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56008090 03 01 01 JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code LA 161 Eb 15 9789027287984 06 10.1075/la.161 13 2010018687 DG 002 02 01 LA 02 0166-0829 Linguistik Aktuell/Linguistics Today 161 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Studies in West Frisian Grammar</TitleText> 01 la.161 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/la.161 1 A01 Germen J. de Haan Haan, Germen J. de Germen J. de Haan 2 B01 Jarich Hoekstra Hoekstra, Jarich Jarich Hoekstra Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel 3 B01 Willem Visser Visser, Willem Willem Visser University of Groningen 4 B01 Goffe Jensma Jensma, Goffe Goffe Jensma University of Groningen 01 eng 400 x 384 LAN009000 v.2006 CFK 2 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.GENER Generative linguistics 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.GERM Germanic linguistics 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.SYNTAX Syntax 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.THEOR Theoretical linguistics 06 01 In this volume, Germen de Haan gives a multi-faceted view of the syntax, sociolinguistics, and phonology of West-Frisian. The author discusses distinct aspects of the syntax of verbs in Frisian: finiteness and Verb Second, embedded root phenomena, the verbal complex, verbal complementation, and complementizer agreement. Because Frisian has minority language status and is of interest to sociolinguists, the author reviews the linguistic changes in Frisian under the influence of the dominant Dutch language and, more generally, reflects on how to deal with contact-induced change in grammar. Finally, in three phonological articles, the author discusses nasalization in Frisian, the putatively symmetrical vowel inventory of Frisian, and the variation between schwa + sonorant consonants and syllabic sonorant consonants. 04 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/la.161.png 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027255440.jpg 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027255440.tif 06 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/la.161.hb.png 07 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/la.161.png 25 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/la.161.hb.png 27 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/la.161.hb.png 10 01 JB code la.161.00toc 1 10 10 Article 1 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Introduction</TitleText> 1 A01 Jarich Hoekstra Hoekstra, Jarich Jarich Hoekstra 2 A01 Goffe Jensma Jensma, Goffe Goffe Jensma 3 A01 Willem Visser Visser, Willem Willem Visser 10 01 JB code la.161.01rec 11 24 14 Chapter 2 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 1. Recent trends in Frisian linguistics</TitleText> 01 This paper presents an overview of the main trends that can be distinguished in the study of Frisian linguistics since the Second World War. We will not discuss the basic tools for linguistic research that have been constructed so abundantly in this period, but concentrate on research proper. Modern Frisian linguistics is, on the one hand, a continuation of a historical-philological and lexicographic tradition, and, on the other hand, a reflection of scientific innovations that has taken place in these decades. We observe three main trends, i.e. historical-philological research, studies of the role of Frisian language varieties in society, and studies of Frisian grammar within an explicit theoretical context. Due to the relatively small number of linguists studying Frisian, developments in this field tend to be a bit idiosyncratic. 10 01 JB code la.161.02why 25 46 22 Chapter 3 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 2. Why Old Frisian is really Middle Frisian</TitleText> 01 Traditionally the history of the development of the Frisian language is divided into he following periods: Pre-Old Frisian before ca 1275, Old Frisian ca 1275&#8211;1550, Middle Frisian ca 1550&#8211;1800, Modern Frisian ca 1800 &#8211; present. Several aspects of this periodization have been discussed in the literature, in particular the discongruity between the labels Old/Middle Frisian and the corresponding labels for related Germanic languages. We note that the bulk of the arguments for the traditional periodization of Frisian is based on non-linguistic evidence. This is true in particular for the Old Frisian period. This leads to the central question of this paper: is the traditional notion of Old Frisian linguistically spoken really &#8216;Old Germanic&#8217;, or may be rather &#8216;Middle Germanic&#8217;, or something in between? We approach this question by looking at linguistic criteria that have been used in the literature for distinguishing between &#8216;old&#8217; and &#8216;middle&#8217; stages of closely related Germanic languages. These criteria involve mainly changes in unstressed syllables and inflection. Applying these criteria to Frisian, we conclude there is ample evidence to replace the term &#8216;Old Frisian&#8217; with &#8216;Middle Frisian&#8217;. 10 01 JB code la.161.03syn 47 62 16 Chapter 4 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 3. Syntax of Old Frisian</TitleText> 01 After noting some specific problems of the study of the syntax of Old Frisian, this paper summarizes the main points of the syntactic aspects of Old Frisian that have been published. These main points include verbal syntax, a.o. verb second and the verbal complex, properties of the subject, case and word order, negation, and some aspects of the structure of complex sentences, in particular relative clauses and conjunctions. 10 01 JB code la.161.04fin 63 98 36 Chapter 5 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 4. Finiteness and verb fronting</TitleText> 01 Distributional properties of the verb in Germanic languages have to be accounted for by a rule that moves a verb into sentence initial position (&#8216;verb second/V2&#8217;). Traditionally it is claimed that this rule applies exclusively to finite verbs in main sentences. In this paper, we will discuss some phenomena in West Frisian that lead to some new proposals with respect to the factors that are involved in V2. A major role in our exposition is played by the so-called Frisian &#8216;<i>en</i>+imperative&#8217; construction. We will argue that an account for the properties of this construction lead to a reconsideration of some of the factors relevant for V2: finiteness, the obligatoriness of verb movement and the distinction between main and embedded clauses. 10 01 JB code la.161.05mor 99 130 32 Chapter 6 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 5. More is going on upstairs than downstairs</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Embedded root phenomena in Frisian</Subtitle> 01 In this paper, we discuss (West) Frisian limited embedded V2-constructions introduced by the lexical complementizer <i>dat</i> (ECV2s). We argue that there is no evidence for the claim in the literature that conditions on extraction license structural embedding of CP-recursion in this language. It is shown that ECV2s in Frisian have generally the properties of root CPs, and that there is no reason to analyze such constructions differently from structural roots. As a consequence, the approach defended here treats ECV2s and their matrix clauses as a combination of independent expressions, i.e. as expressions having their own illocutionary role. This accounts for restrictions on the distribution of embedded V2. Finally, we demonstrate along the lines of Hoeksema &amp; Napoli (1993) that ECV2s in Frisian are juxtaposed with their matrix clauses, i.e. they should be distinguished as cases of parataxis from &#8216;normal&#8217; coordination. 10 01 JB code la.161.06the 131 152 22 Chapter 7 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 6. The Imperativus-pro-Infinitivo</TitleText> 01 In this paper, we study the internal and external structure of a Frisian syntactic construction which consists of two parts, the second part being introduced by the element <i>en</i> &#8216;and&#8217; followed by a moved verb form. As to the external structure, we argue that the generally accepted distinction of this construction in a coordinated type and a subordinated type has to be replaced with two types of subordination. This analysis opens a perspective on the historical development of this construction that does not have to call upon an <i>a priori</i> implausible form of grammatical reconstruction. As to the internal structure, we give special attention to a possible approach of the way the implicit subject of the construction is identified. 10 01 JB code la.161.07two 153 164 12 Chapter 8 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 7. Two infinitives</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">&#8216;prate&#8217; and &#8216;praten&#8217;</Subtitle> 01 The grammar of Frisian contains two morphologically different infinitives, INF<sub>e</sub> and INF<sub>n</sub>. In this paper, we discuss and compare syntactic properties of (constructions with) INF<sub>e</sub> and INF<sub>n</sub>. We illustrate that both infinitives can be part of a verbal complex. Traditionally it is assumed that only INF<sub>n</sub> can be head of phrases that have nominal function. Here we show that phrases with INF<sub>e</sub> also can be nominal. We study external syntactic properties of nominal INF<sub>e</sub>. In addition, we compare internal syntactic properties of nominal INF<sub>e</sub> and INF<sub>n</sub>. The internal structure of INF<sub>e</sub> turns out to be similar to verb phrases and that of INF<sub>n</sub> to noun phrases. 10 01 JB code la.161.08the 165 198 34 Chapter 9 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 8. The verbal complex</TitleText> 01 One of the interesting characteristics of Germanic OV-languages is the verbal complex, a row of verbs in sentence-final position that cannot be interrupted by nonverbal elements. This paper studies the verbal complex in Frisian. Based on facts of nominalization and other morpho-lexical processes, we defend here a lexical analysis for the verbal complex, i.e. base-generation of the verbal complex as a complex verb. In addition, we discuss several properties of the Frisian verbal complex: morphological restrictions between the verbs of the verbal complex, positional characteristics of its constituent parts, and the Infinitivus-Pro-Participio Effect. 10 01 JB code la.161.09the 199 214 16 Chapter 10 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 9. The third construction</TitleText> 01 The grammar of Frisian contains split infinitival phrases, the so-called third construction. In this paper, we present, following Neeleman 1990, theoretical and empirical evidence that a scrambling analysis of this construction should be rejected. Instead of scrambling, we present distributional evidence for an analysis of the third construction that makes use of <i>te</i>+V-raising. 10 01 JB code la.161.10com 215 232 18 Chapter 11 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 10. Complementizer agreement</TitleText> 01 Frisian belongs to the set of Germanic languages that show agreement between the complementizer and the subject, albeit in a very modest way. This paper compares two approaches to the nature of agreeing complementizers: a clitic analysis and an inflection analysis. Arguments are presented for the latter. Within the context of a more general theory of agreement, we discuss the nature of the dependency relation between the complementizer and the subject, claiming that it involves a limited form of incorporation of the subject into the complementizer. This analysis also makes an agreement approach to pro-drop in Frisian feasible. Finally we demonstrate that Frisian belongs to the subset of complementizer languages that have double agreement forms, i.e. the forms for non-inverted and inverted verbs are not entirely identical. 10 01 JB code la.161.11gra 233 250 18 Chapter 12 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 11. Grammatical borrowing and language change</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">The dutchification of Frisian</Subtitle> 01 In this paper we would like to address the very old problem of grammatical borrowing. We will discuss this problem within the context of minority language studies. Is it possible that the grammatical system of a minority language changes by borrowing grammatical elements and/or grammatical principles from the dominant language? It seems to be natural to take the dutchification of Frisian as an example. Three cases of grammatical borrowing of Frisian from Dutch that have been proposed in the literature will be critically discussed: 1. the borrowing of verbal endings that is supposed to be responsible for transition of verbs from the -<i>je</i> class to the -<i>e</i> class; 2. the transition of the diminutive suffix -<i>ke</i> to -<i>tsje</i>; 3. changes in the word order of the Frisian verbal complex. We will argue that the grammatical system of Frisian does not dutchify. Furthermore this examination gives rise to some general conclusions concerning the ways in which minority languages can and cannot be influenced by dominant languages. 10 01 JB code la.161.12fri 251 264 14 Chapter 13 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 12. Frisian language changes</TitleText> 01 This paper is an account of the results of our participation in a national survey of Dutch dialects held in 1994. We have selected from this survey data in order to increase the empirical basis for the description of the process of dutchification of the Frisian language that is going on. We have looked in particular at data that might increase our insight into the degree of borrowing of grammatical words (reflexives and possessives), the borrowing of morphological elements (diminutives), and syntactic borrowing (word order). We believe that our data support the conclusion that borrowing of grammatical words from Dutch is clearly present. Furthermore the data show that the grammar of Frisian is in a process of restructuring under the influence of Dutch, but not yet by simply copying parts of the grammatical system of Dutch. 10 01 JB code la.161.13rec 265 274 10 Chapter 14 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 13. Recent changes in the verbal complex of Frisian</TitleText> 01 The word order in the verbal complex of Frisian is changing, quite likely under the influence of Dutch. These syntactic changes go together with changes in the morphological restrictions in the verbal complex, i.e. the occurrence of the Infinitivus-Pro-Participle Effect and changes in the distribution of the infinitival suffixes -<i>e</i> and -<i>en</i>. The central question of this paper is how these changes have to be interpreted. We discuss two alternatives: are these changes a matter of interaction between rules of Frisian and Dutch grammar, or are they consequences of the construction of a grammatical subsystem in its own right. We argue that the latter approach appears to be the more promising one. 10 01 JB code la.161.14con 275 300 26 Chapter 15 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 14. Contact-induced changes in Modern West Frisian</TitleText> 01 Modernization has changed Dutch-Frisian language relations after the Second World War radically. Full bilingualism and the dominant position of Dutch have led to favourable conditions for interference of Frisian from Dutch. In this paper we go into these changes and present an overview of the types of interference that take place from different grammatical domains: the lexicon, phonology, morphology and syntax. These examples indicate that this interference is data-oriented and not grammar-oriented, as predicted by the Chomskyan view on language acquisition. Furthermore we pay attention to the external factors that defines the relation between Dutch and Frisian as one of competitive bilingualism, Frisian being the language under heavy pressure. Finally we sketch the changes in the language situation in Frysl&#226;n against the background of the provincial language policy. 10 01 JB code la.161.15ont 301 316 16 Chapter 16 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 15. On the (in-)stability of Frisian</TitleText> 01 Gorter &amp; Jonkman (1995) is a presentation of the results of a large-scale survey of the position of the Frisian language in Frysl&#226;n. Their general conclusion is that the position of the Frisian language is one of stability in as far as profinciency, use and attitudes are concerned. In this paper we strongly criticize this conclusion for being partly based on unclear questions, on an implausible interpretation of the quantitative data, and for being in conflict with other research results, and neglecting developments in the linguistic properties of Frisian. Our counterconclusion is that there is ample evidence showing that Gorter and Jonkman&#8217;s view on the position of Frisian is too optimistic. Furthermore we argue that their survey indicates that Frisian functions mainly as an informal, spoken language for the (great) majority of speakers. The language situation in Frysl&#226;n can not be described as diglossic however, since Frisian and Dutch are not in complementary use, and the social status of Frisian cannot considered to be low. Finally we claim that the scientific relevance of Gorter &amp; Jonkman (1995) is rather marginal, due to the fact that the results of the survey are not discussed within a context of scientific debate. 10 01 JB code la.161.16nas 317 330 14 Chapter 17 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 16. Nasalization and lengthening</TitleText> 01 In this paper, we discuss nasalization of vowels with and without lengthening in Frisian. As to nasalization without lengthening the approach outline here follows Visser (1985). As to nasalization with lengthening, we make a new proposal. Nasalization and lengthening are considered to be separate processes. Lengthening is a rule that operates exclusively on non-derived words. Furthermore the rule is sensitive not for stress, but for syllable-structure. More specifically the rule appears to interfere with the status of schwa-initials as syllabic appendices, as proposed for Dutch by Kager &amp; Zonneveld (1986). 10 01 JB code la.161.17mon 331 340 10 Chapter 18 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 17. Monophthongs and syllable structure</TitleText> 01 In this paper we argue that the system of Frisian monophthongs should be divided into two sets according to their phonotactic behaviour: a set of monopositional monophthongs and a set of bipositional monophthongs. Furthermore we show that this division in positional terms does not correspond systematically to phonetic length. Both properties, phonological length (position) and phonetic length (duration) play distinct roles at the phonological level. Finally we discuss some consequences of this division in terms of phonological length (position) for Frisian syllable structure. 10 01 JB code la.161.18ale 341 356 16 Chapter 19 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 18. A lexical theory of schwa-deletion</TitleText> 01 In this paper we will present an alternative for the analysis of syllabic consonant syllables in West Frisian as proposed by Visser (1997). Visser derives such syllables phonologically from schwa-consonantal sonorant sequences by an unconstrained rule of Schwa-deletion, followed by a process of syllable reconstruction. Our alternative is based on a proposal of van Oostendorp (1995), who suggests that schwa-deletion should be accounted for lexically: cases of schwa-deletion are derived by base-generating schwa-less syllables, followed by schwa-epenthesis. We show that a lexical theory can account for a range of facts involving consonantal sonorant syllables with and without schwa-epenthesis. The results support a lexical theory of schwa-deletion and syllabic consonantal sonorants in Frisian. 10 01 JB code la.161.19ref 357 378 22 Article 20 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">References</TitleText> 10 01 JB code la.161.20ack 379 380 2 Article 21 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Acknowledgements</TitleText> 10 01 JB code la.161.22ind 381 384 4 Miscellaneous 22 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Index</TitleText> 02 JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam/Philadelphia NL 04 20100818 2010 John Benjamins 02 WORLD 13 15 9789027255440 01 JB 3 John Benjamins e-Platform 03 jbe-platform.com 09 WORLD 21 01 00 105.00 EUR R 01 00 88.00 GBP Z 01 gen 00 158.00 USD S 469008089 03 01 01 JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code LA 161 Hb 15 9789027255440 13 2010018687 BB 01 LA 02 0166-0829 Linguistik Aktuell/Linguistics Today 161 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Studies in West Frisian Grammar</TitleText> 01 la.161 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/la.161 1 A01 Germen J. de Haan Haan, Germen J. de Germen J. de Haan 2 B01 Jarich Hoekstra Hoekstra, Jarich Jarich Hoekstra Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel 3 B01 Willem Visser Visser, Willem Willem Visser University of Groningen 4 B01 Goffe Jensma Jensma, Goffe Goffe Jensma University of Groningen 01 eng 400 x 384 LAN009000 v.2006 CFK 2 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.GENER Generative linguistics 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.GERM Germanic linguistics 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.SYNTAX Syntax 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.THEOR Theoretical linguistics 06 01 In this volume, Germen de Haan gives a multi-faceted view of the syntax, sociolinguistics, and phonology of West-Frisian. The author discusses distinct aspects of the syntax of verbs in Frisian: finiteness and Verb Second, embedded root phenomena, the verbal complex, verbal complementation, and complementizer agreement. Because Frisian has minority language status and is of interest to sociolinguists, the author reviews the linguistic changes in Frisian under the influence of the dominant Dutch language and, more generally, reflects on how to deal with contact-induced change in grammar. Finally, in three phonological articles, the author discusses nasalization in Frisian, the putatively symmetrical vowel inventory of Frisian, and the variation between schwa + sonorant consonants and syllabic sonorant consonants. 04 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/la.161.png 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027255440.jpg 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027255440.tif 06 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/la.161.hb.png 07 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/la.161.png 25 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/la.161.hb.png 27 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/la.161.hb.png 10 01 JB code la.161.00toc 1 10 10 Article 1 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Introduction</TitleText> 1 A01 Jarich Hoekstra Hoekstra, Jarich Jarich Hoekstra 2 A01 Goffe Jensma Jensma, Goffe Goffe Jensma 3 A01 Willem Visser Visser, Willem Willem Visser 10 01 JB code la.161.01rec 11 24 14 Chapter 2 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 1. Recent trends in Frisian linguistics</TitleText> 01 This paper presents an overview of the main trends that can be distinguished in the study of Frisian linguistics since the Second World War. We will not discuss the basic tools for linguistic research that have been constructed so abundantly in this period, but concentrate on research proper. Modern Frisian linguistics is, on the one hand, a continuation of a historical-philological and lexicographic tradition, and, on the other hand, a reflection of scientific innovations that has taken place in these decades. We observe three main trends, i.e. historical-philological research, studies of the role of Frisian language varieties in society, and studies of Frisian grammar within an explicit theoretical context. Due to the relatively small number of linguists studying Frisian, developments in this field tend to be a bit idiosyncratic. 10 01 JB code la.161.02why 25 46 22 Chapter 3 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 2. Why Old Frisian is really Middle Frisian</TitleText> 01 Traditionally the history of the development of the Frisian language is divided into he following periods: Pre-Old Frisian before ca 1275, Old Frisian ca 1275&#8211;1550, Middle Frisian ca 1550&#8211;1800, Modern Frisian ca 1800 &#8211; present. Several aspects of this periodization have been discussed in the literature, in particular the discongruity between the labels Old/Middle Frisian and the corresponding labels for related Germanic languages. We note that the bulk of the arguments for the traditional periodization of Frisian is based on non-linguistic evidence. This is true in particular for the Old Frisian period. This leads to the central question of this paper: is the traditional notion of Old Frisian linguistically spoken really &#8216;Old Germanic&#8217;, or may be rather &#8216;Middle Germanic&#8217;, or something in between? We approach this question by looking at linguistic criteria that have been used in the literature for distinguishing between &#8216;old&#8217; and &#8216;middle&#8217; stages of closely related Germanic languages. These criteria involve mainly changes in unstressed syllables and inflection. Applying these criteria to Frisian, we conclude there is ample evidence to replace the term &#8216;Old Frisian&#8217; with &#8216;Middle Frisian&#8217;. 10 01 JB code la.161.03syn 47 62 16 Chapter 4 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 3. Syntax of Old Frisian</TitleText> 01 After noting some specific problems of the study of the syntax of Old Frisian, this paper summarizes the main points of the syntactic aspects of Old Frisian that have been published. These main points include verbal syntax, a.o. verb second and the verbal complex, properties of the subject, case and word order, negation, and some aspects of the structure of complex sentences, in particular relative clauses and conjunctions. 10 01 JB code la.161.04fin 63 98 36 Chapter 5 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 4. Finiteness and verb fronting</TitleText> 01 Distributional properties of the verb in Germanic languages have to be accounted for by a rule that moves a verb into sentence initial position (&#8216;verb second/V2&#8217;). Traditionally it is claimed that this rule applies exclusively to finite verbs in main sentences. In this paper, we will discuss some phenomena in West Frisian that lead to some new proposals with respect to the factors that are involved in V2. A major role in our exposition is played by the so-called Frisian &#8216;<i>en</i>+imperative&#8217; construction. We will argue that an account for the properties of this construction lead to a reconsideration of some of the factors relevant for V2: finiteness, the obligatoriness of verb movement and the distinction between main and embedded clauses. 10 01 JB code la.161.05mor 99 130 32 Chapter 6 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 5. More is going on upstairs than downstairs</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Embedded root phenomena in Frisian</Subtitle> 01 In this paper, we discuss (West) Frisian limited embedded V2-constructions introduced by the lexical complementizer <i>dat</i> (ECV2s). We argue that there is no evidence for the claim in the literature that conditions on extraction license structural embedding of CP-recursion in this language. It is shown that ECV2s in Frisian have generally the properties of root CPs, and that there is no reason to analyze such constructions differently from structural roots. As a consequence, the approach defended here treats ECV2s and their matrix clauses as a combination of independent expressions, i.e. as expressions having their own illocutionary role. This accounts for restrictions on the distribution of embedded V2. Finally, we demonstrate along the lines of Hoeksema &amp; Napoli (1993) that ECV2s in Frisian are juxtaposed with their matrix clauses, i.e. they should be distinguished as cases of parataxis from &#8216;normal&#8217; coordination. 10 01 JB code la.161.06the 131 152 22 Chapter 7 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 6. The Imperativus-pro-Infinitivo</TitleText> 01 In this paper, we study the internal and external structure of a Frisian syntactic construction which consists of two parts, the second part being introduced by the element <i>en</i> &#8216;and&#8217; followed by a moved verb form. As to the external structure, we argue that the generally accepted distinction of this construction in a coordinated type and a subordinated type has to be replaced with two types of subordination. This analysis opens a perspective on the historical development of this construction that does not have to call upon an <i>a priori</i> implausible form of grammatical reconstruction. As to the internal structure, we give special attention to a possible approach of the way the implicit subject of the construction is identified. 10 01 JB code la.161.07two 153 164 12 Chapter 8 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 7. Two infinitives</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">&#8216;prate&#8217; and &#8216;praten&#8217;</Subtitle> 01 The grammar of Frisian contains two morphologically different infinitives, INF<sub>e</sub> and INF<sub>n</sub>. In this paper, we discuss and compare syntactic properties of (constructions with) INF<sub>e</sub> and INF<sub>n</sub>. We illustrate that both infinitives can be part of a verbal complex. Traditionally it is assumed that only INF<sub>n</sub> can be head of phrases that have nominal function. Here we show that phrases with INF<sub>e</sub> also can be nominal. We study external syntactic properties of nominal INF<sub>e</sub>. In addition, we compare internal syntactic properties of nominal INF<sub>e</sub> and INF<sub>n</sub>. The internal structure of INF<sub>e</sub> turns out to be similar to verb phrases and that of INF<sub>n</sub> to noun phrases. 10 01 JB code la.161.08the 165 198 34 Chapter 9 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 8. The verbal complex</TitleText> 01 One of the interesting characteristics of Germanic OV-languages is the verbal complex, a row of verbs in sentence-final position that cannot be interrupted by nonverbal elements. This paper studies the verbal complex in Frisian. Based on facts of nominalization and other morpho-lexical processes, we defend here a lexical analysis for the verbal complex, i.e. base-generation of the verbal complex as a complex verb. In addition, we discuss several properties of the Frisian verbal complex: morphological restrictions between the verbs of the verbal complex, positional characteristics of its constituent parts, and the Infinitivus-Pro-Participio Effect. 10 01 JB code la.161.09the 199 214 16 Chapter 10 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 9. The third construction</TitleText> 01 The grammar of Frisian contains split infinitival phrases, the so-called third construction. In this paper, we present, following Neeleman 1990, theoretical and empirical evidence that a scrambling analysis of this construction should be rejected. Instead of scrambling, we present distributional evidence for an analysis of the third construction that makes use of <i>te</i>+V-raising. 10 01 JB code la.161.10com 215 232 18 Chapter 11 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 10. Complementizer agreement</TitleText> 01 Frisian belongs to the set of Germanic languages that show agreement between the complementizer and the subject, albeit in a very modest way. This paper compares two approaches to the nature of agreeing complementizers: a clitic analysis and an inflection analysis. Arguments are presented for the latter. Within the context of a more general theory of agreement, we discuss the nature of the dependency relation between the complementizer and the subject, claiming that it involves a limited form of incorporation of the subject into the complementizer. This analysis also makes an agreement approach to pro-drop in Frisian feasible. Finally we demonstrate that Frisian belongs to the subset of complementizer languages that have double agreement forms, i.e. the forms for non-inverted and inverted verbs are not entirely identical. 10 01 JB code la.161.11gra 233 250 18 Chapter 12 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 11. Grammatical borrowing and language change</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">The dutchification of Frisian</Subtitle> 01 In this paper we would like to address the very old problem of grammatical borrowing. We will discuss this problem within the context of minority language studies. Is it possible that the grammatical system of a minority language changes by borrowing grammatical elements and/or grammatical principles from the dominant language? It seems to be natural to take the dutchification of Frisian as an example. Three cases of grammatical borrowing of Frisian from Dutch that have been proposed in the literature will be critically discussed: 1. the borrowing of verbal endings that is supposed to be responsible for transition of verbs from the -<i>je</i> class to the -<i>e</i> class; 2. the transition of the diminutive suffix -<i>ke</i> to -<i>tsje</i>; 3. changes in the word order of the Frisian verbal complex. We will argue that the grammatical system of Frisian does not dutchify. Furthermore this examination gives rise to some general conclusions concerning the ways in which minority languages can and cannot be influenced by dominant languages. 10 01 JB code la.161.12fri 251 264 14 Chapter 13 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 12. Frisian language changes</TitleText> 01 This paper is an account of the results of our participation in a national survey of Dutch dialects held in 1994. We have selected from this survey data in order to increase the empirical basis for the description of the process of dutchification of the Frisian language that is going on. We have looked in particular at data that might increase our insight into the degree of borrowing of grammatical words (reflexives and possessives), the borrowing of morphological elements (diminutives), and syntactic borrowing (word order). We believe that our data support the conclusion that borrowing of grammatical words from Dutch is clearly present. Furthermore the data show that the grammar of Frisian is in a process of restructuring under the influence of Dutch, but not yet by simply copying parts of the grammatical system of Dutch. 10 01 JB code la.161.13rec 265 274 10 Chapter 14 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 13. Recent changes in the verbal complex of Frisian</TitleText> 01 The word order in the verbal complex of Frisian is changing, quite likely under the influence of Dutch. These syntactic changes go together with changes in the morphological restrictions in the verbal complex, i.e. the occurrence of the Infinitivus-Pro-Participle Effect and changes in the distribution of the infinitival suffixes -<i>e</i> and -<i>en</i>. The central question of this paper is how these changes have to be interpreted. We discuss two alternatives: are these changes a matter of interaction between rules of Frisian and Dutch grammar, or are they consequences of the construction of a grammatical subsystem in its own right. We argue that the latter approach appears to be the more promising one. 10 01 JB code la.161.14con 275 300 26 Chapter 15 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 14. Contact-induced changes in Modern West Frisian</TitleText> 01 Modernization has changed Dutch-Frisian language relations after the Second World War radically. Full bilingualism and the dominant position of Dutch have led to favourable conditions for interference of Frisian from Dutch. In this paper we go into these changes and present an overview of the types of interference that take place from different grammatical domains: the lexicon, phonology, morphology and syntax. These examples indicate that this interference is data-oriented and not grammar-oriented, as predicted by the Chomskyan view on language acquisition. Furthermore we pay attention to the external factors that defines the relation between Dutch and Frisian as one of competitive bilingualism, Frisian being the language under heavy pressure. Finally we sketch the changes in the language situation in Frysl&#226;n against the background of the provincial language policy. 10 01 JB code la.161.15ont 301 316 16 Chapter 16 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 15. On the (in-)stability of Frisian</TitleText> 01 Gorter &amp; Jonkman (1995) is a presentation of the results of a large-scale survey of the position of the Frisian language in Frysl&#226;n. Their general conclusion is that the position of the Frisian language is one of stability in as far as profinciency, use and attitudes are concerned. In this paper we strongly criticize this conclusion for being partly based on unclear questions, on an implausible interpretation of the quantitative data, and for being in conflict with other research results, and neglecting developments in the linguistic properties of Frisian. Our counterconclusion is that there is ample evidence showing that Gorter and Jonkman&#8217;s view on the position of Frisian is too optimistic. Furthermore we argue that their survey indicates that Frisian functions mainly as an informal, spoken language for the (great) majority of speakers. The language situation in Frysl&#226;n can not be described as diglossic however, since Frisian and Dutch are not in complementary use, and the social status of Frisian cannot considered to be low. Finally we claim that the scientific relevance of Gorter &amp; Jonkman (1995) is rather marginal, due to the fact that the results of the survey are not discussed within a context of scientific debate. 10 01 JB code la.161.16nas 317 330 14 Chapter 17 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 16. Nasalization and lengthening</TitleText> 01 In this paper, we discuss nasalization of vowels with and without lengthening in Frisian. As to nasalization without lengthening the approach outline here follows Visser (1985). As to nasalization with lengthening, we make a new proposal. Nasalization and lengthening are considered to be separate processes. Lengthening is a rule that operates exclusively on non-derived words. Furthermore the rule is sensitive not for stress, but for syllable-structure. More specifically the rule appears to interfere with the status of schwa-initials as syllabic appendices, as proposed for Dutch by Kager &amp; Zonneveld (1986). 10 01 JB code la.161.17mon 331 340 10 Chapter 18 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 17. Monophthongs and syllable structure</TitleText> 01 In this paper we argue that the system of Frisian monophthongs should be divided into two sets according to their phonotactic behaviour: a set of monopositional monophthongs and a set of bipositional monophthongs. Furthermore we show that this division in positional terms does not correspond systematically to phonetic length. Both properties, phonological length (position) and phonetic length (duration) play distinct roles at the phonological level. Finally we discuss some consequences of this division in terms of phonological length (position) for Frisian syllable structure. 10 01 JB code la.161.18ale 341 356 16 Chapter 19 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 18. A lexical theory of schwa-deletion</TitleText> 01 In this paper we will present an alternative for the analysis of syllabic consonant syllables in West Frisian as proposed by Visser (1997). Visser derives such syllables phonologically from schwa-consonantal sonorant sequences by an unconstrained rule of Schwa-deletion, followed by a process of syllable reconstruction. Our alternative is based on a proposal of van Oostendorp (1995), who suggests that schwa-deletion should be accounted for lexically: cases of schwa-deletion are derived by base-generating schwa-less syllables, followed by schwa-epenthesis. We show that a lexical theory can account for a range of facts involving consonantal sonorant syllables with and without schwa-epenthesis. The results support a lexical theory of schwa-deletion and syllabic consonantal sonorants in Frisian. 10 01 JB code la.161.19ref 357 378 22 Article 20 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">References</TitleText> 10 01 JB code la.161.20ack 379 380 2 Article 21 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Acknowledgements</TitleText> 10 01 JB code la.161.22ind 381 384 4 Miscellaneous 22 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Index</TitleText> 02 JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam/Philadelphia NL 04 20100818 2010 John Benjamins 02 WORLD 01 245 mm 02 164 mm 08 870 gr 01 JB 1 John Benjamins Publishing Company +31 20 6304747 +31 20 6739773 bookorder@benjamins.nl 01 https://benjamins.com 01 WORLD US CA MX 21 11 7 01 02 JB 1 00 105.00 EUR R 02 02 JB 1 00 111.30 EUR R 01 JB 10 bebc +44 1202 712 934 +44 1202 712 913 sales@bebc.co.uk 03 GB 21 7 02 02 JB 1 00 88.00 GBP Z 01 JB 2 John Benjamins North America +1 800 562-5666 +1 703 661-1501 benjamins@presswarehouse.com 01 https://benjamins.com 01 US CA MX 21 7 01 gen 02 JB 1 00 158.00 USD