479007126 03 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code LA 131 Hb 15 9789027255143 06 10.1075/la.131 13 2008023397 00 BB 01 245 mm 02 164 mm 08 820 gr 10 01 JB code LA 02 0166-0829 02 131.00 01 02 Linguistik Aktuell/Linguistics Today Linguistik Aktuell/Linguistics Today 01 01 The Bantu-Romance Connection A comparative investigation of verbal agreement, DPs, and information structure The Bantu–Romance Connection: A comparative investigation of verbal agreement, DPs, and information structure 1 B01 01 JB code 579097926 Cécile De Cat De Cat, Cécile Cécile De Cat University of Leeds 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/579097926 2 B01 01 JB code 153097927 Katherine Demuth Demuth, Katherine Katherine Demuth Brown University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/153097927 01 eng 11 376 03 03 xix 03 00 355 03 01 22 496/.39045 03 2008 PL8025.1 04 Bantu languages--Grammar, Comparative--Romance. 04 Romance languages--Grammar, Comparative--Bantu. 10 LAN009000 12 CFK 24 JB code LIN.GENER Generative linguistics 24 JB code LIN.OTHAF Other African languages 24 JB code LIN.ROM Romance linguistics 24 JB code LIN.SYNTAX Syntax 24 JB code LIN.THEOR Theoretical linguistics 01 06 03 00 This landmark volume is the first work specifically designed to explore the extent to which striking surface morpho-syntactic similarities between Bantu and Romance languages actually represent similar syntactic structures. In particular, it explores the timely and much debated issues of verbal morphology and agreement, the structure of DPs, and word order/information structure, with the goal of providing a better understanding of the structure of the different languages investigated, and the implications this holds for syntactic theory more generally. All of the papers draw on data from both Bantu and Romance languages, providing a framework for much-needed further comparative research on the nature of linguistic structure, its diversity and constraints, and the implications this has for learnability/acquisition. The volume also provides an important precedent for incorporating insights from Bantu linguistic structure into mainstream of syntax research. 01 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/la.131.png 01 01 D502 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027255143.jpg 01 01 D504 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027255143.tif 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/la.131.hb.png 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/la.131.png 02 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/la.131.hb.png 03 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/la.131.hb.png 01 01 JB code la.131.01ack 06 10.1075/la.131.01ack vii vii 1 Miscellaneous 1 01 04 Acknowledgments Acknowledgments 01 eng 01 01 JB code la.131.02lis 06 10.1075/la.131.02lis ix x 2 Miscellaneous 2 01 04 List of contributors List of contributors 01 eng 01 01 JB code la.131.03int 06 10.1075/la.131.03int xi xix 9 Article 3 01 04 Introduction Introduction 01 eng 01 01 JB code la.131.04par 06 10.1075/la.131.04par Section header 4 01 04 Part 1. Clitics and agreement Part 1. Clitics and agreement 01 eng 01 01 JB code la.131.05mar 06 10.1075/la.131.05mar 3 39 37 Article 5 01 04 Concepts of structural underspecification in Bantu and Romance Concepts of structural underspecification in Bantu and Romance 1 A01 01 JB code 562098130 Lutz Marten Marten, Lutz Lutz Marten Department of Africa, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/562098130 2 A01 01 JB code 643098131 Ruth M. Kempson Kempson, Ruth M. Ruth M. Kempson Philosophy Department, King’s College, London 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/643098131 3 A01 01 JB code 872098132 Miriam Bouzouita Bouzouita, Miriam Miriam Bouzouita Philosophy Department, King’s College, London 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/872098132 01 eng 30 00

The paper explores parallelisms between Bantu (specifically Otjiherero) and Romance (through Latin and Spanish) with respect to left and right peripheries, and subject and object clitics. The analysis is formulated in Dynamic Syntax (DS, Cann et al. 2005) and centrally involves notions of structural underspecification. Through providing detailed analyses of different word order possibilities in the Bantu and Romance languages discussed, we show how DS concepts of structural growth over initially underspecified tree relations, such as the building of linked structures and unfixed nodes, provide a uniform basis for analyses of word order variation across the two language groups. We then extend our analysis to include Bantu subject/object markers, which we analyze by employing the same formal tools as used in the analysis of Romance (object) clitics, namely unfixed nodes which have to be construed within a tightly locally restricted domain. Empirical support for our analysis comes from restrictions on the presence of object markers in passive and locative inversion constructions in Otjiherero, which we show to follow from independent constraints of the availability of unfixed nodes within a given domain. The analyses of Bantu and Romance presented show that despite differences in surface morphology between the two language groups, both exhibit a striking parallel with respect to the way lexical information and general structure building principles of DS interact. The difference between Romance clitic systems and the agglutinative morphology of Bantu subject and object makers is thus seen to be comparatively superficial, while the DS analysis brings out the strong structural parallelism between the two language groups.

01 01 JB code la.131.06car 06 10.1075/la.131.06car 41 82 42 Article 6 01 04 On different types of clitic clusters On different types of clitic clusters 1 A01 01 JB code 71098133 Anna Cardinaletti Cardinaletti, Anna Anna Cardinaletti Ca’ Foscari University of Venice 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/71098133 01 eng 30 00

In this paper, Italian and Bantu clitic clusters are analyzed and compared. I claim that in both language families, pronouns check case in a low clitic position, and in so doing they reverse the order of arguments. In Italian, clitics move to a high clitic position where they check person and number features. Different types of Italian clusters are individuated: they differ syntactically, phonologically, and morphologically. As in Kayne’s (1994) proposal, clusters can be formed either on one single functional head or on adjacent heads; the former type can appear both in enclisis and proclisis, the latter only in proclisis. Clitic pronouns can end with an epenthetic vowel or a class marker/ inflectional morpheme; the former (consonantal clitics) can appear in clitic clusters in any position, the latter (morphologically complex clitics) cannot be the first element in clitic clusters dominated by one single head. Finally, some clusters are inserted as lexical units, others are two independent words: only the former display the linking vowel [e]. The intricate interplay of these (partially) independent properties explains a number of restrictions on clusters found in Italian (and other Romance languages). The hierarchy of person and number features in the high clitic position is also discussed, which explains other restrictions on clusters.

01 01 JB code la.131.07lab 06 10.1075/la.131.07lab 83 109 27 Article 7 01 04 Pronominal object markers in Romance and Bantu Pronominal object markers in Romance and Bantu 1 A01 01 JB code 430098134 Marie Labelle Labelle, Marie Marie Labelle Université du Québec à Montréal 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/430098134 01 eng 30 00

Romance pronominal clitics and Bantu object markers vary in gender and number, replace arguments, and surface to the left of the verbal root in declarative clauses. Both types of morphemes are regularly analyzed as affixes on the verb. It is argued that both have syntactic properties that justify treating them differently from lexical affixes. The argument is first made for French unstressed pronominal objects like me, le, en, drawing from their distribution in contemporary French as well as from their historical behavior. It is shown that they are syntactic objects, and that their morphophonological affix-like properties should be treated independently of their syntactic behavior. Then evidence is presented pointing to the fact that Bantu object markers are also syntactic objects of some sort. The last section asks whether one can arrive at a unified treatment of both elements. The conclusion is that by focusing on the morphophonological properties of these pronominal elements, one runs the risk of overlooking their syntactic properties.

01 01 JB code la.131.08har 06 10.1075/la.131.08har 111 128 18 Article 8 01 04 The Bantu-Romance connection in verb movement and verbal inflectional morphology The Bantu-Romance connection in verb movement and verbal inflectional morphology 1 A01 01 JB code 662098135 Carolyn Harford Harford, Carolyn Carolyn Harford Department of English and Communication, Midlands State University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/662098135 01 eng 30 00

Romance and Bantu languages show a range of contrasting morphological and syntactic properties, ranging from WH extraction strategies and the existence of V2 to directionality of affixation and degree of fusion and agglutination in verbal inflectional morphology. Using Isizulu and Chishona (Bantu) and standard French and Italian (Romance) as examples, this paper correlates these contrasts in terms of a common right-branching Split-INFL structure, and contrasting preferences for movement (STAY, in Optimality Theoretic terms). It is proposed that the same preference which motivates WH extraction strategies in the four languages also motivates the contrast between the relatively prefixal and agglutinative verbal inflectional morphology of Isizulu and Chishona and the suffixal and more fusional verbal inflectional morphology of French and Italian. The conclusions reinforce intuitions that languages belonging to the Romance and Bantu language families are typologically similar.

01 01 JB code la.131.09par 06 10.1075/la.131.09par Section header 9 01 04 Part 2. The structure of DPs Part 2. The structure of DPs 01 eng 01 01 JB code la.131.10car 06 10.1075/la.131.10car 131 165 35 Article 10 01 04 DP in Bantu and Romance DP in Bantu and Romance 1 A01 01 JB code 464098136 Vicki Carstens Carstens, Vicki Vicki Carstens University of Missouri-Columbia 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/464098136 01 eng 30 00

The paper considers several aspects of Bantu and Romance DPs, including: (i) Noun Class and grammatical gender; (ii) apparently derivational properties of the two; (iii) ordering among nouns and their modifiers; and (iv) concord in DPs. Several conclusions are argued for. Firstly, Bantu Class is a gender system like that of Romance, with gender-specific Spell-Out of number features. Secondly, despite some surface evidence to the contrary, gender/Class is an uninterpretable feature, without derivational functions. Thirdly, DPs of the two languages share a common architecture; and fourth, in both families concord is the result of the Agree relation. Thus many properties of nouns and DPs are common to both language groups, as the hypothesis of UG leads us to expect.

01 01 JB code la.131.11zam 06 10.1075/la.131.11zam 167 199 33 Article 11 01 04 On the interpretability of ph-features On the interpretability of φ-features 1 A01 01 JB code 954098137 Roberto Zamparelli Zamparelli, Roberto Roberto Zamparelli 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/954098137 01 eng 30 00

The paper reconsiders the evidence for the interpretable status of φ-features within DP in Romance languages, focusing on Italian. The conclusions are that, given a reasonably local interpretation of what counts as interpretable, gender is not an interpretable feature, and number (or plur, in the sense of Heycock & Zamparelli 2005) is interpretable, but is not sufficient to drive the process of verbal and predicative agreement. The notion of “default”, particularly with respect to the Person feature, is discussed and various alternatives are explored.

01 01 JB code la.131.12giu 06 10.1075/la.131.12giu 201 237 37 Article 12 01 04 Agreement and concord in nominal expressions Agreement and concord in nominal expressions 1 A01 01 JB code 217098138 Giuliana Giusti Giusti, Giuliana Giuliana Giusti Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/217098138 01 eng 30 00

This paper claims that feature sharing should be analyzed as the result of at least two different processes, which are named here Agreement and Concord, and inquires how these two processes are manifested inside nominal expressions (NEs). Agreement is the transfer of the Person features of the possessor (the “subject” of the NE) onto some functional head (parallel to subject Agreement in the clause) with the effect that (Genitive) Case is assigned. On the contrary, Concord is the transfer of Number, Word Class, and Case specifications from a functional head onto a modifier, which is first-merged as a Specifier of that functional head. The claim is that, quite differently from Agreement, Concord arises from the merger of a modifier, underspecified for uninterpretable features, in the specifier of a functional head, carrying a copy of those features. In other words, Concord is directly enhanced by the Spec-Head configuration; it does not involve merger of a probe which targets a goal and, as a consequence, never triggers (overt or covert) movement. This proposal can dispense with a number of otherwise unmotivated movements and can derive the different properties of these two kinds of feature sharing phenomena. The argument is supported by observing macro-parallelisms across Bantu and Romance languages, in particular Swahili and Xhosa on the one hand and Romanian and Italian on the other hand.

01 01 JB code la.131.13fer 06 10.1075/la.131.13fer 239 258 20 Article 13 01 04 A unified syntactic analysis of Italian and Luganda nouns A unified syntactic analysis of Italian and Luganda nouns 1 A01 01 JB code 546098139 Franca Ferrari-Bridgers Ferrari-Bridgers, Franca Franca Ferrari-Bridgers Department of Speech and Communication Studies, IONA College 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/546098139 01 eng 30 00

In this paper, I propose a unified syntactic analysis of Luganda and Italian simple nouns. I argue that Italian and Luganda nouns are formed in the syntax via merge and move operations. More specifically, I show that in both languages all nouns are formed via the merger of the nominalizer head [n] with a nominal stem [LP] yielding the nominal structure [nP [n [LP]]] and that syntactic movement is necessary in the noun formation process of Italian nouns to derive the correct morpheme order.

In order to prove that the structure [nP [n [LP]]] is representative for both languages, I demonstrate that the nominalizer head [n] corresponds to both the Italian gender feature and the Luganda class feature and that, therefore, gender and class are the same feature. The data analysis in sections (2) and (3) of this paper supports the claim that gender and class are the same feature because of their identical inflectional and derivational functions. At the inflectional level, gender and class trigger VP and DP agreement and at the derivational level gender and class function as n-marked heads whose merger with an XP yields a noun.

01 01 JB code la.131.14par 06 10.1075/la.131.14par Section header 14 01 04 Part 3. Information structure Part 3. Information structure 01 eng 01 01 JB code la.131.15fra 06 10.1075/la.131.15fra 261 292 32 Article 15 01 04 The fine structure of the Topic field The fine structure of the Topic field 1 A01 01 JB code 19098140 Mara Frascarelli Frascarelli, Mara Mara Frascarelli Università degli Studi di Roma Tre 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/19098140 01 eng 30 00

Based on interface evidence, this paper shows that the interpretation of discourse categories relies on syntactic conditions. Specifically, the existence of a systematic connection between formal properties and discourse functions shows that Topics are licensed in dedicated positions in the C-domain, which correspond to specific realizations at the PF-interface. Different types of Topics thus correspond to specific tonal events and show A’-properties which discard a movement approach. Finally, the interface properties of postverbal subjects are examined, showing that their position does not depend on the argument structure of the verb and is not necessarily different from the position of (referential) preverbal subjects. Though the present analysis is mainly concerned with Italian, a comparison with Bantu data is also proposed in order to show similarities, discuss (apparent) discrepancies and highlight implications for future research.

01 01 JB code la.131.16cos 06 10.1075/la.131.16cos 293 322 30 Article 16 01 04 Focus at the interface: Evidence from Romance and Bantu Focus at the interface: Evidence from Romance and Bantu 1 A01 01 JB code 202098141 João Costa Costa, João João Costa Universidade Nova de Lisboa 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/202098141 2 A01 01 JB code 430098142 Nancy C. Kula Kula, Nancy C. Nancy C. Kula University of Essex 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/430098142 01 eng 30 00

Word order variation in Romance and Bantu has been related to information structure portrayed in the different discourse functions of the sentential elements involved. Based on the distribution of new information focus in Romance and Bantu, this paper argues that discourse functions need not be directly encoded in syntax. The position defended here is that syntax generates all possible structures which are filtered out at the interface with the phonological component. The prosodic phrasing of these structures is what indicates focused constituents occurring in positions of prominence. The paramount significance of prosody for the determination of focus is particularly illustrated in those cases both in Romance and Bantu where, for syntactic reasons, change in word order is restricted but prosodic effects still accompany focus. The proposed interface approach to focus accounts for the variation in focus strategies and the intimate relation of focus to prosody which is attested in Romance and Bantu. Crucially, the evidence from Romance and Bantu is complementary. The Romance data provide the necessary syntactic evidence for not positing a designated focus position in the syntactic hierarchy for focus, whereas the Bantu data show that prosodic effects may emerge in varying ways, providing evidence for not linking a single syntactic position to a given prosodic effect. The paper in this respect highlights the similarities and differences of the role of prosody in indicating focus in stress versus tone languages.

01 01 JB code la.131.17wal 06 10.1075/la.131.17wal 323 350 28 Article 17 01 04 Agreement in thetic VS sentences in Bantu and Romance Agreement in thetic VS sentences in Bantu and Romance 1 A01 01 JB code 711098143 Jenneke Wal Wal, Jenneke Jenneke Wal Leiden University Centre for Linguistics 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/711098143 01 eng 30 00

Both Bantu and Romance languages use a V(erb) S(ubject) construction to express thetic (“out-of-the-blue”) sentences. Two types of languages can be distinguished within these language families, with respect to the verbal agreement in a thetic VS sentence: in type 1 the verb has default agreement, whereas in type 2 the verb agrees with the postverbal subject. In the Bantu languages these two types also display a difference in the use of conjoint and disjoint verb forms. Collins (2004), Carstens (2005), and Baker (2008) have previously analyzed such agreement and word order phenomena. These accounts, attributing the differences between types 1 and 2 to parameter settings of the Agree system, do not offer a satisfactory explanation. This paper proposes that the difference is due to the status of the agreement of the verb, which is pronominal in type 1 languages and purely grammatical in type 2. Arguments for this analysis are found in Case, Binding Theory and information structure. The focus in this paper is on the Romance languages French and Italian, and on the Bantu languages Sesotho and Makhuwa.

01 01 JB code la.131.18ind 06 10.1075/la.131.18ind 351 351 1 Miscellaneous 18 01 04 Index of languages Index of languages 01 eng 01 01 JB code la.131.19gen 06 10.1075/la.131.19gen 353 355 3 Miscellaneous 19 01 04 General index General index 01 eng
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772007381 03 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code LA 131 Eb 15 9789027290670 06 10.1075/la.131 00 EA E107 10 01 JB code LA 02 0166-0829 02 131.00 01 02 Linguistik Aktuell/Linguistics Today Linguistik Aktuell/Linguistics Today 11 01 JB code jbe-all 01 02 Full EBA collection (ca. 4,200 titles) 11 01 JB code jbe-2015-all 01 02 Complete backlist (3,208 titles, 1967–2015) 05 02 Complete backlist (1967–2015) 11 01 JB code jbe-2015-la 01 02 Linguistik Aktuell/Linguistics Today (vols. 1–226, 1980–2015) 05 02 LA (vols. 1–226, 1980–2015) 11 01 JB code jbe-2015-linguistics 01 02 Subject collection: Linguistics (2,773 titles, 1967–2015) 05 02 Linguistics (1967–2015) 01 01 The Bantu-Romance Connection A comparative investigation of verbal agreement, DPs, and information structure The Bantu–Romance Connection: A comparative investigation of verbal agreement, DPs, and information structure 1 B01 01 JB code 579097926 Cécile De Cat De Cat, Cécile Cécile De Cat University of Leeds 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/579097926 2 B01 01 JB code 153097927 Katherine Demuth Demuth, Katherine Katherine Demuth Brown University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/153097927 01 eng 11 376 03 03 xix 03 00 355 03 01 22 496/.39045 03 2008 PL8025.1 04 Bantu languages--Grammar, Comparative--Romance. 04 Romance languages--Grammar, Comparative--Bantu. 10 LAN009000 12 CFK 24 JB code LIN.GENER Generative linguistics 24 JB code LIN.OTHAF Other African languages 24 JB code LIN.ROM Romance linguistics 24 JB code LIN.SYNTAX Syntax 24 JB code LIN.THEOR Theoretical linguistics 01 06 03 00 This landmark volume is the first work specifically designed to explore the extent to which striking surface morpho-syntactic similarities between Bantu and Romance languages actually represent similar syntactic structures. In particular, it explores the timely and much debated issues of verbal morphology and agreement, the structure of DPs, and word order/information structure, with the goal of providing a better understanding of the structure of the different languages investigated, and the implications this holds for syntactic theory more generally. All of the papers draw on data from both Bantu and Romance languages, providing a framework for much-needed further comparative research on the nature of linguistic structure, its diversity and constraints, and the implications this has for learnability/acquisition. The volume also provides an important precedent for incorporating insights from Bantu linguistic structure into mainstream of syntax research. 01 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/la.131.png 01 01 D502 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027255143.jpg 01 01 D504 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027255143.tif 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/la.131.hb.png 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/la.131.png 02 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/la.131.hb.png 03 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/la.131.hb.png 01 01 JB code la.131.01ack 06 10.1075/la.131.01ack vii vii 1 Miscellaneous 1 01 04 Acknowledgments Acknowledgments 01 eng 01 01 JB code la.131.02lis 06 10.1075/la.131.02lis ix x 2 Miscellaneous 2 01 04 List of contributors List of contributors 01 eng 01 01 JB code la.131.03int 06 10.1075/la.131.03int xi xix 9 Article 3 01 04 Introduction Introduction 01 eng 01 01 JB code la.131.04par 06 10.1075/la.131.04par Section header 4 01 04 Part 1. Clitics and agreement Part 1. Clitics and agreement 01 eng 01 01 JB code la.131.05mar 06 10.1075/la.131.05mar 3 39 37 Article 5 01 04 Concepts of structural underspecification in Bantu and Romance Concepts of structural underspecification in Bantu and Romance 1 A01 01 JB code 562098130 Lutz Marten Marten, Lutz Lutz Marten Department of Africa, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/562098130 2 A01 01 JB code 643098131 Ruth M. Kempson Kempson, Ruth M. Ruth M. Kempson Philosophy Department, King’s College, London 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/643098131 3 A01 01 JB code 872098132 Miriam Bouzouita Bouzouita, Miriam Miriam Bouzouita Philosophy Department, King’s College, London 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/872098132 01 eng 30 00

The paper explores parallelisms between Bantu (specifically Otjiherero) and Romance (through Latin and Spanish) with respect to left and right peripheries, and subject and object clitics. The analysis is formulated in Dynamic Syntax (DS, Cann et al. 2005) and centrally involves notions of structural underspecification. Through providing detailed analyses of different word order possibilities in the Bantu and Romance languages discussed, we show how DS concepts of structural growth over initially underspecified tree relations, such as the building of linked structures and unfixed nodes, provide a uniform basis for analyses of word order variation across the two language groups. We then extend our analysis to include Bantu subject/object markers, which we analyze by employing the same formal tools as used in the analysis of Romance (object) clitics, namely unfixed nodes which have to be construed within a tightly locally restricted domain. Empirical support for our analysis comes from restrictions on the presence of object markers in passive and locative inversion constructions in Otjiherero, which we show to follow from independent constraints of the availability of unfixed nodes within a given domain. The analyses of Bantu and Romance presented show that despite differences in surface morphology between the two language groups, both exhibit a striking parallel with respect to the way lexical information and general structure building principles of DS interact. The difference between Romance clitic systems and the agglutinative morphology of Bantu subject and object makers is thus seen to be comparatively superficial, while the DS analysis brings out the strong structural parallelism between the two language groups.

01 01 JB code la.131.06car 06 10.1075/la.131.06car 41 82 42 Article 6 01 04 On different types of clitic clusters On different types of clitic clusters 1 A01 01 JB code 71098133 Anna Cardinaletti Cardinaletti, Anna Anna Cardinaletti Ca’ Foscari University of Venice 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/71098133 01 eng 30 00

In this paper, Italian and Bantu clitic clusters are analyzed and compared. I claim that in both language families, pronouns check case in a low clitic position, and in so doing they reverse the order of arguments. In Italian, clitics move to a high clitic position where they check person and number features. Different types of Italian clusters are individuated: they differ syntactically, phonologically, and morphologically. As in Kayne’s (1994) proposal, clusters can be formed either on one single functional head or on adjacent heads; the former type can appear both in enclisis and proclisis, the latter only in proclisis. Clitic pronouns can end with an epenthetic vowel or a class marker/ inflectional morpheme; the former (consonantal clitics) can appear in clitic clusters in any position, the latter (morphologically complex clitics) cannot be the first element in clitic clusters dominated by one single head. Finally, some clusters are inserted as lexical units, others are two independent words: only the former display the linking vowel [e]. The intricate interplay of these (partially) independent properties explains a number of restrictions on clusters found in Italian (and other Romance languages). The hierarchy of person and number features in the high clitic position is also discussed, which explains other restrictions on clusters.

01 01 JB code la.131.07lab 06 10.1075/la.131.07lab 83 109 27 Article 7 01 04 Pronominal object markers in Romance and Bantu Pronominal object markers in Romance and Bantu 1 A01 01 JB code 430098134 Marie Labelle Labelle, Marie Marie Labelle Université du Québec à Montréal 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/430098134 01 eng 30 00

Romance pronominal clitics and Bantu object markers vary in gender and number, replace arguments, and surface to the left of the verbal root in declarative clauses. Both types of morphemes are regularly analyzed as affixes on the verb. It is argued that both have syntactic properties that justify treating them differently from lexical affixes. The argument is first made for French unstressed pronominal objects like me, le, en, drawing from their distribution in contemporary French as well as from their historical behavior. It is shown that they are syntactic objects, and that their morphophonological affix-like properties should be treated independently of their syntactic behavior. Then evidence is presented pointing to the fact that Bantu object markers are also syntactic objects of some sort. The last section asks whether one can arrive at a unified treatment of both elements. The conclusion is that by focusing on the morphophonological properties of these pronominal elements, one runs the risk of overlooking their syntactic properties.

01 01 JB code la.131.08har 06 10.1075/la.131.08har 111 128 18 Article 8 01 04 The Bantu-Romance connection in verb movement and verbal inflectional morphology The Bantu-Romance connection in verb movement and verbal inflectional morphology 1 A01 01 JB code 662098135 Carolyn Harford Harford, Carolyn Carolyn Harford Department of English and Communication, Midlands State University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/662098135 01 eng 30 00

Romance and Bantu languages show a range of contrasting morphological and syntactic properties, ranging from WH extraction strategies and the existence of V2 to directionality of affixation and degree of fusion and agglutination in verbal inflectional morphology. Using Isizulu and Chishona (Bantu) and standard French and Italian (Romance) as examples, this paper correlates these contrasts in terms of a common right-branching Split-INFL structure, and contrasting preferences for movement (STAY, in Optimality Theoretic terms). It is proposed that the same preference which motivates WH extraction strategies in the four languages also motivates the contrast between the relatively prefixal and agglutinative verbal inflectional morphology of Isizulu and Chishona and the suffixal and more fusional verbal inflectional morphology of French and Italian. The conclusions reinforce intuitions that languages belonging to the Romance and Bantu language families are typologically similar.

01 01 JB code la.131.09par 06 10.1075/la.131.09par Section header 9 01 04 Part 2. The structure of DPs Part 2. The structure of DPs 01 eng 01 01 JB code la.131.10car 06 10.1075/la.131.10car 131 165 35 Article 10 01 04 DP in Bantu and Romance DP in Bantu and Romance 1 A01 01 JB code 464098136 Vicki Carstens Carstens, Vicki Vicki Carstens University of Missouri-Columbia 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/464098136 01 eng 30 00

The paper considers several aspects of Bantu and Romance DPs, including: (i) Noun Class and grammatical gender; (ii) apparently derivational properties of the two; (iii) ordering among nouns and their modifiers; and (iv) concord in DPs. Several conclusions are argued for. Firstly, Bantu Class is a gender system like that of Romance, with gender-specific Spell-Out of number features. Secondly, despite some surface evidence to the contrary, gender/Class is an uninterpretable feature, without derivational functions. Thirdly, DPs of the two languages share a common architecture; and fourth, in both families concord is the result of the Agree relation. Thus many properties of nouns and DPs are common to both language groups, as the hypothesis of UG leads us to expect.

01 01 JB code la.131.11zam 06 10.1075/la.131.11zam 167 199 33 Article 11 01 04 On the interpretability of ph-features On the interpretability of φ-features 1 A01 01 JB code 954098137 Roberto Zamparelli Zamparelli, Roberto Roberto Zamparelli 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/954098137 01 eng 30 00

The paper reconsiders the evidence for the interpretable status of φ-features within DP in Romance languages, focusing on Italian. The conclusions are that, given a reasonably local interpretation of what counts as interpretable, gender is not an interpretable feature, and number (or plur, in the sense of Heycock & Zamparelli 2005) is interpretable, but is not sufficient to drive the process of verbal and predicative agreement. The notion of “default”, particularly with respect to the Person feature, is discussed and various alternatives are explored.

01 01 JB code la.131.12giu 06 10.1075/la.131.12giu 201 237 37 Article 12 01 04 Agreement and concord in nominal expressions Agreement and concord in nominal expressions 1 A01 01 JB code 217098138 Giuliana Giusti Giusti, Giuliana Giuliana Giusti Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/217098138 01 eng 30 00

This paper claims that feature sharing should be analyzed as the result of at least two different processes, which are named here Agreement and Concord, and inquires how these two processes are manifested inside nominal expressions (NEs). Agreement is the transfer of the Person features of the possessor (the “subject” of the NE) onto some functional head (parallel to subject Agreement in the clause) with the effect that (Genitive) Case is assigned. On the contrary, Concord is the transfer of Number, Word Class, and Case specifications from a functional head onto a modifier, which is first-merged as a Specifier of that functional head. The claim is that, quite differently from Agreement, Concord arises from the merger of a modifier, underspecified for uninterpretable features, in the specifier of a functional head, carrying a copy of those features. In other words, Concord is directly enhanced by the Spec-Head configuration; it does not involve merger of a probe which targets a goal and, as a consequence, never triggers (overt or covert) movement. This proposal can dispense with a number of otherwise unmotivated movements and can derive the different properties of these two kinds of feature sharing phenomena. The argument is supported by observing macro-parallelisms across Bantu and Romance languages, in particular Swahili and Xhosa on the one hand and Romanian and Italian on the other hand.

01 01 JB code la.131.13fer 06 10.1075/la.131.13fer 239 258 20 Article 13 01 04 A unified syntactic analysis of Italian and Luganda nouns A unified syntactic analysis of Italian and Luganda nouns 1 A01 01 JB code 546098139 Franca Ferrari-Bridgers Ferrari-Bridgers, Franca Franca Ferrari-Bridgers Department of Speech and Communication Studies, IONA College 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/546098139 01 eng 30 00

In this paper, I propose a unified syntactic analysis of Luganda and Italian simple nouns. I argue that Italian and Luganda nouns are formed in the syntax via merge and move operations. More specifically, I show that in both languages all nouns are formed via the merger of the nominalizer head [n] with a nominal stem [LP] yielding the nominal structure [nP [n [LP]]] and that syntactic movement is necessary in the noun formation process of Italian nouns to derive the correct morpheme order.

In order to prove that the structure [nP [n [LP]]] is representative for both languages, I demonstrate that the nominalizer head [n] corresponds to both the Italian gender feature and the Luganda class feature and that, therefore, gender and class are the same feature. The data analysis in sections (2) and (3) of this paper supports the claim that gender and class are the same feature because of their identical inflectional and derivational functions. At the inflectional level, gender and class trigger VP and DP agreement and at the derivational level gender and class function as n-marked heads whose merger with an XP yields a noun.

01 01 JB code la.131.14par 06 10.1075/la.131.14par Section header 14 01 04 Part 3. Information structure Part 3. Information structure 01 eng 01 01 JB code la.131.15fra 06 10.1075/la.131.15fra 261 292 32 Article 15 01 04 The fine structure of the Topic field The fine structure of the Topic field 1 A01 01 JB code 19098140 Mara Frascarelli Frascarelli, Mara Mara Frascarelli Università degli Studi di Roma Tre 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/19098140 01 eng 30 00

Based on interface evidence, this paper shows that the interpretation of discourse categories relies on syntactic conditions. Specifically, the existence of a systematic connection between formal properties and discourse functions shows that Topics are licensed in dedicated positions in the C-domain, which correspond to specific realizations at the PF-interface. Different types of Topics thus correspond to specific tonal events and show A’-properties which discard a movement approach. Finally, the interface properties of postverbal subjects are examined, showing that their position does not depend on the argument structure of the verb and is not necessarily different from the position of (referential) preverbal subjects. Though the present analysis is mainly concerned with Italian, a comparison with Bantu data is also proposed in order to show similarities, discuss (apparent) discrepancies and highlight implications for future research.

01 01 JB code la.131.16cos 06 10.1075/la.131.16cos 293 322 30 Article 16 01 04 Focus at the interface: Evidence from Romance and Bantu Focus at the interface: Evidence from Romance and Bantu 1 A01 01 JB code 202098141 João Costa Costa, João João Costa Universidade Nova de Lisboa 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/202098141 2 A01 01 JB code 430098142 Nancy C. Kula Kula, Nancy C. Nancy C. Kula University of Essex 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/430098142 01 eng 30 00

Word order variation in Romance and Bantu has been related to information structure portrayed in the different discourse functions of the sentential elements involved. Based on the distribution of new information focus in Romance and Bantu, this paper argues that discourse functions need not be directly encoded in syntax. The position defended here is that syntax generates all possible structures which are filtered out at the interface with the phonological component. The prosodic phrasing of these structures is what indicates focused constituents occurring in positions of prominence. The paramount significance of prosody for the determination of focus is particularly illustrated in those cases both in Romance and Bantu where, for syntactic reasons, change in word order is restricted but prosodic effects still accompany focus. The proposed interface approach to focus accounts for the variation in focus strategies and the intimate relation of focus to prosody which is attested in Romance and Bantu. Crucially, the evidence from Romance and Bantu is complementary. The Romance data provide the necessary syntactic evidence for not positing a designated focus position in the syntactic hierarchy for focus, whereas the Bantu data show that prosodic effects may emerge in varying ways, providing evidence for not linking a single syntactic position to a given prosodic effect. The paper in this respect highlights the similarities and differences of the role of prosody in indicating focus in stress versus tone languages.

01 01 JB code la.131.17wal 06 10.1075/la.131.17wal 323 350 28 Article 17 01 04 Agreement in thetic VS sentences in Bantu and Romance Agreement in thetic VS sentences in Bantu and Romance 1 A01 01 JB code 711098143 Jenneke Wal Wal, Jenneke Jenneke Wal Leiden University Centre for Linguistics 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/711098143 01 eng 30 00

Both Bantu and Romance languages use a V(erb) S(ubject) construction to express thetic (“out-of-the-blue”) sentences. Two types of languages can be distinguished within these language families, with respect to the verbal agreement in a thetic VS sentence: in type 1 the verb has default agreement, whereas in type 2 the verb agrees with the postverbal subject. In the Bantu languages these two types also display a difference in the use of conjoint and disjoint verb forms. Collins (2004), Carstens (2005), and Baker (2008) have previously analyzed such agreement and word order phenomena. These accounts, attributing the differences between types 1 and 2 to parameter settings of the Agree system, do not offer a satisfactory explanation. This paper proposes that the difference is due to the status of the agreement of the verb, which is pronominal in type 1 languages and purely grammatical in type 2. Arguments for this analysis are found in Case, Binding Theory and information structure. The focus in this paper is on the Romance languages French and Italian, and on the Bantu languages Sesotho and Makhuwa.

01 01 JB code la.131.18ind 06 10.1075/la.131.18ind 351 351 1 Miscellaneous 18 01 04 Index of languages Index of languages 01 eng 01 01 JB code la.131.19gen 06 10.1075/la.131.19gen 353 355 3 Miscellaneous 19 01 04 General index General index 01 eng
01 JB code JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/la.131 Amsterdam NL 00 John Benjamins Publishing Company Marketing Department / Karin Plijnaar, Pieter Lamers onix@benjamins.nl 04 01 00 20080926 C 2008 John Benjamins Publishing Company D 2008 John Benjamins Publishing Company 02 WORLD 13 15 9789027255143 WORLD 09 01 JB 3 John Benjamins e-Platform 03 https://jbe-platform.com 29 https://jbe-platform.com/content/books/9789027290670 21 01 00 Unqualified price 02 115.00 EUR 01 00 Unqualified price 02 97.00 GBP GB 01 00 Unqualified price 02 173.00 USD
829013379 03 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code LA 131 GE 15 9789027290670 06 10.1075/la.131 00 EA E133 10 01 JB code LA 02 JB code 0166-0829 02 131.00 01 02 Linguistik Aktuell/Linguistics Today Linguistik Aktuell/Linguistics Today 01 01 The Bantu-Romance Connection The Bantu–Romance Connection 1 B01 01 JB code 579097926 Cécile De Cat De Cat, Cécile Cécile De Cat University of Leeds 2 B01 01 JB code 153097927 Katherine Demuth Demuth, Katherine Katherine Demuth Brown University 01 eng 11 376 03 03 xix 03 00 355 03 24 JB code LIN.GENER Generative linguistics 24 JB code LIN.OTHAF Other African languages 24 JB code LIN.ROM Romance linguistics 24 JB code LIN.SYNTAX Syntax 24 JB code LIN.THEOR Theoretical linguistics 10 LAN009000 12 CFK 01 06 03 00 This landmark volume is the first work specifically designed to explore the extent to which striking surface morpho-syntactic similarities between Bantu and Romance languages actually represent similar syntactic structures. In particular, it explores the timely and much debated issues of verbal morphology and agreement, the structure of DPs, and word order/information structure, with the goal of providing a better understanding of the structure of the different languages investigated, and the implications this holds for syntactic theory more generally. All of the papers draw on data from both Bantu and Romance languages, providing a framework for much-needed further comparative research on the nature of linguistic structure, its diversity and constraints, and the implications this has for learnability/acquisition. The volume also provides an important precedent for incorporating insights from Bantu linguistic structure into mainstream of syntax research. 01 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/la.131.png 01 01 D502 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027255143.jpg 01 01 D504 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027255143.tif 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/la.131.hb.png 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/la.131.png 02 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/la.131.hb.png 03 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/la.131.hb.png 01 01 JB code la.131.01ack 06 10.1075/la.131.01ack vii vii 1 Miscellaneous 1 01 04 Acknowledgments Acknowledgments 01 01 JB code la.131.02lis 06 10.1075/la.131.02lis ix x 2 Miscellaneous 2 01 04 List of contributors List of contributors 01 01 JB code la.131.03int 06 10.1075/la.131.03int xi xix 9 Article 3 01 04 Introduction Introduction 01 01 JB code la.131.04par 06 10.1075/la.131.04par Section header 4 01 04 Part 1. Clitics and agreement Part 1. Clitics and agreement 01 01 JB code la.131.05mar 06 10.1075/la.131.05mar 3 39 37 Article 5 01 04 Concepts of structural underspecification in Bantu and Romance Concepts of structural underspecification in Bantu and Romance 1 A01 01 JB code 562098130 Lutz Marten Marten, Lutz Lutz Marten Department of Africa, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 2 A01 01 JB code 643098131 Ruth M. Kempson Kempson, Ruth M. Ruth M. Kempson Philosophy Department, King’s College, London 3 A01 01 JB code 872098132 Miriam Bouzouita Bouzouita, Miriam Miriam Bouzouita Philosophy Department, King’s College, London 01 01 JB code la.131.06car 06 10.1075/la.131.06car 41 82 42 Article 6 01 04 On different types of clitic clusters On different types of clitic clusters 1 A01 01 JB code 71098133 Anna Cardinaletti Cardinaletti, Anna Anna Cardinaletti Ca’ Foscari University of Venice 01 01 JB code la.131.07lab 06 10.1075/la.131.07lab 83 109 27 Article 7 01 04 Pronominal object markers in Romance and Bantu Pronominal object markers in Romance and Bantu 1 A01 01 JB code 430098134 Marie Labelle Labelle, Marie Marie Labelle Université du Québec à Montréal 01 01 JB code la.131.08har 06 10.1075/la.131.08har 111 128 18 Article 8 01 04 The Bantu-Romance connection in verb movement and verbal inflectional morphology The Bantu-Romance connection in verb movement and verbal inflectional morphology 1 A01 01 JB code 662098135 Carolyn Harford Harford, Carolyn Carolyn Harford Department of English and Communication, Midlands State University 01 01 JB code la.131.09par 06 10.1075/la.131.09par Section header 9 01 04 Part 2. The structure of DPs Part 2. The structure of DPs 01 01 JB code la.131.10car 06 10.1075/la.131.10car 131 165 35 Article 10 01 04 DP in Bantu and Romance DP in Bantu and Romance 1 A01 01 JB code 464098136 Vicki Carstens Carstens, Vicki Vicki Carstens University of Missouri-Columbia 01 01 JB code la.131.11zam 06 10.1075/la.131.11zam 167 199 33 Article 11 01 04 On the interpretability of ph-features On the interpretability of φ-features 1 A01 01 JB code 954098137 Roberto Zamparelli Zamparelli, Roberto Roberto Zamparelli 01 01 JB code la.131.12giu 06 10.1075/la.131.12giu 201 237 37 Article 12 01 04 Agreement and concord in nominal expressions Agreement and concord in nominal expressions 1 A01 01 JB code 217098138 Giuliana Giusti Giusti, Giuliana Giuliana Giusti Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia 01 01 JB code la.131.13fer 06 10.1075/la.131.13fer 239 258 20 Article 13 01 04 A unified syntactic analysis of Italian and Luganda nouns A unified syntactic analysis of Italian and Luganda nouns 1 A01 01 JB code 546098139 Franca Ferrari-Bridgers Ferrari-Bridgers, Franca Franca Ferrari-Bridgers Department of Speech and Communication Studies, IONA College 01 01 JB code la.131.14par 06 10.1075/la.131.14par Section header 14 01 04 Part 3. Information structure Part 3. Information structure 01 01 JB code la.131.15fra 06 10.1075/la.131.15fra 261 292 32 Article 15 01 04 The fine structure of the Topic field The fine structure of the Topic field 1 A01 01 JB code 19098140 Mara Frascarelli Frascarelli, Mara Mara Frascarelli Università degli Studi di Roma Tre 01 01 JB code la.131.16cos 06 10.1075/la.131.16cos 293 322 30 Article 16 01 04 Focus at the interface: Evidence from Romance and Bantu Focus at the interface: Evidence from Romance and Bantu 1 A01 01 JB code 202098141 João Costa Costa, João João Costa Universidade Nova de Lisboa 2 A01 01 JB code 430098142 Nancy C. Kula Kula, Nancy C. Nancy C. Kula University of Essex 01 01 JB code la.131.17wal 06 10.1075/la.131.17wal 323 350 28 Article 17 01 04 Agreement in thetic VS sentences in Bantu and Romance Agreement in thetic VS sentences in Bantu and Romance 1 A01 01 JB code 711098143 Jenneke Wal Wal, Jenneke Jenneke Wal Leiden University Centre for Linguistics 01 01 JB code la.131.18ind 06 10.1075/la.131.18ind 351 351 1 Miscellaneous 18 01 04 Index of languages Index of languages 01 01 JB code la.131.19gen 06 10.1075/la.131.19gen 353 355 3 Miscellaneous 19 01 04 General index General index 01 JB code JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 https://benjamins.com Amsterdam NL 00 John Benjamins Publishing Company Marketing Department / Karin Plijnaar, Pieter Lamers onix@benjamins.nl 04 01 00 20080926 C 2008 John Benjamins Publishing Company D 2008 John Benjamins Publishing Company 02 WORLD 13 15 9789027255143 WORLD 03 01 JB 17 Google 03 https://play.google.com/store/books 21 01 00 Unqualified price 00 115.00 EUR 01 00 Unqualified price 00 97.00 GBP 01 00 Unqualified price 00 173.00 USD