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844015780 03 01 01 JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code IVITRA 13 Eb 15 9789027266637 06 10.1075/ivitra.13 13 2016034086 DG 002 02 01 IVITRA 02 2211-5412 IVITRA Research in Linguistics and Literature 13 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Constructing Languages</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Norms, myths and emotions</Subtitle> 01 ivitra.13 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/ivitra.13 1 B01 Francesc Feliu Feliu, Francesc Francesc Feliu University of Girona, ISIC-IVITRA 2 B01 Josep M. Nadal Nadal, Josep M. Josep M. Nadal Institut d'Estudis Catalans, University of Girona, ISIC-IVITRA 01 eng 424 vii 416 LAN009000 v.2006 CFF 2 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.HL Historical linguistics 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.HOL History of linguistics 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.LAPO Language policy 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.SOCIO Sociolinguistics and Dialectology 06 01 As language historians we believe that the subject of our study is neither natural languages nor idiolects which speakers have always been able to develop individually (loosely what Chomsky calls L-i), but rather the social constructions of reference shared by all speakers (basically what Chomsky terms as L-e ). In this context the language historian essentially studies how a public L-e is built such that it can be understood as the language of all (i.e. hiding L-i variations) and also how L-e succeed in replacing the primary reality of idiolects, even if only in the imagination.<br /> Writing represents a crucial turning point in language construction, because it made it possible to materialize the abstraction that, until then, related speakers could only guess and besides it comes into competition with individual languages.<br />In modern centuries, the provision of grammars, dictionaries and other such learning tools and systematizing instruments strengthens the idea that, because of their normative character, languages can be learned through study. Mythical stories encourage the achievement of prescriptive rules and lead speakers to link emotions to their language. Therefore, the topics of reflection that we want to discuss in this volume are: Norms, Myths and Emotions related to language construction. 05 Most authors of this book are very well-known specialists, who provide renewed knowledge about the history of European languages. [...] Very little work could be found in the same vein, and there is no doubt that the book will impulse new dimensions in the study of languages. Jean-Michel Eloy, Université de Picardie - Jules Verne 05 La « construction des langues » justement, est un sujet audacieux qui va audelà des définitions habituelles de la langue [...] Cet ouvrage s’attaque aux émotions, aux mythes et aux normes qui participent à la reconnaissance des langues et à la définition de ce qu’est réellement une langue pour les spécialistes comme pour tous les usagers. Anne-Marie Chabrolle-Cerretini, ATILF-CNRS - Université de Lorraine 04 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/ivitra.13.png 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027240194.jpg 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027240194.tif 06 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/ivitra.13.hb.png 07 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/ivitra.13.png 25 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/ivitra.13.hb.png 27 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/ivitra.13.hb.png 10 01 JB code ivitra.13.01fel 1 6 6 Article 1 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Languages as a construction</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">An enlightening perspective</Subtitle> 1 A01 Francesc Feliu Feliu, Francesc Francesc Feliu Universitat de Girona 2 A01 Josep M. Nadal Nadal, Josep M. Josep M. Nadal Universitat de Girona 10 01 JB code ivitra.13.s1 Section header 2 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">I. Rules to linguistic delimitation</TitleText> 10 01 JB code ivitra.13.02alv 9 22 14 Article 3 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">El idioma, construcci&#243;n social e ideol&#243;gica de la lengua / Language, social and ideological construction of the tongue</TitleText> 1 A01 Alfredo Álvarez Álvarez, Alfredo Alfredo Álvarez Universidad de Oviedo 01 It is useful to preserve the dichotomy between Spanish terms lengua and idioma as this will enable us to understand some of the old controversial arguments such as the existence of an Argentinian idioma, the perception of historic languages like Asturiano or Aragon&#233;s as being vulgar dialects, or the acknowledgement of an idioma valenciano which is different from the idioma catal&#225;n. While the term lengua refers to a linguistic system, the term idioma works as a positive image for the representation of one particular community. This is an intuitive image, which does not have much in common with a linguistic analysis, but rather is deeply rooted in ideological and affective reasons. Therefore, the idioma is built around a form of &#8220;folk&#8221; thinking, in which the linguists participate as well. 10 01 JB code ivitra.13.03bru 23 38 16 Article 4 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Tra imperi e leggerezza: l&#8217;italiano lingua illustre? / Among empires and lightness: Italian, illustrious language?</TitleText> 1 A01 Francesco Bruni Bruni, Francesco Francesco Bruni Università Ca' Foscari Venezia 01 Intellectual achievements, which were barely conceivable until very recently, are now possible in our contemporary global society. However, the world of Internet and its digital inhabitants raise new issues in several fields. In this paper, I will focus on the role written language plays on the social and educational stage dominated by cell phones, computers, and other electronic devices. This new human framework, strongly ego-centered and deictic (i.e. the emphasis is on I-here-now) poses questions related to the role of reading, writing, and thinking. Proposing a new approach to European humanistic tradition should be, in my opinion, the main target at this time in schools and universities. So far, the bulk of linguistic research has been devoted to oral communication as the foremost or unique subject worth studying. Writing competence and more generally the &#8220;superior&#8221; functions of human language (written communication, fluency in projecting and writing professional texts, adequate comprehension of written texts and, last but not least, so-called critical thinking), deserve greater attention from linguistic research as well as a new approach to teaching at all levels of instruction. For many years, the Girona School has devoted special attention to language in a cultural dimension. The historical development of Catalan or Italian is, needless to say, different. Furthermore, in Italian culture literary and, more precisely, intellectual language played a fundamental role in literature, politics, court life in early modern society, artistic and musical terms, and so on. However, as we are now in a global deictic society, poor in meanings and ideas (what would involve a ruthless dictatorship), conveying meanings and the values of humanistic culture is a major task for education. 10 01 JB code ivitra.13.04mil 39 55 17 Article 5 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">The Spanish Quarter of Naples</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>The </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">Spanish Quarter of Naples</TitleWithoutPrefix> <Subtitle textformat="02">The dynamics of language innovation and persistence between linguistic uses and metalinguistic reflections</Subtitle> 1 A01 Emma Milano Milano, Emma Emma Milano University of Naples Federico II 01 This study focuses on the dynamics of linguistic conservation and innovation in the historic center of Naples, the Spanish Quarter. In the Spanish Quarter&#160;&#8211; historically marked by social marginalization and a notable use of dialect&#160;&#8211; the constant socio-environmental conditions have favored the preservation of habits of life and language. Constructed in the Sixteenth century to house Spanish soldiers, the Spanish Quarter has always been characterized for its layout &#8211;&#160;a grid of narrow streets that elicits its original intended defensibility and impenetrability. This aspect has greatly influenced the history of a colorful and &#8220;notorious&#8221; neighborhood, and may have played a role in contributing to the persistence of today&#8217;s cultural and language uses. An analysis of two linguistic phenomena in a corpus of speech produced by a sample of artisans shows that although Italian has gained a relevant space, it lives alongside a strongly diatopically and diastratically marked dialect, which serves as a territorial identification marker. 10 01 JB code ivitra.13.05dag 57 81 25 Article 6 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Le lingue, ponti o frontiere? Appunti sulla Sicilia linguistica / Languages, bridges or borders? Notes on linguistics Sicily</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>Le </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">lingue, ponti o frontiere? Appunti sulla Sicilia linguistica / Languages, bridges or borders? Notes on linguistics Sicily</TitleWithoutPrefix> 1 A01 Mari D’Agostino D’Agostino, Mari Mari D’Agostino Università di Palermo 01 The Sicilian language has always been a field of great interest not only because of its contact with other languages, but also because of ideological models and language policies. This paper examines some moments of its thousand-year history in which the intermingling of peoples, languages and cultures has been acted out in very different ways, both in terms of actual behaviour and in terms of perceptions and linguistic representations. After outlining some recent studies of great interest, chiefly because of the approaches and methodologies used, the paper analyses the changes in the repertoire of the inhabitants of Sicily in recent decades. In particular, we examine the practices of the very recent use of dialect in the written communication of youth, in politics and in advertising, and the unmistakeable opening up to the multilingualism of immigrants arriving from around the globe. Indeed, they are the ones changing the face of Sicilian cities, perhaps rebinding those historical links of connections and fusion, contacts and overlaps between people and languages. 10 01 JB code ivitra.13.06fer 83 98 16 Article 7 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">La construcció de la norma cancelleresca catalana / The construction of standard chancellery Catalan</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>La </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">construcció de la norma cancelleresca catalana / The construction of standard chancellery Catalan</TitleWithoutPrefix> 1 A01 Antoni Ferrando Ferrando, Antoni Antoni Ferrando Universitat de València 01 We lack studies about the formation and evolution of the Catalan language used in the Royal Chancellery of the Crown of Aragon. The publication of the Col&#183;lecci&#243; de documents de la Cancelleria de la Corona d&#8217;Arag&#243; (1291&#8211;1420) (2013), edited by Mateu Rodrigo, with more than a thousand documents carefully transcribed and chronologically representative can rectify this deficit and review some preconceptions about the nature of chancery model, such as a supposed graphical and grammatical uniformity and a specific linguistic basis in Barcelona. The corrections made on the documents themselves reveal the existence of a pattern language, though they are not always applied consistently and become more flexible in the lexical field as officials and more information from around the Crown of Aragon reach the Chancellery. The language corrections are mainly focused on the application of the formalities and syntactic structures based on Latin. 10 01 JB code ivitra.13.07ayr 99 129 31 Article 8 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Codification and prescription in linguistic standardisation</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Myths and models</Subtitle> 1 A01 Wendy Ayres-Bennett Ayres-Bennett, Wendy Wendy Ayres-Bennett University of Cambridge 01 This paper aims to contribute to the field of &#8220;comparative standardology&#8221;, arguing that it is only through the adoption of a comparative perspective that certain myths about the process of standardisation can be dispelled. In particular, I will consider what light recent work on English and German sheds on the case of French, typically portrayed as the European language which has been most subjected to prescriptive influences. Focussing on the interrelation between description, codification, prescription and purist activity, I will start by considering how the dominant models of standardisation (Haugen, Milroy &#38; Milroy) have treated codification and prescription. I will then examine how far the so-called prescriptive and purist grammarians in France merit this reputation and compare this analysis with the situation in England and Germany. I will conclude by looking at the difference between intention and effect, and the diverse roles played by individuals, private institutions and official bodies. 10 01 JB code ivitra.13.08pou 131 144 14 Article 9 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">The importance of prescriptivism in the development of &#8220;schemes for respelling&#8221; in 18th century pronouncing dictionaries</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>The </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">importance of prescriptivism in the development of &#8220;schemes for respelling&#8221; in 18th century pronouncing dictionaries</TitleWithoutPrefix> 1 A01 Véronique Pouillon Pouillon, Véronique Véronique Pouillon Université Paris Diderot 01 This paper will give an overview of the evolution of phonic descriptions in 18th century English pronouncing dictionaries, and of the role of prescriptivism within this process. The prescriptive attitudes of orthoepists during this period led them to adopt increasingly detailed and precise transcription systems, and this same prescriptivism, informed by graphocentrism, influenced these systems as well as the individual transcriptions. Our aim is to establish that the prescriptive tendencies that hardened in 18th century England (during the period which saw the rise of what would come to be known as Received Pronunciation) served as a catalyst for a more systematic approach to describing spoken language and graphophonemic conventions. This is linked to prescriptivism as a tool for social demarcation, and a pedagogical necessity, but also as the hallmark of the traditional, accretive approach to knowledge, of which graphocentric bias is one example. 10 01 JB code ivitra.13.09roc 145 161 17 Article 10 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Els discursos sobre la llengua liter&#224;ria en la Renaixen&#231;a valenciana / Discourses on literary language in the Valencian Renaissance</TitleText> 1 A01 Rafael Roca Ricart Roca Ricart, Rafael Rafael Roca Ricart Universitat de València 01 When Pompeu Fabra wrote his famous article in 1918, later entitled &#8220;La tasca dels escriptors valencians i balears&#8221; (The task of Valencian and Balearic writers), he was simply echoing two of the main issues which Valencian writers had been struggling with for about 40 years: the purification of literary language and the subordination of their dialect to the one used in Catalonia. Thus, this paper examines some of the linguistic difficulties which the writers of the Valencian Renaissance stumbled over, such as the doubts and obstacles posed by decastilianization and the setting of the high variety of the language, and also the opposition from many influential social sectors against linguistic and literary recovery, which was considered politically based. Another problem was the fierce resistance from Valencian society when having to accept and apply the name of the shared language &#8220;Catalan&#8221; to their own. 10 01 JB code ivitra.13.10cos 161 177 17 Article 11 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Anàlisi del discurs de la <italic>Gramàtica catalana</italic> (1933), de Pompeu Fabra / Discourse analysis of Pompeu Fabra's <italic>Catalan Grammar</italic> (1933)</TitleText> 1 A01 Joan Costa-Carreras Costa-Carreras, Joan Joan Costa-Carreras Universitat Pompeu Fabra 01 This presentation attempts to contribute to answering the question &#8220;In what sense is linguistics or grammar always prescriptive?&#8221; This contribution will be anchored in the statements of Bonet (1989) and Cuenca (2001), who clearly state that it is both description and prescription which finally impose a model on linguistic reality. In addition, when the descriptivism or prescriptivism of a text is discussed, what is actually being considered is its aim. Thus, a direct approach from the point of view of the speech act theory (locutionary, illocutionary and perlocutionary) is needed. The way of providing the answer is to present an analysis of Fabra&#8217;s discourse in his Gram&#224;tica catalana (1933), which is still currently the official Catalan grammar. This analysis will encompass a two-pronged approach. On the one hand it will be based on Berrendonner&#8217;s (1982) theoretical foundations and classification that demonstrate how French normative grammar hides its arbitrary and authoritarian character and on the other, Costa Carreras&#8217; (2008) general outlook on Catalan prescriptive discourse will also be taken into account. 10 01 JB code ivitra.13.s2 Section header 12 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">II. The myths and the authenticity of languages</TitleText> 10 01 JB code ivitra.13.11aur 179 198 20 Article 13 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Le mythe de la langue m&#232;re / The myth of the mother tongue</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>Le </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">mythe de la langue m&#232;re / The myth of the mother tongue</TitleWithoutPrefix> 1 A01 Sylvian Auroux Auroux, Sylvian Sylvian Auroux CNRS – Université Paris 7 01 Our linguistic history is full of myths. There is the myth of the national language, the one of a particular genius of each language. Insofar as national languages are artifacts built by centuries of language policy and by the careful equipping of the major culture&#8217;s languages through language instruments that are (among others) translation manuals, dictionaries and grammars, we can assume that the idea of a &#8220;language&#8221; isotopic and regular before any human intervention is also a myth. In what follows, I shall endeavor to unravel a particular myth; that of the original mother tongue of mankind. This myth has one very special feature: it was created by the scientific community and has resurfaced again after seemingly having had its fate sealed. 10 01 JB code ivitra.13.12lod 199 214 16 Article 14 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Language myths and the historiography of French</TitleText> 1 A01 R. Anthony Lodge Lodge, R. Anthony R. Anthony Lodge St Andrews University 01 Sociolinguists in the UK have recently come to recognise the importance of language mythologies (shared assumptions about language whose factual status is not established, but which are widely prevalent and support and reinforce each other), for they can be shown to have a significant effect on the way speakers use their language on a day-to-day basis. Richard Watts has recently explored the effect of such myths, not on ordinary speakers but on writers of histories of English. He has shown that certain fundamental language myths have hardened into ideology and have had a profound effect on the historiography of English. This paper looks at the historiography of French from a similar perspective and shows how profoundly language myths via standard ideology have shaped the way histories of French have traditionally been written. Although the overt effects of this ideology have weakened in recent decades, contemporary histories of the language still show the effects of this ideology in their treatment of the vernacular and in their underlying approach to language change. 10 01 JB code ivitra.13.13dia 215 227 13 Article 15 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Modern Greek</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Founding myths, reform and prescription matters in 19th century</Subtitle> 1 A01 Petros Diatsentos Diatsentos, Petros Petros Diatsentos École des Hautes Études en Sciencies Sociales – Paris 01 This paper attempts to examine the relationship between the representation of the Greek language and its history, and the particular nature of Modern Greek reform in the 19th century. Our starting point is that the Greek scholars&#8217; lack of determination to prescribe purist language (a total absence of grammars and monolingual dictionaries), or perhaps a very special view of prescription, is linked to a vision of reform based on Modern Greek founding myths formed in the 19th century. During this period, a set of appraisals, judgements or assumptions generated an image of Greek language history and from this image emerged founding myths on &#8220;character&#8221;, &#8220;nature&#8221; and the evolution of the language (the inseparability, uniqueness and conservative character of Greek). Linguistic mythology, as a part of the national ideology, is built within a particular historical context and it appears in a discourse that legitimizes a set of political and cultural goals. These founding myths shape a mental framework within which the objectives and the means of reform are set. In this context, any attempt to compose normative works is explicitly rejected. 10 01 JB code ivitra.13.14del 229 242 14 Article 16 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Nommer l&#8217;ennemi: la &#8220;question de la langue&#8221; en Gr&#232;ce et les termes d&#233;signant les vari&#233;t&#233;s linguistiques / Naming the enemy: the &#8220;language issue&#8221; in Greece and the terms denoting linguistic varieties</TitleText> 1 A01 Rea Delveroudi Delveroudi, Rea Rea Delveroudi Université Nationale et Capodistrienne d'Athènes 01 During the consecration process of vernacular languages, contrary to the European scholars&#8217; emancipatory stance towards Latin, Greek scholars adopt an attitude of adulation towards the past, which is closely related to the prestige of the classical tradition and its influence on the Enlightened European countries. This attitude of adulation will lead to the prevailing view both in the historiography of Greek and in the collective linguistic sentiment, considering Ancient and Modern Greek as the same language. The unity of language in the diachronic dimension, with its strong and weak version, can be regarded as the founding myth of the Greek language. This paper tries to demonstrate that, in early linguistic discussions in Greece, a unifying approach is submitted by modern language defenders (a variety designated then through such terms as: &#947;&#961;&#945;&#953;&#954;&#953;&#954;&#942;, &#961;&#969;&#956;&#945;&#943;&#953;&#954;&#951;, &#954;&#959;&#953;&#957;&#942;, etc.), while archaists adopt a schismatic attitude. For instance, it appears that the &#8220;modernists&#8221; introduce a &#8220;meronymic&#8221; theory according to which, Modern Greek represents one of the &#8220;parts&#8221; (gr. meros), more specifically, a dialect, of Greek language. Subsequently, the paper focuses on the term Hellenic (gr. &#949;&#955;&#955;&#951;&#957;&#953;&#954;&#942;), reserved at that time, exclusively, for Ancient Greek, and on its usage by Daniil Philippidis, in 1801, as one of its earliest occurrences as a term designating Modern Greek. This innovative and provocative act does not only express and concretize a unifying design approach, but it also constitutes a clear and concise argument, which in long run will prove to be a decisive one against modern language depreciators. 10 01 JB code ivitra.13.15kal 243 263 21 Article 17 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">The role of narrative in shaping the semantic structure of certain expressions that belong to terminology as to one of the most important lexical groups</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>The </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">role of narrative in shaping the semantic structure of certain expressions that belong to terminology as to one of the most important lexical groups</TitleWithoutPrefix> <Subtitle textformat="02">On the etymology of the Serbo-Croatian common designations for &#8220;Artemisia&#8217;s plants&#8221;</Subtitle> 1 A01 Maja Kalezic Kalezic, Maja Maja Kalezic Institute for the Serbian Language – Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts 01 The treatise deals with the particular Slavic naming units designating the plant species of the genus Artemisia motivated by religious belief contents that have not been discussed in previous phytonomastical research. 10 01 JB code ivitra.13.16vos 265 281 17 Article 18 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Mitos de decadencia ling&#252;&#237;stica en la historia del neerland&#233;s. Una exploraci&#243;n socioling&#252;&#237;stica de la lengua en Flandes en los siglos xviii y xix / Myths of language decadence in Dutch history. A sociolinguistic exploration of language in Flanders in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries</TitleText> 1 A01 Rik Vosters Vosters, Rik Rik Vosters Vrije Universiteit Brussel – FWO Vlaanderen 01 Contrary to the fixed language norms of Northern (&#8220;Hollandic&#8221;) Dutch, Southern (&#8220;Flemish&#8221;) Dutch in the eighteenth and nineteenth century is claimed to have been nothing more than a collection of mutually unintelligible and Frenchified dialects. Such discourses of Southern linguistic chaos lie at the basis of Hollandic varieties serving as the foundation for the modern-day standard language. In this contribution, I will identify and trace back several &#8220;myths of linguistic decay&#8221; in a collection of normative works and metalinguistic texts, and test them against findings from actual usage, based on a corpus of handwritten documents from the early nineteenth century. By examining adnominal case and gender marking as a representative case study, I will show how the divide between the North and the South existed not only on the linguistic level, but thrived all the more on the metalinguistic level. 10 01 JB code ivitra.13.17esc 283 296 14 Article 19 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">L&#8217;humanista Bernard&#237; G&#243;mez Miedes (1515-1589) i la percepci&#243; de la llengua catalana / The humanist Bernard&#237; G&#243;mez Miedes (1515-1589) and the perception of Catalan language</TitleText> 1 A01 Vicent Josep Escartí Escartí, Vicent Josep Vicent Josep Escartí Universitat de València 01 The Valencian humanist Bernardino G&#243;mez Miedes (1515&#8211;1589) was born in Aragon, trained in Rome and near the end of his life appointed Bishop of Albarracin. He gave the Spanish monarchy paraphrases of the Chronicle of Jaume&#160;I, first in Latin (1582) and then in Castilian (1584). His interest was clear: to reinforce the political theory, featuring the model of the medieval king, of Caesarism as practiced by the Hapsburgs. Interestingly, Gomez Miedes did not refrain from including juicy comments, analyzed in this paper, about the Crown of Aragon and, in particular, the Catalans. 10 01 JB code ivitra.13.18gin 297 318 22 Article 20 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">De llengües, mites i emocions al xix català: el mite de la llengua del cor? / Language, myths and emotions in nineteenth-century Catalan: The myth of the language of the heart?</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>De </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">llengües, mites i emocions al xix català: el mite de la llengua del cor? / Language, myths and emotions in nineteenth-century Catalan: The myth of the language of the heart?</TitleWithoutPrefix> 1 A01 Jordi Ginebra Ginebra, Jordi Jordi Ginebra Universitat Rovira i Virgili 01 At the beginning of the nineteenth century very few reasons remained to support the claim that the Catalan language would play a significant role in the future of Catalonia. The opinion was that, if the teaching of Spanish was both good and well established, the Catalans would give up their own language without any problems. However, one hundred years later, at the beginning of the twentieth century, different factors have emerged that have refuelled the debate in favour of Catalan. It is generally claimed that cultural links between languages and nations were established during the Romantic period. Indeed, language became the source of nationhood. Nevertheless, Romanticism not only raised the collective cultural dimension of languages, but also legitimized the emotional links between individuals and their own language. Thus, Catalan as a mother tongue achieves a new value and significance: it becomes the language of the heart and soul, the language of sincerity and authenticity. 10 01 JB code ivitra.13.s3 Section header 21 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">III. Language emotions</TitleText> 10 01 JB code ivitra.13.19mas 321 336 16 Article 22 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Factors emocionals en la formaci&#243; de teories ling&#252;&#237;stiques: el cas rom&#224;nic / Emotional factors in the formation of linguistic theories: The Romanic case</TitleText> 1 A01 Joan Mascaró Mascaró, Joan Joan Mascaró Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona 01 I examine four cases which are instances of the interference of emotional factors in the formulation of linguistic analyses: the determination of the primeval language, the chronology of the &#8220;birth&#8221; of Romance languages, the interpretation of two glottonyms in a 9th century Arabic text, and some ideas from Men&#233;ndez Pidal about the history of Spanish. In each of these four cases an illegitimate object is &#8220;invented&#8221; by transferring the positive subjective evaluations of the object, as if they are objective properties, to the object, and a fallacious argumentation is provided. 10 01 JB code ivitra.13.20nic 337 351 15 Article 23 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">“El valencià no se pedrà mai”: la manipulació mediàtica de les emocions col·lectives en l’anticatalanisme valencià durant la transició (1976-1982) / “El valencià no se pedrà mai”: Media manipulation of collective emotions in Valencian Anti-Catalanism during the Transition (1976-1982)</TitleText> 1 A01 Miquel Nicolàs Nicolàs, Miquel Miquel Nicolàs Universitat de València 01 Political identities reflect social inequalities and are rewritten at every historical conjuncture with symbolic materials, arguments and states of consciousness that prevail. Languages that use a human group in this context are vehicles for such reconstruction and act simultaneously as a reflection and a mental space where tensions generated by the socio-political struggle are crystallized. In this dual role, languages are powerful catalysts for group emotions. They incorporate these emotions into to socio-communicative dynamism and express them as a complement to other systems of social semiosis. Furthermore, language is quite a malleable material that infiltrates social practices, shapes ideological enunciation and lends itself to political manipulation, triggered by the media. However, for political manipulation to exist, certain conditions for the receptivity of such messages must also exist. The breeding ground of emotions has to be rich enough and respond to external stimuli in an intelligible way. Under these assumptions, we consider three interdependent objectives: (a)&#160;to make a provisional balance of academic research on the so-called phenomenon of blaverisme, (b) to consider the problems in the method inherent to understanding the conflict and (c) to analyze the historical and cultural substrate of fear towards the other and fear of linguistic impersonation, emotions, in our opinion, that are the genesis of Valencian anti-Catalanism. 10 01 JB code ivitra.13.21bay 353 362 10 Article 24 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">La representació nord-catalana de la llengua: entre refús del patuès i llengua de segona / The representation of Northern Catalan language: Between patois rejection and second-class language</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>La </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">representació nord-catalana de la llengua: entre refús del patuès i llengua de segona / The representation of Northern Catalan language: Between patois rejection and second-class language</TitleWithoutPrefix> 1 A01 Alà Baylac Baylac, Alà Alà Baylac Universitat de Perpinyà 01 Northern Catalans, because of their particular position in the interface of the Catalan and French worlds, have a specific representation of Catalan language: they are reluctant to accept the French view that any other languages not the &#8220;language of the Republic&#8221; are patois. However, in the prevailing linguistic ideology in France and its sociolinguistic situation, do they really perceive Catalan as a second category language? The present contribution aims to balance the deficit of research into the history of the language in Northern Catalonia and indicates possibilities to investigate its language regarding to myths, norms and emotions. 10 01 JB code ivitra.13.22pey 363 392 30 Article 25 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Amor, emoció i artifici de la llengua catalana a la Catalunya del Nord avui / Love, emotion and artifice of Catalan language in Northern Catalonia today</TitleText> 1 A01 Joan Peytaví Peytaví, Joan Joan Peytaví CRHiSM – Universitat de Perpinyà 01 The aim of this paper is to reflect on the individual processes of a few northern Catalans who have had a special relationship with the Catalan language, as it is vernacular of their territory. To date, very few people have analysed them from an introspective point of view. Personal stories of the &#8220;keepers&#8221; of Catalan in the more contemporary Northern Catalonia are eloquent to regard evolutionary processes of their languages, but also the involutionary ones. Catalan language in this context is a sign of a complex identity, confused and hard to define, experiencing uncertain moments and a time of mutation. These personal stories can help us to understand Catalan in a much more distinct manner unlike the matter-of-fact sociolinguistic surveys. In particular these stories will be complements, enrichments and new approaches to those so often cold statistics we have today. Individual life courses help to understand the mechanisms that have made possible that there are still people who speak Catalan in that area, people who actually seem to go against subjective laws of the history of languages. 10 01 JB code ivitra.13.23igl 393 411 19 Article 26 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">El parlant multilingüe davant la llengua, el parlant monolingüe davant les llengües: a propòsit de dues autobiografies lingüístiques / The multilingual speaker facing language, the monolingual speaker facing languages: Two linguistic autobiographies</TitleText> 1 A01 Narcís Iglésias Iglésias, Narcís Narcís Iglésias Universitat de Girona 01 This paper focusses on multilingualism and language diversity from the point of view of speakers and, more specifically, of language autobiographies. It analyses the thoughts and feelings about languages of two speakers and their biographical experiences related to multilingual collective societies. In one case, a multilingual speaker gauges the languages he has learnt and spoken throughout different periods of his life, and claims the need for a shelter-language. In the other case, a speaker from a multilingual society justifies his monolingual option while appraising the other languages. Many studies related to language diversity focus on endangered languages. This current analysis, focusing on language biographies, goes into language diversity itself and attempts to project a new focus in the field. 10 01 JB code ivitra.13.24ind 413 416 4 Miscellaneous 27 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Index</TitleText> 02 JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam/Philadelphia NL 04 20160825 2016 John Benjamins B.V. 02 WORLD 13 15 9789027240194 01 JB 3 John Benjamins e-Platform 03 jbe-platform.com 09 WORLD 21 01 00 105.00 EUR R 01 00 88.00 GBP Z 01 gen 00 158.00 USD S 923015779 03 01 01 JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code IVITRA 13 Hb 15 9789027240194 13 2016022368 BB 01 IVITRA 02 2211-5412 IVITRA Research in Linguistics and Literature 13 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Constructing Languages</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Norms, myths and emotions</Subtitle> 01 ivitra.13 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/ivitra.13 1 B01 Francesc Feliu Feliu, Francesc Francesc Feliu University of Girona, ISIC-IVITRA 2 B01 Josep M. Nadal Nadal, Josep M. Josep M. Nadal Institut d'Estudis Catalans, University of Girona, ISIC-IVITRA 01 eng 424 vii 416 LAN009000 v.2006 CFF 2 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.HL Historical linguistics 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.HOL History of linguistics 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.LAPO Language policy 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.SOCIO Sociolinguistics and Dialectology 06 01 As language historians we believe that the subject of our study is neither natural languages nor idiolects which speakers have always been able to develop individually (loosely what Chomsky calls L-i), but rather the social constructions of reference shared by all speakers (basically what Chomsky terms as L-e ). In this context the language historian essentially studies how a public L-e is built such that it can be understood as the language of all (i.e. hiding L-i variations) and also how L-e succeed in replacing the primary reality of idiolects, even if only in the imagination.<br /> Writing represents a crucial turning point in language construction, because it made it possible to materialize the abstraction that, until then, related speakers could only guess and besides it comes into competition with individual languages.<br />In modern centuries, the provision of grammars, dictionaries and other such learning tools and systematizing instruments strengthens the idea that, because of their normative character, languages can be learned through study. Mythical stories encourage the achievement of prescriptive rules and lead speakers to link emotions to their language. Therefore, the topics of reflection that we want to discuss in this volume are: Norms, Myths and Emotions related to language construction. 05 Most authors of this book are very well-known specialists, who provide renewed knowledge about the history of European languages. [...] Very little work could be found in the same vein, and there is no doubt that the book will impulse new dimensions in the study of languages. Jean-Michel Eloy, Université de Picardie - Jules Verne 05 La « construction des langues » justement, est un sujet audacieux qui va audelà des définitions habituelles de la langue [...] Cet ouvrage s’attaque aux émotions, aux mythes et aux normes qui participent à la reconnaissance des langues et à la définition de ce qu’est réellement une langue pour les spécialistes comme pour tous les usagers. Anne-Marie Chabrolle-Cerretini, ATILF-CNRS - Université de Lorraine 04 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/ivitra.13.png 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027240194.jpg 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027240194.tif 06 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/ivitra.13.hb.png 07 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/ivitra.13.png 25 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/ivitra.13.hb.png 27 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/ivitra.13.hb.png 10 01 JB code ivitra.13.01fel 1 6 6 Article 1 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Languages as a construction</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">An enlightening perspective</Subtitle> 1 A01 Francesc Feliu Feliu, Francesc Francesc Feliu Universitat de Girona 2 A01 Josep M. Nadal Nadal, Josep M. Josep M. Nadal Universitat de Girona 10 01 JB code ivitra.13.s1 Section header 2 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">I. Rules to linguistic delimitation</TitleText> 10 01 JB code ivitra.13.02alv 9 22 14 Article 3 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">El idioma, construcci&#243;n social e ideol&#243;gica de la lengua / Language, social and ideological construction of the tongue</TitleText> 1 A01 Alfredo Álvarez Álvarez, Alfredo Alfredo Álvarez Universidad de Oviedo 01 It is useful to preserve the dichotomy between Spanish terms lengua and idioma as this will enable us to understand some of the old controversial arguments such as the existence of an Argentinian idioma, the perception of historic languages like Asturiano or Aragon&#233;s as being vulgar dialects, or the acknowledgement of an idioma valenciano which is different from the idioma catal&#225;n. While the term lengua refers to a linguistic system, the term idioma works as a positive image for the representation of one particular community. This is an intuitive image, which does not have much in common with a linguistic analysis, but rather is deeply rooted in ideological and affective reasons. Therefore, the idioma is built around a form of &#8220;folk&#8221; thinking, in which the linguists participate as well. 10 01 JB code ivitra.13.03bru 23 38 16 Article 4 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Tra imperi e leggerezza: l&#8217;italiano lingua illustre? / Among empires and lightness: Italian, illustrious language?</TitleText> 1 A01 Francesco Bruni Bruni, Francesco Francesco Bruni Università Ca' Foscari Venezia 01 Intellectual achievements, which were barely conceivable until very recently, are now possible in our contemporary global society. However, the world of Internet and its digital inhabitants raise new issues in several fields. In this paper, I will focus on the role written language plays on the social and educational stage dominated by cell phones, computers, and other electronic devices. This new human framework, strongly ego-centered and deictic (i.e. the emphasis is on I-here-now) poses questions related to the role of reading, writing, and thinking. Proposing a new approach to European humanistic tradition should be, in my opinion, the main target at this time in schools and universities. So far, the bulk of linguistic research has been devoted to oral communication as the foremost or unique subject worth studying. Writing competence and more generally the &#8220;superior&#8221; functions of human language (written communication, fluency in projecting and writing professional texts, adequate comprehension of written texts and, last but not least, so-called critical thinking), deserve greater attention from linguistic research as well as a new approach to teaching at all levels of instruction. For many years, the Girona School has devoted special attention to language in a cultural dimension. The historical development of Catalan or Italian is, needless to say, different. Furthermore, in Italian culture literary and, more precisely, intellectual language played a fundamental role in literature, politics, court life in early modern society, artistic and musical terms, and so on. However, as we are now in a global deictic society, poor in meanings and ideas (what would involve a ruthless dictatorship), conveying meanings and the values of humanistic culture is a major task for education. 10 01 JB code ivitra.13.04mil 39 55 17 Article 5 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">The Spanish Quarter of Naples</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>The </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">Spanish Quarter of Naples</TitleWithoutPrefix> <Subtitle textformat="02">The dynamics of language innovation and persistence between linguistic uses and metalinguistic reflections</Subtitle> 1 A01 Emma Milano Milano, Emma Emma Milano University of Naples Federico II 01 This study focuses on the dynamics of linguistic conservation and innovation in the historic center of Naples, the Spanish Quarter. In the Spanish Quarter&#160;&#8211; historically marked by social marginalization and a notable use of dialect&#160;&#8211; the constant socio-environmental conditions have favored the preservation of habits of life and language. Constructed in the Sixteenth century to house Spanish soldiers, the Spanish Quarter has always been characterized for its layout &#8211;&#160;a grid of narrow streets that elicits its original intended defensibility and impenetrability. This aspect has greatly influenced the history of a colorful and &#8220;notorious&#8221; neighborhood, and may have played a role in contributing to the persistence of today&#8217;s cultural and language uses. An analysis of two linguistic phenomena in a corpus of speech produced by a sample of artisans shows that although Italian has gained a relevant space, it lives alongside a strongly diatopically and diastratically marked dialect, which serves as a territorial identification marker. 10 01 JB code ivitra.13.05dag 57 81 25 Article 6 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Le lingue, ponti o frontiere? Appunti sulla Sicilia linguistica / Languages, bridges or borders? Notes on linguistics Sicily</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>Le </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">lingue, ponti o frontiere? Appunti sulla Sicilia linguistica / Languages, bridges or borders? Notes on linguistics Sicily</TitleWithoutPrefix> 1 A01 Mari D’Agostino D’Agostino, Mari Mari D’Agostino Università di Palermo 01 The Sicilian language has always been a field of great interest not only because of its contact with other languages, but also because of ideological models and language policies. This paper examines some moments of its thousand-year history in which the intermingling of peoples, languages and cultures has been acted out in very different ways, both in terms of actual behaviour and in terms of perceptions and linguistic representations. After outlining some recent studies of great interest, chiefly because of the approaches and methodologies used, the paper analyses the changes in the repertoire of the inhabitants of Sicily in recent decades. In particular, we examine the practices of the very recent use of dialect in the written communication of youth, in politics and in advertising, and the unmistakeable opening up to the multilingualism of immigrants arriving from around the globe. Indeed, they are the ones changing the face of Sicilian cities, perhaps rebinding those historical links of connections and fusion, contacts and overlaps between people and languages. 10 01 JB code ivitra.13.06fer 83 98 16 Article 7 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">La construcció de la norma cancelleresca catalana / The construction of standard chancellery Catalan</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>La </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">construcció de la norma cancelleresca catalana / The construction of standard chancellery Catalan</TitleWithoutPrefix> 1 A01 Antoni Ferrando Ferrando, Antoni Antoni Ferrando Universitat de València 01 We lack studies about the formation and evolution of the Catalan language used in the Royal Chancellery of the Crown of Aragon. The publication of the Col&#183;lecci&#243; de documents de la Cancelleria de la Corona d&#8217;Arag&#243; (1291&#8211;1420) (2013), edited by Mateu Rodrigo, with more than a thousand documents carefully transcribed and chronologically representative can rectify this deficit and review some preconceptions about the nature of chancery model, such as a supposed graphical and grammatical uniformity and a specific linguistic basis in Barcelona. The corrections made on the documents themselves reveal the existence of a pattern language, though they are not always applied consistently and become more flexible in the lexical field as officials and more information from around the Crown of Aragon reach the Chancellery. The language corrections are mainly focused on the application of the formalities and syntactic structures based on Latin. 10 01 JB code ivitra.13.07ayr 99 129 31 Article 8 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Codification and prescription in linguistic standardisation</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Myths and models</Subtitle> 1 A01 Wendy Ayres-Bennett Ayres-Bennett, Wendy Wendy Ayres-Bennett University of Cambridge 01 This paper aims to contribute to the field of &#8220;comparative standardology&#8221;, arguing that it is only through the adoption of a comparative perspective that certain myths about the process of standardisation can be dispelled. In particular, I will consider what light recent work on English and German sheds on the case of French, typically portrayed as the European language which has been most subjected to prescriptive influences. Focussing on the interrelation between description, codification, prescription and purist activity, I will start by considering how the dominant models of standardisation (Haugen, Milroy &#38; Milroy) have treated codification and prescription. I will then examine how far the so-called prescriptive and purist grammarians in France merit this reputation and compare this analysis with the situation in England and Germany. I will conclude by looking at the difference between intention and effect, and the diverse roles played by individuals, private institutions and official bodies. 10 01 JB code ivitra.13.08pou 131 144 14 Article 9 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">The importance of prescriptivism in the development of &#8220;schemes for respelling&#8221; in 18th century pronouncing dictionaries</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>The </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">importance of prescriptivism in the development of &#8220;schemes for respelling&#8221; in 18th century pronouncing dictionaries</TitleWithoutPrefix> 1 A01 Véronique Pouillon Pouillon, Véronique Véronique Pouillon Université Paris Diderot 01 This paper will give an overview of the evolution of phonic descriptions in 18th century English pronouncing dictionaries, and of the role of prescriptivism within this process. The prescriptive attitudes of orthoepists during this period led them to adopt increasingly detailed and precise transcription systems, and this same prescriptivism, informed by graphocentrism, influenced these systems as well as the individual transcriptions. Our aim is to establish that the prescriptive tendencies that hardened in 18th century England (during the period which saw the rise of what would come to be known as Received Pronunciation) served as a catalyst for a more systematic approach to describing spoken language and graphophonemic conventions. This is linked to prescriptivism as a tool for social demarcation, and a pedagogical necessity, but also as the hallmark of the traditional, accretive approach to knowledge, of which graphocentric bias is one example. 10 01 JB code ivitra.13.09roc 145 161 17 Article 10 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Els discursos sobre la llengua liter&#224;ria en la Renaixen&#231;a valenciana / Discourses on literary language in the Valencian Renaissance</TitleText> 1 A01 Rafael Roca Ricart Roca Ricart, Rafael Rafael Roca Ricart Universitat de València 01 When Pompeu Fabra wrote his famous article in 1918, later entitled &#8220;La tasca dels escriptors valencians i balears&#8221; (The task of Valencian and Balearic writers), he was simply echoing two of the main issues which Valencian writers had been struggling with for about 40 years: the purification of literary language and the subordination of their dialect to the one used in Catalonia. Thus, this paper examines some of the linguistic difficulties which the writers of the Valencian Renaissance stumbled over, such as the doubts and obstacles posed by decastilianization and the setting of the high variety of the language, and also the opposition from many influential social sectors against linguistic and literary recovery, which was considered politically based. Another problem was the fierce resistance from Valencian society when having to accept and apply the name of the shared language &#8220;Catalan&#8221; to their own. 10 01 JB code ivitra.13.10cos 161 177 17 Article 11 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Anàlisi del discurs de la <italic>Gramàtica catalana</italic> (1933), de Pompeu Fabra / Discourse analysis of Pompeu Fabra's <italic>Catalan Grammar</italic> (1933)</TitleText> 1 A01 Joan Costa-Carreras Costa-Carreras, Joan Joan Costa-Carreras Universitat Pompeu Fabra 01 This presentation attempts to contribute to answering the question &#8220;In what sense is linguistics or grammar always prescriptive?&#8221; This contribution will be anchored in the statements of Bonet (1989) and Cuenca (2001), who clearly state that it is both description and prescription which finally impose a model on linguistic reality. In addition, when the descriptivism or prescriptivism of a text is discussed, what is actually being considered is its aim. Thus, a direct approach from the point of view of the speech act theory (locutionary, illocutionary and perlocutionary) is needed. The way of providing the answer is to present an analysis of Fabra&#8217;s discourse in his Gram&#224;tica catalana (1933), which is still currently the official Catalan grammar. This analysis will encompass a two-pronged approach. On the one hand it will be based on Berrendonner&#8217;s (1982) theoretical foundations and classification that demonstrate how French normative grammar hides its arbitrary and authoritarian character and on the other, Costa Carreras&#8217; (2008) general outlook on Catalan prescriptive discourse will also be taken into account. 10 01 JB code ivitra.13.s2 Section header 12 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">II. The myths and the authenticity of languages</TitleText> 10 01 JB code ivitra.13.11aur 179 198 20 Article 13 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Le mythe de la langue m&#232;re / The myth of the mother tongue</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>Le </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">mythe de la langue m&#232;re / The myth of the mother tongue</TitleWithoutPrefix> 1 A01 Sylvian Auroux Auroux, Sylvian Sylvian Auroux CNRS – Université Paris 7 01 Our linguistic history is full of myths. There is the myth of the national language, the one of a particular genius of each language. Insofar as national languages are artifacts built by centuries of language policy and by the careful equipping of the major culture&#8217;s languages through language instruments that are (among others) translation manuals, dictionaries and grammars, we can assume that the idea of a &#8220;language&#8221; isotopic and regular before any human intervention is also a myth. In what follows, I shall endeavor to unravel a particular myth; that of the original mother tongue of mankind. This myth has one very special feature: it was created by the scientific community and has resurfaced again after seemingly having had its fate sealed. 10 01 JB code ivitra.13.12lod 199 214 16 Article 14 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Language myths and the historiography of French</TitleText> 1 A01 R. Anthony Lodge Lodge, R. Anthony R. Anthony Lodge St Andrews University 01 Sociolinguists in the UK have recently come to recognise the importance of language mythologies (shared assumptions about language whose factual status is not established, but which are widely prevalent and support and reinforce each other), for they can be shown to have a significant effect on the way speakers use their language on a day-to-day basis. Richard Watts has recently explored the effect of such myths, not on ordinary speakers but on writers of histories of English. He has shown that certain fundamental language myths have hardened into ideology and have had a profound effect on the historiography of English. This paper looks at the historiography of French from a similar perspective and shows how profoundly language myths via standard ideology have shaped the way histories of French have traditionally been written. Although the overt effects of this ideology have weakened in recent decades, contemporary histories of the language still show the effects of this ideology in their treatment of the vernacular and in their underlying approach to language change. 10 01 JB code ivitra.13.13dia 215 227 13 Article 15 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Modern Greek</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Founding myths, reform and prescription matters in 19th century</Subtitle> 1 A01 Petros Diatsentos Diatsentos, Petros Petros Diatsentos École des Hautes Études en Sciencies Sociales – Paris 01 This paper attempts to examine the relationship between the representation of the Greek language and its history, and the particular nature of Modern Greek reform in the 19th century. Our starting point is that the Greek scholars&#8217; lack of determination to prescribe purist language (a total absence of grammars and monolingual dictionaries), or perhaps a very special view of prescription, is linked to a vision of reform based on Modern Greek founding myths formed in the 19th century. During this period, a set of appraisals, judgements or assumptions generated an image of Greek language history and from this image emerged founding myths on &#8220;character&#8221;, &#8220;nature&#8221; and the evolution of the language (the inseparability, uniqueness and conservative character of Greek). Linguistic mythology, as a part of the national ideology, is built within a particular historical context and it appears in a discourse that legitimizes a set of political and cultural goals. These founding myths shape a mental framework within which the objectives and the means of reform are set. In this context, any attempt to compose normative works is explicitly rejected. 10 01 JB code ivitra.13.14del 229 242 14 Article 16 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Nommer l&#8217;ennemi: la &#8220;question de la langue&#8221; en Gr&#232;ce et les termes d&#233;signant les vari&#233;t&#233;s linguistiques / Naming the enemy: the &#8220;language issue&#8221; in Greece and the terms denoting linguistic varieties</TitleText> 1 A01 Rea Delveroudi Delveroudi, Rea Rea Delveroudi Université Nationale et Capodistrienne d'Athènes 01 During the consecration process of vernacular languages, contrary to the European scholars&#8217; emancipatory stance towards Latin, Greek scholars adopt an attitude of adulation towards the past, which is closely related to the prestige of the classical tradition and its influence on the Enlightened European countries. This attitude of adulation will lead to the prevailing view both in the historiography of Greek and in the collective linguistic sentiment, considering Ancient and Modern Greek as the same language. The unity of language in the diachronic dimension, with its strong and weak version, can be regarded as the founding myth of the Greek language. This paper tries to demonstrate that, in early linguistic discussions in Greece, a unifying approach is submitted by modern language defenders (a variety designated then through such terms as: &#947;&#961;&#945;&#953;&#954;&#953;&#954;&#942;, &#961;&#969;&#956;&#945;&#943;&#953;&#954;&#951;, &#954;&#959;&#953;&#957;&#942;, etc.), while archaists adopt a schismatic attitude. For instance, it appears that the &#8220;modernists&#8221; introduce a &#8220;meronymic&#8221; theory according to which, Modern Greek represents one of the &#8220;parts&#8221; (gr. meros), more specifically, a dialect, of Greek language. Subsequently, the paper focuses on the term Hellenic (gr. &#949;&#955;&#955;&#951;&#957;&#953;&#954;&#942;), reserved at that time, exclusively, for Ancient Greek, and on its usage by Daniil Philippidis, in 1801, as one of its earliest occurrences as a term designating Modern Greek. This innovative and provocative act does not only express and concretize a unifying design approach, but it also constitutes a clear and concise argument, which in long run will prove to be a decisive one against modern language depreciators. 10 01 JB code ivitra.13.15kal 243 263 21 Article 17 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">The role of narrative in shaping the semantic structure of certain expressions that belong to terminology as to one of the most important lexical groups</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>The </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">role of narrative in shaping the semantic structure of certain expressions that belong to terminology as to one of the most important lexical groups</TitleWithoutPrefix> <Subtitle textformat="02">On the etymology of the Serbo-Croatian common designations for &#8220;Artemisia&#8217;s plants&#8221;</Subtitle> 1 A01 Maja Kalezic Kalezic, Maja Maja Kalezic Institute for the Serbian Language – Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts 01 The treatise deals with the particular Slavic naming units designating the plant species of the genus Artemisia motivated by religious belief contents that have not been discussed in previous phytonomastical research. 10 01 JB code ivitra.13.16vos 265 281 17 Article 18 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Mitos de decadencia ling&#252;&#237;stica en la historia del neerland&#233;s. Una exploraci&#243;n socioling&#252;&#237;stica de la lengua en Flandes en los siglos xviii y xix / Myths of language decadence in Dutch history. A sociolinguistic exploration of language in Flanders in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries</TitleText> 1 A01 Rik Vosters Vosters, Rik Rik Vosters Vrije Universiteit Brussel – FWO Vlaanderen 01 Contrary to the fixed language norms of Northern (&#8220;Hollandic&#8221;) Dutch, Southern (&#8220;Flemish&#8221;) Dutch in the eighteenth and nineteenth century is claimed to have been nothing more than a collection of mutually unintelligible and Frenchified dialects. Such discourses of Southern linguistic chaos lie at the basis of Hollandic varieties serving as the foundation for the modern-day standard language. In this contribution, I will identify and trace back several &#8220;myths of linguistic decay&#8221; in a collection of normative works and metalinguistic texts, and test them against findings from actual usage, based on a corpus of handwritten documents from the early nineteenth century. By examining adnominal case and gender marking as a representative case study, I will show how the divide between the North and the South existed not only on the linguistic level, but thrived all the more on the metalinguistic level. 10 01 JB code ivitra.13.17esc 283 296 14 Article 19 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">L&#8217;humanista Bernard&#237; G&#243;mez Miedes (1515-1589) i la percepci&#243; de la llengua catalana / The humanist Bernard&#237; G&#243;mez Miedes (1515-1589) and the perception of Catalan language</TitleText> 1 A01 Vicent Josep Escartí Escartí, Vicent Josep Vicent Josep Escartí Universitat de València 01 The Valencian humanist Bernardino G&#243;mez Miedes (1515&#8211;1589) was born in Aragon, trained in Rome and near the end of his life appointed Bishop of Albarracin. He gave the Spanish monarchy paraphrases of the Chronicle of Jaume&#160;I, first in Latin (1582) and then in Castilian (1584). His interest was clear: to reinforce the political theory, featuring the model of the medieval king, of Caesarism as practiced by the Hapsburgs. Interestingly, Gomez Miedes did not refrain from including juicy comments, analyzed in this paper, about the Crown of Aragon and, in particular, the Catalans. 10 01 JB code ivitra.13.18gin 297 318 22 Article 20 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">De llengües, mites i emocions al xix català: el mite de la llengua del cor? / Language, myths and emotions in nineteenth-century Catalan: The myth of the language of the heart?</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>De </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">llengües, mites i emocions al xix català: el mite de la llengua del cor? / Language, myths and emotions in nineteenth-century Catalan: The myth of the language of the heart?</TitleWithoutPrefix> 1 A01 Jordi Ginebra Ginebra, Jordi Jordi Ginebra Universitat Rovira i Virgili 01 At the beginning of the nineteenth century very few reasons remained to support the claim that the Catalan language would play a significant role in the future of Catalonia. The opinion was that, if the teaching of Spanish was both good and well established, the Catalans would give up their own language without any problems. However, one hundred years later, at the beginning of the twentieth century, different factors have emerged that have refuelled the debate in favour of Catalan. It is generally claimed that cultural links between languages and nations were established during the Romantic period. Indeed, language became the source of nationhood. Nevertheless, Romanticism not only raised the collective cultural dimension of languages, but also legitimized the emotional links between individuals and their own language. Thus, Catalan as a mother tongue achieves a new value and significance: it becomes the language of the heart and soul, the language of sincerity and authenticity. 10 01 JB code ivitra.13.s3 Section header 21 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">III. Language emotions</TitleText> 10 01 JB code ivitra.13.19mas 321 336 16 Article 22 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Factors emocionals en la formaci&#243; de teories ling&#252;&#237;stiques: el cas rom&#224;nic / Emotional factors in the formation of linguistic theories: The Romanic case</TitleText> 1 A01 Joan Mascaró Mascaró, Joan Joan Mascaró Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona 01 I examine four cases which are instances of the interference of emotional factors in the formulation of linguistic analyses: the determination of the primeval language, the chronology of the &#8220;birth&#8221; of Romance languages, the interpretation of two glottonyms in a 9th century Arabic text, and some ideas from Men&#233;ndez Pidal about the history of Spanish. In each of these four cases an illegitimate object is &#8220;invented&#8221; by transferring the positive subjective evaluations of the object, as if they are objective properties, to the object, and a fallacious argumentation is provided. 10 01 JB code ivitra.13.20nic 337 351 15 Article 23 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">“El valencià no se pedrà mai”: la manipulació mediàtica de les emocions col·lectives en l’anticatalanisme valencià durant la transició (1976-1982) / “El valencià no se pedrà mai”: Media manipulation of collective emotions in Valencian Anti-Catalanism during the Transition (1976-1982)</TitleText> 1 A01 Miquel Nicolàs Nicolàs, Miquel Miquel Nicolàs Universitat de València 01 Political identities reflect social inequalities and are rewritten at every historical conjuncture with symbolic materials, arguments and states of consciousness that prevail. Languages that use a human group in this context are vehicles for such reconstruction and act simultaneously as a reflection and a mental space where tensions generated by the socio-political struggle are crystallized. In this dual role, languages are powerful catalysts for group emotions. They incorporate these emotions into to socio-communicative dynamism and express them as a complement to other systems of social semiosis. Furthermore, language is quite a malleable material that infiltrates social practices, shapes ideological enunciation and lends itself to political manipulation, triggered by the media. However, for political manipulation to exist, certain conditions for the receptivity of such messages must also exist. The breeding ground of emotions has to be rich enough and respond to external stimuli in an intelligible way. Under these assumptions, we consider three interdependent objectives: (a)&#160;to make a provisional balance of academic research on the so-called phenomenon of blaverisme, (b) to consider the problems in the method inherent to understanding the conflict and (c) to analyze the historical and cultural substrate of fear towards the other and fear of linguistic impersonation, emotions, in our opinion, that are the genesis of Valencian anti-Catalanism. 10 01 JB code ivitra.13.21bay 353 362 10 Article 24 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">La representació nord-catalana de la llengua: entre refús del patuès i llengua de segona / The representation of Northern Catalan language: Between patois rejection and second-class language</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>La </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">representació nord-catalana de la llengua: entre refús del patuès i llengua de segona / The representation of Northern Catalan language: Between patois rejection and second-class language</TitleWithoutPrefix> 1 A01 Alà Baylac Baylac, Alà Alà Baylac Universitat de Perpinyà 01 Northern Catalans, because of their particular position in the interface of the Catalan and French worlds, have a specific representation of Catalan language: they are reluctant to accept the French view that any other languages not the &#8220;language of the Republic&#8221; are patois. However, in the prevailing linguistic ideology in France and its sociolinguistic situation, do they really perceive Catalan as a second category language? The present contribution aims to balance the deficit of research into the history of the language in Northern Catalonia and indicates possibilities to investigate its language regarding to myths, norms and emotions. 10 01 JB code ivitra.13.22pey 363 392 30 Article 25 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Amor, emoció i artifici de la llengua catalana a la Catalunya del Nord avui / Love, emotion and artifice of Catalan language in Northern Catalonia today</TitleText> 1 A01 Joan Peytaví Peytaví, Joan Joan Peytaví CRHiSM – Universitat de Perpinyà 01 The aim of this paper is to reflect on the individual processes of a few northern Catalans who have had a special relationship with the Catalan language, as it is vernacular of their territory. To date, very few people have analysed them from an introspective point of view. Personal stories of the &#8220;keepers&#8221; of Catalan in the more contemporary Northern Catalonia are eloquent to regard evolutionary processes of their languages, but also the involutionary ones. Catalan language in this context is a sign of a complex identity, confused and hard to define, experiencing uncertain moments and a time of mutation. These personal stories can help us to understand Catalan in a much more distinct manner unlike the matter-of-fact sociolinguistic surveys. In particular these stories will be complements, enrichments and new approaches to those so often cold statistics we have today. Individual life courses help to understand the mechanisms that have made possible that there are still people who speak Catalan in that area, people who actually seem to go against subjective laws of the history of languages. 10 01 JB code ivitra.13.23igl 393 411 19 Article 26 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">El parlant multilingüe davant la llengua, el parlant monolingüe davant les llengües: a propòsit de dues autobiografies lingüístiques / The multilingual speaker facing language, the monolingual speaker facing languages: Two linguistic autobiographies</TitleText> 1 A01 Narcís Iglésias Iglésias, Narcís Narcís Iglésias Universitat de Girona 01 This paper focusses on multilingualism and language diversity from the point of view of speakers and, more specifically, of language autobiographies. It analyses the thoughts and feelings about languages of two speakers and their biographical experiences related to multilingual collective societies. In one case, a multilingual speaker gauges the languages he has learnt and spoken throughout different periods of his life, and claims the need for a shelter-language. In the other case, a speaker from a multilingual society justifies his monolingual option while appraising the other languages. Many studies related to language diversity focus on endangered languages. This current analysis, focusing on language biographies, goes into language diversity itself and attempts to project a new focus in the field. 10 01 JB code ivitra.13.24ind 413 416 4 Miscellaneous 27 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Index</TitleText> 02 JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam/Philadelphia NL 04 20160825 2016 John Benjamins B.V. 02 WORLD 08 880 gr 01 JB 1 John Benjamins Publishing Company +31 20 6304747 +31 20 6739773 bookorder@benjamins.nl 01 https://benjamins.com 01 WORLD US CA MX 21 24 16 01 02 JB 1 00 105.00 EUR R 02 02 JB 1 00 111.30 EUR R 01 JB 10 bebc +44 1202 712 934 +44 1202 712 913 sales@bebc.co.uk 03 GB 21 16 02 02 JB 1 00 88.00 GBP Z 01 JB 2 John Benjamins North America +1 800 562-5666 +1 703 661-1501 benjamins@presswarehouse.com 01 https://benjamins.com 01 US CA MX 21 16 01 gen 02 JB 1 00 158.00 USD