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7500817
John Benjamins Publishing Company
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eng
01
EUR
563015286
03
01
01
JB
John Benjamins Publishing Company
01
JB code
IVITRA 7 Eb
15
9789027269676
06
10.1075/ivitra.7
13
2014019615
DG
002
02
01
IVITRA
02
2211-5412
IVITRA Research in Linguistics and Literature
7
01
Mots nous en català / New words in Catalan
Una panoràmica geolectal / A diatopic view
01
ivitra.7
01
https://benjamins.com
02
https://benjamins.com/catalog/ivitra.7
1
B01
Teresa Cabré
Cabré, Teresa
Teresa
Cabré
Universitat Pompeu Fabra
2
B01
Ona Domènech Bagaria
Domènech Bagaria, Ona
Ona
Domènech Bagaria
Universitat Oberta de Catalunya
3
B01
Rosa Estopà
Estopà, Rosa
Rosa
Estopà
Universitat Pompeu Fabra
01
eng
290
xiv
276
LAN009000
v.2006
CF
2
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.HL
Historical linguistics
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.MORPH
Morphology
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.ROM
Romance linguistics
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.SOCIO
Sociolinguistics and Dialectology
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.THEOR
Theoretical linguistics
06
01
This is an innovative and distinctive comparative monograph about new word creation in the different varieties of Catalan. In eight chapters, it provides a panoramic analysis of the neologisms documented by the NEOXOC network. Each chapter is dedicated to the qualitative and quantitative analysis, as well as the comparative territorial analysis, of neologisms, differentiated by formation sources: suffixation, prefixation, neoclassical compounding, vernacular compounding and syntagmatic compounding, Spanish loanwords, English loanwords, truncation and semantic change. Two annexes contain the neologisms cited as well as a sample of the data collected by NEOXOC from a corpus during 2008-2010, thus establishing a link with previous studies carried out by the Observatori de Neologia. This book is of interest to scholars of the Catalan language and to anyone involved in lexical neology, or in more specific fields such as morphology or lexical semantics. Moreover, the innovative approach (based on the analysis of diatopic variation in Catalan lexical neology) makes it relevant for those who are interested in the evolution of languages, linguistic variation and language planning. The chapters are written in Catalan, with extensive English summaries.
04
09
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03
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https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027240132.jpg
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09
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https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/ivitra.7.hb.png
10
01
JB code
ivitra.7.001aut
vii
xi
5
Miscellaneous
1
01
Autors i autores / Authors
10
01
JB code
ivitra.7.002abr
xiii
xiv
2
Miscellaneous
2
01
Abreviacions usades / Abbreviations
10
01
JB code
ivitra.7.01cab
1
4
4
Article
3
01
Presentació. La neologia, més enllà de l’actualització de diccionaris / Foreword. Neology, more than updating dictionaries
1
A01
Teresa Cabré
Cabré, Teresa
Teresa
Cabré
Universitat Pompeu Fabra
10
01
JB code
ivitra.7.02dom
5
22
18
Article
4
01
Prefaci / Preface
1
A01
Ona Domènech Bagaria
Domènech Bagaria, Ona
Ona
Domènech Bagaria
Universitat Oberta de Catalunya
2
A01
Rosa Estopà
Estopà, Rosa
Rosa
Estopà
Universitat Pompeu Fabra
10
01
JB code
ivitra.7.03gin
23
39
17
Article
5
01
Prefixació / Prefixation
1
A01
Jordi Ginebra
Ginebra, Jordi
Jordi
Ginebra
Universitat Rovira i Virgili
2
A01
Roser Llagostera
Llagostera, Roser
Roser
Llagostera
Universitat Rovira i Virgili
3
A01
Xavier Rull
Rull, Xavier
Xavier
Rull
Universitat Rovira i Virgili
20
Catalan
20
diatopic variation
20
language of the media
20
language variation
20
morphology
20
neology
20
prefixation
20
word formation
01
Evidence from the NEOXOC project confirms that trends related to prefixation in Catalan are in line with the expectations derived from previous research. Between 2008 and 2010, the Project collected 1.890 neologic lexical units coined by use of prefixation, 16.20% of the total neologisms collected, which positions prefixation as the second most productive word formation process after suffixation. The set of prefixes – in terms of number, inventory and productivity – also follows the guidelines indicated in previous studies.
No one prefix could be associated with a specific node, and therefore considered characteristic of a given territorial area. We can most likely, then, deduce that language in the media register is very homogenous across the linguistic domain. Although samples with regional specificity can be found, this specificity is based on the lexical component. Thus, among the neologisms, the words pseudoensaïmada, vicebatle, antimallorquí, and interinsular clearly have a Balearic flavor. The neologisms interparroquial and interpirinenc sound like they are from Andorra, while the word hemidelta evokes the Terres de l’Ebre. Words like the adjective antilínia (Girona, Barcelona, Perpignan), the verb desestacionalitzar (Andorra, Tarragona), and the words sobreexplotar and sobreoferta (Balearic Islands, Alacant) suggest specific territorial realities, as well.
The comparative analysis of the data from each of the nodes suggests heterogeneity in the frequency of prefixes and of grammatical categories. Regarding the weight of prefixation among the whole set of word formation processes, data from Girona contrasts with the project globally considered: figures range from 5.24% (Girona) to 14.34% (Lleida, the next), and peaks at 23.94% (Alacant). The global distribution of data from Tarragona is also surprising: this node obtains very similar figures for nouns, adjectives and verbs, which is outstanding when compared to data from all the other nodes. Productivity of different prefixes in every node compared to the global result also shows some unpredictable mismatches. At present we have no explanation for these contrasts. They could be traces of specific trends in each area, or they could be due to our analysis of the data still being too limited, that is, that we still have not done enough analysis to be able to project the results to the whole language. For this reason the continuity of the research project seems necessary. The systematic and extensive collection of data for several years would allow us to reach some firm conclusions.
10
01
JB code
ivitra.7.04dom
41
66
26
Article
6
01
Sufixació / Suffixation
1
A01
Ona Domènech Bagaria
Domènech Bagaria, Ona
Ona
Domènech Bagaria
Universitat Oberta de Catalunya
2
A01
Rosa Estopà
Estopà, Rosa
Rosa
Estopà
Universitat Pompeu Fabra
20
Catalan
20
language of the media
20
language variation
20
morphology
20
neology
20
neology, morphology, word formation, suffixation, Catalan, language of the media, language variation, diatopic variation
20
suffixation
20
word formation
01
The derivative process of suffixation has always been considered one of the most common and genuine mechanisms that the romance languages have to form new words. Therefore, the study of this process in the diatopic varieties of
Catalan is crucial to the linguistic knowledge available about the language.
In this chapter we present the results obtained through the description and comparative analysis of the suffixed neologisms collected during three years (2008–2010) in different linguistic domains of the Catalan language. The data collected by the NEOXOC network prove that suffixation is (16.8%), together with prefixation (16%), one of the most productive mechanisms in the formation of neologisms in the territory of the Catalan langauge, as in the majority of the zones suffixation is either the first or second most recurrent resource.
In general, we will see how the neologisms documented in texts of a standard and formal register use suffixes with little difference between the diverse territories. Nevertheless, the analyzed data allow us to detect some singularities amongst the different zones, both in as far as the type of suffixes used and the specific neologisms or lemmas are concerned.
Regarding the suffixes used, we will see how vernacular suffixes (of the Catalan language) predominate. They are mostly lexical in type (rather than evaluative), and tend to be nominalizers and adjectivizers (much more so than the verbalizers). The majority of the zones largely coincide in choosing the most productive suffixes (-ista, -isme, -itzar, -itat and -dor/dora), but the data obtained also allow the detection of some interesting differences, such as the scarce productivity of certain suffixes in specific zones or the high productivity of other suffixes in other specific zones.
As for the documented neologic forms, the analysis reveals that (a) the suffixes used to create neologisms are those that had already been detected in previous studies (even though some vary in frequency of use with respect to what is mentioned in classic grammar books); (b) there are no new suffixes in some of the studied linguistic varieties, and (c) although the different zones use the same suffixes, there is scarce coincidence in lemmas amongst the extraction resources. Thus, the absence of specific neologic forms is greatly significant since, in spite of the homogenity of the comparative corpus, the majority of the neologisms documented in a specific zone are present only in the extraction carried out in that territory, and not in the others.
10
01
JB code
ivitra.7.05gin
67
83
17
Article
7
01
Composició culta / Neoclassical compounding
1
A01
Jordi Ginebra
Ginebra, Jordi
Jordi
Ginebra
Universitat Rovira i Virgili
2
A01
Roser Llagostera
Llagostera, Roser
Roser
Llagostera
Universitat Rovira i Virgili
3
A01
Xavier Rull
Rull, Xavier
Xavier
Rull
Universitat Rovira i Virgili
20
Catalan
20
compounding
20
diatopic variation
20
language of media
20
language variation
20
morphology
20
neoclassical compounding
20
neology
01
The data from the NEOXOC Project corresponding to the years 2008–2010 provide 2,039 neologic lexical units formed by neoclassical compounding (1,506 after eliminating the words detected in more than one node). Neoclassical compounding is therefore one of the most productive processes, after suffixation, prefixation, and English loanwords. Upon analyzing the representativeness of neoclassical compounding in comparison to other neologic processes in each node, we find that it carries about the same weight as it does over the global data set. Differences are hardly perceptible, and this fact can be easily explained if we consider that neoclassical compounding belongs to language varieties that are not particularly sensitive to regional variation.
More than 200 roots generated the 1,506 neologisms. The most frequent is auto-, especially involved in the creation of verbs. It is followed at a great distance by mini-, macro- and micro-, three elements with aspective value. We then find eco-, euro-, ciber- and bio-, being the lexical content morphemes most frequently used for word formation in contemporary Catalan media. As a general trend, prototypical neoclassical compounding – the union of two classical roots – is not very productive today, whereas hybrid formations, or neologisms with a classical root (in fact, an affix created from a learned root) and a vernacular word, are very common, a point that coincides with the fact that prefixation is a more productive process in word formation than compounding. The current strength of Catalan prefixation is to a large extent due to prefixes originated in classical roots. It should also be noted that other different kinds of compounding have been found: compounds à la savante, compounds created with pesudoclassical forms, and neologisms created with suffixes originated in classical roots.
Regarding the productivity of the different elements in the material collected, it should be noted that data also shows that compounding is a word formation process hardly affected by territorial variation. The first 14 out of the 25 most productive elements are found in all nodes. Finally, it should be noted that some nodes have collected new compounds that are not found in any other node, and this could be a sign of regional trends, although most of them do not show any specific cultural link with the geographic areas. In any case, it is an issue that should be considered in the future.
10
01
JB code
ivitra.7.06sen
85
114
30
Article
8
01
Composició patrimonial i sintagmació / Vernacular Compounding and Syntagmatic Compounding
1
A01
Andreu Sentí
Sentí, Andreu
Andreu
Sentí
Universitat d’Alacant
20
blending
20
Catalan
20
cognitive semantics
20
compounding
20
diatopic variation
20
language variation
20
neology
20
syntagmatic compounding
01
This chapter focuses on both syntagmatic (i.e. a neologism made by following syntactic rules) and vernacular compounding (i.e. a neologism made by following lexical rules). We have studied both kinds of neologisms collected in all Catalan nodes. Vernacular compounding is the fifth most frequent kind of neologism formation source, and syntagmatic compounding occupies the eighth position. In general terms, no significant differences are found among the different regions.
Regarding vernacular compounding, we show that the genuine word-formation pattern NN, in which there is a dependence relation (as in filferro), is no longer used to create new words in Catalan. Additionally, the genuine word-formation pattern VN still produces new words, but it only represents 11.5% of all vernacular compound neologisms. We have found VN neologisms related to agentive nouns (aparcacotxes, cerca-talents), tools (parafocs, marcapàgines), spatial areas (passaplats), and also neologisms with a metaphorical meaning
(escanya-pobres, buscavides).
According to data collected by the NEOXOC network, the majority of neologisms correspond to the pattern NN with no dependence relation (as in actriu cantant), which is made up of two Ns with no obvious nucleus. This kind of neologism is not as genuine as filferro, but they are very frequent. Evidently, two classes can be distinguished. On the one hand, a coordinated NN compound, which creates a neologism that gets its meaning from the two nouns (as in acte-homenatge, actor-cantant, aler-pivot). This class represents the majority of neologisms in all Catalan zones. On the other hand, an attributive NN compound whose first N is the nucleus and the second one is a specifier (like an adjective). In some cases, it is difficult to establish how a neologism gets its meaning from the first and second nouns. That is why our approach from cognitive linguistics and blending (Fauconnier & Turner 2002) allows for a new account to these phenomena (Schmid 2011): the new word compresses the meanings from two inputs (the first and the second nouns) into a new meaning. Similarly, the adjectival vernacular compounding AA has been studied following this approach.
Concerning syntagmatic compounding, it gives rise to a neologism when there is fixation and, sometimes, idiomaticity. NA units are the most frequent in all zones: balança fiscal, banda ambla, bombolla immobiliària. There are neologisms with a compounded meaning: federalism fiscal, país emergent, and there are neologisms with a metaphorical meaning (idioms): caixa tonta, llengua blava, ovella negra. Other kinds of syntagmatic compounding include the following: N SP (cançó d’autor), V N (carregar piles), V SP (pujar al carro).
To sum up, we find a similar evolution of these kinds of compounds in all Catalan zones. The most genuine patterns are decreasing, and the NN compounds – the closest to syntagmatic compounds – are increasing.
10
01
JB code
ivitra.7.07bas
115
131
17
Article
9
01
Manlleus del castellà / Spanish loanword
1
A01
Carolina Bastida
Bastida, Carolina
Carolina
Bastida
Universitat d’Andorra
20
borrowing
20
Catalan
20
diatopic variation
20
interference
20
language of the media
20
language variation
20
neology
20
Spanish loanwords
01
Loanwords are a strategy to expand the vocabulary of a language, by which a word is borrowed from a donor language and directly incorporated into a recipient language. In written language, these borrowed units can go through a process of graphic adaptation to the recipient language, or they can preserve their original orthography. The use of loanwords may be motivated by the need to describe a new reality or just by linguistic creativity and expressivity. One of the languages that most frequently lends lexical units to Catalan is, after English, Spanish (32% of all loanwords, and 9.2% of all neologisms). Within Spanish loanwords we find a high percentage of (graphically) adapted neologisms. Overall, the adapted loanwords represent 48.9% of all Spanish loanwords. This high proportion of adapted loanwords reflects the degree of assimilation of certain lexical units to the Catalan orthographic system. Some lexical units show great formal variation (pelotazo, pelotaso, pelotasso), due to fluctuation between the normative form in Spanish and different degrees of graphic adaptation to Catalan, and also great productivity (apijar, pijada, pijerío…). The typological proximity and the contact between both languages result in speakers using words in Catalan that they do not perceive as loanwords from a psychological perspective. This phenomenon is known as interference. In our data, approximately 60% of all loanwords may be the result of this phenomenon. This proportion is fairly high if we bear in mind that our extraction sources undergo several editing filters. Regarding the thematic aspects, the most outstanding feature is the large number of derogatory nouns and adjectives, used mostly as personal qualifiers. We also find numerous units related to Spanish and Latin American cultural expressions. In regards to the occurrence of Spanish loanwords across the different territories, the data show great variability. The scarce coincidence of lexical units across regions leads us to the conclusion that there is a high degree of idiosyncrasy regarding the use of Spanish loanwords in each territory. Most units recorded in a specific region are not found in the rest of territories. The analysis of Spanish loanwords shows that, due mostly to cultural proximity and typological similarity of the Spanish and Catalan languages, they are one of the most frequent strategies to incorporate new words into written Catalan language.
10
01
JB code
ivitra.7.08gen
133
144
12
Article
10
01
Manlleus de l’anglès / English loanwords
1
A01
Maria Gené-Gil
Gené-Gil, Maria
Maria
Gené-Gil
Universitat de les Illes Balears
20
borrowing
20
Catalan
20
diatopic variation
20
English as a lingua franca
20
language of the media
20
language variation
20
loanwords
20
neology
01
A very productive mechanism to create neologisms in Catalan is that of borrowing from other languages, especially from English, due to its condition of lingua franca. In this chapter we analyze the neologisms created by English loanwords, detected between 2008 and 2010 in general written media, which total 2,322. We present a diatopic study of this morphological process, focusing on the differences and similarities between the different Catalan dialectal modalities. Although there were few differences in the neologisms created from English loanwords among the different nodes of the NEOXOC network, we found some noteworthy similarities and particularities of this type of words among territories, especially regarding frequency and thematic areas. Loanwords were about 10–15% of total neologisms in each node, with the exception of Girona and Lleida, where the percentages were above 20%. Regarding repetition and frequency, most English loanwords were hapaxes, and territorial differences in this sense were scarce. More specifically, blog was the most frequent neologism created by borrowing from English, and was found in every node, as well as play-off, lobby, ska and spa, which were also between the most frequent ones in every node. It was in thematic areas where most differences between the nodes arose, which showed that denominative needs were greatly affected by the circumstances relevant to each zone. Although sports was the thematic area to which the majority of the most frequent neologisms belonged, in Andorra this area reached 80%, where most of these words were related to snow sports. ICT and music were also very productive overall. It is clear that the huge presence of the English language in these thematic areas is the reason why they were the most frequent in the case of English loanwords. Surprisingly, we found very few instances of expressive English loanwords, which may be accounted for by the fact that the publications analyzed used a standard model of language. To sum up, this preliminary study on neologisms created by English loanwords allows us to observe some tendencies that should be confirmed in future research by conducting a more profound analysis with a bigger corpus, especially by focusing on the hapaxes of each territory, since they form the majority of the data.
10
01
JB code
ivitra.7.09fab
145
177
33
Article
11
01
Truncació / Truncation
1
A01
Immaculada Fàbregas Alegret
Fàbregas Alegret, Immaculada
Immaculada
Fàbregas Alegret
Université de Bretagne-Sud
20
abbreviation
20
Catalan
20
diatopic variation
20
initialization
20
language of the media
20
language variation
20
neology
20
shortening
01
The present chapter is dedicated to the study of neologisms obtained through a truncation process, particularly through abbreviation, blending and initialisation. Although traditional grammars do not deal with such processes and they represent only 2% of the data collected by the NEOXOC network, it can be observed that truncation is a rather common phenomenon in Catalan which affects the whole Catalan-speaking area.
The chapter has been divided into three sections, each of them corresponding to one of the truncation types: abbreviation, defined as the shortening of a word (profe < professor) or a syntagma (motora < llanxa motora); blending, defined as a combination of word segments coming to form a syntagmatic structure (catanyol < català + espanyol); and initialization, defined as the lexicalization of an initialism that begins to function as a new word in the language (“un api”, “les pimes”, “els pecés”).
Each section contains a quantitative and qualitative analysis, since the objective here is to compare the attitudes towards truncation in the distinct nodes of the NEOXOC area.
The data evidence that, during the studied period, the most productive truncation process was abbreviation, followed by blending and then initialization. They also show that the proportion of neologisms created through truncation is very similar from one node to another, at the quantitative level as well as at the qualitative one. The markedly spontaneous and often short-lived nature of this kind of neologisms explains why most words occur only once. Similarly, the attitudes in the distinct nodes are quite homogeneous as far as spelling and morphological variation is concerned. Nor do they present significant differences when the variety of semantic fields or the influence of other languages are investigated.
10
01
JB code
ivitra.7.10cre
179
205
27
Article
12
01
Neologismes semantics / Semantic change
1
A01
Imma Creus
Creus, Imma
Imma
Creus
Universitat de Lleida
2
A01
Joan Julià-Muné
Julià-Muné, Joan
Joan
Julià-Muné
Universitat de Lleida
20
Catalan
20
eponymy
20
language of the media
20
language variation
20
metaphor
20
metonymy
20
neology
20
semantic change
01
Semantic neologisms contribute to renewing and enlarging the capacity of expression and communicating resources of languages. They usually help speakers to make their descriptions more powerful and their speech more effective. However, neologisms related to semantic change are rather difficult to detect by automatic procedures, because changes in meaning within a word may be covered up, so to say, by its spelling and formal phonetic wrappings. This contribution to the work on neology in the media written in Catalan during the period of 2008–2010 allows us to confirm that semantic neologisms hold the 6th place in the productivity ranking. In fact, they represent 5% of all neologisms analyzed in the study. As far as semantic neologisms are concerned, the Balearic Islands, Barcelona and Lleida are highly productive, whereas Alacant, Andorra and
Girona are the less productive zones. From the formal point of view, this kind of neologisms is usually written with no typographic emphasis and very few spelling variations. In addition, they are found in nouns and adjectives, mostly in the masculine and singular form, or verbs, generally transitive, in which different word formation processes may converge, such as derivation and composition. Semantic neology resources are mainly related to homonymy, meaning narrowing and broadening, meaning shifts, metonymy, metaphor, loanwords and eponyms, which are words that are coined from proper names. These are among the most creative ways that the vocabulary of a language may expand. The collected data also indicate that semantic neologisms may be found in a great variety of thematic areas, especially in sports and technology, but also in politics, economy, culture, means of transportation, food, agriculture and stockbreeding. Nevertheless, according to the available data, we may conclude so far that dialectal contrasts are rather faint in the press written in Catalan.
10
01
JB code
ivitra.7.11bib
207
211
5
Miscellaneous
13
01
Bibliografia / Bibliography
10
01
JB code
ivitra.7.12ann
213
273
61
Miscellaneous
14
01
Annexos / Appendices
10
01
JB code
ivitra.7.13ind
275
276
2
Miscellaneous
15
01
Index
02
JBENJAMINS
John Benjamins Publishing Company
01
John Benjamins Publishing Company
Amsterdam/Philadelphia
NL
04
20141024
2014
John Benjamins B.V.
02
WORLD
13
15
9789027240132
01
JB
3
John Benjamins e-Platform
03
jbe-platform.com
09
WORLD
21
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95.00
EUR
R
01
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80.00
GBP
Z
01
gen
00
143.00
USD
S
872015285
03
01
01
JB
John Benjamins Publishing Company
01
JB code
IVITRA 7 Hb
15
9789027240132
13
2014019615
BB
01
IVITRA
02
2211-5412
IVITRA Research in Linguistics and Literature
7
01
Mots nous en català / New words in Catalan
Una panoràmica geolectal / A diatopic view
01
ivitra.7
01
https://benjamins.com
02
https://benjamins.com/catalog/ivitra.7
1
B01
Teresa Cabré
Cabré, Teresa
Teresa
Cabré
Universitat Pompeu Fabra
2
B01
Ona Domènech Bagaria
Domènech Bagaria, Ona
Ona
Domènech Bagaria
Universitat Oberta de Catalunya
3
B01
Rosa Estopà
Estopà, Rosa
Rosa
Estopà
Universitat Pompeu Fabra
01
eng
290
xiv
276
LAN009000
v.2006
CF
2
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.HL
Historical linguistics
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.MORPH
Morphology
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.ROM
Romance linguistics
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.SOCIO
Sociolinguistics and Dialectology
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.THEOR
Theoretical linguistics
06
01
This is an innovative and distinctive comparative monograph about new word creation in the different varieties of Catalan. In eight chapters, it provides a panoramic analysis of the neologisms documented by the NEOXOC network. Each chapter is dedicated to the qualitative and quantitative analysis, as well as the comparative territorial analysis, of neologisms, differentiated by formation sources: suffixation, prefixation, neoclassical compounding, vernacular compounding and syntagmatic compounding, Spanish loanwords, English loanwords, truncation and semantic change. Two annexes contain the neologisms cited as well as a sample of the data collected by NEOXOC from a corpus during 2008-2010, thus establishing a link with previous studies carried out by the Observatori de Neologia. This book is of interest to scholars of the Catalan language and to anyone involved in lexical neology, or in more specific fields such as morphology or lexical semantics. Moreover, the innovative approach (based on the analysis of diatopic variation in Catalan lexical neology) makes it relevant for those who are interested in the evolution of languages, linguistic variation and language planning. The chapters are written in Catalan, with extensive English summaries.
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JB code
ivitra.7.001aut
vii
xi
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Miscellaneous
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Autors i autores / Authors
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JB code
ivitra.7.002abr
xiii
xiv
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Miscellaneous
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Abreviacions usades / Abbreviations
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JB code
ivitra.7.01cab
1
4
4
Article
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Presentació. La neologia, més enllà de l’actualització de diccionaris / Foreword. Neology, more than updating dictionaries
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A01
Teresa Cabré
Cabré, Teresa
Teresa
Cabré
Universitat Pompeu Fabra
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JB code
ivitra.7.02dom
5
22
18
Article
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Prefaci / Preface
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A01
Ona Domènech Bagaria
Domènech Bagaria, Ona
Ona
Domènech Bagaria
Universitat Oberta de Catalunya
2
A01
Rosa Estopà
Estopà, Rosa
Rosa
Estopà
Universitat Pompeu Fabra
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JB code
ivitra.7.03gin
23
39
17
Article
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Prefixació / Prefixation
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A01
Jordi Ginebra
Ginebra, Jordi
Jordi
Ginebra
Universitat Rovira i Virgili
2
A01
Roser Llagostera
Llagostera, Roser
Roser
Llagostera
Universitat Rovira i Virgili
3
A01
Xavier Rull
Rull, Xavier
Xavier
Rull
Universitat Rovira i Virgili
20
Catalan
20
diatopic variation
20
language of the media
20
language variation
20
morphology
20
neology
20
prefixation
20
word formation
01
Evidence from the NEOXOC project confirms that trends related to prefixation in Catalan are in line with the expectations derived from previous research. Between 2008 and 2010, the Project collected 1.890 neologic lexical units coined by use of prefixation, 16.20% of the total neologisms collected, which positions prefixation as the second most productive word formation process after suffixation. The set of prefixes – in terms of number, inventory and productivity – also follows the guidelines indicated in previous studies.
No one prefix could be associated with a specific node, and therefore considered characteristic of a given territorial area. We can most likely, then, deduce that language in the media register is very homogenous across the linguistic domain. Although samples with regional specificity can be found, this specificity is based on the lexical component. Thus, among the neologisms, the words pseudoensaïmada, vicebatle, antimallorquí, and interinsular clearly have a Balearic flavor. The neologisms interparroquial and interpirinenc sound like they are from Andorra, while the word hemidelta evokes the Terres de l’Ebre. Words like the adjective antilínia (Girona, Barcelona, Perpignan), the verb desestacionalitzar (Andorra, Tarragona), and the words sobreexplotar and sobreoferta (Balearic Islands, Alacant) suggest specific territorial realities, as well.
The comparative analysis of the data from each of the nodes suggests heterogeneity in the frequency of prefixes and of grammatical categories. Regarding the weight of prefixation among the whole set of word formation processes, data from Girona contrasts with the project globally considered: figures range from 5.24% (Girona) to 14.34% (Lleida, the next), and peaks at 23.94% (Alacant). The global distribution of data from Tarragona is also surprising: this node obtains very similar figures for nouns, adjectives and verbs, which is outstanding when compared to data from all the other nodes. Productivity of different prefixes in every node compared to the global result also shows some unpredictable mismatches. At present we have no explanation for these contrasts. They could be traces of specific trends in each area, or they could be due to our analysis of the data still being too limited, that is, that we still have not done enough analysis to be able to project the results to the whole language. For this reason the continuity of the research project seems necessary. The systematic and extensive collection of data for several years would allow us to reach some firm conclusions.
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JB code
ivitra.7.04dom
41
66
26
Article
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Sufixació / Suffixation
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A01
Ona Domènech Bagaria
Domènech Bagaria, Ona
Ona
Domènech Bagaria
Universitat Oberta de Catalunya
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A01
Rosa Estopà
Estopà, Rosa
Rosa
Estopà
Universitat Pompeu Fabra
20
Catalan
20
language of the media
20
language variation
20
morphology
20
neology
20
neology, morphology, word formation, suffixation, Catalan, language of the media, language variation, diatopic variation
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suffixation
20
word formation
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The derivative process of suffixation has always been considered one of the most common and genuine mechanisms that the romance languages have to form new words. Therefore, the study of this process in the diatopic varieties of
Catalan is crucial to the linguistic knowledge available about the language.
In this chapter we present the results obtained through the description and comparative analysis of the suffixed neologisms collected during three years (2008–2010) in different linguistic domains of the Catalan language. The data collected by the NEOXOC network prove that suffixation is (16.8%), together with prefixation (16%), one of the most productive mechanisms in the formation of neologisms in the territory of the Catalan langauge, as in the majority of the zones suffixation is either the first or second most recurrent resource.
In general, we will see how the neologisms documented in texts of a standard and formal register use suffixes with little difference between the diverse territories. Nevertheless, the analyzed data allow us to detect some singularities amongst the different zones, both in as far as the type of suffixes used and the specific neologisms or lemmas are concerned.
Regarding the suffixes used, we will see how vernacular suffixes (of the Catalan language) predominate. They are mostly lexical in type (rather than evaluative), and tend to be nominalizers and adjectivizers (much more so than the verbalizers). The majority of the zones largely coincide in choosing the most productive suffixes (-ista, -isme, -itzar, -itat and -dor/dora), but the data obtained also allow the detection of some interesting differences, such as the scarce productivity of certain suffixes in specific zones or the high productivity of other suffixes in other specific zones.
As for the documented neologic forms, the analysis reveals that (a) the suffixes used to create neologisms are those that had already been detected in previous studies (even though some vary in frequency of use with respect to what is mentioned in classic grammar books); (b) there are no new suffixes in some of the studied linguistic varieties, and (c) although the different zones use the same suffixes, there is scarce coincidence in lemmas amongst the extraction resources. Thus, the absence of specific neologic forms is greatly significant since, in spite of the homogenity of the comparative corpus, the majority of the neologisms documented in a specific zone are present only in the extraction carried out in that territory, and not in the others.
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JB code
ivitra.7.05gin
67
83
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Article
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Composició culta / Neoclassical compounding
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A01
Jordi Ginebra
Ginebra, Jordi
Jordi
Ginebra
Universitat Rovira i Virgili
2
A01
Roser Llagostera
Llagostera, Roser
Roser
Llagostera
Universitat Rovira i Virgili
3
A01
Xavier Rull
Rull, Xavier
Xavier
Rull
Universitat Rovira i Virgili
20
Catalan
20
compounding
20
diatopic variation
20
language of media
20
language variation
20
morphology
20
neoclassical compounding
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neology
01
The data from the NEOXOC Project corresponding to the years 2008–2010 provide 2,039 neologic lexical units formed by neoclassical compounding (1,506 after eliminating the words detected in more than one node). Neoclassical compounding is therefore one of the most productive processes, after suffixation, prefixation, and English loanwords. Upon analyzing the representativeness of neoclassical compounding in comparison to other neologic processes in each node, we find that it carries about the same weight as it does over the global data set. Differences are hardly perceptible, and this fact can be easily explained if we consider that neoclassical compounding belongs to language varieties that are not particularly sensitive to regional variation.
More than 200 roots generated the 1,506 neologisms. The most frequent is auto-, especially involved in the creation of verbs. It is followed at a great distance by mini-, macro- and micro-, three elements with aspective value. We then find eco-, euro-, ciber- and bio-, being the lexical content morphemes most frequently used for word formation in contemporary Catalan media. As a general trend, prototypical neoclassical compounding – the union of two classical roots – is not very productive today, whereas hybrid formations, or neologisms with a classical root (in fact, an affix created from a learned root) and a vernacular word, are very common, a point that coincides with the fact that prefixation is a more productive process in word formation than compounding. The current strength of Catalan prefixation is to a large extent due to prefixes originated in classical roots. It should also be noted that other different kinds of compounding have been found: compounds à la savante, compounds created with pesudoclassical forms, and neologisms created with suffixes originated in classical roots.
Regarding the productivity of the different elements in the material collected, it should be noted that data also shows that compounding is a word formation process hardly affected by territorial variation. The first 14 out of the 25 most productive elements are found in all nodes. Finally, it should be noted that some nodes have collected new compounds that are not found in any other node, and this could be a sign of regional trends, although most of them do not show any specific cultural link with the geographic areas. In any case, it is an issue that should be considered in the future.
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JB code
ivitra.7.06sen
85
114
30
Article
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Composició patrimonial i sintagmació / Vernacular Compounding and Syntagmatic Compounding
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A01
Andreu Sentí
Sentí, Andreu
Andreu
Sentí
Universitat d’Alacant
20
blending
20
Catalan
20
cognitive semantics
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compounding
20
diatopic variation
20
language variation
20
neology
20
syntagmatic compounding
01
This chapter focuses on both syntagmatic (i.e. a neologism made by following syntactic rules) and vernacular compounding (i.e. a neologism made by following lexical rules). We have studied both kinds of neologisms collected in all Catalan nodes. Vernacular compounding is the fifth most frequent kind of neologism formation source, and syntagmatic compounding occupies the eighth position. In general terms, no significant differences are found among the different regions.
Regarding vernacular compounding, we show that the genuine word-formation pattern NN, in which there is a dependence relation (as in filferro), is no longer used to create new words in Catalan. Additionally, the genuine word-formation pattern VN still produces new words, but it only represents 11.5% of all vernacular compound neologisms. We have found VN neologisms related to agentive nouns (aparcacotxes, cerca-talents), tools (parafocs, marcapàgines), spatial areas (passaplats), and also neologisms with a metaphorical meaning
(escanya-pobres, buscavides).
According to data collected by the NEOXOC network, the majority of neologisms correspond to the pattern NN with no dependence relation (as in actriu cantant), which is made up of two Ns with no obvious nucleus. This kind of neologism is not as genuine as filferro, but they are very frequent. Evidently, two classes can be distinguished. On the one hand, a coordinated NN compound, which creates a neologism that gets its meaning from the two nouns (as in acte-homenatge, actor-cantant, aler-pivot). This class represents the majority of neologisms in all Catalan zones. On the other hand, an attributive NN compound whose first N is the nucleus and the second one is a specifier (like an adjective). In some cases, it is difficult to establish how a neologism gets its meaning from the first and second nouns. That is why our approach from cognitive linguistics and blending (Fauconnier & Turner 2002) allows for a new account to these phenomena (Schmid 2011): the new word compresses the meanings from two inputs (the first and the second nouns) into a new meaning. Similarly, the adjectival vernacular compounding AA has been studied following this approach.
Concerning syntagmatic compounding, it gives rise to a neologism when there is fixation and, sometimes, idiomaticity. NA units are the most frequent in all zones: balança fiscal, banda ambla, bombolla immobiliària. There are neologisms with a compounded meaning: federalism fiscal, país emergent, and there are neologisms with a metaphorical meaning (idioms): caixa tonta, llengua blava, ovella negra. Other kinds of syntagmatic compounding include the following: N SP (cançó d’autor), V N (carregar piles), V SP (pujar al carro).
To sum up, we find a similar evolution of these kinds of compounds in all Catalan zones. The most genuine patterns are decreasing, and the NN compounds – the closest to syntagmatic compounds – are increasing.
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JB code
ivitra.7.07bas
115
131
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Article
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Manlleus del castellà / Spanish loanword
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A01
Carolina Bastida
Bastida, Carolina
Carolina
Bastida
Universitat d’Andorra
20
borrowing
20
Catalan
20
diatopic variation
20
interference
20
language of the media
20
language variation
20
neology
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Spanish loanwords
01
Loanwords are a strategy to expand the vocabulary of a language, by which a word is borrowed from a donor language and directly incorporated into a recipient language. In written language, these borrowed units can go through a process of graphic adaptation to the recipient language, or they can preserve their original orthography. The use of loanwords may be motivated by the need to describe a new reality or just by linguistic creativity and expressivity. One of the languages that most frequently lends lexical units to Catalan is, after English, Spanish (32% of all loanwords, and 9.2% of all neologisms). Within Spanish loanwords we find a high percentage of (graphically) adapted neologisms. Overall, the adapted loanwords represent 48.9% of all Spanish loanwords. This high proportion of adapted loanwords reflects the degree of assimilation of certain lexical units to the Catalan orthographic system. Some lexical units show great formal variation (pelotazo, pelotaso, pelotasso), due to fluctuation between the normative form in Spanish and different degrees of graphic adaptation to Catalan, and also great productivity (apijar, pijada, pijerío…). The typological proximity and the contact between both languages result in speakers using words in Catalan that they do not perceive as loanwords from a psychological perspective. This phenomenon is known as interference. In our data, approximately 60% of all loanwords may be the result of this phenomenon. This proportion is fairly high if we bear in mind that our extraction sources undergo several editing filters. Regarding the thematic aspects, the most outstanding feature is the large number of derogatory nouns and adjectives, used mostly as personal qualifiers. We also find numerous units related to Spanish and Latin American cultural expressions. In regards to the occurrence of Spanish loanwords across the different territories, the data show great variability. The scarce coincidence of lexical units across regions leads us to the conclusion that there is a high degree of idiosyncrasy regarding the use of Spanish loanwords in each territory. Most units recorded in a specific region are not found in the rest of territories. The analysis of Spanish loanwords shows that, due mostly to cultural proximity and typological similarity of the Spanish and Catalan languages, they are one of the most frequent strategies to incorporate new words into written Catalan language.
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JB code
ivitra.7.08gen
133
144
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Article
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Manlleus de l’anglès / English loanwords
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A01
Maria Gené-Gil
Gené-Gil, Maria
Maria
Gené-Gil
Universitat de les Illes Balears
20
borrowing
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Catalan
20
diatopic variation
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English as a lingua franca
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language of the media
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language variation
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loanwords
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neology
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A very productive mechanism to create neologisms in Catalan is that of borrowing from other languages, especially from English, due to its condition of lingua franca. In this chapter we analyze the neologisms created by English loanwords, detected between 2008 and 2010 in general written media, which total 2,322. We present a diatopic study of this morphological process, focusing on the differences and similarities between the different Catalan dialectal modalities. Although there were few differences in the neologisms created from English loanwords among the different nodes of the NEOXOC network, we found some noteworthy similarities and particularities of this type of words among territories, especially regarding frequency and thematic areas. Loanwords were about 10–15% of total neologisms in each node, with the exception of Girona and Lleida, where the percentages were above 20%. Regarding repetition and frequency, most English loanwords were hapaxes, and territorial differences in this sense were scarce. More specifically, blog was the most frequent neologism created by borrowing from English, and was found in every node, as well as play-off, lobby, ska and spa, which were also between the most frequent ones in every node. It was in thematic areas where most differences between the nodes arose, which showed that denominative needs were greatly affected by the circumstances relevant to each zone. Although sports was the thematic area to which the majority of the most frequent neologisms belonged, in Andorra this area reached 80%, where most of these words were related to snow sports. ICT and music were also very productive overall. It is clear that the huge presence of the English language in these thematic areas is the reason why they were the most frequent in the case of English loanwords. Surprisingly, we found very few instances of expressive English loanwords, which may be accounted for by the fact that the publications analyzed used a standard model of language. To sum up, this preliminary study on neologisms created by English loanwords allows us to observe some tendencies that should be confirmed in future research by conducting a more profound analysis with a bigger corpus, especially by focusing on the hapaxes of each territory, since they form the majority of the data.
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JB code
ivitra.7.09fab
145
177
33
Article
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Truncació / Truncation
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A01
Immaculada Fàbregas Alegret
Fàbregas Alegret, Immaculada
Immaculada
Fàbregas Alegret
Université de Bretagne-Sud
20
abbreviation
20
Catalan
20
diatopic variation
20
initialization
20
language of the media
20
language variation
20
neology
20
shortening
01
The present chapter is dedicated to the study of neologisms obtained through a truncation process, particularly through abbreviation, blending and initialisation. Although traditional grammars do not deal with such processes and they represent only 2% of the data collected by the NEOXOC network, it can be observed that truncation is a rather common phenomenon in Catalan which affects the whole Catalan-speaking area.
The chapter has been divided into three sections, each of them corresponding to one of the truncation types: abbreviation, defined as the shortening of a word (profe < professor) or a syntagma (motora < llanxa motora); blending, defined as a combination of word segments coming to form a syntagmatic structure (catanyol < català + espanyol); and initialization, defined as the lexicalization of an initialism that begins to function as a new word in the language (“un api”, “les pimes”, “els pecés”).
Each section contains a quantitative and qualitative analysis, since the objective here is to compare the attitudes towards truncation in the distinct nodes of the NEOXOC area.
The data evidence that, during the studied period, the most productive truncation process was abbreviation, followed by blending and then initialization. They also show that the proportion of neologisms created through truncation is very similar from one node to another, at the quantitative level as well as at the qualitative one. The markedly spontaneous and often short-lived nature of this kind of neologisms explains why most words occur only once. Similarly, the attitudes in the distinct nodes are quite homogeneous as far as spelling and morphological variation is concerned. Nor do they present significant differences when the variety of semantic fields or the influence of other languages are investigated.
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JB code
ivitra.7.10cre
179
205
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Article
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Neologismes semantics / Semantic change
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A01
Imma Creus
Creus, Imma
Imma
Creus
Universitat de Lleida
2
A01
Joan Julià-Muné
Julià-Muné, Joan
Joan
Julià-Muné
Universitat de Lleida
20
Catalan
20
eponymy
20
language of the media
20
language variation
20
metaphor
20
metonymy
20
neology
20
semantic change
01
Semantic neologisms contribute to renewing and enlarging the capacity of expression and communicating resources of languages. They usually help speakers to make their descriptions more powerful and their speech more effective. However, neologisms related to semantic change are rather difficult to detect by automatic procedures, because changes in meaning within a word may be covered up, so to say, by its spelling and formal phonetic wrappings. This contribution to the work on neology in the media written in Catalan during the period of 2008–2010 allows us to confirm that semantic neologisms hold the 6th place in the productivity ranking. In fact, they represent 5% of all neologisms analyzed in the study. As far as semantic neologisms are concerned, the Balearic Islands, Barcelona and Lleida are highly productive, whereas Alacant, Andorra and
Girona are the less productive zones. From the formal point of view, this kind of neologisms is usually written with no typographic emphasis and very few spelling variations. In addition, they are found in nouns and adjectives, mostly in the masculine and singular form, or verbs, generally transitive, in which different word formation processes may converge, such as derivation and composition. Semantic neology resources are mainly related to homonymy, meaning narrowing and broadening, meaning shifts, metonymy, metaphor, loanwords and eponyms, which are words that are coined from proper names. These are among the most creative ways that the vocabulary of a language may expand. The collected data also indicate that semantic neologisms may be found in a great variety of thematic areas, especially in sports and technology, but also in politics, economy, culture, means of transportation, food, agriculture and stockbreeding. Nevertheless, according to the available data, we may conclude so far that dialectal contrasts are rather faint in the press written in Catalan.
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ivitra.7.11bib
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Miscellaneous
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Bibliografia / Bibliography
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JB code
ivitra.7.12ann
213
273
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Miscellaneous
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Annexos / Appendices
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JB code
ivitra.7.13ind
275
276
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Miscellaneous
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Index
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