345013353 03 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code LA 107 GE 15 9789027292308 06 10.1075/la.107 00 EA E133 10 01 JB code LA 02 JB code 0166-0829 02 107.00 01 02 Linguistik Aktuell/Linguistics Today Linguistik Aktuell/Linguistics Today 01 01 The Copy Theory of Movement The Copy Theory of Movement 1 B01 01 JB code 165086968 Norbert Corver Corver, Norbert Norbert Corver Utrecht University 2 B01 01 JB code 642086969 Jairo Nunes Nunes, Jairo Jairo Nunes University of Sao Paulo 01 eng 11 398 03 03 vi 03 00 388 03 24 JB code LIN.GENER Generative linguistics 24 JB code LIN.SYNTAX Syntax 24 JB code LIN.THEOR Theoretical linguistics 10 LAN009000 12 CFK 01 06 02 00 This volume congregates recent work that deals with empirical and conceptual consequences of the copy theory of movement for the inner working of syntactic computations within the Minimalist Program, with special emphasis on the syntax–phonology mapping. 03 00 This volume brings together papers which address issues regarding the copy theory of movement. According to this theory, a trace is a copy of the moved element that is deleted in the phonological component but is available for interpretation at L(ogical) F(orm). Thus far, the bulk of the research on the copy theory has mainly focused on interpretation issues at LF. The consequences of the copy theory for syntactic computation per se and for the syntax–phonology mapping, in particular, have received much less attention in the literature, despite its crucial relevance for the whole architecture of the model. As a contribution to fill this gap, this volume congregates recent work that deals with empirical and conceptual consequences of the copy theory of movement for the inner working of syntactic computations within the Minimalist Program, with special emphasis on the syntax–phonology mapping. 01 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/la.107.png 01 01 D502 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027233714.jpg 01 01 D504 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027233714.tif 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/la.107.hb.png 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/la.107.png 02 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/la.107.hb.png 03 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/la.107.hb.png 01 01 JB code la.107.01cor 06 10.1075/la.107.01cor 1 9 9 Miscellaneous 1 01 04 From trace theory to copy theory From trace theory to copy theory 1 A01 01 JB code 197088880 Norbert Corver Corver, Norbert Norbert Corver 2 A01 01 JB code 348088881 Jairo Nunes Nunes, Jairo Jairo Nunes 01 01 JB code la.107.02par 06 10.1075/la.107.02par 11 11 1 Section header 2 01 04 Part I. The copy theory of movement on the PF-side Part I. The copy theory of movement on the PF-side 01 01 JB code la.107.03bos 06 10.1075/la.107.03bos 13 74 62 Chapter 3 01 04 The copy theory of movement The copy theory of movement 01 04 A view from PF A view from PF 1 A01 01 JB code 640088882 Željko Bošković Bošković, Željko Željko Bošković 2 A01 01 JB code 676088883 Jairo Nunes Nunes, Jairo Jairo Nunes University of Connecticut / Universidade de São Paulo 01 01 JB code la.107.04par 06 10.1075/la.107.04par 75 75 1 Section header 4 01 04 Part II. On multiple realization of copies Part II. On multiple realization of copies 01 01 JB code la.107.05mar 06 10.1075/la.107.05mar 77 118 42 Chapter 5 01 04 Double realization of verbal copies in European Portuguese emphatic affirmation Double realization of verbal copies in European Portuguese emphatic affirmation 1 A01 01 JB code 950088884 Ana Maria Martins Martins, Ana Maria Ana Maria Martins University of Lisbon 01 01 JB code la.107.06kan 06 10.1075/la.107.06kan 119 150 32 Chapter 6 01 04 On fusion and multiple copy spell-out On fusion and multiple copy spell-out 01 04 The case of verbal repetition The case of verbal repetition 1 A01 01 JB code 129088885 Jason Kandybowicz Kandybowicz, Jason Jason Kandybowicz Swarthmore College 01 01 JB code la.107.07che 06 10.1075/la.107.07che 151 174 24 Chapter 7 01 04 Verb copying in Mandarin Chinese Verb copying in Mandarin Chinese 1 A01 01 JB code 329088886 Lisa Lai-Shen Cheng Cheng, Lisa Lai-Shen Lisa Lai-Shen Cheng Leiden University 01 01 JB code la.107.08cor 06 10.1075/la.107.08cor 175 216 42 Chapter 8 01 04 Dutch 's-prolepsis as a copying phenomenon Dutch 's-prolepsis as a copying phenomenon 1 A01 01 JB code 871088887 Norbert Corver Corver, Norbert Norbert Corver Utrecht University 01 01 JB code la.107.09par 06 10.1075/la.107.09par 217 217 1 Section header 9 01 04 Part III. On lower copy realization Part III. On lower copy realization 01 01 JB code la.107.10stj 06 10.1075/la.107.10stj 219 248 30 Chapter 10 01 04 Free word order and copy theory of movement Free word order and copy theory of movement 1 A01 01 JB code 129088888 Sandra Stjepanović Stjepanović, Sandra Sandra Stjepanović West Virginia University 01 01 JB code la.107.11rei 06 10.1075/la.107.11rei 249 287 39 Chapter 11 01 04 Variable pronunciation sites and types of wh-in-situ Variable pronunciation sites and types of wh-in-situ 1 A01 01 JB code 755088889 Chris H. Reintges Reintges, Chris H. Chris H. Reintges CNRS, UMR 7110/University Paris 7 01 01 JB code la.107.12par 06 10.1075/la.107.12par 289 289 1 Section header 12 01 04 Part IV. Further issues Part IV. Further issues 01 04 Cyclicity, accessibility and unavailability of copying Cyclicity, accessibility and unavailability of copying 01 01 JB code la.107.13fuj 06 10.1075/la.107.13fuj 291 326 36 Chapter 13 01 04 Cyclic chain reduction Cyclic chain reduction 1 A01 01 JB code 36088890 Tomohiro Fujii Fujii, Tomohiro Tomohiro Fujii Nanzan University 01 01 JB code la.107.14kop 06 10.1075/la.107.14kop 327 350 24 Chapter 14 01 04 Agreement with (the internal structure of) copies of movement Agreement with (the internal structure of) copies of movement 1 A01 01 JB code 358088891 Marjo Koppen Koppen, Marjo Marjo Koppen University of Utrecht 01 01 JB code la.107.15hor 06 10.1075/la.107.15hor 351 385 35 Chapter 15 01 04 Pronouns in a Minimalist Setting Pronouns in a Minimalist Setting 1 A01 01 JB code 2088892 Norbert Hornstein Hornstein, Norbert Norbert Hornstein University of Maryland 01 01 JB code la.107.16ind 06 10.1075/la.107.16ind 387 388 2 Miscellaneous 16 01 04 Index Index 01 JB code JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 https://benjamins.com Amsterdam NL 00 John Benjamins Publishing Company Marketing Department / Karin Plijnaar, Pieter Lamers onix@benjamins.nl 04 01 00 20070627 C 2007 John Benjamins Publishing Company D 2007 John Benjamins Publishing Company 02 WORLD 13 15 9789027233714 WORLD 03 01 JB 17 Google 03 https://play.google.com/store/books 21 01 00 Unqualified price 00 120.00 EUR 01 00 Unqualified price 00 101.00 GBP 01 00 Unqualified price 00 180.00 USD 512005924 03 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code LA 107 Hb 15 9789027233714 06 10.1075/la.107 13 2007010290 00 BB 01 245 mm 02 164 mm 08 840 gr 10 01 JB code LA 02 0166-0829 02 107.00 01 02 Linguistik Aktuell/Linguistics Today Linguistik Aktuell/Linguistics Today 01 01 The Copy Theory of Movement The Copy Theory of Movement 1 B01 01 JB code 165086968 Norbert Corver Corver, Norbert Norbert Corver Utrecht University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/165086968 2 B01 01 JB code 642086969 Jairo Nunes Nunes, Jairo Jairo Nunes University of Sao Paulo 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/642086969 01 eng 11 398 03 03 vi 03 00 388 03 01 22 415 03 2007 P158 04 Generative grammar. 10 LAN009000 12 CFK 24 JB code LIN.GENER Generative linguistics 24 JB code LIN.SYNTAX Syntax 24 JB code LIN.THEOR Theoretical linguistics 01 06 02 00 This volume congregates recent work that deals with empirical and conceptual consequences of the copy theory of movement for the inner working of syntactic computations within the Minimalist Program, with special emphasis on the syntax–phonology mapping. 03 00 This volume brings together papers which address issues regarding the copy theory of movement. According to this theory, a trace is a copy of the moved element that is deleted in the phonological component but is available for interpretation at L(ogical) F(orm). Thus far, the bulk of the research on the copy theory has mainly focused on interpretation issues at LF. The consequences of the copy theory for syntactic computation per se and for the syntax–phonology mapping, in particular, have received much less attention in the literature, despite its crucial relevance for the whole architecture of the model. As a contribution to fill this gap, this volume congregates recent work that deals with empirical and conceptual consequences of the copy theory of movement for the inner working of syntactic computations within the Minimalist Program, with special emphasis on the syntax–phonology mapping. 01 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/la.107.png 01 01 D502 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027233714.jpg 01 01 D504 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027233714.tif 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/la.107.hb.png 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/la.107.png 02 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/la.107.hb.png 03 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/la.107.hb.png 01 01 JB code la.107.01cor 06 10.1075/la.107.01cor 1 9 9 Miscellaneous 1 01 04 From trace theory to copy theory From trace theory to copy theory 1 A01 01 JB code 197088880 Norbert Corver Corver, Norbert Norbert Corver 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/197088880 2 A01 01 JB code 348088881 Jairo Nunes Nunes, Jairo Jairo Nunes 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/348088881 01 eng 01 01 JB code la.107.02par 06 10.1075/la.107.02par 11 11 1 Section header 2 01 04 Part I. The copy theory of movement on the PF-side Part I. The copy theory of movement on the PF-side 01 eng 01 01 JB code la.107.03bos 06 10.1075/la.107.03bos 13 74 62 Chapter 3 01 04 The copy theory of movement The copy theory of movement 01 04 A view from PF A view from PF 1 A01 01 JB code 640088882 Željko Bošković Bošković, Željko Željko Bošković 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/640088882 2 A01 01 JB code 676088883 Jairo Nunes Nunes, Jairo Jairo Nunes University of Connecticut / Universidade de São Paulo 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/676088883 01 eng 30 00

Based on previous work by Bošković (2001, 2002, 2004a,b) and Nunes (1999, 2004), this chapter discusses a considerable amount of evidence involving A-movement, A'-movement, head movement, and remnant movement that points to the conclusion that “traces” (i.e. copies structurally lower in the syntactic representation) may be phonetically realized. In addition, the issues regarding phonetic realization of copies are shown to be determined by conditions of the phonological component and not of syntax (movement) per se. As a result, the chapter is able to explain a variety of complex phenomena that cannot be captured by trace theory. The chapter starts by reviewing several pieces of evidence that show that the phonetic realization of copies is similar to the LF interpretive procedure in the sense that it allows activation of lower copies, as well as instances of “scattered deletion”, where different pieces of different chain links are realized. It is argued that convergence requirements related to linearization and morphological fusion interact with economy computations regarding applications of deletion, yielding a complex crosslinguistic pattern whereby chains in the general case have only their highest link phonetically realized, but they may also trigger pronunciation of a lower link or even pronunciation of multiple links if convergence so demands.

01 01 JB code la.107.04par 06 10.1075/la.107.04par 75 75 1 Section header 4 01 04 Part II. On multiple realization of copies Part II. On multiple realization of copies 01 eng 01 01 JB code la.107.05mar 06 10.1075/la.107.05mar 77 118 42 Chapter 5 01 04 Double realization of verbal copies in European Portuguese emphatic affirmation Double realization of verbal copies in European Portuguese emphatic affirmation 1 A01 01 JB code 950088884 Ana Maria Martins Martins, Ana Maria Ana Maria Martins University of Lisbon 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/950088884 01 eng 30 00

This chapter discusses European Portuguese sentences where a finite verb occurs twice. Such sentences express emphatic affirmation and are either elliptic structures produced as replies to a yes/no question presupposing a negative answer or full declaratives which contradict a preceding negative statement. The approach to European Portuguese emphatic verb reduplication developed in this chapter views the two phonologically indistinguishable verb forms as copies of the same item from the numeration, i.e. as two links of a nontrivial chain. Martins' analysis relies on Nunes's (2001, 2004) idea that the phonetic realization of multiple links of a chain is permitted as far as linearization – understood as the application of Kayne's (1994) Linear Correspondence Axiom (LCA) – can still operate. In particular, multiple copies may be allowed when morphological reanalysis makes some copy invisible to the LCA. In the case of emphatic affirmation in European Portuguese, it is argued that verb reduplication results from the combination of verb movement to Σ[+aff] and (subsequent) verb movement to C[+emph], followed by morphological reanalysis of C, which renders the adjoined verb copy invisible to the LCA and immune to deletion.

01 01 JB code la.107.06kan 06 10.1075/la.107.06kan 119 150 32 Chapter 6 01 04 On fusion and multiple copy spell-out On fusion and multiple copy spell-out 01 04 The case of verbal repetition The case of verbal repetition 1 A01 01 JB code 129088885 Jason Kandybowicz Kandybowicz, Jason Jason Kandybowicz Swarthmore College 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/129088885 01 eng 30 00

Focusing on the case of verbal repetition in Nupe, a Benue-Congo language spoken in central Nigeria, this chapter shows that verbal repetition constructions are mono-clausal syntactic objects in which the participating verbs are neither independently base-merged, as in the case of verb serialization for instance, nor are they related through reduplicative copying in the morphology/phonology. Rather, it is argued that these constructions involve chain formation and postsyntactic morphological reanalysis, which allows phonetic realization of multiple links/copies at PF. The chapter also adds some refinements to Nunes's (1999, 2004) proposal on the interaction of the syntactic component with the PF wing of grammar as far as phonetic realization of multiple copies is concerned.

01 01 JB code la.107.07che 06 10.1075/la.107.07che 151 174 24 Chapter 7 01 04 Verb copying in Mandarin Chinese Verb copying in Mandarin Chinese 1 A01 01 JB code 329088886 Lisa Lai-Shen Cheng Cheng, Lisa Lai-Shen Lisa Lai-Shen Cheng Leiden University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/329088886 01 eng 30 00

This chapter examines the ambiguity in resultative constructions with verb copying in Mandarin Chinese (resultative de-clauses and resultative compounds) and argues that the ambiguity is the result of two different derivations, which have in common the fact that more than one copy of the verb is phonetically realized. It is argued that both standard movement and sideward movement (in the sense of Nunes 2001, 2004 ) are used for verb copying in resultative de-clauses, leading to different interpretations. In the case of standard movement, the subject of the resultative clause is raised to the matrix clause, accompanied by verb movement, yielding an object-result reading. In the case of subject-result reading, ergativity shift is involved and the subject of the resultative clause becomes the subject of the matrix clause. In the latter case, the verb is copied to accommodate a thematic noun phrase associated with a verb (via sideward movement). For both readings, due to a modifi ed structure in the lower copy, both copies are allowed to be pronounced, without violating the LCA. Using data from verb copying in resultatives, the chapter further examines how copying is restricted to avoid unwanted copying, lending independent support to Hornstein and Nunes' (2002) proposal that the copy operation may be triggered by θ-requirements.

01 01 JB code la.107.08cor 06 10.1075/la.107.08cor 175 216 42 Chapter 8 01 04 Dutch 's-prolepsis as a copying phenomenon Dutch 's-prolepsis as a copying phenomenon 1 A01 01 JB code 871088887 Norbert Corver Corver, Norbert Norbert Corver Utrecht University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/871088887 01 eng 30 00

This chapter investigates Dutch expressions involving two instances of the bound morpheme –s, which is traditionally analyzed as a genitival case suffix, as in bloot-shoofds (lit.: bare-s-head-s; ‘bare headed; with the head bare’) or 's Zondags (lit.: -s Sunday-s; ‘on Sundays’). The fi rst instance of –s in these expressions is traditionally qualified as being proleptic in that it anticipates the occurrence of the final –s that is right-attached to the noun. An analysis of –s-prolepsis is proposed in terms of the operations movement/copying. More specifically, it is argued that in expressions like blootshoofds, for instance, –s is not a genitival case suffix but rather a small clause head that establishes a predication relationship between a predicate and a subject (schematically: [XP hoofd [X's [AP bloot]]]. The surface order is derived by movement of the predicate to a position preceding the subject and concomitant head movement of the small clause head –s to the functional head into whose specifier position the displaced predicate has moved (schematically: [FP blootj [F' –si +F [XP hoofd [X' –si bloot j]]]]). The multiple realization of the two –s copies is accounted for in terms of Nunes's (1995, 2004) theory about the linearization of movement chains. Cases likes 's Zondags receive the same basic account, with the difference that –s is analyzed as a (weak) demonstrative pronoun (i.e. a reduced variant of the word des) rather than a small clause head. A parallel is then drawn with phenomena of demonstrative-doubling in prepositional structures in German dialects.

01 01 JB code la.107.09par 06 10.1075/la.107.09par 217 217 1 Section header 9 01 04 Part III. On lower copy realization Part III. On lower copy realization 01 eng 01 01 JB code la.107.10stj 06 10.1075/la.107.10stj 219 248 30 Chapter 10 01 04 Free word order and copy theory of movement Free word order and copy theory of movement 1 A01 01 JB code 129088888 Sandra Stjepanović Stjepanović, Sandra Sandra Stjepanović West Virginia University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/129088888 01 eng 30 00

This chapter discusses the derivation of certain apparent cases of free word order in Serbo-Croatian, in particular those involving new information focus and neutral intonation patterns. The chapter starts by examining an apparent paradox concerning the position of the subject in Serbo-Croatian. While there are data indicating that the subject must raise to the highest position of the split IP in overt syntax, there are also data indicating that it appears in [Spec,VP] on the surface. Based on work by Franks (1998) and Bošković (2001, 2002), among others, the chapter argues that the subject does indeed raise to the highest position of the split IP in overt syntax, but when the subject represents new information focus, a lower copy is pronounced at PF to satisfy requirements on sentential stress assignment (see Zubizaretta 1998). The proposed analysis thus captures the extremely free word order of Serbo-Croatian as well as discourse effects of scrambling, and sheds light on how copy deletion works on the PF side.

01 01 JB code la.107.11rei 06 10.1075/la.107.11rei 249 287 39 Chapter 11 01 04 Variable pronunciation sites and types of wh-in-situ Variable pronunciation sites and types of wh-in-situ 1 A01 01 JB code 755088889 Chris H. Reintges Reintges, Chris H. Chris H. Reintges CNRS, UMR 7110/University Paris 7 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/755088889 01 eng 30 00

Examining data from Coptic Egyptian, the last descendant of the Ancient Egyptian language, this chapter argues for a new type of wh-in-situ, in which the copy privileged for phonological realization is the lowest member of the wh-chain, while the head of the chain as well as the intermediate copies are left unpronounced. Coptic can be described as a wh-in-situ language in which wh-clefting and wh-fronting are available as marked wh-interrogative strategies. The wh-insitu pattern is marked morphologically by “relative tenses”, so called because a relative marker appears in front of the tense-aspect-mood inflection. Based on their parallelism in scope and interpretation, the chapter argues that wh-in-situ and wh-fronting structures in Coptic are both derived by applications of wh-movement in the narrow syntax, before Spell-Out. Under this perspective, Coptic relative tenses are interpreted as a morphological instantiation of “wh-agreement”. It is proposed that the simultaneous pronunciation of the topmost wh-copy and the relative marker are prohibited by an economy filter on the morpho-syntactic encoding of wh-dependencies, which is reminiscent of the “Doubly-filled Comp” Filter in English. Deletion of the wh-element or the relative marker is then what yields the apparent distinction between wh-movement and wh-in situ constructions at the surface. Lower copy pronunciation of wh-elements is of particular theoretical interest, since it shows that the PF wing of the grammar permits the same range of realization sites for wh-chains at LF (Bošković and Nunes, this volume).

01 01 JB code la.107.12par 06 10.1075/la.107.12par 289 289 1 Section header 12 01 04 Part IV. Further issues Part IV. Further issues 01 04 Cyclicity, accessibility and unavailability of copying Cyclicity, accessibility and unavailability of copying 01 eng 01 01 JB code la.107.13fuj 06 10.1075/la.107.13fuj 291 326 36 Chapter 13 01 04 Cyclic chain reduction Cyclic chain reduction 1 A01 01 JB code 36088890 Tomohiro Fujii Fujii, Tomohiro Tomohiro Fujii Nanzan University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/36088890 01 eng 30 00

Based on new evidence having to do with binding and reconstruction, this chapter argues that copy raising constructions in English such as John seems like he is intelligent are to be analyzed as involving A-movement of the subject of the embedded clause, coupled with pronunciation of the copy left in the embedded subject position as a resumptive of sorts. Using Chomsky's (2001a, b) phase-based framework, the paper shows that copy raising constructions constitute an argument for taking the PF operation that deletes copies of a chain to allow Linearization (Nunes's 2004 Chain Reduction) to apply in a cyclic fashion. More specifically, it is proposed that Chain Reduction marks for deletion all the non-highest copies that are visible to the operation when it applies. The domain that the operation affects is determined by the notion of the cycle, which is in turn characterized by the notion of phase. Thus, when the highest copy among those visible to the operation sits at the edge of a phase, it is not marked for deletion at that phase, but it can be deleted at the next higher cycle. By contrast, when the highest copy is not in the edge but somewhere inside the domain of the phase – as in the case of the copy in the embedded subject position of copy raising constructions –, it cannot be deleted even if further movement takes place, because the domain of the phase will have been spelled-out before Chain Reduction applies.

01 01 JB code la.107.14kop 06 10.1075/la.107.14kop 327 350 24 Chapter 14 01 04 Agreement with (the internal structure of) copies of movement Agreement with (the internal structure of) copies of movement 1 A01 01 JB code 358088891 Marjo Koppen Koppen, Marjo Marjo Koppen University of Utrecht 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/358088891 01 eng 30 00

This chapter discusses agreement between complementizers and coordinated subjects in Dutch dialects. In the relevant dialects, the complementizer must display agreement with the fi rst conjunct if the coordinated subject remains in [Spec,TP]. However, if the subject is extracted, this agreement morphology on the complementizer leads to an ungrammatical result. Based on this asymmetry between heads of chains and lower copies, the chapter proposes that internal structures of copies left by movement operations are not accessible to the operation Agree. More specifi cally, it is proposed that copies left by movement are reduced in the sense that they only consist of the Φ-feature set of the maximal projection of the moved item. This view of copies therefore provides an alternative account for why the lower copies in constructions with more than one copy phonetically realized must be “reduced” (Nunes 2004).

01 01 JB code la.107.15hor 06 10.1075/la.107.15hor 351 385 35 Chapter 15 01 04 Pronouns in a Minimalist Setting Pronouns in a Minimalist Setting 1 A01 01 JB code 2088892 Norbert Hornstein Hornstein, Norbert Norbert Hornstein University of Maryland 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/2088892 01 eng 30 00

This chapter examines the theoretical status of pronouns and principle B of the Binding Theory within the Minimalist Program, once it is assumed that reflexives should be formed by movement/copying. If reflexive structures are to be ultimately analyzed in terms of movement/copying, Principle A should be dispensed with. The question then is how to reanalyze Principle B, given that it imposes the opposite requirements of Principle A. The paper argues in favour of returning to the earliest approaches to pronominalization phenomena by Lees and Klima (1963), recast in a more contemporary setting in terms of derivational economy. More specifically, it is proposed that the complementarity between reflexives and bound pronouns follows if derivations that resort to movement (understood in terms of copying) are more economical than derivations that resort to pronoun use. Under this view, pronouns are last resort items used when more favourable (“economical”) grammatical options cannot be.

01 01 JB code la.107.16ind 06 10.1075/la.107.16ind 387 388 2 Miscellaneous 16 01 04 Index Index 01 eng
01 JB code JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/la.107 Amsterdam NL 00 John Benjamins Publishing Company Marketing Department / Karin Plijnaar, Pieter Lamers onix@benjamins.nl 04 01 00 20070627 C 2007 John Benjamins Publishing Company D 2007 John Benjamins Publishing Company 02 WORLD WORLD US CA MX 09 01 JB 1 John Benjamins Publishing Company +31 20 6304747 +31 20 6739773 bookorder@benjamins.nl 01 https://benjamins.com 21 9 20 01 00 Unqualified price 02 JB 1 02 120.00 EUR 02 00 Unqualified price 02 101.00 01 Z 0 GBP GB US CA MX 01 01 JB 2 John Benjamins Publishing Company +1 800 562-5666 +1 703 661-1501 benjamins@presswarehouse.com 01 https://benjamins.com 21 9 20 01 00 Unqualified price 02 JB 1 02 180.00 USD
638006922 03 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code LA 107 Eb 15 9789027292308 06 10.1075/la.107 00 EA E107 10 01 JB code LA 02 0166-0829 02 107.00 01 02 Linguistik Aktuell/Linguistics Today Linguistik Aktuell/Linguistics Today 11 01 JB code jbe-all 01 02 Full EBA collection (ca. 4,200 titles) 11 01 JB code jbe-2015-all 01 02 Complete backlist (3,208 titles, 1967–2015) 05 02 Complete backlist (1967–2015) 11 01 JB code jbe-2015-la 01 02 Linguistik Aktuell/Linguistics Today (vols. 1–226, 1980–2015) 05 02 LA (vols. 1–226, 1980–2015) 11 01 JB code jbe-2015-linguistics 01 02 Subject collection: Linguistics (2,773 titles, 1967–2015) 05 02 Linguistics (1967–2015) 01 01 The Copy Theory of Movement The Copy Theory of Movement 1 B01 01 JB code 165086968 Norbert Corver Corver, Norbert Norbert Corver Utrecht University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/165086968 2 B01 01 JB code 642086969 Jairo Nunes Nunes, Jairo Jairo Nunes University of Sao Paulo 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/642086969 01 eng 11 398 03 03 vi 03 00 388 03 01 22 415 03 2007 P158 04 Generative grammar. 10 LAN009000 12 CFK 24 JB code LIN.GENER Generative linguistics 24 JB code LIN.SYNTAX Syntax 24 JB code LIN.THEOR Theoretical linguistics 01 06 02 00 This volume congregates recent work that deals with empirical and conceptual consequences of the copy theory of movement for the inner working of syntactic computations within the Minimalist Program, with special emphasis on the syntax–phonology mapping. 03 00 This volume brings together papers which address issues regarding the copy theory of movement. According to this theory, a trace is a copy of the moved element that is deleted in the phonological component but is available for interpretation at L(ogical) F(orm). Thus far, the bulk of the research on the copy theory has mainly focused on interpretation issues at LF. The consequences of the copy theory for syntactic computation per se and for the syntax–phonology mapping, in particular, have received much less attention in the literature, despite its crucial relevance for the whole architecture of the model. As a contribution to fill this gap, this volume congregates recent work that deals with empirical and conceptual consequences of the copy theory of movement for the inner working of syntactic computations within the Minimalist Program, with special emphasis on the syntax–phonology mapping. 01 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/la.107.png 01 01 D502 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027233714.jpg 01 01 D504 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027233714.tif 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/la.107.hb.png 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/la.107.png 02 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/la.107.hb.png 03 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/la.107.hb.png 01 01 JB code la.107.01cor 06 10.1075/la.107.01cor 1 9 9 Miscellaneous 1 01 04 From trace theory to copy theory From trace theory to copy theory 1 A01 01 JB code 197088880 Norbert Corver Corver, Norbert Norbert Corver 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/197088880 2 A01 01 JB code 348088881 Jairo Nunes Nunes, Jairo Jairo Nunes 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/348088881 01 eng 01 01 JB code la.107.02par 06 10.1075/la.107.02par 11 11 1 Section header 2 01 04 Part I. The copy theory of movement on the PF-side Part I. The copy theory of movement on the PF-side 01 eng 01 01 JB code la.107.03bos 06 10.1075/la.107.03bos 13 74 62 Chapter 3 01 04 The copy theory of movement The copy theory of movement 01 04 A view from PF A view from PF 1 A01 01 JB code 640088882 Željko Bošković Bošković, Željko Željko Bošković 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/640088882 2 A01 01 JB code 676088883 Jairo Nunes Nunes, Jairo Jairo Nunes University of Connecticut / Universidade de São Paulo 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/676088883 01 eng 30 00

Based on previous work by Bošković (2001, 2002, 2004a,b) and Nunes (1999, 2004), this chapter discusses a considerable amount of evidence involving A-movement, A'-movement, head movement, and remnant movement that points to the conclusion that “traces” (i.e. copies structurally lower in the syntactic representation) may be phonetically realized. In addition, the issues regarding phonetic realization of copies are shown to be determined by conditions of the phonological component and not of syntax (movement) per se. As a result, the chapter is able to explain a variety of complex phenomena that cannot be captured by trace theory. The chapter starts by reviewing several pieces of evidence that show that the phonetic realization of copies is similar to the LF interpretive procedure in the sense that it allows activation of lower copies, as well as instances of “scattered deletion”, where different pieces of different chain links are realized. It is argued that convergence requirements related to linearization and morphological fusion interact with economy computations regarding applications of deletion, yielding a complex crosslinguistic pattern whereby chains in the general case have only their highest link phonetically realized, but they may also trigger pronunciation of a lower link or even pronunciation of multiple links if convergence so demands.

01 01 JB code la.107.04par 06 10.1075/la.107.04par 75 75 1 Section header 4 01 04 Part II. On multiple realization of copies Part II. On multiple realization of copies 01 eng 01 01 JB code la.107.05mar 06 10.1075/la.107.05mar 77 118 42 Chapter 5 01 04 Double realization of verbal copies in European Portuguese emphatic affirmation Double realization of verbal copies in European Portuguese emphatic affirmation 1 A01 01 JB code 950088884 Ana Maria Martins Martins, Ana Maria Ana Maria Martins University of Lisbon 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/950088884 01 eng 30 00

This chapter discusses European Portuguese sentences where a finite verb occurs twice. Such sentences express emphatic affirmation and are either elliptic structures produced as replies to a yes/no question presupposing a negative answer or full declaratives which contradict a preceding negative statement. The approach to European Portuguese emphatic verb reduplication developed in this chapter views the two phonologically indistinguishable verb forms as copies of the same item from the numeration, i.e. as two links of a nontrivial chain. Martins' analysis relies on Nunes's (2001, 2004) idea that the phonetic realization of multiple links of a chain is permitted as far as linearization – understood as the application of Kayne's (1994) Linear Correspondence Axiom (LCA) – can still operate. In particular, multiple copies may be allowed when morphological reanalysis makes some copy invisible to the LCA. In the case of emphatic affirmation in European Portuguese, it is argued that verb reduplication results from the combination of verb movement to Σ[+aff] and (subsequent) verb movement to C[+emph], followed by morphological reanalysis of C, which renders the adjoined verb copy invisible to the LCA and immune to deletion.

01 01 JB code la.107.06kan 06 10.1075/la.107.06kan 119 150 32 Chapter 6 01 04 On fusion and multiple copy spell-out On fusion and multiple copy spell-out 01 04 The case of verbal repetition The case of verbal repetition 1 A01 01 JB code 129088885 Jason Kandybowicz Kandybowicz, Jason Jason Kandybowicz Swarthmore College 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/129088885 01 eng 30 00

Focusing on the case of verbal repetition in Nupe, a Benue-Congo language spoken in central Nigeria, this chapter shows that verbal repetition constructions are mono-clausal syntactic objects in which the participating verbs are neither independently base-merged, as in the case of verb serialization for instance, nor are they related through reduplicative copying in the morphology/phonology. Rather, it is argued that these constructions involve chain formation and postsyntactic morphological reanalysis, which allows phonetic realization of multiple links/copies at PF. The chapter also adds some refinements to Nunes's (1999, 2004) proposal on the interaction of the syntactic component with the PF wing of grammar as far as phonetic realization of multiple copies is concerned.

01 01 JB code la.107.07che 06 10.1075/la.107.07che 151 174 24 Chapter 7 01 04 Verb copying in Mandarin Chinese Verb copying in Mandarin Chinese 1 A01 01 JB code 329088886 Lisa Lai-Shen Cheng Cheng, Lisa Lai-Shen Lisa Lai-Shen Cheng Leiden University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/329088886 01 eng 30 00

This chapter examines the ambiguity in resultative constructions with verb copying in Mandarin Chinese (resultative de-clauses and resultative compounds) and argues that the ambiguity is the result of two different derivations, which have in common the fact that more than one copy of the verb is phonetically realized. It is argued that both standard movement and sideward movement (in the sense of Nunes 2001, 2004 ) are used for verb copying in resultative de-clauses, leading to different interpretations. In the case of standard movement, the subject of the resultative clause is raised to the matrix clause, accompanied by verb movement, yielding an object-result reading. In the case of subject-result reading, ergativity shift is involved and the subject of the resultative clause becomes the subject of the matrix clause. In the latter case, the verb is copied to accommodate a thematic noun phrase associated with a verb (via sideward movement). For both readings, due to a modifi ed structure in the lower copy, both copies are allowed to be pronounced, without violating the LCA. Using data from verb copying in resultatives, the chapter further examines how copying is restricted to avoid unwanted copying, lending independent support to Hornstein and Nunes' (2002) proposal that the copy operation may be triggered by θ-requirements.

01 01 JB code la.107.08cor 06 10.1075/la.107.08cor 175 216 42 Chapter 8 01 04 Dutch 's-prolepsis as a copying phenomenon Dutch 's-prolepsis as a copying phenomenon 1 A01 01 JB code 871088887 Norbert Corver Corver, Norbert Norbert Corver Utrecht University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/871088887 01 eng 30 00

This chapter investigates Dutch expressions involving two instances of the bound morpheme –s, which is traditionally analyzed as a genitival case suffix, as in bloot-shoofds (lit.: bare-s-head-s; ‘bare headed; with the head bare’) or 's Zondags (lit.: -s Sunday-s; ‘on Sundays’). The fi rst instance of –s in these expressions is traditionally qualified as being proleptic in that it anticipates the occurrence of the final –s that is right-attached to the noun. An analysis of –s-prolepsis is proposed in terms of the operations movement/copying. More specifically, it is argued that in expressions like blootshoofds, for instance, –s is not a genitival case suffix but rather a small clause head that establishes a predication relationship between a predicate and a subject (schematically: [XP hoofd [X's [AP bloot]]]. The surface order is derived by movement of the predicate to a position preceding the subject and concomitant head movement of the small clause head –s to the functional head into whose specifier position the displaced predicate has moved (schematically: [FP blootj [F' –si +F [XP hoofd [X' –si bloot j]]]]). The multiple realization of the two –s copies is accounted for in terms of Nunes's (1995, 2004) theory about the linearization of movement chains. Cases likes 's Zondags receive the same basic account, with the difference that –s is analyzed as a (weak) demonstrative pronoun (i.e. a reduced variant of the word des) rather than a small clause head. A parallel is then drawn with phenomena of demonstrative-doubling in prepositional structures in German dialects.

01 01 JB code la.107.09par 06 10.1075/la.107.09par 217 217 1 Section header 9 01 04 Part III. On lower copy realization Part III. On lower copy realization 01 eng 01 01 JB code la.107.10stj 06 10.1075/la.107.10stj 219 248 30 Chapter 10 01 04 Free word order and copy theory of movement Free word order and copy theory of movement 1 A01 01 JB code 129088888 Sandra Stjepanović Stjepanović, Sandra Sandra Stjepanović West Virginia University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/129088888 01 eng 30 00

This chapter discusses the derivation of certain apparent cases of free word order in Serbo-Croatian, in particular those involving new information focus and neutral intonation patterns. The chapter starts by examining an apparent paradox concerning the position of the subject in Serbo-Croatian. While there are data indicating that the subject must raise to the highest position of the split IP in overt syntax, there are also data indicating that it appears in [Spec,VP] on the surface. Based on work by Franks (1998) and Bošković (2001, 2002), among others, the chapter argues that the subject does indeed raise to the highest position of the split IP in overt syntax, but when the subject represents new information focus, a lower copy is pronounced at PF to satisfy requirements on sentential stress assignment (see Zubizaretta 1998). The proposed analysis thus captures the extremely free word order of Serbo-Croatian as well as discourse effects of scrambling, and sheds light on how copy deletion works on the PF side.

01 01 JB code la.107.11rei 06 10.1075/la.107.11rei 249 287 39 Chapter 11 01 04 Variable pronunciation sites and types of wh-in-situ Variable pronunciation sites and types of wh-in-situ 1 A01 01 JB code 755088889 Chris H. Reintges Reintges, Chris H. Chris H. Reintges CNRS, UMR 7110/University Paris 7 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/755088889 01 eng 30 00

Examining data from Coptic Egyptian, the last descendant of the Ancient Egyptian language, this chapter argues for a new type of wh-in-situ, in which the copy privileged for phonological realization is the lowest member of the wh-chain, while the head of the chain as well as the intermediate copies are left unpronounced. Coptic can be described as a wh-in-situ language in which wh-clefting and wh-fronting are available as marked wh-interrogative strategies. The wh-insitu pattern is marked morphologically by “relative tenses”, so called because a relative marker appears in front of the tense-aspect-mood inflection. Based on their parallelism in scope and interpretation, the chapter argues that wh-in-situ and wh-fronting structures in Coptic are both derived by applications of wh-movement in the narrow syntax, before Spell-Out. Under this perspective, Coptic relative tenses are interpreted as a morphological instantiation of “wh-agreement”. It is proposed that the simultaneous pronunciation of the topmost wh-copy and the relative marker are prohibited by an economy filter on the morpho-syntactic encoding of wh-dependencies, which is reminiscent of the “Doubly-filled Comp” Filter in English. Deletion of the wh-element or the relative marker is then what yields the apparent distinction between wh-movement and wh-in situ constructions at the surface. Lower copy pronunciation of wh-elements is of particular theoretical interest, since it shows that the PF wing of the grammar permits the same range of realization sites for wh-chains at LF (Bošković and Nunes, this volume).

01 01 JB code la.107.12par 06 10.1075/la.107.12par 289 289 1 Section header 12 01 04 Part IV. Further issues Part IV. Further issues 01 04 Cyclicity, accessibility and unavailability of copying Cyclicity, accessibility and unavailability of copying 01 eng 01 01 JB code la.107.13fuj 06 10.1075/la.107.13fuj 291 326 36 Chapter 13 01 04 Cyclic chain reduction Cyclic chain reduction 1 A01 01 JB code 36088890 Tomohiro Fujii Fujii, Tomohiro Tomohiro Fujii Nanzan University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/36088890 01 eng 30 00

Based on new evidence having to do with binding and reconstruction, this chapter argues that copy raising constructions in English such as John seems like he is intelligent are to be analyzed as involving A-movement of the subject of the embedded clause, coupled with pronunciation of the copy left in the embedded subject position as a resumptive of sorts. Using Chomsky's (2001a, b) phase-based framework, the paper shows that copy raising constructions constitute an argument for taking the PF operation that deletes copies of a chain to allow Linearization (Nunes's 2004 Chain Reduction) to apply in a cyclic fashion. More specifically, it is proposed that Chain Reduction marks for deletion all the non-highest copies that are visible to the operation when it applies. The domain that the operation affects is determined by the notion of the cycle, which is in turn characterized by the notion of phase. Thus, when the highest copy among those visible to the operation sits at the edge of a phase, it is not marked for deletion at that phase, but it can be deleted at the next higher cycle. By contrast, when the highest copy is not in the edge but somewhere inside the domain of the phase – as in the case of the copy in the embedded subject position of copy raising constructions –, it cannot be deleted even if further movement takes place, because the domain of the phase will have been spelled-out before Chain Reduction applies.

01 01 JB code la.107.14kop 06 10.1075/la.107.14kop 327 350 24 Chapter 14 01 04 Agreement with (the internal structure of) copies of movement Agreement with (the internal structure of) copies of movement 1 A01 01 JB code 358088891 Marjo Koppen Koppen, Marjo Marjo Koppen University of Utrecht 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/358088891 01 eng 30 00

This chapter discusses agreement between complementizers and coordinated subjects in Dutch dialects. In the relevant dialects, the complementizer must display agreement with the fi rst conjunct if the coordinated subject remains in [Spec,TP]. However, if the subject is extracted, this agreement morphology on the complementizer leads to an ungrammatical result. Based on this asymmetry between heads of chains and lower copies, the chapter proposes that internal structures of copies left by movement operations are not accessible to the operation Agree. More specifi cally, it is proposed that copies left by movement are reduced in the sense that they only consist of the Φ-feature set of the maximal projection of the moved item. This view of copies therefore provides an alternative account for why the lower copies in constructions with more than one copy phonetically realized must be “reduced” (Nunes 2004).

01 01 JB code la.107.15hor 06 10.1075/la.107.15hor 351 385 35 Chapter 15 01 04 Pronouns in a Minimalist Setting Pronouns in a Minimalist Setting 1 A01 01 JB code 2088892 Norbert Hornstein Hornstein, Norbert Norbert Hornstein University of Maryland 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/2088892 01 eng 30 00

This chapter examines the theoretical status of pronouns and principle B of the Binding Theory within the Minimalist Program, once it is assumed that reflexives should be formed by movement/copying. If reflexive structures are to be ultimately analyzed in terms of movement/copying, Principle A should be dispensed with. The question then is how to reanalyze Principle B, given that it imposes the opposite requirements of Principle A. The paper argues in favour of returning to the earliest approaches to pronominalization phenomena by Lees and Klima (1963), recast in a more contemporary setting in terms of derivational economy. More specifically, it is proposed that the complementarity between reflexives and bound pronouns follows if derivations that resort to movement (understood in terms of copying) are more economical than derivations that resort to pronoun use. Under this view, pronouns are last resort items used when more favourable (“economical”) grammatical options cannot be.

01 01 JB code la.107.16ind 06 10.1075/la.107.16ind 387 388 2 Miscellaneous 16 01 04 Index Index 01 eng
01 JB code JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/la.107 Amsterdam NL 00 John Benjamins Publishing Company Marketing Department / Karin Plijnaar, Pieter Lamers onix@benjamins.nl 04 01 00 20070627 C 2007 John Benjamins Publishing Company D 2007 John Benjamins Publishing Company 02 WORLD 13 15 9789027233714 WORLD 09 01 JB 3 John Benjamins e-Platform 03 https://jbe-platform.com 29 https://jbe-platform.com/content/books/9789027292308 21 01 00 Unqualified price 02 120.00 EUR 01 00 Unqualified price 02 101.00 GBP GB 01 00 Unqualified price 02 180.00 USD