219-7677
10
7500817
John Benjamins Publishing Company
Marketing Department / Karin Plijnaar, Pieter Lamers
onix@benjamins.nl
201705011129
ONIX title feed
eng
01
EUR
844015780
03
01
01
JB
John Benjamins Publishing Company
01
JB code
IVITRA 13 Eb
15
9789027266637
06
10.1075/ivitra.13
13
2016034086
DG
002
02
01
IVITRA
02
2211-5412
IVITRA Research in Linguistics and Literature
13
01
Constructing Languages
Norms, myths and emotions
01
ivitra.13
01
https://benjamins.com
02
https://benjamins.com/catalog/ivitra.13
1
B01
Francesc Feliu
Feliu, Francesc
Francesc
Feliu
University of Girona, ISIC-IVITRA
2
B01
Josep M. Nadal
Nadal, Josep M.
Josep M.
Nadal
Institut d'Estudis Catalans, University of Girona, ISIC-IVITRA
01
eng
424
vii
416
LAN009000
v.2006
CFF
2
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.HL
Historical linguistics
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.HOL
History of linguistics
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.LAPO
Language policy
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.SOCIO
Sociolinguistics and Dialectology
06
01
As language historians we believe that the subject of our study is neither natural languages nor idiolects which speakers have always been able to develop individually (loosely what Chomsky calls L-i), but rather the social constructions of reference shared by all speakers (basically what Chomsky terms as L-e ). In this context the language historian essentially studies how a public L-e is built such that it can be understood as the language of all (i.e. hiding L-i variations) and also how L-e succeed in replacing the primary reality of idiolects, even if only in the imagination.<br /> Writing represents a crucial turning point in language construction, because it made it possible to materialize the abstraction that, until then, related speakers could only guess and besides it comes into competition with individual languages.<br />In modern centuries, the provision of grammars, dictionaries and other such learning tools and systematizing instruments strengthens the idea that, because of their normative character, languages can be learned through study. Mythical stories encourage the achievement of prescriptive rules and lead speakers to link emotions to their language. Therefore, the topics of reflection that we want to discuss in this volume are: Norms, Myths and Emotions related to language construction.
05
Most authors of this book are very well-known specialists, who provide renewed knowledge about the history of European languages. [...] Very little work could be found in the same vein, and there is no doubt that the book will impulse new dimensions in the study of languages.
Jean-Michel Eloy, Université de Picardie - Jules Verne
05
La « construction des langues » justement, est un sujet audacieux qui va audelà des définitions habituelles de la langue [...] Cet ouvrage s’attaque aux émotions, aux mythes et aux normes qui participent à la reconnaissance des langues et à la définition de ce qu’est réellement une langue pour les spécialistes comme pour tous les usagers.
Anne-Marie Chabrolle-Cerretini, ATILF-CNRS - Université de Lorraine
04
09
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10
01
JB code
ivitra.13.01fel
1
6
6
Article
1
01
Languages as a construction
An enlightening perspective
1
A01
Francesc Feliu
Feliu, Francesc
Francesc
Feliu
Universitat de Girona
2
A01
Josep M. Nadal
Nadal, Josep M.
Josep M.
Nadal
Universitat de Girona
10
01
JB code
ivitra.13.s1
Section header
2
01
I. Rules to linguistic delimitation
10
01
JB code
ivitra.13.02alv
9
22
14
Article
3
01
El idioma, construcción social e ideológica de la lengua / Language, social and ideological construction of the tongue
1
A01
Alfredo Álvarez
Álvarez, Alfredo
Alfredo
Álvarez
Universidad de Oviedo
01
It is useful to preserve the dichotomy between Spanish terms lengua and idioma as this will enable us to understand some of the old controversial arguments such as the existence of an Argentinian idioma, the perception of historic languages like Asturiano or Aragonés as being vulgar dialects, or the acknowledgement of an idioma valenciano which is different from the idioma catalán. While the term lengua refers to a linguistic system, the term idioma works as a positive image for the representation of one particular community. This is an intuitive image, which does not have much in common with a linguistic analysis, but rather is deeply rooted in ideological and affective reasons. Therefore, the idioma is built around a form of “folk” thinking, in which the linguists participate as well.
10
01
JB code
ivitra.13.03bru
23
38
16
Article
4
01
Tra imperi e leggerezza: l’italiano lingua illustre? / Among empires and lightness: Italian, illustrious language?
1
A01
Francesco Bruni
Bruni, Francesco
Francesco
Bruni
Università Ca' Foscari Venezia
01
Intellectual achievements, which were barely conceivable until very recently, are now possible in our contemporary global society. However, the world of Internet and its digital inhabitants raise new issues in several fields. In this paper, I will focus on the role written language plays on the social and educational stage dominated by cell phones, computers, and other electronic devices. This new human framework, strongly ego-centered and deictic (i.e. the emphasis is on I-here-now) poses questions related to the role of reading, writing, and thinking.
Proposing a new approach to European humanistic tradition should be, in my opinion, the main target at this time in schools and universities. So far, the bulk of linguistic research has been devoted to oral communication as the foremost or unique subject worth studying. Writing competence and more generally the “superior” functions of human language (written communication, fluency in projecting and writing professional texts, adequate comprehension of written texts and, last but not least, so-called critical thinking), deserve greater attention from linguistic research as well as a new approach to teaching at all levels of instruction.
For many years, the Girona School has devoted special attention to language in a cultural dimension. The historical development of Catalan or Italian is, needless to say, different. Furthermore, in Italian culture literary and, more precisely, intellectual language played a fundamental role in literature, politics, court life in early modern society, artistic and musical terms, and so on. However, as we are now in a global deictic society, poor in meanings and ideas (what would involve a ruthless dictatorship), conveying meanings and the values of humanistic culture is a major task for education.
10
01
JB code
ivitra.13.04mil
39
55
17
Article
5
01
The Spanish Quarter of Naples
The
Spanish Quarter of Naples
The dynamics of language innovation and persistence between linguistic uses and metalinguistic reflections
1
A01
Emma Milano
Milano, Emma
Emma
Milano
University of Naples Federico II
01
This study focuses on the dynamics of linguistic conservation and innovation in the historic center of Naples, the Spanish Quarter. In the Spanish Quarter – historically marked by social marginalization and a notable use of dialect – the constant socio-environmental conditions have favored the preservation of habits of life and language. Constructed in the Sixteenth century to house Spanish soldiers, the Spanish Quarter has always been characterized for its layout – a grid of narrow streets that elicits its original intended defensibility and impenetrability. This aspect has greatly influenced the history of a colorful and “notorious” neighborhood, and may have played a role in contributing to the persistence of today’s cultural and language uses. An analysis of two linguistic phenomena in a corpus of speech produced by a sample of artisans shows that although Italian has gained a relevant space, it lives alongside a strongly diatopically and diastratically marked dialect, which serves as a territorial identification marker.
10
01
JB code
ivitra.13.05dag
57
81
25
Article
6
01
Le lingue, ponti o frontiere? Appunti sulla Sicilia linguistica / Languages, bridges or borders? Notes on linguistics Sicily
Le
lingue, ponti o frontiere? Appunti sulla Sicilia linguistica / Languages, bridges or borders? Notes on linguistics Sicily
1
A01
Mari D’Agostino
D’Agostino, Mari
Mari
D’Agostino
Università di Palermo
01
The Sicilian language has always been a field of great interest not only because of its contact with other languages, but also because of ideological models and language policies. This paper examines some moments of its thousand-year history in which the intermingling of peoples, languages and cultures has been acted out in very different ways, both in terms of actual behaviour and in terms of perceptions and linguistic representations. After outlining some recent studies of great interest, chiefly because of the approaches and methodologies used, the paper analyses the changes in the repertoire of the inhabitants of Sicily in recent decades.
In particular, we examine the practices of the very recent use of dialect in the written communication of youth, in politics and in advertising, and the unmistakeable opening up to the multilingualism of immigrants arriving from around the globe. Indeed, they are the ones changing the face of Sicilian cities, perhaps rebinding those historical links of connections and fusion, contacts and overlaps between people and languages.
10
01
JB code
ivitra.13.06fer
83
98
16
Article
7
01
La construcció de la norma cancelleresca catalana / The construction of standard chancellery Catalan
La
construcció de la norma cancelleresca catalana / The construction of standard chancellery Catalan
1
A01
Antoni Ferrando
Ferrando, Antoni
Antoni
Ferrando
Universitat de València
01
We lack studies about the formation and evolution of the Catalan language used in the Royal Chancellery of the Crown of Aragon. The publication of the Col·lecció de documents de la Cancelleria de la Corona d’Aragó (1291–1420) (2013), edited by Mateu Rodrigo, with more than a thousand documents carefully transcribed and chronologically representative can rectify this deficit and review some preconceptions about the nature of chancery model, such as a supposed graphical and grammatical uniformity and a specific linguistic basis in Barcelona. The corrections made on the documents themselves reveal the existence of a pattern language, though they are not always applied consistently and become more flexible in the lexical field as officials and more information from around the Crown of Aragon reach the Chancellery. The language corrections are mainly focused on the application of the formalities and syntactic structures based on Latin.
10
01
JB code
ivitra.13.07ayr
99
129
31
Article
8
01
Codification and prescription in linguistic standardisation
Myths and models
1
A01
Wendy Ayres-Bennett
Ayres-Bennett, Wendy
Wendy
Ayres-Bennett
University of Cambridge
01
This paper aims to contribute to the field of “comparative standardology”, arguing that it is only through the adoption of a comparative perspective that certain myths about the process of standardisation can be dispelled. In particular, I will consider what light recent work on English and German sheds on the case of French, typically portrayed as the European language which has been most subjected to prescriptive influences. Focussing on the interrelation between description, codification, prescription and purist activity, I will start by considering how the dominant models of standardisation (Haugen, Milroy & Milroy) have treated codification and prescription. I will then examine how far the so-called prescriptive and purist grammarians in France merit this reputation and compare this analysis with the situation in England and Germany. I will conclude by looking at the difference between intention and effect, and the diverse roles played by individuals, private institutions and official bodies.
10
01
JB code
ivitra.13.08pou
131
144
14
Article
9
01
The importance of prescriptivism in the development of “schemes for respelling” in 18th century pronouncing dictionaries
The
importance of prescriptivism in the development of “schemes for respelling” in 18th century pronouncing dictionaries
1
A01
Véronique Pouillon
Pouillon, Véronique
Véronique
Pouillon
Université Paris Diderot
01
This paper will give an overview of the evolution of phonic descriptions in 18th century English pronouncing dictionaries, and of the role of prescriptivism within this process. The prescriptive attitudes of orthoepists during this period led them to adopt increasingly detailed and precise transcription systems, and this same prescriptivism, informed by graphocentrism, influenced these systems as well as the individual transcriptions.
Our aim is to establish that the prescriptive tendencies that hardened in 18th century England (during the period which saw the rise of what would come to be known as Received Pronunciation) served as a catalyst for a more systematic approach to describing spoken language and graphophonemic conventions. This is linked to prescriptivism as a tool for social demarcation, and a pedagogical necessity, but also as the hallmark of the traditional, accretive approach to knowledge, of which graphocentric bias is one example.
10
01
JB code
ivitra.13.09roc
145
161
17
Article
10
01
Els discursos sobre la llengua literària en la Renaixença valenciana / Discourses on literary language in the Valencian Renaissance
1
A01
Rafael Roca Ricart
Roca Ricart, Rafael
Rafael
Roca Ricart
Universitat de València
01
When Pompeu Fabra wrote his famous article in 1918, later entitled “La tasca dels escriptors valencians i balears” (The task of Valencian and Balearic writers), he was simply echoing two of the main issues which Valencian writers had been struggling with for about 40 years: the purification of literary language and the subordination of their dialect to the one used in Catalonia. Thus, this paper examines some of the linguistic difficulties which the writers of the Valencian Renaissance stumbled over, such as the doubts and obstacles posed by decastilianization and the setting of the high variety of the language, and also the opposition from many influential social sectors against linguistic and literary recovery, which was considered politically based. Another problem was the fierce resistance from Valencian society when having to accept and apply the name of the shared language “Catalan” to their own.
10
01
JB code
ivitra.13.10cos
161
177
17
Article
11
01
Anàlisi del discurs de la <italic>Gramàtica catalana</italic> (1933), de Pompeu Fabra / Discourse analysis of Pompeu Fabra's <italic>Catalan Grammar</italic> (1933)
1
A01
Joan Costa-Carreras
Costa-Carreras, Joan
Joan
Costa-Carreras
Universitat Pompeu Fabra
01
This presentation attempts to contribute to answering the question “In what sense is linguistics or grammar always prescriptive?” This contribution will be anchored in the statements of Bonet (1989) and Cuenca (2001), who clearly state that it is both description and prescription which finally impose a model on linguistic reality. In addition, when the descriptivism or prescriptivism of a text is discussed, what is actually being considered is its aim. Thus, a direct approach from the point of view of the speech act theory (locutionary, illocutionary and perlocutionary) is needed. The way of providing the answer is to present an analysis of Fabra’s discourse in his Gramàtica catalana (1933), which is still currently the official Catalan grammar. This analysis will encompass a two-pronged approach. On the one hand it will be based on Berrendonner’s (1982) theoretical foundations and classification that demonstrate how French normative grammar hides its arbitrary and authoritarian character and on the other, Costa Carreras’ (2008) general outlook on Catalan prescriptive discourse will also be taken into account.
10
01
JB code
ivitra.13.s2
Section header
12
01
II. The myths and the authenticity of languages
10
01
JB code
ivitra.13.11aur
179
198
20
Article
13
01
Le mythe de la langue mère / The myth of the mother tongue
Le
mythe de la langue mère / The myth of the mother tongue
1
A01
Sylvian Auroux
Auroux, Sylvian
Sylvian
Auroux
CNRS – Université Paris 7
01
Our linguistic history is full of myths. There is the myth of the national language, the one of a particular genius of each language. Insofar as national languages are artifacts built by centuries of language policy and by the careful equipping of the major culture’s languages through language instruments that are (among others) translation manuals, dictionaries and grammars, we can assume that the idea of a “language” isotopic and regular before any human intervention is also a myth. In what follows, I shall endeavor to unravel a particular myth; that of the original mother tongue of mankind. This myth has one very special feature: it was created by the scientific community and has resurfaced again after seemingly having had its fate sealed.
10
01
JB code
ivitra.13.12lod
199
214
16
Article
14
01
Language myths and the historiography of French
1
A01
R. Anthony Lodge
Lodge, R. Anthony
R. Anthony
Lodge
St Andrews University
01
Sociolinguists in the UK have recently come to recognise the importance of language mythologies (shared assumptions about language whose factual status is not established, but which are widely prevalent and support and reinforce each other), for they can be shown to have a significant effect on the way speakers use their language on a day-to-day basis. Richard Watts has recently explored the effect of such myths, not on ordinary speakers but on writers of histories of English. He has shown that certain fundamental language myths have hardened into ideology and have had a profound effect on the historiography of English. This paper looks at the historiography of French from a similar perspective and shows how profoundly language myths via standard ideology have shaped the way histories of French have traditionally been written. Although the overt effects of this ideology have weakened in recent decades, contemporary histories of the language still show the effects of this ideology in their treatment of the vernacular and in their underlying approach to language change.
10
01
JB code
ivitra.13.13dia
215
227
13
Article
15
01
Modern Greek
Founding myths, reform and prescription matters in 19th century
1
A01
Petros Diatsentos
Diatsentos, Petros
Petros
Diatsentos
École des Hautes Études en Sciencies Sociales – Paris
01
This paper attempts to examine the relationship between the representation of the Greek language and its history, and the particular nature of Modern Greek reform in the 19th century. Our starting point is that the Greek scholars’ lack of determination to prescribe purist language (a total absence of grammars and monolingual dictionaries), or perhaps a very special view of prescription, is linked to a vision of reform based on Modern Greek founding myths formed in the 19th century. During this period, a set of appraisals, judgements or assumptions generated an image of Greek language history and from this image emerged founding myths on “character”, “nature” and the evolution of the language (the inseparability, uniqueness and conservative character of Greek). Linguistic mythology, as a part of the national ideology, is built within a particular historical context and it appears in a discourse that legitimizes a set of political and cultural goals. These founding myths shape a mental framework within which the objectives and the means of reform are set. In this context, any attempt to compose normative works is explicitly rejected.
10
01
JB code
ivitra.13.14del
229
242
14
Article
16
01
Nommer l’ennemi: la “question de la langue” en Grèce et les termes désignant les variétés linguistiques / Naming the enemy: the “language issue” in Greece and the terms denoting linguistic varieties
1
A01
Rea Delveroudi
Delveroudi, Rea
Rea
Delveroudi
Université Nationale et Capodistrienne d'Athènes
01
During the consecration process of vernacular languages, contrary to the European scholars’ emancipatory stance towards Latin, Greek scholars adopt an attitude of adulation towards the past, which is closely related to the prestige of the classical tradition and its influence on the Enlightened European countries. This attitude of adulation will lead to the prevailing view both in the historiography of Greek and in the collective linguistic sentiment, considering Ancient and Modern Greek as the same language. The unity of language in the diachronic dimension, with its strong and weak version, can be regarded as the founding myth of the Greek language.
This paper tries to demonstrate that, in early linguistic discussions in Greece, a unifying approach is submitted by modern language defenders (a variety designated then through such terms as: γραικική, ρωμαίικη, κοινή, etc.), while archaists adopt a schismatic attitude. For instance, it appears that the “modernists” introduce a “meronymic” theory according to which, Modern Greek represents one of the “parts” (gr. meros), more specifically, a dialect, of Greek language. Subsequently, the paper focuses on the term Hellenic (gr. ελληνική), reserved at that time, exclusively, for Ancient Greek, and on its usage by Daniil Philippidis, in 1801, as one of its earliest occurrences as a term designating Modern Greek. This innovative and provocative act does not only express and concretize a unifying design approach, but it also constitutes a clear and concise argument, which in long run will prove to be a decisive one against modern language depreciators.
10
01
JB code
ivitra.13.15kal
243
263
21
Article
17
01
The role of narrative in shaping the semantic structure of certain expressions that belong to terminology as to one of the most important lexical groups
The
role of narrative in shaping the semantic structure of certain expressions that belong to terminology as to one of the most important lexical groups
On the etymology of the Serbo-Croatian common designations for “Artemisia’s plants”
1
A01
Maja Kalezic
Kalezic, Maja
Maja
Kalezic
Institute for the Serbian Language – Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts
01
The treatise deals with the particular Slavic naming units designating the plant species of the genus Artemisia motivated by religious belief contents that have not been discussed in previous phytonomastical research.
10
01
JB code
ivitra.13.16vos
265
281
17
Article
18
01
Mitos de decadencia lingüística en la historia del neerlandés. Una exploración sociolingüística de la lengua en Flandes en los siglos xviii y xix / Myths of language decadence in Dutch history. A sociolinguistic exploration of language in Flanders in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries
1
A01
Rik Vosters
Vosters, Rik
Rik
Vosters
Vrije Universiteit Brussel – FWO Vlaanderen
01
Contrary to the fixed language norms of Northern (“Hollandic”) Dutch, Southern (“Flemish”) Dutch in the eighteenth and nineteenth century is claimed to have been nothing more than a collection of mutually unintelligible and Frenchified dialects. Such discourses of Southern linguistic chaos lie at the basis of Hollandic varieties serving as the foundation for the modern-day standard language. In this contribution, I will identify and trace back several “myths of linguistic decay” in a collection of normative works and metalinguistic texts, and test them against findings from actual usage, based on a corpus of handwritten documents from the early nineteenth century. By examining adnominal case and gender marking as a representative case study, I will show how the divide between the North and the South existed not only on the linguistic level, but thrived all the more on the metalinguistic level.
10
01
JB code
ivitra.13.17esc
283
296
14
Article
19
01
L’humanista Bernardí Gómez Miedes (1515-1589) i la percepció de la llengua catalana / The humanist Bernardí Gómez Miedes (1515-1589) and the perception of Catalan language
1
A01
Vicent Josep Escartí
Escartí, Vicent Josep
Vicent Josep
Escartí
Universitat de València
01
The Valencian humanist Bernardino Gómez Miedes (1515–1589) was born in Aragon, trained in Rome and near the end of his life appointed Bishop of Albarracin. He gave the Spanish monarchy paraphrases of the Chronicle of Jaume I, first in Latin (1582) and then in Castilian (1584). His interest was clear: to reinforce the political theory, featuring the model of the medieval king, of Caesarism as practiced by the Hapsburgs. Interestingly, Gomez Miedes did not refrain from including juicy comments, analyzed in this paper, about the Crown of Aragon and, in particular, the Catalans.
10
01
JB code
ivitra.13.18gin
297
318
22
Article
20
01
De llengües, mites i emocions al xix català: el mite de la llengua del cor? / Language, myths and emotions in nineteenth-century Catalan: The myth of the language of the heart?
De
llengües, mites i emocions al xix català: el mite de la llengua del cor? / Language, myths and emotions in nineteenth-century Catalan: The myth of the language of the heart?
1
A01
Jordi Ginebra
Ginebra, Jordi
Jordi
Ginebra
Universitat Rovira i Virgili
01
At the beginning of the nineteenth century very few reasons remained to support the claim that the Catalan language would play a significant role in the future of Catalonia. The opinion was that, if the teaching of Spanish was both good and well established, the Catalans would give up their own language without any problems. However, one hundred years later, at the beginning of the twentieth century, different factors have emerged that have refuelled the debate in favour of Catalan. It is generally claimed that cultural links between languages and nations were established during the Romantic period. Indeed, language became the source of nationhood. Nevertheless, Romanticism not only raised the collective cultural dimension of languages, but also legitimized the emotional links between individuals and their own language. Thus, Catalan as a mother tongue achieves a new value and significance: it becomes the language of the heart and soul, the language of sincerity and authenticity.
10
01
JB code
ivitra.13.s3
Section header
21
01
III. Language emotions
10
01
JB code
ivitra.13.19mas
321
336
16
Article
22
01
Factors emocionals en la formació de teories lingüístiques: el cas romànic / Emotional factors in the formation of linguistic theories: The Romanic case
1
A01
Joan Mascaró
Mascaró, Joan
Joan
Mascaró
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
01
I examine four cases which are instances of the interference of emotional factors in the formulation of linguistic analyses: the determination of the primeval language, the chronology of the “birth” of Romance languages, the interpretation of two glottonyms in a 9th century Arabic text, and some ideas from Menéndez Pidal about the history of Spanish. In each of these four cases an illegitimate object is “invented” by transferring the positive subjective evaluations of the object, as if they are objective properties, to the object, and a fallacious argumentation is provided.
10
01
JB code
ivitra.13.20nic
337
351
15
Article
23
01
“El valencià no se pedrà mai”: la manipulació mediàtica de les emocions col·lectives en l’anticatalanisme valencià durant la transició (1976-1982) / “El valencià no se pedrà mai”: Media manipulation of collective emotions in Valencian Anti-Catalanism during the Transition (1976-1982)
1
A01
Miquel Nicolàs
Nicolàs, Miquel
Miquel
Nicolàs
Universitat de València
01
Political identities reflect social inequalities and are rewritten at every historical conjuncture with symbolic materials, arguments and states of consciousness that prevail. Languages that use a human group in this context are vehicles for such reconstruction and act simultaneously as a reflection and a mental space where tensions generated by the socio-political struggle are crystallized. In this dual role, languages are powerful catalysts for group emotions. They incorporate these emotions into to socio-communicative dynamism and express them as a complement to other systems of social semiosis. Furthermore, language is quite a malleable material that infiltrates social practices, shapes ideological enunciation and lends itself to political manipulation, triggered by the media.
However, for political manipulation to exist, certain conditions for the receptivity of such messages must also exist. The breeding ground of emotions has to be rich enough and respond to external stimuli in an intelligible way.
Under these assumptions, we consider three interdependent objectives: (a) to make a provisional balance of academic research on the so-called phenomenon of blaverisme, (b) to consider the problems in the method inherent to understanding the conflict and (c) to analyze the historical and cultural substrate of fear towards the other and fear of linguistic impersonation, emotions, in our opinion, that are the genesis of Valencian anti-Catalanism.
10
01
JB code
ivitra.13.21bay
353
362
10
Article
24
01
La representació nord-catalana de la llengua: entre refús del patuès i llengua de segona / The representation of Northern Catalan language: Between patois rejection and second-class language
La
representació nord-catalana de la llengua: entre refús del patuès i llengua de segona / The representation of Northern Catalan language: Between patois rejection and second-class language
1
A01
Alà Baylac
Baylac, Alà
Alà
Baylac
Universitat de Perpinyà
01
Northern Catalans, because of their particular position in the interface of the Catalan and French worlds, have a specific representation of Catalan language: they are reluctant to accept the French view that any other languages not the “language of the Republic” are patois. However, in the prevailing linguistic ideology in France and its sociolinguistic situation, do they really perceive Catalan as a second category language? The present contribution aims to balance the deficit of research into the history of the language in Northern Catalonia and indicates possibilities to investigate its language regarding to myths, norms and emotions.
10
01
JB code
ivitra.13.22pey
363
392
30
Article
25
01
Amor, emoció i artifici de la llengua catalana a la Catalunya del Nord avui / Love, emotion and artifice of Catalan language in Northern Catalonia today
1
A01
Joan Peytaví
Peytaví, Joan
Joan
Peytaví
CRHiSM – Universitat de Perpinyà
01
The aim of this paper is to reflect on the individual processes of a few northern Catalans who have had a special relationship with the Catalan language, as it is vernacular of their territory. To date, very few people have analysed them from an introspective point of view. Personal stories of the “keepers” of Catalan in the more contemporary Northern Catalonia are eloquent to regard evolutionary processes of their languages, but also the involutionary ones.
Catalan language in this context is a sign of a complex identity, confused and hard to define, experiencing uncertain moments and a time of mutation. These personal stories can help us to understand Catalan in a much more distinct manner unlike the matter-of-fact sociolinguistic surveys. In particular these stories will be complements, enrichments and new approaches to those so often cold statistics we have today.
Individual life courses help to understand the mechanisms that have made possible that there are still people who speak Catalan in that area, people who actually seem to go against subjective laws of the history of languages.
10
01
JB code
ivitra.13.23igl
393
411
19
Article
26
01
El parlant multilingüe davant la llengua, el parlant monolingüe davant les llengües: a propòsit de dues autobiografies lingüístiques / The multilingual speaker facing language, the monolingual speaker facing languages: Two linguistic autobiographies
1
A01
Narcís Iglésias
Iglésias, Narcís
Narcís
Iglésias
Universitat de Girona
01
This paper focusses on multilingualism and language diversity from the point of view of speakers and, more specifically, of language autobiographies. It analyses the thoughts and feelings about languages of two speakers and their biographical experiences related to multilingual collective societies. In one case, a multilingual speaker gauges the languages he has learnt and spoken throughout different periods of his life, and claims the need for a shelter-language. In the other case, a speaker from a multilingual society justifies his monolingual option while appraising the other languages. Many studies related to language diversity focus on endangered languages. This current analysis, focusing on language biographies, goes into language diversity itself and attempts to project a new focus in the field.
10
01
JB code
ivitra.13.24ind
413
416
4
Miscellaneous
27
01
Index
02
JBENJAMINS
John Benjamins Publishing Company
01
John Benjamins Publishing Company
Amsterdam/Philadelphia
NL
04
20160825
2016
John Benjamins B.V.
02
WORLD
13
15
9789027240194
01
JB
3
John Benjamins e-Platform
03
jbe-platform.com
09
WORLD
21
01
00
105.00
EUR
R
01
00
88.00
GBP
Z
01
gen
00
158.00
USD
S
923015779
03
01
01
JB
John Benjamins Publishing Company
01
JB code
IVITRA 13 Hb
15
9789027240194
13
2016022368
BB
01
IVITRA
02
2211-5412
IVITRA Research in Linguistics and Literature
13
01
Constructing Languages
Norms, myths and emotions
01
ivitra.13
01
https://benjamins.com
02
https://benjamins.com/catalog/ivitra.13
1
B01
Francesc Feliu
Feliu, Francesc
Francesc
Feliu
University of Girona, ISIC-IVITRA
2
B01
Josep M. Nadal
Nadal, Josep M.
Josep M.
Nadal
Institut d'Estudis Catalans, University of Girona, ISIC-IVITRA
01
eng
424
vii
416
LAN009000
v.2006
CFF
2
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.HL
Historical linguistics
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.HOL
History of linguistics
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.LAPO
Language policy
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.SOCIO
Sociolinguistics and Dialectology
06
01
As language historians we believe that the subject of our study is neither natural languages nor idiolects which speakers have always been able to develop individually (loosely what Chomsky calls L-i), but rather the social constructions of reference shared by all speakers (basically what Chomsky terms as L-e ). In this context the language historian essentially studies how a public L-e is built such that it can be understood as the language of all (i.e. hiding L-i variations) and also how L-e succeed in replacing the primary reality of idiolects, even if only in the imagination.<br /> Writing represents a crucial turning point in language construction, because it made it possible to materialize the abstraction that, until then, related speakers could only guess and besides it comes into competition with individual languages.<br />In modern centuries, the provision of grammars, dictionaries and other such learning tools and systematizing instruments strengthens the idea that, because of their normative character, languages can be learned through study. Mythical stories encourage the achievement of prescriptive rules and lead speakers to link emotions to their language. Therefore, the topics of reflection that we want to discuss in this volume are: Norms, Myths and Emotions related to language construction.
05
Most authors of this book are very well-known specialists, who provide renewed knowledge about the history of European languages. [...] Very little work could be found in the same vein, and there is no doubt that the book will impulse new dimensions in the study of languages.
Jean-Michel Eloy, Université de Picardie - Jules Verne
05
La « construction des langues » justement, est un sujet audacieux qui va audelà des définitions habituelles de la langue [...] Cet ouvrage s’attaque aux émotions, aux mythes et aux normes qui participent à la reconnaissance des langues et à la définition de ce qu’est réellement une langue pour les spécialistes comme pour tous les usagers.
Anne-Marie Chabrolle-Cerretini, ATILF-CNRS - Université de Lorraine
04
09
01
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04
03
01
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04
03
01
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06
09
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07
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01
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25
09
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27
09
01
https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/ivitra.13.hb.png
10
01
JB code
ivitra.13.01fel
1
6
6
Article
1
01
Languages as a construction
An enlightening perspective
1
A01
Francesc Feliu
Feliu, Francesc
Francesc
Feliu
Universitat de Girona
2
A01
Josep M. Nadal
Nadal, Josep M.
Josep M.
Nadal
Universitat de Girona
10
01
JB code
ivitra.13.s1
Section header
2
01
I. Rules to linguistic delimitation
10
01
JB code
ivitra.13.02alv
9
22
14
Article
3
01
El idioma, construcción social e ideológica de la lengua / Language, social and ideological construction of the tongue
1
A01
Alfredo Álvarez
Álvarez, Alfredo
Alfredo
Álvarez
Universidad de Oviedo
01
It is useful to preserve the dichotomy between Spanish terms lengua and idioma as this will enable us to understand some of the old controversial arguments such as the existence of an Argentinian idioma, the perception of historic languages like Asturiano or Aragonés as being vulgar dialects, or the acknowledgement of an idioma valenciano which is different from the idioma catalán. While the term lengua refers to a linguistic system, the term idioma works as a positive image for the representation of one particular community. This is an intuitive image, which does not have much in common with a linguistic analysis, but rather is deeply rooted in ideological and affective reasons. Therefore, the idioma is built around a form of “folk” thinking, in which the linguists participate as well.
10
01
JB code
ivitra.13.03bru
23
38
16
Article
4
01
Tra imperi e leggerezza: l’italiano lingua illustre? / Among empires and lightness: Italian, illustrious language?
1
A01
Francesco Bruni
Bruni, Francesco
Francesco
Bruni
Università Ca' Foscari Venezia
01
Intellectual achievements, which were barely conceivable until very recently, are now possible in our contemporary global society. However, the world of Internet and its digital inhabitants raise new issues in several fields. In this paper, I will focus on the role written language plays on the social and educational stage dominated by cell phones, computers, and other electronic devices. This new human framework, strongly ego-centered and deictic (i.e. the emphasis is on I-here-now) poses questions related to the role of reading, writing, and thinking.
Proposing a new approach to European humanistic tradition should be, in my opinion, the main target at this time in schools and universities. So far, the bulk of linguistic research has been devoted to oral communication as the foremost or unique subject worth studying. Writing competence and more generally the “superior” functions of human language (written communication, fluency in projecting and writing professional texts, adequate comprehension of written texts and, last but not least, so-called critical thinking), deserve greater attention from linguistic research as well as a new approach to teaching at all levels of instruction.
For many years, the Girona School has devoted special attention to language in a cultural dimension. The historical development of Catalan or Italian is, needless to say, different. Furthermore, in Italian culture literary and, more precisely, intellectual language played a fundamental role in literature, politics, court life in early modern society, artistic and musical terms, and so on. However, as we are now in a global deictic society, poor in meanings and ideas (what would involve a ruthless dictatorship), conveying meanings and the values of humanistic culture is a major task for education.
10
01
JB code
ivitra.13.04mil
39
55
17
Article
5
01
The Spanish Quarter of Naples
The
Spanish Quarter of Naples
The dynamics of language innovation and persistence between linguistic uses and metalinguistic reflections
1
A01
Emma Milano
Milano, Emma
Emma
Milano
University of Naples Federico II
01
This study focuses on the dynamics of linguistic conservation and innovation in the historic center of Naples, the Spanish Quarter. In the Spanish Quarter – historically marked by social marginalization and a notable use of dialect – the constant socio-environmental conditions have favored the preservation of habits of life and language. Constructed in the Sixteenth century to house Spanish soldiers, the Spanish Quarter has always been characterized for its layout – a grid of narrow streets that elicits its original intended defensibility and impenetrability. This aspect has greatly influenced the history of a colorful and “notorious” neighborhood, and may have played a role in contributing to the persistence of today’s cultural and language uses. An analysis of two linguistic phenomena in a corpus of speech produced by a sample of artisans shows that although Italian has gained a relevant space, it lives alongside a strongly diatopically and diastratically marked dialect, which serves as a territorial identification marker.
10
01
JB code
ivitra.13.05dag
57
81
25
Article
6
01
Le lingue, ponti o frontiere? Appunti sulla Sicilia linguistica / Languages, bridges or borders? Notes on linguistics Sicily
Le
lingue, ponti o frontiere? Appunti sulla Sicilia linguistica / Languages, bridges or borders? Notes on linguistics Sicily
1
A01
Mari D’Agostino
D’Agostino, Mari
Mari
D’Agostino
Università di Palermo
01
The Sicilian language has always been a field of great interest not only because of its contact with other languages, but also because of ideological models and language policies. This paper examines some moments of its thousand-year history in which the intermingling of peoples, languages and cultures has been acted out in very different ways, both in terms of actual behaviour and in terms of perceptions and linguistic representations. After outlining some recent studies of great interest, chiefly because of the approaches and methodologies used, the paper analyses the changes in the repertoire of the inhabitants of Sicily in recent decades.
In particular, we examine the practices of the very recent use of dialect in the written communication of youth, in politics and in advertising, and the unmistakeable opening up to the multilingualism of immigrants arriving from around the globe. Indeed, they are the ones changing the face of Sicilian cities, perhaps rebinding those historical links of connections and fusion, contacts and overlaps between people and languages.
10
01
JB code
ivitra.13.06fer
83
98
16
Article
7
01
La construcció de la norma cancelleresca catalana / The construction of standard chancellery Catalan
La
construcció de la norma cancelleresca catalana / The construction of standard chancellery Catalan
1
A01
Antoni Ferrando
Ferrando, Antoni
Antoni
Ferrando
Universitat de València
01
We lack studies about the formation and evolution of the Catalan language used in the Royal Chancellery of the Crown of Aragon. The publication of the Col·lecció de documents de la Cancelleria de la Corona d’Aragó (1291–1420) (2013), edited by Mateu Rodrigo, with more than a thousand documents carefully transcribed and chronologically representative can rectify this deficit and review some preconceptions about the nature of chancery model, such as a supposed graphical and grammatical uniformity and a specific linguistic basis in Barcelona. The corrections made on the documents themselves reveal the existence of a pattern language, though they are not always applied consistently and become more flexible in the lexical field as officials and more information from around the Crown of Aragon reach the Chancellery. The language corrections are mainly focused on the application of the formalities and syntactic structures based on Latin.
10
01
JB code
ivitra.13.07ayr
99
129
31
Article
8
01
Codification and prescription in linguistic standardisation
Myths and models
1
A01
Wendy Ayres-Bennett
Ayres-Bennett, Wendy
Wendy
Ayres-Bennett
University of Cambridge
01
This paper aims to contribute to the field of “comparative standardology”, arguing that it is only through the adoption of a comparative perspective that certain myths about the process of standardisation can be dispelled. In particular, I will consider what light recent work on English and German sheds on the case of French, typically portrayed as the European language which has been most subjected to prescriptive influences. Focussing on the interrelation between description, codification, prescription and purist activity, I will start by considering how the dominant models of standardisation (Haugen, Milroy & Milroy) have treated codification and prescription. I will then examine how far the so-called prescriptive and purist grammarians in France merit this reputation and compare this analysis with the situation in England and Germany. I will conclude by looking at the difference between intention and effect, and the diverse roles played by individuals, private institutions and official bodies.
10
01
JB code
ivitra.13.08pou
131
144
14
Article
9
01
The importance of prescriptivism in the development of “schemes for respelling” in 18th century pronouncing dictionaries
The
importance of prescriptivism in the development of “schemes for respelling” in 18th century pronouncing dictionaries
1
A01
Véronique Pouillon
Pouillon, Véronique
Véronique
Pouillon
Université Paris Diderot
01
This paper will give an overview of the evolution of phonic descriptions in 18th century English pronouncing dictionaries, and of the role of prescriptivism within this process. The prescriptive attitudes of orthoepists during this period led them to adopt increasingly detailed and precise transcription systems, and this same prescriptivism, informed by graphocentrism, influenced these systems as well as the individual transcriptions.
Our aim is to establish that the prescriptive tendencies that hardened in 18th century England (during the period which saw the rise of what would come to be known as Received Pronunciation) served as a catalyst for a more systematic approach to describing spoken language and graphophonemic conventions. This is linked to prescriptivism as a tool for social demarcation, and a pedagogical necessity, but also as the hallmark of the traditional, accretive approach to knowledge, of which graphocentric bias is one example.
10
01
JB code
ivitra.13.09roc
145
161
17
Article
10
01
Els discursos sobre la llengua literària en la Renaixença valenciana / Discourses on literary language in the Valencian Renaissance
1
A01
Rafael Roca Ricart
Roca Ricart, Rafael
Rafael
Roca Ricart
Universitat de València
01
When Pompeu Fabra wrote his famous article in 1918, later entitled “La tasca dels escriptors valencians i balears” (The task of Valencian and Balearic writers), he was simply echoing two of the main issues which Valencian writers had been struggling with for about 40 years: the purification of literary language and the subordination of their dialect to the one used in Catalonia. Thus, this paper examines some of the linguistic difficulties which the writers of the Valencian Renaissance stumbled over, such as the doubts and obstacles posed by decastilianization and the setting of the high variety of the language, and also the opposition from many influential social sectors against linguistic and literary recovery, which was considered politically based. Another problem was the fierce resistance from Valencian society when having to accept and apply the name of the shared language “Catalan” to their own.
10
01
JB code
ivitra.13.10cos
161
177
17
Article
11
01
Anàlisi del discurs de la <italic>Gramàtica catalana</italic> (1933), de Pompeu Fabra / Discourse analysis of Pompeu Fabra's <italic>Catalan Grammar</italic> (1933)
1
A01
Joan Costa-Carreras
Costa-Carreras, Joan
Joan
Costa-Carreras
Universitat Pompeu Fabra
01
This presentation attempts to contribute to answering the question “In what sense is linguistics or grammar always prescriptive?” This contribution will be anchored in the statements of Bonet (1989) and Cuenca (2001), who clearly state that it is both description and prescription which finally impose a model on linguistic reality. In addition, when the descriptivism or prescriptivism of a text is discussed, what is actually being considered is its aim. Thus, a direct approach from the point of view of the speech act theory (locutionary, illocutionary and perlocutionary) is needed. The way of providing the answer is to present an analysis of Fabra’s discourse in his Gramàtica catalana (1933), which is still currently the official Catalan grammar. This analysis will encompass a two-pronged approach. On the one hand it will be based on Berrendonner’s (1982) theoretical foundations and classification that demonstrate how French normative grammar hides its arbitrary and authoritarian character and on the other, Costa Carreras’ (2008) general outlook on Catalan prescriptive discourse will also be taken into account.
10
01
JB code
ivitra.13.s2
Section header
12
01
II. The myths and the authenticity of languages
10
01
JB code
ivitra.13.11aur
179
198
20
Article
13
01
Le mythe de la langue mère / The myth of the mother tongue
Le
mythe de la langue mère / The myth of the mother tongue
1
A01
Sylvian Auroux
Auroux, Sylvian
Sylvian
Auroux
CNRS – Université Paris 7
01
Our linguistic history is full of myths. There is the myth of the national language, the one of a particular genius of each language. Insofar as national languages are artifacts built by centuries of language policy and by the careful equipping of the major culture’s languages through language instruments that are (among others) translation manuals, dictionaries and grammars, we can assume that the idea of a “language” isotopic and regular before any human intervention is also a myth. In what follows, I shall endeavor to unravel a particular myth; that of the original mother tongue of mankind. This myth has one very special feature: it was created by the scientific community and has resurfaced again after seemingly having had its fate sealed.
10
01
JB code
ivitra.13.12lod
199
214
16
Article
14
01
Language myths and the historiography of French
1
A01
R. Anthony Lodge
Lodge, R. Anthony
R. Anthony
Lodge
St Andrews University
01
Sociolinguists in the UK have recently come to recognise the importance of language mythologies (shared assumptions about language whose factual status is not established, but which are widely prevalent and support and reinforce each other), for they can be shown to have a significant effect on the way speakers use their language on a day-to-day basis. Richard Watts has recently explored the effect of such myths, not on ordinary speakers but on writers of histories of English. He has shown that certain fundamental language myths have hardened into ideology and have had a profound effect on the historiography of English. This paper looks at the historiography of French from a similar perspective and shows how profoundly language myths via standard ideology have shaped the way histories of French have traditionally been written. Although the overt effects of this ideology have weakened in recent decades, contemporary histories of the language still show the effects of this ideology in their treatment of the vernacular and in their underlying approach to language change.
10
01
JB code
ivitra.13.13dia
215
227
13
Article
15
01
Modern Greek
Founding myths, reform and prescription matters in 19th century
1
A01
Petros Diatsentos
Diatsentos, Petros
Petros
Diatsentos
École des Hautes Études en Sciencies Sociales – Paris
01
This paper attempts to examine the relationship between the representation of the Greek language and its history, and the particular nature of Modern Greek reform in the 19th century. Our starting point is that the Greek scholars’ lack of determination to prescribe purist language (a total absence of grammars and monolingual dictionaries), or perhaps a very special view of prescription, is linked to a vision of reform based on Modern Greek founding myths formed in the 19th century. During this period, a set of appraisals, judgements or assumptions generated an image of Greek language history and from this image emerged founding myths on “character”, “nature” and the evolution of the language (the inseparability, uniqueness and conservative character of Greek). Linguistic mythology, as a part of the national ideology, is built within a particular historical context and it appears in a discourse that legitimizes a set of political and cultural goals. These founding myths shape a mental framework within which the objectives and the means of reform are set. In this context, any attempt to compose normative works is explicitly rejected.
10
01
JB code
ivitra.13.14del
229
242
14
Article
16
01
Nommer l’ennemi: la “question de la langue” en Grèce et les termes désignant les variétés linguistiques / Naming the enemy: the “language issue” in Greece and the terms denoting linguistic varieties
1
A01
Rea Delveroudi
Delveroudi, Rea
Rea
Delveroudi
Université Nationale et Capodistrienne d'Athènes
01
During the consecration process of vernacular languages, contrary to the European scholars’ emancipatory stance towards Latin, Greek scholars adopt an attitude of adulation towards the past, which is closely related to the prestige of the classical tradition and its influence on the Enlightened European countries. This attitude of adulation will lead to the prevailing view both in the historiography of Greek and in the collective linguistic sentiment, considering Ancient and Modern Greek as the same language. The unity of language in the diachronic dimension, with its strong and weak version, can be regarded as the founding myth of the Greek language.
This paper tries to demonstrate that, in early linguistic discussions in Greece, a unifying approach is submitted by modern language defenders (a variety designated then through such terms as: γραικική, ρωμαίικη, κοινή, etc.), while archaists adopt a schismatic attitude. For instance, it appears that the “modernists” introduce a “meronymic” theory according to which, Modern Greek represents one of the “parts” (gr. meros), more specifically, a dialect, of Greek language. Subsequently, the paper focuses on the term Hellenic (gr. ελληνική), reserved at that time, exclusively, for Ancient Greek, and on its usage by Daniil Philippidis, in 1801, as one of its earliest occurrences as a term designating Modern Greek. This innovative and provocative act does not only express and concretize a unifying design approach, but it also constitutes a clear and concise argument, which in long run will prove to be a decisive one against modern language depreciators.
10
01
JB code
ivitra.13.15kal
243
263
21
Article
17
01
The role of narrative in shaping the semantic structure of certain expressions that belong to terminology as to one of the most important lexical groups
The
role of narrative in shaping the semantic structure of certain expressions that belong to terminology as to one of the most important lexical groups
On the etymology of the Serbo-Croatian common designations for “Artemisia’s plants”
1
A01
Maja Kalezic
Kalezic, Maja
Maja
Kalezic
Institute for the Serbian Language – Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts
01
The treatise deals with the particular Slavic naming units designating the plant species of the genus Artemisia motivated by religious belief contents that have not been discussed in previous phytonomastical research.
10
01
JB code
ivitra.13.16vos
265
281
17
Article
18
01
Mitos de decadencia lingüística en la historia del neerlandés. Una exploración sociolingüística de la lengua en Flandes en los siglos xviii y xix / Myths of language decadence in Dutch history. A sociolinguistic exploration of language in Flanders in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries
1
A01
Rik Vosters
Vosters, Rik
Rik
Vosters
Vrije Universiteit Brussel – FWO Vlaanderen
01
Contrary to the fixed language norms of Northern (“Hollandic”) Dutch, Southern (“Flemish”) Dutch in the eighteenth and nineteenth century is claimed to have been nothing more than a collection of mutually unintelligible and Frenchified dialects. Such discourses of Southern linguistic chaos lie at the basis of Hollandic varieties serving as the foundation for the modern-day standard language. In this contribution, I will identify and trace back several “myths of linguistic decay” in a collection of normative works and metalinguistic texts, and test them against findings from actual usage, based on a corpus of handwritten documents from the early nineteenth century. By examining adnominal case and gender marking as a representative case study, I will show how the divide between the North and the South existed not only on the linguistic level, but thrived all the more on the metalinguistic level.
10
01
JB code
ivitra.13.17esc
283
296
14
Article
19
01
L’humanista Bernardí Gómez Miedes (1515-1589) i la percepció de la llengua catalana / The humanist Bernardí Gómez Miedes (1515-1589) and the perception of Catalan language
1
A01
Vicent Josep Escartí
Escartí, Vicent Josep
Vicent Josep
Escartí
Universitat de València
01
The Valencian humanist Bernardino Gómez Miedes (1515–1589) was born in Aragon, trained in Rome and near the end of his life appointed Bishop of Albarracin. He gave the Spanish monarchy paraphrases of the Chronicle of Jaume I, first in Latin (1582) and then in Castilian (1584). His interest was clear: to reinforce the political theory, featuring the model of the medieval king, of Caesarism as practiced by the Hapsburgs. Interestingly, Gomez Miedes did not refrain from including juicy comments, analyzed in this paper, about the Crown of Aragon and, in particular, the Catalans.
10
01
JB code
ivitra.13.18gin
297
318
22
Article
20
01
De llengües, mites i emocions al xix català: el mite de la llengua del cor? / Language, myths and emotions in nineteenth-century Catalan: The myth of the language of the heart?
De
llengües, mites i emocions al xix català: el mite de la llengua del cor? / Language, myths and emotions in nineteenth-century Catalan: The myth of the language of the heart?
1
A01
Jordi Ginebra
Ginebra, Jordi
Jordi
Ginebra
Universitat Rovira i Virgili
01
At the beginning of the nineteenth century very few reasons remained to support the claim that the Catalan language would play a significant role in the future of Catalonia. The opinion was that, if the teaching of Spanish was both good and well established, the Catalans would give up their own language without any problems. However, one hundred years later, at the beginning of the twentieth century, different factors have emerged that have refuelled the debate in favour of Catalan. It is generally claimed that cultural links between languages and nations were established during the Romantic period. Indeed, language became the source of nationhood. Nevertheless, Romanticism not only raised the collective cultural dimension of languages, but also legitimized the emotional links between individuals and their own language. Thus, Catalan as a mother tongue achieves a new value and significance: it becomes the language of the heart and soul, the language of sincerity and authenticity.
10
01
JB code
ivitra.13.s3
Section header
21
01
III. Language emotions
10
01
JB code
ivitra.13.19mas
321
336
16
Article
22
01
Factors emocionals en la formació de teories lingüístiques: el cas romànic / Emotional factors in the formation of linguistic theories: The Romanic case
1
A01
Joan Mascaró
Mascaró, Joan
Joan
Mascaró
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
01
I examine four cases which are instances of the interference of emotional factors in the formulation of linguistic analyses: the determination of the primeval language, the chronology of the “birth” of Romance languages, the interpretation of two glottonyms in a 9th century Arabic text, and some ideas from Menéndez Pidal about the history of Spanish. In each of these four cases an illegitimate object is “invented” by transferring the positive subjective evaluations of the object, as if they are objective properties, to the object, and a fallacious argumentation is provided.
10
01
JB code
ivitra.13.20nic
337
351
15
Article
23
01
“El valencià no se pedrà mai”: la manipulació mediàtica de les emocions col·lectives en l’anticatalanisme valencià durant la transició (1976-1982) / “El valencià no se pedrà mai”: Media manipulation of collective emotions in Valencian Anti-Catalanism during the Transition (1976-1982)
1
A01
Miquel Nicolàs
Nicolàs, Miquel
Miquel
Nicolàs
Universitat de València
01
Political identities reflect social inequalities and are rewritten at every historical conjuncture with symbolic materials, arguments and states of consciousness that prevail. Languages that use a human group in this context are vehicles for such reconstruction and act simultaneously as a reflection and a mental space where tensions generated by the socio-political struggle are crystallized. In this dual role, languages are powerful catalysts for group emotions. They incorporate these emotions into to socio-communicative dynamism and express them as a complement to other systems of social semiosis. Furthermore, language is quite a malleable material that infiltrates social practices, shapes ideological enunciation and lends itself to political manipulation, triggered by the media.
However, for political manipulation to exist, certain conditions for the receptivity of such messages must also exist. The breeding ground of emotions has to be rich enough and respond to external stimuli in an intelligible way.
Under these assumptions, we consider three interdependent objectives: (a) to make a provisional balance of academic research on the so-called phenomenon of blaverisme, (b) to consider the problems in the method inherent to understanding the conflict and (c) to analyze the historical and cultural substrate of fear towards the other and fear of linguistic impersonation, emotions, in our opinion, that are the genesis of Valencian anti-Catalanism.
10
01
JB code
ivitra.13.21bay
353
362
10
Article
24
01
La representació nord-catalana de la llengua: entre refús del patuès i llengua de segona / The representation of Northern Catalan language: Between patois rejection and second-class language
La
representació nord-catalana de la llengua: entre refús del patuès i llengua de segona / The representation of Northern Catalan language: Between patois rejection and second-class language
1
A01
Alà Baylac
Baylac, Alà
Alà
Baylac
Universitat de Perpinyà
01
Northern Catalans, because of their particular position in the interface of the Catalan and French worlds, have a specific representation of Catalan language: they are reluctant to accept the French view that any other languages not the “language of the Republic” are patois. However, in the prevailing linguistic ideology in France and its sociolinguistic situation, do they really perceive Catalan as a second category language? The present contribution aims to balance the deficit of research into the history of the language in Northern Catalonia and indicates possibilities to investigate its language regarding to myths, norms and emotions.
10
01
JB code
ivitra.13.22pey
363
392
30
Article
25
01
Amor, emoció i artifici de la llengua catalana a la Catalunya del Nord avui / Love, emotion and artifice of Catalan language in Northern Catalonia today
1
A01
Joan Peytaví
Peytaví, Joan
Joan
Peytaví
CRHiSM – Universitat de Perpinyà
01
The aim of this paper is to reflect on the individual processes of a few northern Catalans who have had a special relationship with the Catalan language, as it is vernacular of their territory. To date, very few people have analysed them from an introspective point of view. Personal stories of the “keepers” of Catalan in the more contemporary Northern Catalonia are eloquent to regard evolutionary processes of their languages, but also the involutionary ones.
Catalan language in this context is a sign of a complex identity, confused and hard to define, experiencing uncertain moments and a time of mutation. These personal stories can help us to understand Catalan in a much more distinct manner unlike the matter-of-fact sociolinguistic surveys. In particular these stories will be complements, enrichments and new approaches to those so often cold statistics we have today.
Individual life courses help to understand the mechanisms that have made possible that there are still people who speak Catalan in that area, people who actually seem to go against subjective laws of the history of languages.
10
01
JB code
ivitra.13.23igl
393
411
19
Article
26
01
El parlant multilingüe davant la llengua, el parlant monolingüe davant les llengües: a propòsit de dues autobiografies lingüístiques / The multilingual speaker facing language, the monolingual speaker facing languages: Two linguistic autobiographies
1
A01
Narcís Iglésias
Iglésias, Narcís
Narcís
Iglésias
Universitat de Girona
01
This paper focusses on multilingualism and language diversity from the point of view of speakers and, more specifically, of language autobiographies. It analyses the thoughts and feelings about languages of two speakers and their biographical experiences related to multilingual collective societies. In one case, a multilingual speaker gauges the languages he has learnt and spoken throughout different periods of his life, and claims the need for a shelter-language. In the other case, a speaker from a multilingual society justifies his monolingual option while appraising the other languages. Many studies related to language diversity focus on endangered languages. This current analysis, focusing on language biographies, goes into language diversity itself and attempts to project a new focus in the field.
10
01
JB code
ivitra.13.24ind
413
416
4
Miscellaneous
27
01
Index
02
JBENJAMINS
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