159, 164, 169, 171–176, 178, 262, 264, 267, 276, 289, 291–292, 294–295, 298, 302
Ulcha
214
Unified State Exam
39
users
7, 179, 221, 244, 317
Ussuri Pidgin Russian
6–7, 18, 20, 22, 183–185, 197–199, 212–228, 240, 249, 260, 269–270 273, 319
Ussuri Region
35, 183, 199, 212–216, 222, 319
Utësov, Leonid
125, 153, 318
V
validity
23–24, 125–126, 128, 235–239, 241–251, 282–290, 300, 313–315
see also
authenticity
of documentation
123–128, 188–190, 202–204, 216–217
in literature
244–253
valorization
283, 296–297, 304
Vadsø
186, 188–189, 321
Vardø
186, 188–189, 321
variation
3–4, 6–11, 13, 15–16, 18–19, 21–24, 42–43, 49, 58, 64, 70–72, 82, 87, 91, 97–102, 105, 108, 111, 113, 118, 121, 126–128, 130, 139, 143, 161–162, 175–176, 190, 196, 204, 218, 221, 233–236, 239–240, 242, 246, 248–249, 253, 256, 275–280, 282, 284, 289–290, 312, 314–315 ;
see also
borrowing
Vega
183–184
Vega Expedition
183
Vega Pidgin
184
verbal transposition
157, 244, 256, 258–261, 266, 268–269, 289
vernacular
18, 34, 38, 42, 89, 252, 283, 286
Vladivostok
199, 203–204, 214
voluntarism, linguistic
39
vowel reduction
51–52, 106
W
War and Peace
257
West Midlands
311
witness accounts
237, 252
witness depositions
236–237
World War II
5, 6, 19–20, 25, 57, 115, 123–124, 162, 284, 287, 291, 293, 309
writing
17–18, 22–23, 25, 28, 33, 36, 38, 40, 55, 76, 89, 98, 100, 111, 113, 116–117, 121, 124, 157, 161, 200, 204–205, 212, 227, 233–274, 286, 292–293, 307, 318
written language
10, 47, 76, 85–86, 99–100, 234–235, 241, 245
Y
Yakutia
180
Yakutsk
185
Yiddish
5, 14, 18–19, 25, 61, 73, 95–96, 100, 105, 108–109, 111–112, 114, 124, 133–137, 152, 155–161, 163–164, 167–169, 173–175, 242, 260, 266–267, 269, 289, 292, 295–296, 302, 306
Yiddish substrate, linguistic effects
133–137, 155–160
Yiddish substrate, social factors
105–114
YIVO
124, 336, 340
yod-dropping
250, 286
Yushkevich, Semyon
117, 125, 156–157, 244, 260, 266–270, 289, 318
Z
za
56, 139–142, 144, 146, 163, 166, 168–169, 173, 207, 262–263, 267–268, 306, 308