National longitudinal datasets offer opportunities to explore sub-samples of immersion pupils. Here, the Growing Up in Ireland (GUI) dataset is used to examine a sample (n = 569) of 9-year-olds attending Irish immersion schools, comparing immersion pupils whose families speak at least some target language (Irish) at home (n = 264), with those from English-only homes (n = 305), as well as mainstream school pupils from English-only homes (n = 6,704). The groups are compared on SES, home literacy activities, academic achievement, and attitudes both to school and to Irish. Children in Irish immersion are more likely to be in higher SES households with more home literacy activities, and these advantages appear further amplified among households where some Irish is spoken. It was socioeconomic and home literacy variables which significantly predicted scores in English vocabulary and mathematics, rather than home language or school programme. In attitudes, while Irish immersion pupils were somewhat less likely to look forward to school than mainstream pupils, they had much more positive attitudes toward Irish than them.
(1991) Additive‐bilingual (immersion) education: Cognitive and language development. Language Learning, 41(3), 413–429.
Bialystok, E
(1999) Cognitive complexity and attentional control in the bilingual mind. Child Development, 70(3), 636–644.
Bialystok, E
(2002) Acquisition of literacy in bilingual children: A framework for research. Language Learning, 52(1), 159–199.
Bialystok, E
(2006) The impact of bilingualism on language literacy development. In T. Bhatia & W. Ritchie (Eds.), The handbook of bilingualism (pp. 577–601). Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.
Bialystok, E
(2009) Bilingualism: The good, the bad, the indifferent. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 12(1), 3–11.
Bialystok, E
(2010) Global-local and trail-making tasks by monolingual and bilingual children: Beyond inhibition. Developmental Psychology, 46(1), 93–105.
Bialystok, E., & Barac, R
(2012) Emerging bilingualism: Dissociating advantages for metalinguistic awareness and executive control. Cognition, 122(1), 67–73.
Bialystok, E., Craik, F., Green, D.W., & Golan, T.H
(2009) Bilingual minds. Association for Psychological Science, 10(3), 89–129.
Bialystok, E., & Feng, X
(2011) Language proficiency and its implications for monolingual and bilingual children. In A.Y. Durgunoglu & C. Goldenberg (Eds.), Language and literacy development in bilingual settings (pp. 121–138). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Bialystok, E., Luk, G., & Kwan, E
(2005) Bilingualism, biliteracy, and learning to read: Interactions among languages and writing systems. Scientific Studies of Reading, 9(1), 43–61.
Borooah, V., Dineen, D., & Lynch, N
(2009) Language and occupational status: Linguistic elitism in the Irish labour market. The Economic and Social Review, 40(4), 435–460.
Bradley, R
(2002) Environment and parenting. In M. Bornstein (Ed.), Handbook of parenting (2nd ed.) (pp. 281–314). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Brozo, W.G., Shiel, G., & Topping, K
(2007) Engagement in reading: Lessons learned from three PISA countries. Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy, 51(4), 304–315.
Bruck, M., & Genesee, F
(1995) Phonological awareness in young second language learners. Journal of Child Language, 22(2), 307–324.
Cenoz, J
(2015) Content-based instruction and content and language integrated learning: The same or different?Language, Culture and Curriculum, 28(1), 8–24.
Cenoz, J., Genesee, F., & Gorter, D
(2014) Critical analysis of CLIL: Taking stock and looking forward. Applied Linguistics, 35(3), 243–262.
Central Statistics Office
(2011) Census 2011. This is Ireland (Part 1). Retrieved from [URL].
(2002) Interdependence of Spanish and English knowledge in language and literacy among bilingual children. In D.K. Oller & R.E. Eilers (Eds.), Language and literacy in bilingual children (pp. 118–134). Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters.
Costa, A., Hernández, M., & Sebastián-Gallés, N
(2008) Bilingualism aids conflict resolution: Evidence from the ANT task. Cognition, 106(1), 59–86.
Cummins, J
(1977) Immersion education in Ireland: A critical review of MacNamara’s findings. Working Papers in Bilingualism, 131.
Cummins, J
(2010) ‘When can you ask why?’ Exploring language policy choices in Ireland, past, present and future. Invited lecture, University College Dublin, 21 January 2010.
Department of Education and Skills
(2015) Annual Statistical Report 2014–15. Online report available from [URL].
Edwards, V., & Newcombe, L.P
(2005) When school is not enough: New initiatives in intergenerational language transmission in Wales. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 8(4), 298–312.
Eivers, E., Close, S., Shiel, G., Millar, D., Clerkin, A., Gilleece, L., & Kiniry, J
(2010) The 2009 national assessments of mathematics and English reading. Dublin: Educational Research Centre.
Fishman, J
(1991) Reversing language shift: Theoretical and empirical foundations of assistance to threatened languages (Vol. 761). Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters.
Fortune, T.W., & Tedick, D.J
(2008) One-way, two-way and indigenous immersion: A call for cross-fertilization. In T.W. Fortune & D.J. Tedick (Eds.), Pathways to multilingualism: Evolving perspectives on immersion education (pp. 3–21). Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters.
Fredman, M., & Centeno, J.G
(2006) Recommendations for working with bilingual children. Prepared by the Multilingual Affairs Committee of IALP. In 6th European CPLOL Congress. Berlin. Online document retrieved from [URL].
(2014) The feel good factor: Comparing immersion by design and immersion by default models. Language, Culture and Curriculum, 27(1), 58–71.
Gathercole, V.M., & Thomas, E.M
(2005) Minority language survival: Input factors influencing the acquisition of Welsh. In J. Cohen, K.T. McAlister, K. Rolstad, & J. MacSwan, (Eds.), ISB4: Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Bilingualism (pp. 852–874). Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press.
Gathercole, V.M., Thomas, E.M., & Hughes, E
(2008) Designing a normed receptive vocabulary test for bilingual populations: A model from Welsh. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 11(6), 678–720.
Gathercole, V.M., & Thomas, E.M
(2009) Bilingual first language development: Dominant language take-over, threatened minority language take-up. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 12(2), 213–238.
Gathercole, V.M., Kennedy, I. & Thomas, E.M
(2015) Socioeconomic level and bilinguals’ performance on language & cognitive measures. Bilingualism: Language & Cognition. Published online 6 Aug 2015. 10.1017/S1366728915000504
(2012) Measúnachtaí Náisiúnta 2010 ar léitheoireacht Bhéarla agus ar mhatamaitic i scoileanna a bhíonn ag teagasc trí mheán na Gaeilge. Príomhthuarascáil. [The 2010 National Assessments of English reading and mathematics in Irish-medium schools. Main report]. Baile Átha Cliath: An Foras Taighde ar Oideachas.
Goetz, P.J
(2003) The effects of bilingualism on theory of mind development. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 6(1), 1–15.
Government of Ireland
(2010) 20-year strategy for the Irish language 2010–2030. Dublin: The Stationery Office.
Harris, J
(2005) The role of ordinary primary schools in the maintenance and revival of Irish. In J. Cohen, K.T. McAlister, K. Rolstad, & J. MacSwan (Eds.), Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Bilingualism (pp. 964–977). Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press.
Harris, J., & Murtagh, L
(1988) National assessment of Irish-language speaking and listening skills in primary-school children: Research issues in the evaluation of school-based heritage-language programmes. Language, Culture and Curriculum, 1(2), 85–130.
Harris, J., & Murtagh, L
(1999) Teaching and learning Irish in primary school. Dublin: Institiúid Teangeolaíochta Éireann.
Harris, J., Forde, P., Archer, P., Nic Fhearaile, S., & O’Gorman, M
(2006) Irish in primary schools: Long-term national trends in achievement. Dublin: Stationery Office.
Hickey, T
(1997) Early immersion education in Ireland. Dublin: Institiúid Teangeolaíochta Éireann/ Linguistics Institute of Ireland
. Retreived from: [URL].
Hickey, T
(1999) Parents and early immersion: Reciprocity between home and immersion pre-school. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 2(2), 94–113.
Hickey, T
(2001) Mixing beginners and native speakers in Irish immersion: Who is immersing whom?Canadian Modern Language Review, 57(3), 443–474.
Hickey, T
(2008) Indigenous language immersion: The challenge of meeting the needs of L1 and L2 speakers in Irish-medium preschools. In C. Kenner & T.M. Hickey (Eds.), Multilingual Europe: Diversity and learning (pp. 137–141). Stoke-on-Trent: Trentham Books.
Hickey, T., & Stenson, N
(2011) Irish orthography: What do teachers and learners need to know about it, and why?Language, Culture and Curriculum, 24(1), 23–46.
Hickey, T., & Stenson, N
(2016) The sociolinguistics of Irish language acquisition: The role of L2 reading. In R. Hickey (Ed.), Sociolinguistics in Ireland (pp. 269–298). Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan.
Hoff, E
(2003) The specificity of environmental influence: Socioeconomic status affects early vocabulary development via maternal speech. Child Development, 74(5), 1368–1378.
Johnstone, R
(2001) Immersion in a second or additional language at school: Evidence from international research. Report for the Scottish Executive Education Department. University of Stirling: Scottish CILT. Retrieved from [URL].
(2013) ‘You’re looking at this different language and it freezes you out straight away’: Identifying challenges to parental involvement among immersion parents. Language & Education, 27(5), 432–450.
King, K., & Wright Fogle, L
(2013) Family language policy and bilingual parenting. Language Teaching, 46(2), 172–194.
MacNamara, J
(1966) Bilingualism and primary education: A study of Irish experience. Edinburgh: University Press.
McCoy, S., Quail, A., & Smyth, E
(2012) Growing up in Ireland: Influences on 9-year-olds’ learning: Home, school, and community. Dublin: Office of Minister for Children and Youth Affairs.
Melhuish, E.C., Phan, M.B., Sylva, K., Sammons, P., Siraj-Blatchford, I., & Taggart, B
(2008) Effects of home learning environment and preschool center experience upon literacy and numeracy development in early primary school. Journal of Social Issues, 64(1), 95–114.
Moseley, C
(Ed.) (2010) Atlas of the world’s languages in danger (3rd ed.). Paris: UNESCO Publishing.
Murray, A., McCrory, C., Thornton, M., Williams, J., Quail, A., Swords, L., & Harris, E
(2011) Growing up in Ireland design, instrumentation, and procedures for the child cohort. Dublin: Office of the Minister for Children and Youth Affairs, Department of Health and Children.
Ní Ríordáin, M., & O’Donoghue, J
(2009) The relationship between performance on mathematical word problems and language proficiency for students learning through the medium of Irish. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 71(1), 43–64.
Nic Fhlannchadha, S, & Hickey, T.M
(2016) Minority language ownership and authority: Perspectives of native speakers and new speakers. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism. Published online 12 January 2016 at.
Ó hIfearnáin, T., & Ó Murchadha, N.P
(2011) The perception of Standard Irish as a prestige target variety. In T. Kristiansen & N. Coupland (Eds), Standard languages and language standards in a changing Europe (pp. 97–104). Oslo: Novus.
Ó Laoire, M
(2005) The language planning situation in Ireland. Current Issues in Language Planning, 6(3), 251–314.
Ó Laoire, M., & Harris, J
(2006) Language and literacy in Irish-medium primary schools: Review of literature. Dublin: National Council for Curriculum and Assessment.
Ó Riagáin, P., & Ó Gliasáin, M
(1979) All Irish primary schools in the Dublin area. Dublin: Institiúid Teangeolaiochta Eireann.
Oller, D.K., & Eilers, R.E
(Eds.) (2002) Language and literacy in bilingual children. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters.
Oller, K., Pearson, B., & Cobo-Lewis, A
(2007) Profile effects in early bilingual language and literacy. Applied Psycholinguistics, 281, 191–230.
O’Toole, C., & Hickey, T
(2013) Assessing and diagnosing language impairment in bilingual children: A minority language study. Child Language Teaching and Therapy, 29(1), 91–109.
(2009) Early reading strategies in Irish and English: Evidence from error types. Reading in a Foreign Language, 21(1), 22–36.
Pearson, B., Fernández, S., Lewedeg, V., & Oller, K
(1997) The relation of input factors to lexical learning by bilingual infants. Applied Psycholinguistics, 181, 41–58.
Roberts, J., Jurgens, J., & Burchinal, M
(2005) The role of home literacy practices in preschool children’s language and emergent literacy skills. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 481, 345–359.
Ruiz de Zarobe, Y., & Cenoz, J
(2015) Way forward in the twenty-first century in content-based instruction: Moving towards integration. Language, Culture and Curriculum, 28(1), 90–99.
(2008) Exposure to English before and after entry into Head Start: Bilingual children’s receptive language growth in Spanish and English. The International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 111, 30–56.
Tedick, D.J., & Wesely, P.M
(2015) A review of research on content-based foreign/second language education in US K–12 contexts. Language, Culture and Curriculum, 28(1), 25–40.
Twist, L., Gnaldi, M., Schagen, I., & Morrison, J
(2004) Good readers but at a cost? Attitudes to reading in England. Journal of Research in Reading, 271, 387–400.
Wei, L
(2000) The bilingualism reader. Abingdon: Psychology Press.
Williams, J., Greene, S., Doyle, E., Harris, E., Layte, R., McCoy, S., & Thornton, M
(2009) Growing up in Ireland. The lives of 9-year-olds. Report 1. Dublin: Office for the Minister for Children.
Nig Uidhir, Gabrielle, Seán Ó Cathalláin & Pádraig Ó Duibhir
2016. Tuismitheoirí ina ngníomhairí in earnáil an Ghaeloideachais. COMHARTaighde :2
Ní Dhiorbháin, Aisling, Sinéad Nic Aindriú, Lorraine Connaughton-Crean & Pádraig Ó Duibhir
2023. It’s more the invisible benefits – multilingual parents’ experiences of immersion education and their reasons for choosing immersion. Language and Education► pp. 1 ff.
O’Toole, Ciara & Tina M. Hickey
2017. Bilingual language acquisition in a minority context: using the Irish–English Communicative Development Inventory to track acquisition of an endangered language. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 20:2 ► pp. 146 ff.
2023. Teaching and Learning of Mathematics through CLIL, CBI, or EMI—A Systematic Literature Review. Mathematics 11:6 ► pp. 1347 ff.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 26 september 2023. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.