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John Benjamins Publishing Company
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eng
01
EUR
56008090
03
01
01
JB
John Benjamins Publishing Company
01
JB code
LA 161 Eb
15
9789027287984
06
10.1075/la.161
13
2010018687
DG
002
02
01
LA
02
0166-0829
Linguistik Aktuell/Linguistics Today
161
01
Studies in West Frisian Grammar
01
la.161
01
https://benjamins.com
02
https://benjamins.com/catalog/la.161
1
A01
Germen J. de Haan
Haan, Germen J. de
Germen J.
de
Haan
2
B01
Jarich Hoekstra
Hoekstra, Jarich
Jarich
Hoekstra
Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel
3
B01
Willem Visser
Visser, Willem
Willem
Visser
University of Groningen
4
B01
Goffe Jensma
Jensma, Goffe
Goffe
Jensma
University of Groningen
01
eng
400
x
384
LAN009000
v.2006
CFK
2
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.GENER
Generative linguistics
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.GERM
Germanic linguistics
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.SYNTAX
Syntax
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.THEOR
Theoretical linguistics
06
01
In this volume, Germen de Haan gives a multi-faceted view of the syntax, sociolinguistics, and phonology of West-Frisian. The author discusses distinct aspects of the syntax of verbs in Frisian: finiteness and Verb Second, embedded root phenomena, the verbal complex, verbal complementation, and complementizer agreement. Because Frisian has minority language status and is of interest to sociolinguists, the author reviews the linguistic changes in Frisian under the influence of the dominant Dutch language and, more generally, reflects on how to deal with contact-induced change in grammar. Finally, in three phonological articles, the author discusses nasalization in Frisian, the putatively symmetrical vowel inventory of Frisian, and the variation between schwa + sonorant consonants and syllabic sonorant consonants.
04
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JB code
la.161.00toc
1
10
10
Article
1
01
Introduction
1
A01
Jarich Hoekstra
Hoekstra, Jarich
Jarich
Hoekstra
2
A01
Goffe Jensma
Jensma, Goffe
Goffe
Jensma
3
A01
Willem Visser
Visser, Willem
Willem
Visser
10
01
JB code
la.161.01rec
11
24
14
Chapter
2
01
Chapter 1. Recent trends in Frisian linguistics
01
This paper presents an overview of the main trends that can be distinguished in the study of Frisian linguistics since the Second World War. We will not discuss the basic tools for linguistic research that have been constructed so abundantly in this period, but concentrate on research proper. Modern Frisian linguistics is, on the one hand, a continuation of a historical-philological and lexicographic tradition, and, on the other hand, a reflection of scientific innovations that has taken place in these decades. We observe three main trends, i.e. historical-philological research, studies of the role of Frisian language varieties in society, and studies of Frisian grammar within an explicit theoretical context. Due to the relatively small number of linguists studying Frisian, developments in this field tend to be a bit idiosyncratic.
10
01
JB code
la.161.02why
25
46
22
Chapter
3
01
Chapter 2. Why Old Frisian is really Middle Frisian
01
Traditionally the history of the development of the Frisian language is divided into he following periods: Pre-Old Frisian before ca 1275, Old Frisian ca 1275–1550, Middle Frisian ca 1550–1800, Modern Frisian ca 1800 – present. Several aspects of this periodization have been discussed in the literature, in particular the discongruity between the labels Old/Middle Frisian and the corresponding labels for related Germanic languages. We note that the bulk of the arguments for the traditional periodization of Frisian is based on non-linguistic evidence. This is true in particular for the Old Frisian period. This leads to the central question of this paper: is the traditional notion of Old Frisian linguistically spoken really ‘Old Germanic’, or may be rather ‘Middle Germanic’, or something in between? We approach this question by looking at linguistic criteria that have been used in the literature for distinguishing between ‘old’ and ‘middle’ stages of closely related Germanic languages. These criteria involve mainly changes in unstressed syllables and inflection. Applying these criteria to Frisian, we conclude there is ample evidence to replace the term ‘Old Frisian’ with ‘Middle Frisian’.
10
01
JB code
la.161.03syn
47
62
16
Chapter
4
01
Chapter 3. Syntax of Old Frisian
01
After noting some specific problems of the study of the syntax of Old Frisian, this paper summarizes the main points of the syntactic aspects of Old Frisian that have been published. These main points include verbal syntax, a.o. verb second and the verbal complex, properties of the subject, case and word order, negation, and some aspects of the structure of complex sentences, in particular relative clauses and conjunctions.
10
01
JB code
la.161.04fin
63
98
36
Chapter
5
01
Chapter 4. Finiteness and verb fronting
01
Distributional properties of the verb in Germanic languages have to be accounted for by a rule that moves a verb into sentence initial position (‘verb second/V2’). Traditionally it is claimed that this rule applies exclusively to finite verbs in main sentences. In this paper, we will discuss some phenomena in West Frisian that lead to some new proposals with respect to the factors that are involved in V2. A major role in our exposition is played by the so-called Frisian ‘<i>en</i>+imperative’ construction. We will argue that an account for the properties of this construction lead to a reconsideration of some of the factors relevant for V2: finiteness, the obligatoriness of verb movement and the distinction between main and embedded clauses.
10
01
JB code
la.161.05mor
99
130
32
Chapter
6
01
Chapter 5. More is going on upstairs than downstairs
Embedded root phenomena in Frisian
01
In this paper, we discuss (West) Frisian limited embedded V2-constructions introduced by the lexical complementizer <i>dat</i> (ECV2s). We argue that there is no evidence for the claim in the literature that conditions on extraction license structural embedding of CP-recursion in this language. It is shown that ECV2s in Frisian have generally the properties of root CPs, and that there is no reason to analyze such constructions differently from structural roots. As a consequence, the approach defended here treats ECV2s and their matrix clauses as a combination of independent expressions, i.e. as expressions having their own illocutionary role. This accounts for restrictions on the distribution of embedded V2. Finally, we demonstrate along the lines of Hoeksema & Napoli (1993) that ECV2s in Frisian are juxtaposed with their matrix clauses, i.e. they should be distinguished as cases of parataxis from ‘normal’ coordination.
10
01
JB code
la.161.06the
131
152
22
Chapter
7
01
Chapter 6. The Imperativus-pro-Infinitivo
01
In this paper, we study the internal and external structure of a Frisian syntactic construction which consists of two parts, the second part being introduced by the element <i>en</i> ‘and’ followed by a moved verb form. As to the external structure, we argue that the generally accepted distinction of this construction in a coordinated type and a subordinated type has to be replaced with two types of subordination. This analysis opens a perspective on the historical development of this construction that does not have to call upon an <i>a priori</i> implausible form of grammatical reconstruction. As to the internal structure, we give special attention to a possible approach of the way the implicit subject of the construction is identified.
10
01
JB code
la.161.07two
153
164
12
Chapter
8
01
Chapter 7. Two infinitives
‘prate’ and ‘praten’
01
The grammar of Frisian contains two morphologically different infinitives, INF<sub>e</sub> and INF<sub>n</sub>. In this paper, we discuss and compare syntactic properties of (constructions with) INF<sub>e</sub> and INF<sub>n</sub>. We illustrate that both infinitives can be part of a verbal complex. Traditionally it is assumed that only INF<sub>n</sub> can be head of phrases that have nominal function. Here we show that phrases with INF<sub>e</sub> also can be nominal. We study external syntactic properties of nominal INF<sub>e</sub>. In addition, we compare internal syntactic properties of nominal INF<sub>e</sub> and INF<sub>n</sub>. The internal structure of INF<sub>e</sub> turns out to be similar to verb phrases and that of INF<sub>n</sub> to noun phrases.
10
01
JB code
la.161.08the
165
198
34
Chapter
9
01
Chapter 8. The verbal complex
01
One of the interesting characteristics of Germanic OV-languages is the verbal complex, a row of verbs in sentence-final position that cannot be interrupted by nonverbal elements. This paper studies the verbal complex in Frisian. Based on facts of nominalization and other morpho-lexical processes, we defend here a lexical analysis for the verbal complex, i.e. base-generation of the verbal complex as a complex verb. In addition, we discuss several properties of the Frisian verbal complex: morphological restrictions between the verbs of the verbal complex, positional characteristics of its constituent parts, and the Infinitivus-Pro-Participio Effect.
10
01
JB code
la.161.09the
199
214
16
Chapter
10
01
Chapter 9. The third construction
01
The grammar of Frisian contains split infinitival phrases, the so-called third construction. In this paper, we present, following Neeleman 1990, theoretical and empirical evidence that a scrambling analysis of this construction should be rejected. Instead of scrambling, we present distributional evidence for an analysis of the third construction that makes use of <i>te</i>+V-raising.
10
01
JB code
la.161.10com
215
232
18
Chapter
11
01
Chapter 10. Complementizer agreement
01
Frisian belongs to the set of Germanic languages that show agreement between the complementizer and the subject, albeit in a very modest way. This paper compares two approaches to the nature of agreeing complementizers: a clitic analysis and an inflection analysis. Arguments are presented for the latter. Within the context of a more general theory of agreement, we discuss the nature of the dependency relation between the complementizer and the subject, claiming that it involves a limited form of incorporation of the subject into the complementizer. This analysis also makes an agreement approach to pro-drop in Frisian feasible. Finally we demonstrate that Frisian belongs to the subset of complementizer languages that have double agreement forms, i.e. the forms for non-inverted and inverted verbs are not entirely identical.
10
01
JB code
la.161.11gra
233
250
18
Chapter
12
01
Chapter 11. Grammatical borrowing and language change
The dutchification of Frisian
01
In this paper we would like to address the very old problem of grammatical borrowing. We will discuss this problem within the context of minority language studies. Is it possible that the grammatical system of a minority language changes by borrowing grammatical elements and/or grammatical principles from the dominant language? It seems to be natural to take the dutchification of Frisian as an example. Three cases of grammatical borrowing of Frisian from Dutch that have been proposed in the literature will be critically discussed:
1. the borrowing of verbal endings that is supposed to be responsible for transition of verbs from the -<i>je</i> class to the -<i>e</i> class;
2. the transition of the diminutive suffix -<i>ke</i> to -<i>tsje</i>;
3. changes in the word order of the Frisian verbal complex.
We will argue that the grammatical system of Frisian does not dutchify. Furthermore this examination gives rise to some general conclusions concerning the ways in which minority languages can and cannot be influenced by dominant languages.
10
01
JB code
la.161.12fri
251
264
14
Chapter
13
01
Chapter 12. Frisian language changes
01
This paper is an account of the results of our participation in a national survey of Dutch dialects held in 1994. We have selected from this survey data in order to increase the empirical basis for the description of the process of dutchification of the Frisian language that is going on. We have looked in particular at data that might increase our insight into the degree of borrowing of grammatical words (reflexives and possessives), the borrowing of morphological elements (diminutives), and syntactic borrowing (word order). We believe that our data support the conclusion that borrowing of grammatical words from Dutch is clearly present. Furthermore the data show that the grammar of Frisian is in a process of restructuring under the influence of Dutch, but not yet by simply copying parts of the grammatical system of Dutch.
10
01
JB code
la.161.13rec
265
274
10
Chapter
14
01
Chapter 13. Recent changes in the verbal complex of Frisian
01
The word order in the verbal complex of Frisian is changing, quite likely under the influence of Dutch. These syntactic changes go together with changes in the morphological restrictions in the verbal complex, i.e. the occurrence of the Infinitivus-Pro-Participle Effect and changes in the distribution of the infinitival suffixes -<i>e</i> and -<i>en</i>. The central question of this paper is how these changes have to be interpreted. We discuss two alternatives: are these changes a matter of interaction between rules of Frisian and Dutch grammar, or are they consequences of the construction of a grammatical subsystem in its own right. We argue that the latter approach appears to be the more promising one.
10
01
JB code
la.161.14con
275
300
26
Chapter
15
01
Chapter 14. Contact-induced changes in Modern West Frisian
01
Modernization has changed Dutch-Frisian language relations after the Second World War radically. Full bilingualism and the dominant position of Dutch have led to favourable conditions for interference of Frisian from Dutch. In this paper we go into these changes and present an overview of the types of interference that take place from different grammatical domains: the lexicon, phonology, morphology and syntax. These examples indicate that this interference is data-oriented and not grammar-oriented, as predicted by the Chomskyan view on language acquisition. Furthermore we pay attention to the external factors that defines the relation between Dutch and Frisian as one of competitive bilingualism, Frisian being the language under heavy pressure. Finally we sketch the changes in the language situation in Fryslân against the background of the provincial language policy.
10
01
JB code
la.161.15ont
301
316
16
Chapter
16
01
Chapter 15. On the (in-)stability of Frisian
01
Gorter & Jonkman (1995) is a presentation of the results of a large-scale survey of the position of the Frisian language in Fryslân. Their general conclusion is that the position of the Frisian language is one of stability in as far as profinciency, use and attitudes are concerned. In this paper we strongly criticize this conclusion for being partly based on unclear questions, on an implausible interpretation of the quantitative data, and for being in conflict with other research results, and neglecting developments in the linguistic properties of Frisian. Our counterconclusion is that there is ample evidence showing that Gorter and Jonkman’s view on the position of Frisian is too optimistic. Furthermore we argue that their survey indicates that Frisian functions mainly as an informal, spoken language for the (great) majority of speakers. The language situation in Fryslân can not be described as diglossic however, since Frisian and Dutch are not in complementary use, and the social status of Frisian cannot considered to be low. Finally we claim that the scientific relevance of Gorter & Jonkman (1995) is rather marginal, due to the fact that the results of the survey are not discussed within a context of scientific debate.
10
01
JB code
la.161.16nas
317
330
14
Chapter
17
01
Chapter 16. Nasalization and lengthening
01
In this paper, we discuss nasalization of vowels with and without lengthening in Frisian. As to nasalization without lengthening the approach outline here follows Visser (1985). As to nasalization with lengthening, we make a new proposal. Nasalization and lengthening are considered to be separate processes. Lengthening is a rule that operates exclusively on non-derived words. Furthermore the rule is sensitive not for stress, but for syllable-structure. More specifically the rule appears to interfere with the status of schwa-initials as syllabic appendices, as proposed for Dutch by Kager & Zonneveld (1986).
10
01
JB code
la.161.17mon
331
340
10
Chapter
18
01
Chapter 17. Monophthongs and syllable structure
01
In this paper we argue that the system of Frisian monophthongs should be divided into two sets according to their phonotactic behaviour: a set of monopositional monophthongs and a set of bipositional monophthongs. Furthermore we show that this division in positional terms does not correspond systematically to phonetic length. Both properties, phonological length (position) and phonetic length (duration) play distinct roles at the phonological level. Finally we discuss some consequences of this division in terms of phonological length (position) for Frisian syllable structure.
10
01
JB code
la.161.18ale
341
356
16
Chapter
19
01
Chapter 18. A lexical theory of schwa-deletion
01
In this paper we will present an alternative for the analysis of syllabic consonant syllables in West Frisian as proposed by Visser (1997). Visser derives such syllables phonologically from schwa-consonantal sonorant sequences by an unconstrained rule of Schwa-deletion, followed by a process of syllable reconstruction. Our alternative is based on a proposal of van Oostendorp (1995), who suggests that schwa-deletion should be accounted for lexically: cases of schwa-deletion are derived by base-generating schwa-less syllables, followed by schwa-epenthesis. We show that a lexical theory can account for a range of facts involving consonantal sonorant syllables with and without schwa-epenthesis. The results support a lexical theory of schwa-deletion and syllabic consonantal sonorants in Frisian.
10
01
JB code
la.161.19ref
357
378
22
Article
20
01
References
10
01
JB code
la.161.20ack
379
380
2
Article
21
01
Acknowledgements
10
01
JB code
la.161.22ind
381
384
4
Miscellaneous
22
01
Index
02
JBENJAMINS
John Benjamins Publishing Company
01
John Benjamins Publishing Company
Amsterdam/Philadelphia
NL
04
20100818
2010
John Benjamins
02
WORLD
13
15
9789027255440
01
JB
3
John Benjamins e-Platform
03
jbe-platform.com
09
WORLD
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00
105.00
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R
01
00
88.00
GBP
Z
01
gen
00
158.00
USD
S
469008089
03
01
01
JB
John Benjamins Publishing Company
01
JB code
LA 161 Hb
15
9789027255440
13
2010018687
BB
01
LA
02
0166-0829
Linguistik Aktuell/Linguistics Today
161
01
Studies in West Frisian Grammar
01
la.161
01
https://benjamins.com
02
https://benjamins.com/catalog/la.161
1
A01
Germen J. de Haan
Haan, Germen J. de
Germen J.
de
Haan
2
B01
Jarich Hoekstra
Hoekstra, Jarich
Jarich
Hoekstra
Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel
3
B01
Willem Visser
Visser, Willem
Willem
Visser
University of Groningen
4
B01
Goffe Jensma
Jensma, Goffe
Goffe
Jensma
University of Groningen
01
eng
400
x
384
LAN009000
v.2006
CFK
2
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.GENER
Generative linguistics
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.GERM
Germanic linguistics
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.SYNTAX
Syntax
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.THEOR
Theoretical linguistics
06
01
In this volume, Germen de Haan gives a multi-faceted view of the syntax, sociolinguistics, and phonology of West-Frisian. The author discusses distinct aspects of the syntax of verbs in Frisian: finiteness and Verb Second, embedded root phenomena, the verbal complex, verbal complementation, and complementizer agreement. Because Frisian has minority language status and is of interest to sociolinguists, the author reviews the linguistic changes in Frisian under the influence of the dominant Dutch language and, more generally, reflects on how to deal with contact-induced change in grammar. Finally, in three phonological articles, the author discusses nasalization in Frisian, the putatively symmetrical vowel inventory of Frisian, and the variation between schwa + sonorant consonants and syllabic sonorant consonants.
04
09
01
https://benjamins.com/covers/475/la.161.png
04
03
01
https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027255440.jpg
04
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https://benjamins.com/covers/125/la.161.png
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27
09
01
https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/la.161.hb.png
10
01
JB code
la.161.00toc
1
10
10
Article
1
01
Introduction
1
A01
Jarich Hoekstra
Hoekstra, Jarich
Jarich
Hoekstra
2
A01
Goffe Jensma
Jensma, Goffe
Goffe
Jensma
3
A01
Willem Visser
Visser, Willem
Willem
Visser
10
01
JB code
la.161.01rec
11
24
14
Chapter
2
01
Chapter 1. Recent trends in Frisian linguistics
01
This paper presents an overview of the main trends that can be distinguished in the study of Frisian linguistics since the Second World War. We will not discuss the basic tools for linguistic research that have been constructed so abundantly in this period, but concentrate on research proper. Modern Frisian linguistics is, on the one hand, a continuation of a historical-philological and lexicographic tradition, and, on the other hand, a reflection of scientific innovations that has taken place in these decades. We observe three main trends, i.e. historical-philological research, studies of the role of Frisian language varieties in society, and studies of Frisian grammar within an explicit theoretical context. Due to the relatively small number of linguists studying Frisian, developments in this field tend to be a bit idiosyncratic.
10
01
JB code
la.161.02why
25
46
22
Chapter
3
01
Chapter 2. Why Old Frisian is really Middle Frisian
01
Traditionally the history of the development of the Frisian language is divided into he following periods: Pre-Old Frisian before ca 1275, Old Frisian ca 1275–1550, Middle Frisian ca 1550–1800, Modern Frisian ca 1800 – present. Several aspects of this periodization have been discussed in the literature, in particular the discongruity between the labels Old/Middle Frisian and the corresponding labels for related Germanic languages. We note that the bulk of the arguments for the traditional periodization of Frisian is based on non-linguistic evidence. This is true in particular for the Old Frisian period. This leads to the central question of this paper: is the traditional notion of Old Frisian linguistically spoken really ‘Old Germanic’, or may be rather ‘Middle Germanic’, or something in between? We approach this question by looking at linguistic criteria that have been used in the literature for distinguishing between ‘old’ and ‘middle’ stages of closely related Germanic languages. These criteria involve mainly changes in unstressed syllables and inflection. Applying these criteria to Frisian, we conclude there is ample evidence to replace the term ‘Old Frisian’ with ‘Middle Frisian’.
10
01
JB code
la.161.03syn
47
62
16
Chapter
4
01
Chapter 3. Syntax of Old Frisian
01
After noting some specific problems of the study of the syntax of Old Frisian, this paper summarizes the main points of the syntactic aspects of Old Frisian that have been published. These main points include verbal syntax, a.o. verb second and the verbal complex, properties of the subject, case and word order, negation, and some aspects of the structure of complex sentences, in particular relative clauses and conjunctions.
10
01
JB code
la.161.04fin
63
98
36
Chapter
5
01
Chapter 4. Finiteness and verb fronting
01
Distributional properties of the verb in Germanic languages have to be accounted for by a rule that moves a verb into sentence initial position (‘verb second/V2’). Traditionally it is claimed that this rule applies exclusively to finite verbs in main sentences. In this paper, we will discuss some phenomena in West Frisian that lead to some new proposals with respect to the factors that are involved in V2. A major role in our exposition is played by the so-called Frisian ‘<i>en</i>+imperative’ construction. We will argue that an account for the properties of this construction lead to a reconsideration of some of the factors relevant for V2: finiteness, the obligatoriness of verb movement and the distinction between main and embedded clauses.
10
01
JB code
la.161.05mor
99
130
32
Chapter
6
01
Chapter 5. More is going on upstairs than downstairs
Embedded root phenomena in Frisian
01
In this paper, we discuss (West) Frisian limited embedded V2-constructions introduced by the lexical complementizer <i>dat</i> (ECV2s). We argue that there is no evidence for the claim in the literature that conditions on extraction license structural embedding of CP-recursion in this language. It is shown that ECV2s in Frisian have generally the properties of root CPs, and that there is no reason to analyze such constructions differently from structural roots. As a consequence, the approach defended here treats ECV2s and their matrix clauses as a combination of independent expressions, i.e. as expressions having their own illocutionary role. This accounts for restrictions on the distribution of embedded V2. Finally, we demonstrate along the lines of Hoeksema & Napoli (1993) that ECV2s in Frisian are juxtaposed with their matrix clauses, i.e. they should be distinguished as cases of parataxis from ‘normal’ coordination.
10
01
JB code
la.161.06the
131
152
22
Chapter
7
01
Chapter 6. The Imperativus-pro-Infinitivo
01
In this paper, we study the internal and external structure of a Frisian syntactic construction which consists of two parts, the second part being introduced by the element <i>en</i> ‘and’ followed by a moved verb form. As to the external structure, we argue that the generally accepted distinction of this construction in a coordinated type and a subordinated type has to be replaced with two types of subordination. This analysis opens a perspective on the historical development of this construction that does not have to call upon an <i>a priori</i> implausible form of grammatical reconstruction. As to the internal structure, we give special attention to a possible approach of the way the implicit subject of the construction is identified.
10
01
JB code
la.161.07two
153
164
12
Chapter
8
01
Chapter 7. Two infinitives
‘prate’ and ‘praten’
01
The grammar of Frisian contains two morphologically different infinitives, INF<sub>e</sub> and INF<sub>n</sub>. In this paper, we discuss and compare syntactic properties of (constructions with) INF<sub>e</sub> and INF<sub>n</sub>. We illustrate that both infinitives can be part of a verbal complex. Traditionally it is assumed that only INF<sub>n</sub> can be head of phrases that have nominal function. Here we show that phrases with INF<sub>e</sub> also can be nominal. We study external syntactic properties of nominal INF<sub>e</sub>. In addition, we compare internal syntactic properties of nominal INF<sub>e</sub> and INF<sub>n</sub>. The internal structure of INF<sub>e</sub> turns out to be similar to verb phrases and that of INF<sub>n</sub> to noun phrases.
10
01
JB code
la.161.08the
165
198
34
Chapter
9
01
Chapter 8. The verbal complex
01
One of the interesting characteristics of Germanic OV-languages is the verbal complex, a row of verbs in sentence-final position that cannot be interrupted by nonverbal elements. This paper studies the verbal complex in Frisian. Based on facts of nominalization and other morpho-lexical processes, we defend here a lexical analysis for the verbal complex, i.e. base-generation of the verbal complex as a complex verb. In addition, we discuss several properties of the Frisian verbal complex: morphological restrictions between the verbs of the verbal complex, positional characteristics of its constituent parts, and the Infinitivus-Pro-Participio Effect.
10
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JB code
la.161.09the
199
214
16
Chapter
10
01
Chapter 9. The third construction
01
The grammar of Frisian contains split infinitival phrases, the so-called third construction. In this paper, we present, following Neeleman 1990, theoretical and empirical evidence that a scrambling analysis of this construction should be rejected. Instead of scrambling, we present distributional evidence for an analysis of the third construction that makes use of <i>te</i>+V-raising.
10
01
JB code
la.161.10com
215
232
18
Chapter
11
01
Chapter 10. Complementizer agreement
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Frisian belongs to the set of Germanic languages that show agreement between the complementizer and the subject, albeit in a very modest way. This paper compares two approaches to the nature of agreeing complementizers: a clitic analysis and an inflection analysis. Arguments are presented for the latter. Within the context of a more general theory of agreement, we discuss the nature of the dependency relation between the complementizer and the subject, claiming that it involves a limited form of incorporation of the subject into the complementizer. This analysis also makes an agreement approach to pro-drop in Frisian feasible. Finally we demonstrate that Frisian belongs to the subset of complementizer languages that have double agreement forms, i.e. the forms for non-inverted and inverted verbs are not entirely identical.
10
01
JB code
la.161.11gra
233
250
18
Chapter
12
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Chapter 11. Grammatical borrowing and language change
The dutchification of Frisian
01
In this paper we would like to address the very old problem of grammatical borrowing. We will discuss this problem within the context of minority language studies. Is it possible that the grammatical system of a minority language changes by borrowing grammatical elements and/or grammatical principles from the dominant language? It seems to be natural to take the dutchification of Frisian as an example. Three cases of grammatical borrowing of Frisian from Dutch that have been proposed in the literature will be critically discussed:
1. the borrowing of verbal endings that is supposed to be responsible for transition of verbs from the -<i>je</i> class to the -<i>e</i> class;
2. the transition of the diminutive suffix -<i>ke</i> to -<i>tsje</i>;
3. changes in the word order of the Frisian verbal complex.
We will argue that the grammatical system of Frisian does not dutchify. Furthermore this examination gives rise to some general conclusions concerning the ways in which minority languages can and cannot be influenced by dominant languages.
10
01
JB code
la.161.12fri
251
264
14
Chapter
13
01
Chapter 12. Frisian language changes
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This paper is an account of the results of our participation in a national survey of Dutch dialects held in 1994. We have selected from this survey data in order to increase the empirical basis for the description of the process of dutchification of the Frisian language that is going on. We have looked in particular at data that might increase our insight into the degree of borrowing of grammatical words (reflexives and possessives), the borrowing of morphological elements (diminutives), and syntactic borrowing (word order). We believe that our data support the conclusion that borrowing of grammatical words from Dutch is clearly present. Furthermore the data show that the grammar of Frisian is in a process of restructuring under the influence of Dutch, but not yet by simply copying parts of the grammatical system of Dutch.
10
01
JB code
la.161.13rec
265
274
10
Chapter
14
01
Chapter 13. Recent changes in the verbal complex of Frisian
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The word order in the verbal complex of Frisian is changing, quite likely under the influence of Dutch. These syntactic changes go together with changes in the morphological restrictions in the verbal complex, i.e. the occurrence of the Infinitivus-Pro-Participle Effect and changes in the distribution of the infinitival suffixes -<i>e</i> and -<i>en</i>. The central question of this paper is how these changes have to be interpreted. We discuss two alternatives: are these changes a matter of interaction between rules of Frisian and Dutch grammar, or are they consequences of the construction of a grammatical subsystem in its own right. We argue that the latter approach appears to be the more promising one.
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01
JB code
la.161.14con
275
300
26
Chapter
15
01
Chapter 14. Contact-induced changes in Modern West Frisian
01
Modernization has changed Dutch-Frisian language relations after the Second World War radically. Full bilingualism and the dominant position of Dutch have led to favourable conditions for interference of Frisian from Dutch. In this paper we go into these changes and present an overview of the types of interference that take place from different grammatical domains: the lexicon, phonology, morphology and syntax. These examples indicate that this interference is data-oriented and not grammar-oriented, as predicted by the Chomskyan view on language acquisition. Furthermore we pay attention to the external factors that defines the relation between Dutch and Frisian as one of competitive bilingualism, Frisian being the language under heavy pressure. Finally we sketch the changes in the language situation in Fryslân against the background of the provincial language policy.
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01
JB code
la.161.15ont
301
316
16
Chapter
16
01
Chapter 15. On the (in-)stability of Frisian
01
Gorter & Jonkman (1995) is a presentation of the results of a large-scale survey of the position of the Frisian language in Fryslân. Their general conclusion is that the position of the Frisian language is one of stability in as far as profinciency, use and attitudes are concerned. In this paper we strongly criticize this conclusion for being partly based on unclear questions, on an implausible interpretation of the quantitative data, and for being in conflict with other research results, and neglecting developments in the linguistic properties of Frisian. Our counterconclusion is that there is ample evidence showing that Gorter and Jonkman’s view on the position of Frisian is too optimistic. Furthermore we argue that their survey indicates that Frisian functions mainly as an informal, spoken language for the (great) majority of speakers. The language situation in Fryslân can not be described as diglossic however, since Frisian and Dutch are not in complementary use, and the social status of Frisian cannot considered to be low. Finally we claim that the scientific relevance of Gorter & Jonkman (1995) is rather marginal, due to the fact that the results of the survey are not discussed within a context of scientific debate.
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01
JB code
la.161.16nas
317
330
14
Chapter
17
01
Chapter 16. Nasalization and lengthening
01
In this paper, we discuss nasalization of vowels with and without lengthening in Frisian. As to nasalization without lengthening the approach outline here follows Visser (1985). As to nasalization with lengthening, we make a new proposal. Nasalization and lengthening are considered to be separate processes. Lengthening is a rule that operates exclusively on non-derived words. Furthermore the rule is sensitive not for stress, but for syllable-structure. More specifically the rule appears to interfere with the status of schwa-initials as syllabic appendices, as proposed for Dutch by Kager & Zonneveld (1986).
10
01
JB code
la.161.17mon
331
340
10
Chapter
18
01
Chapter 17. Monophthongs and syllable structure
01
In this paper we argue that the system of Frisian monophthongs should be divided into two sets according to their phonotactic behaviour: a set of monopositional monophthongs and a set of bipositional monophthongs. Furthermore we show that this division in positional terms does not correspond systematically to phonetic length. Both properties, phonological length (position) and phonetic length (duration) play distinct roles at the phonological level. Finally we discuss some consequences of this division in terms of phonological length (position) for Frisian syllable structure.
10
01
JB code
la.161.18ale
341
356
16
Chapter
19
01
Chapter 18. A lexical theory of schwa-deletion
01
In this paper we will present an alternative for the analysis of syllabic consonant syllables in West Frisian as proposed by Visser (1997). Visser derives such syllables phonologically from schwa-consonantal sonorant sequences by an unconstrained rule of Schwa-deletion, followed by a process of syllable reconstruction. Our alternative is based on a proposal of van Oostendorp (1995), who suggests that schwa-deletion should be accounted for lexically: cases of schwa-deletion are derived by base-generating schwa-less syllables, followed by schwa-epenthesis. We show that a lexical theory can account for a range of facts involving consonantal sonorant syllables with and without schwa-epenthesis. The results support a lexical theory of schwa-deletion and syllabic consonantal sonorants in Frisian.
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JB code
la.161.19ref
357
378
22
Article
20
01
References
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01
JB code
la.161.20ack
379
380
2
Article
21
01
Acknowledgements
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01
JB code
la.161.22ind
381
384
4
Miscellaneous
22
01
Index
02
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