Subject index

• ablative 14, 242, 257, 265 ; see also case

• absolutive 65, 193 ; see also case

• acceptability 31, 59, 137, 191 ; see also grammaticality

• accusative 22, 55–56, 60, 209, 214–216, 221, 238, 244, 257, 263, 265, 312
  • un~ 50–51, 53–57, 59, 61, 70, 73–75, 173, 176, 178, 182, 185–188, 192–193, 199–200, 357–358, 360 ; see also case

• action 179–180, 182–184, 186–187, 189, 192, 196, 215, 279, 331, 339, 342
  • ~/event185 see also under event

• active 56, 60, 65
  • ~/stative 50–52, 54–58, 60–61, 65, 68, 74–76, 193, 195, 357 ; see also stative

• actor 68, 187, 193
  • ~/agent184 see also under agency

• adjacency 232, 270, 272–274, 292, 296, 301, 338, 343
  • non-~ 272–274

• adjunct 2, 5, 20, 117–118, 123, 126–128, 130, 137, 231, 236–237, 239, 292, 295–296, 301–302, 332, 336, 342, 344, 348

• affixation 8, 207, 213, 245, 247–248, 264–265, 287, 322
  • inflection249
  • derivation 249, 264 ; see also prefixation, suffixation see also under order

• agency 34, 55–56, 66, 117, 124–125, 180, 183–184, 193, 195, 200, 216, 342, 354, 357–358, 360
  • ~/actor 50, 55, 61, 65–66, 69, 76, 176, 195 ; see also under actor, orientation

• agreement 3–7, 9, 13–16, 22, 32, 34, 37–38, 40, 47–61, 63–66, 68–76, 116–118, 125–128, 131–133, 136–137, 143, 149, 151, 153–154, 160, 162, 164–167, 173–200, 204, 227, 229, 232–235, 237–240, 244, 250–251, 306, 312, 322, 330, 333, 336, 343, 346–347, 349, 356–357, 359–360
  • dis~264
  • non-~ 9, 51, 55, 57, 69, 114, 126, 129, 133, 150, 158, 178, 186–187, 190, 196, 227, 237, 239, 241, 250–251, 264, 266, 329, 333, 347, 357, 360 ; see also concordance

• allomorphy 173–175, 216 ; see also alternation

• alternation 9, 67, 82, 123, 181, 329, 356–358, 360 ; see also allomorphy

• ambiguity 14, 23–24, 26, 52, 54, 179, 181, 184, 232, 263, 267, 280, 298–301, 334, 352, 354
  • dis~ 14, 24, 26, 179, 181, 184, 298

• analogy 31, 213, 217, 219, 312

• analysis 20, 30–31, 39, 157, 215 ; see also synthesis

• anaphora 96–97, 99, 126, 229, 277, 346–347, 354

• antecedent 96–98, 105–106, 229, 346

• argument 9, 14–15, 18, 34, 50–52, 56, 59, 61, 65–66, 68–70, 72–76, 98, 103, 106, 118, 125, 128, 173, 175, 179–181, 190, 192–193, 195, 199, 237–238, 274, 279, 292, 295–296, 301–302, 329, 332–334, 340–343, 346–355, 358, 360

• article148
  • definite 116–117, 234, 236, 322
  • indefinite 114, 116–118, 125–127, 129–133

• aspect 64, 124, 195, 241, 249, 264, 340, 342, 345, 351–352

• attenuation 292–294

• attestation 20, 39, 52, 76, 102, 143, 177, 209, 241, 245–246, 265–268, 271, 287

• attitude 1, 14, 38, 95–96, 104, 257, 290, 318, 320 ; see also point of view

• attribution 1–2, 16–21, 32, 39–40, 47–48, 50–51, 81–82, 126, 143, 145, 148, 150, 152, 160, 175, 179–180, 191, 238, 266–267, 280, 297–299, 306, 333 ; see also under modification

• base 69–71, 75–76, 82, 196
  • lexical 28, 30–31, 41, 207, 214–216, 230–231, 243–245, 250, 305–306, 311, 322–323, 330, 356

• binding 264, 270, 276–280, 336

• borrowing 40, 207–208, 210–213, 216–218, 221–223, 230–231, 248 ; see also loan

• boundedness276

• canonicality 1, 26, 55, 67, 70, 83, 87, 104–105, 117–118, 183, 188–190

• case 33–34, 188, 229, 235, 244, 247, 265 ; see also ablative, absolutive, accusative, nominative

• category 1–3, 5–7, 13, 15, 17–18, 25, 47, 67, 74, 84, 91–92, 100, 102–103, 113, 115–117, 119, 137, 143, 147, 174, 176–178, 180–181, 209, 228, 230, 232, 234–235, 239–240, 242, 245–246, 249–251, 257–258, 262–263, 269–270, 274–276, 291, 298, 311, 330, 333, 349
  • bi~ 47–48, 50, 52, 67, 76
  • cross-~178
  • mono~ 25–26, 47–49, 52, 242, 250, 298
  • re~ 257, 264–267, 270
  • sub~ 14, 16–17, 32, 333 ; see also transposition, word-class

• circumstance 15–17, 40, 323

• clause 2–4, 49, 66, 68–69, 72, 81, 83, 87, 92, 97–99, 101–104, 117, 123–125, 128, 143–146, 151–152, 173–174, 185, 188–189, 194–196, 229, 290, 292, 295–296, 298–302, 320–321, 334, 350, 358
  • bi~ 90–93, 95, 104–105
  • mono~ 87, 91–92, 94 ; see also under root

• clitic 49, 56–57, 59, 69–70, 74–75, 194, 232, 272, 354 ; see also under pronoun

• cognate 63, 348–350, 353, 355

• cohesion 257, 263, 270, 273, 283, 332–333

• collocation 130, 263, 292

• colloquial 37, 48, 86, 100, 233 ; see also informal, register

• command
  • C-~ 20, 198 ; see also construction

• communication 19, 21, 26, 40, 215, 271, 290, 293–294, 301

• commutation 129, 149

• comparative 22, 123, 129, 240, 248, 312, 338, 356 ; see also degree, gradation, superlative

• competition 18–19, 85, 218, 287, 302

• complementarity 86, 88, 242, 265–266, 268, 270, 284 ; see also under distribution

• complementation 4–5, 31, 50, 52, 63, 68, 72, 75, 98, 101–102, 105, 116–120, 122–123, 125, 128–130, 137, 143, 145, 148, 150–152, 154, 160–161, 174, 185, 237, 239, 262, 279 ; see also complementizer, valency

• complementizer 4, 81–84, 87–88, 91–93, 96, 98, 100–106, 116–117 ; see also complementation see also under phrase

• complexity 195, 257, 270, 279–281, 283

• composition 14, 33, 83, 104, 191, 208, 314
  • de~ 9, 329, 332, 334
  • non-~ 311, 314

• compound 6, 32, 122, 134, 193, 200, 208–210, 240, 264, 283

• concordance 152–153, 157, 160–161, 194, 200, 219, 297, 300 ; see also agreement

• conjunction 59, 75, 116, 120, 290

• connector 20, 145

• construction
  • C-~ 4, 83–99, 102–106
  • S-~ 83, 86–90, 92, 94–95, 97, 104

• context 8, 13, 18–20, 48, 50, 89, 93, 95–97, 130, 153, 161, 175, 191, 228, 232, 234, 236–241, 243, 246–247, 250, 257–259, 264–271, 276–279, 281, 283, 288, 291, 293–294, 298–299, 307, 314, 317–321, 323–324, 346–347, 350, 356, 360

• control 47, 49–51, 53, 60, 66, 69, 73–75, 186, 229, 260–261, 294, 330, 358–359

• conversion 13–14, 19, 31, 34, 126, 208, 217–218, 228, 231–232, 235–237, 239–240, 301 ; see also zero under derivation

• coordination 14, 116, 118, 281, 283, 350

• culture 27, 38, 40, 48, 151, 212, 218, 294
  • inter~28
  • Western 19, 26, 215

• declension 22, 27, 312

• degree 114, 116, 119, 124–125, 130, 132, 136, 233–234, 248, 338 ; see also comparative, gradation, intensification, superlative

• deixis 101, 209–210, 316–318

• derivation 6–7, 13–14, 18, 32–33, 63, 68–70, 81–85, 113, 122, 174–175, 207–208, 210, 212–216, 227–228, 230–231, 234–237, 241–250, 262, 264, 287, 320, 331
  • zero-~ 232, 236, 239 ; see also conversion see also under affixation

• determination 36, 116–117, 127, 144–168, 312

• pre~ 117, 131 ; see also specification see also under phrase

• diachrony 3, 6–8, 14, 19, 21, 23, 26–28, 31, 33–34, 37–41, 48, 52, 76, 105, 136, 177, 207–208, 257, 262, 265–271, 274–275, 279–281, 283, 305–307, 311–312, 315, 320, 322, 324, 330 ; see also history, synchrony

• dialect 3, 6–7, 19, 22, 28, 34–35, 48–50, 55–56, 58–59, 61, 64, 69–70, 72–76, 173–177, 179, 181–187, 190–200, 204, 210, 216, 236, 258–259, 262, 264–266, 357 ; see also variety

• diamesic 48, 76, 85

• diastratic48

• diatopic 48, 52, 76

• dimension 331, 335–336, 338, 347, 353

• diminutive 17, 248–249, 322, 338 ; see also evaluative

• direction 30, 316–317, 323 ; see also locative, space

• discourse 15, 17, 20, 24–25, 27–28, 32, 39–40, 87, 90, 93, 95–96, 98, 104, 259, 263, 271, 288–289, 291, 346
  • marker 15, 20, 24–25, 38, 102, 259, 263, 265, 301

• dislocation
  • left-~241 see also distribution, mobility, position, order

• distribution 7–8, 15–18, 23–24, 47–48, 51, 53, 55–58, 60, 65, 72, 76, 81, 84, 88–90, 104, 120, 133, 174, 204, 227–228, 234–235, 239–241, 247, 250–251, 259, 263, 266, 270–271, 274, 283, 287, 291, 309, 330, 333, 335, 352, 357, 360
  • complementary 82, 87, 246–247, 302, 339, 343 ; see also dislocation, mobility, position, order

• domain 16–19, 26, 28, 33, 39, 66, 70, 74–75, 92–93, 96, 106, 124, 195, 198, 241, 243, 246, 289, 318, 333, 336, 352

• duration 64, 124, 234, 334, 342, 344–345, 351, 356 ; see also frequentative, time

• educated 13, 15, 19, 27–28, 39, 222–223, 283, 292 ; see also colloquial, informal, register

• ellipsis 99, 152–153, 161, 312, 317

• emphasis 52, 96–97, 99, 104, 283, 289, 318–320

• entailment 174, 179, 189–190

• ergativity 47, 61, 65, 70, 74–76, 193
  • un~ 50–51, 54–55, 61, 63–64, 70, 73, 176, 182, 186–188, 193–195, 199–200, 335–337, 357, 360

• etymology 27, 30, 234, 242, 266, 269, 316, 320

• evaluative 9, 82, 93, 124, 243, 247, 249, 318, 324 ; see also diminutive see also under modality

• event 1–2, 7–9, 14, 51–52, 66, 68–71, 101, 131, 174, 178–182, 186, 189–192, 195–196, 233–234, 238–239, 241, 250–251, 257, 270, 277, 279–281, 283, 323, 329, 334, 339–341, 343, 345, 354–355, 358, 360
  • ~/action200 see also eventive see also under action, orientation

• eventive 51, 63–64, 68, 70, 196, 333–334, 341–343, 352, 354–355 ; see also event see also under resultative

• evidentiality 82–84, 91, 93, 95–96, 98–99, 101–102, 104–106, 271

• exclamative 91, 96

• expansion 23, 27, 29, 38–40, 178, 320

• exponence 178, 181, 183, 186, 193

• extraction 263, 332

• focus 38, 89, 99, 184, 230, 263, 270, 280, 283, 287–290, 292, 294–297, 299, 301–302, 332

• frequency 4, 8, 20, 24, 27, 29, 32, 38, 48, 85–86, 124, 148, 219, 236–237, 241, 264, 266, 270, 272, 276, 279–280, 283, 287, 292, 294, 296, 300–301, 308–310, 313, 315, 320, 322, 358–359 ; see also token, type

• frequentative343 see also duration, time

• gender 2, 5–6, 25, 113–116, 125–127, 131–132, 137, 156–157, 160, 175, 194, 197, 199–200, 227, 229, 235, 237, 239, 244, 249, 300, 312, 333, 336, 343, 346, 349, 356
  • feminine 14, 23–24, 37, 49–59, 61–62, 64, 67–69, 73, 114, 116, 121, 124, 126–136, 165, 167, 173–174, 176, 178–180, 182–186, 189–194, 196–198, 209, 215–216, 229, 231–235, 238–241, 243–244, 246–248, 250, 297, 300, 312, 317, 330, 337, 346–347, 350–352, 356–359
  • masculine 14, 23, 37, 47–55, 57–58, 61–65, 67–70, 73, 114, 116–136, 149, 151, 153, 162, 166, 173–176, 178–180, 182–184, 186, 192–194, 196–198, 209, 217, 228–229, 232–233, 235–244, 246–247, 250, 300, 329–331, 334, 336, 339–341, 343–359
  • neuter 18, 22–23, 34, 190, 228–229, 233–234, 238, 240, 242–244, 246, 257, 312, 346, 349–350, 353, 355

• generative 4, 81

• genetic 5, 144, 147, 168

• goal 117, 198–199

• gradation 261, 347 ; see also comparative, degree, intensification, superlative

• grammaticality 26, 177, 191, 264
  • un~ 64, 177 ; see also acceptability

• grammaticalization 4–5, 9, 28, 33, 81, 83–84, 90–92, 94, 99–100, 104–106, 233, 265, 305, 307, 323–325
  • semi-~ 100, 104–106

• grammaticography 3, 37

• head 17, 70–72, 74, 92, 98–100, 117–118, 123–124, 126–127, 199, 235, 243, 302, 312, 333–334, 336, 341, 343, 357 ; see also under phrase

• hearsay 100, 104

• heuristic 1, 13, 16, 33

• hierarchy 9, 20, 71–75, 145, 329, 333, 352

• history 19, 23, 27, 48, 175, 207, 265, 283, 306, 308–309, 311–312, 324 ; see also diachrony

• homonymy 114, 131, 227–229, 232–237, 239, 241–242, 244, 249–251 ; see also homophony

• homophony134 see also homonymy

• hyponymy349

• idiomatic 230–231, 246

• illocutionary92

• imperative 279, 357

• impersonal 88, 91–93, 95, 102, 116, 159, 279 ; see also person

• incidence 144, 146–147, 150, 161, 167
  • external 144, 148, 150, 168
  • internal144

• incorporation 63, 334–336, 338, 348, 353

• infinitive 5, 113, 115, 120, 122–123, 125, 128, 133–134, 136–137, 146, 240, 358

• inflection 2, 4–5, 7, 13–16, 24, 32–34, 37–39, 52–53, 103, 113, 119, 132–133, 136, 143, 207, 227–229, 233, 235, 242, 245, 247–250, 262, 350 ; see also under affixation

• informal 14, 21–22, 24, 26, 29, 31–32, 34, 39–40, 85–86, 115, 135–136, 236, 288

• semi-~24 see also colloquial, register

• information structure 184, 287

• inherent 334–335, 337–338, 340, 343, 353–356

• instrument 15, 33–34, 342

• intensification 25, 28, 37, 188, 232–233, 248, 292–294, 322 ; see also degree, intensification

• interface 1–3, 5, 7–8, 13–16, 18, 20, 26–27, 31–32, 39–41, 175, 260, 271, 288, 291, 298–301, 306

• interrogative 85, 321
  • wh-~101

• isogloss175

• iteration 234, 341–343, 354

• juxtaposition 281, 283

• Lausberg Area 6, 173, 177, 183, 185, 190–192, 195–197, 199

• layer 75, 92, 334

• lexicalization 21, 23, 28, 32, 63, 66, 71, 86, 88, 149–151, 153, 157, 159, 162, 164–167, 175, 263, 272, 346, 349, 360

• lexicography,216

• linguistic 1–2, 14–15, 17, 21, 25–26, 32–33, 37–41, 71, 96, 161, 177, 208, 210, 269, 271, 273, 288, 291, 302, 311–312, 317, 319, 324
  • cross-~ 3, 9, 16, 19–20, 25, 33, 83, 174, 178, 192, 204
  • geo-~177
  • extra-~ 6, 17
  • meta-~ 3, 34
  • socio-~ 260, 262, 265, 283, 287

• literacy 24, 27, 48, 85, 266, 283 ; see also under orality

• locative 116, 122, 236, 241, 316–318, 341–342 ; see also direction, space

• loan 23, 28, 39–40 ; see also borrowing

• locution 8–9, 31, 305–309, 311–316, 318–324

• markedness 4, 8, 13–14, 18–19, 23, 25–27, 32–33, 40, 55, 67, 72, 74, 84, 92, 98–99, 101, 153, 156–157, 161, 175, 178, 181–182, 184, 188, 196, 198, 213–215, 229, 232, 234–235, 237, 270–271, 275, 277, 281, 284, 288–289, 312

• marker 15, 20, 24–25, 38, 101–102, 118, 233, 235, 248, 259, 263, 265, 289, 301, 312 ; see also under discourse

• metaphony 173, 181–182 ; see also under participle

• minimalist 18, 105

• mobility 103–104 ; see also dislocation, distribution, position, order

• modality 82, 95, 124, 210, 215, 258, 305–307, 317–321, 323–324
  • evaluative 243, 249
  • expressive319
  • deontic230
  • epistemic 14, 82–84, 87, 89, 91, 93–95, 98, 100, 102, 104, 106, 265, 319

• modification 1–2, 4, 6, 9, 13–17, 20–28, 33–34, 36–40, 50, 66, 70, 75, 81, 84, 87, 90–92, 94, 98–99, 114, 124–128, 131–137, 154, 158–159, 165, 167, 174–181, 183–184, 186–193, 195–196, 199–200, 227–228, 231, 233–235, 238–241, 246, 250–251, 263, 276–277, 279, 297–300, 311, 313, 329, 333, 335, 337–338, 341–345, 347–348, 353–355, 360
  • attributive 16–21, 32, 39–40, 238
  • predicative16
  • quaternary20
  • secondary20
  • tertiary 20, 21, 35, 333 ; see also predication; see also under noun

• mood 145, 195
  • subjunctive91

• morpheme 14, 19, 22, 32–33, 37, 176, 247–248

• morphology 1–4, 7–8, 13–19, 23–24, 26, 32, 34, 39–40, 81, 83–85, 90–91, 103–104, 115, 144, 173–175, 177–178, 180–183, 189–190, 192–193, 196, 198–200, 216, 228–229, 234, 237, 240, 244, 250–251, 264–265, 271, 275, 298, 330, 349
  • ~-lexical 173–174, 193–194, 199
  • ~-phonological 193, 198–199
  • semantic-~26
  • syntactic-~ 19, 26, 31, 71, 81–85, 113, 115, 150, 173–175, 177–178, 198

• motion 231–232

• motivation 15, 37, 268, 283, 312, 314–315, 319
  • un~ 37, 314

• negation 15, 20, 40, 82, 86, 90–92, 94, 116, 123–125, 131, 148, 150–151, 153, 157–158, 161, 163, 165, 167, 217, 232, 319, 322

• neologism 214–216, 218, 220–222, 230, 246

• nominalization 31, 143, 240, 246, 305–306, 313, 322, 336, 354 ; see also noun

• nominative 22, 55–56, 60, 65, 235, 244, 257 ; see also case

• norm 21, 24, 27–28, 37–40, 132, 175, 227, 250, 308

• noun 1, 6–7, 14–15, 18, 20, 24, 31–34, 40, 47–49, 60, 63, 71–72, 75, 100, 116–117, 119–120, 123, 125, 128, 130–131, 137, 141–145, 148, 154, 156, 168, 173–175, 178–179, 188, 190, 192, 199–200, 213–215, 220–221, 227–229, 231, 233–237, 239–246, 248, 250–251, 257, 261, 263, 265, 268, 270, 276–280, 283, 297, 300, 305–306, 312–313, 317, 330, 334–336, 338, 346, 349, 359–360
  • ad~ 142, 177
  • non-~229
  • pre~ 126–127, 179, 235
  • post~ 127, 241
  • bare 126, 233–234
  • count350
  • mass 336, 350, 353
  • modification 16–17, 22, 37–38, 126, 131, 179, 227–228, 234–235, 238–241, 246, 250, 337 ; see also nominalization see also under phrase

• number 2, 5–6, 25, 72–74, 113–116, 125–127, 131–132, 137, 156–157, 160, 175, 194, 197, 199–200, 227, 229–230, 235, 237, 239, 244, 249, 333, 336, 343, 346, 349–350, 356
  • plural 23, 31, 49, 51–52, 57–64, 68–69, 72, 75, 89, 94, 118, 123, 126–129, 132–133, 136, 166, 176, 188, 197, 210, 219, 229, 233–234, 237–238, 241, 244, 248, 250, 312, 322, 350
  • singular 14, 22, 47–65, 69–70, 73, 82–83, 85–89, 91–98, 100–103, 114, 116–136, 149, 151, 153, 162, 165, 167, 173–175, 178–186, 188–194, 196–198, 209–211, 214–216, 218, 220–221, 228–244, 246–248, 276, 307, 312, 329–331, 334, 336, 339–341, 343–344, 346–359

• object 47, 49–51, 54–57, 59–61, 63–64, 66, 68–71, 73–75, 117–118, 128, 133, 143–145, 150–152, 154, 180, 182–185, 187, 189–192, 194–197, 199, 237–240, 243, 263, 274, 290, 296–297, 317, 332, 338–339, 347–353, 355
  • internal 155–158 ; see also under orientation

• onomasiology27

• operator 5, 287–290, 292, 294–297, 299, 301–302, 352

• orality 13, 15, 19, 21–25, 27–28, 31, 38–39, 48, 85–86, 175, 218, 236, 259, 266–267, 283, 288, 291, 300–301
  • ~-literacy 24, 27 ; see also speech

• order 68, 83, 93, 184, 196, 241, 257, 263, 270, 274–275, 283, 291, 316, 318, 333, 352
  • affix-~ 245, 248 ; see also distribution, dislocation, mobility, position

• orientation 3, 5–6, 65, 71, 183, 316
  • agent-~ 124–125
  • event-~ 2, 7, 66, 69, 71, 195, 279–280
  • object-~ 51–52, 179–180, 183, 317
  • participant-~ 2, 7, 51
  • process-~ 66, 195
  • speaker-~ 81, 88, 93, 99, 104
  • subject-~ 14, 38, 51, 63–64, 66, 71, 179–180, 183, 195, 197, 276, 278–280

• orthography 83, 105, 132, 298

• paradigm 25, 177, 245–246

• parameter 47, 49, 51, 66, 71–73, 75, 200, 338
  • macro~ 71–72
  • meso~ 72, 74
  • micro~ 71–72, 74
  • nano~ 72, 74

• paraphrase 13, 16, 18–19, 28, 38, 156, 189, 334, 346

• parenthesis 38, 87, 103, 228, 239, 241

• participant 1–2, 5, 14, 96, 131, 291 ; see also under orientation

• participle 51, 55–59, 69, 116, 125, 146, 148–151, 153, 157–158, 161, 163, 165–167, 173, 181–182, 193–195, 197–200, 219–220, 231–233, 322
  • metaphonic 193–194, 197–199
  • non-metaphonic 193–195, 197–199
  • passive 116, 134
  • past 51, 56–57, 113, 115–116, 120–123, 133–137, 173–174, 176, 181, 193, 197–200
  • present116

• particle 15, 20, 82, 97, 210, 213, 271, 353

• partitive 346, 354

• past 67, 82, 89, 93–94, 101, 103, 183, 189 ; see also tense; see also under participle

• patient 180, 183, 185, 193–194, 199
  • ~/undergoer 192–193 ; see also undergoer

• periphery 16–17, 39, 91–92, 99

• periphrasis 30, 272, 275–276

• person 57, 59, 72–75, 89, 102, 116, 145, 276, 279 ; see also impersonal

• phonetics 28, 121, 127, 181, 333

• phonology 132, 177, 193, 198–199, 265 ; see also under morphology

• phrase 2, 17, 28, 30, 115, 117, 145, 149–151, 153, 157, 159–160, 162, 164–168, 188, 231, 239, 265, 281, 292, 295–296, 299, 301–302, 312, 333, 340
  • adjective 117, 146, 148–149, 151, 153–154, 156, 158–160, 162–164, 166–168, 235
  • adverb 117, 155, 177, 208, 212, 218, 220–222, 235, 299, 332
  • appositional145
  • complementizer 84, 88, 91–93, 96–100, 105
  • determinative 117, 145–154, 156, 158–164, 166–168
  • force 81, 92–93, 98–99, 117
  • noun 24, 50, 63, 117–118, 121, 124–127, 129–130, 133, 142, 145–146, 151, 153–154, 164, 166, 168, 177, 193, 250–251, 257, 265, 270, 305–306, 322, 336–338, 346–347, 350
  • predicate 81, 98–99, 146, 168
  • prepositional 9, 17–19, 28–29, 41, 117, 121, 125, 132, 145, 177, 235, 305, 307, 313, 324–325, 342
  • pronominal 149, 158, 163, 168
  • quantifier 336, 340, 345–347
  • speech act 81, 93–96, 99–100, 105
  • verb 2, 13–14, 20, 23–24, 34, 38, 50, 63, 66, 68–71, 74–75, 82, 87, 98, 114, 117, 125, 128–129, 133, 145–150, 152–153, 161, 168, 189, 195–197, 199, 234–235, 263, 283, 330, 333–334, 336–338, 342, 352–353

• point of view 14, 92, 95, 99, 104, 243, 249–250, 266, 293, 317 ; see also attitude

• polyfunctionality 23–25, 38, 264, 269

• polysemy 28, 38, 264

• position 2, 5, 9, 14, 23, 25, 38, 50, 56–57, 66–71, 74–75, 82, 84, 87, 92–93, 99–100, 103, 117, 124, 126, 128–129, 131–132, 148–151, 153–161, 163, 165–168, 176–179, 184, 195–197, 227, 228, 232, 238–241, 243, 247, 270, 274–275, 288–292, 296–297, 299–302, 319, 333, 355 ; see also dislocation, distribution, mobility, order

• predication 2, 5, 16–17, 38, 40, 52, 67–68, 75, 91, 93, 98, 102, 116, 118, 128, 143–147, 150–151, 155, 168, 174, 178–180, 184–186, 192, 200, 233, 239, 263, 267, 300, 330, 335
  • intra~ 141–142, 148–154, 157–158, 161, 163, 165–168
  • non-~235
  • primary 145–146
  • secondary 38, 52–53, 58, 145–146, 151, 153–156, 158–160, 162–168, 233, 238–239, 263, 300 ; see also under modification

• prefixation232 see also affixation

• preposition 17, 30–31, 116–117, 119–120, 122–123, 137, 184, 210, 220–221, 233, 236, 239, 241, 243–244, 271, 305–306, 311, 323–324, 354
  • non-~ 177, 184 ; see also under phrase

• productivity 21–22, 25, 28–29, 31, 33, 39–40, 76, 82, 84, 126, 173–175, 185, 192, 199–200, 216, 222, 228, 231, 235–237, 242, 244–246, 250, 306, 330, 331, 333, 336, 346–347, 349, 356, 360
  • un~ 25, 28, 31, 231, 242, 246, 248, 360

• pronoun 60, 72, 74, 116, 131, 144–145, 149–151, 153, 157–158, 160, 162, 164–168, 229, 236, 276, 298–299, 349–350
  • clitic 56, 59, 69, 74 ; see also under phrase

• proposition 84, 87, 93, 95–98, 101–102, 104, 106, 124, 143, 146
  • extra~ 263, 271
  • intra~ 263, 271

• prosody 24, 89, 113, 115, 120–121, 133, 137, 291
  • boundary 121–123, 134

• prototype 15, 17, 33, 148, 231

• qualitative 24–25

• quantification 25, 37, 116, 131, 261, 334–336, 341–342, 344–346 ; see also under phrase

• quantitative234

• quotative 81, 84, 99–102

• referential 9, 146, 152–153, 155, 158, 165, 238, 269, 276–277, 292, 316–317, 324, 348

• reflexive 59, 75, 185

• register 3, 6, 13, 15, 26, 32, 41, 52, 85–86, 90, 100, 121, 135–136, 222, 233, 262, 265–267, 288, 298, 300–301 ; see also colloquial, educated, informal

• resultative 52, 63, 66–71, 75, 165, 174, 179–180, 182–185, 187–192, 195–196, 199–200, 204, 238
  • non-~178
  • pseudo-~ 6, 173–174, 178, 180, 182, 187–192, 200, 204
  • ~-eventive 68, 70, 196

• root 63, 92, 179, 190, 334
  • clause 4, 81, 92, 94, 98–99, 101–102, 104

• rule 22–23, 26–27, 31, 34, 37–38, 194–195, 333

• saturation 40, 148, 155, 168
  • non-~ 146, 148, 153, 155, 157, 159–162, 168

• schema 96, 107, 323, 325

• scope 4, 14–15, 20, 66, 70, 84, 88, 98–100, 102, 104, 148, 151, 153, 157–158, 161, 163, 165–167, 179–183, 186, 189, 196, 263, 266, 271, 274, 279, 289, 335–336, 341, 344, 347, 349, 352, 354, 356, 360

• sentence 1, 2, 4, 14, 16–17, 20, 23–24, 28, 33, 38, 40, 63, 66, 81, 83–87, 90–92, 94–96, 99, 101–106, 120, 123–124, 128, 137, 144–149, 152, 156, 160–162, 165, 167, 178, 183–184, 186–187, 189, 195, 227, 232, 235, 257, 268–271, 274–281, 283, 298, 302, 319, 333, 352–353, 357

• sociolectal266

• space 1, 20, 30–31, 38, 210, 230, 241, 316–317, 320, 324, 341, 344 ; see also see also direction, locative

• specification 16–17, 69–71, 75, 92, 99, 117–118, 127, 129, 178, 185, 188, 317, 332 ; see also determination

• speech 25, 94, 101, 141, 223, 259–260, 266–267, 283, 291, 345
  • act 82, 102, 106, 121, 124
  • reported 100–101 ; see also orality see also under orientation

• Sprachausbau19

• standard 5, 19, 21–22, 24–28, 32, 38, 40–41, 47–48, 50, 55, 63–64, 67, 74, 76, 85–90, 105, 114, 174, 176, 183, 188, 191, 193, 204, 217–218, 230, 234, 236–237, 246, 288
  • non-~ 38, 174, 177, 236, 249–251, 265
  • sub~ 25, 31, 39, 88–90

• state 184, 188, 190, 200

• stative 55–56, 60, 65, 76, 186, 343 ; see also under active

• style 29, 39–40, 85–86

• subject 1, 5, 9, 16, 23–24, 49–51, 53–59, 61, 63–64, 66, 69–71, 73–76, 86, 88–89, 91, 93–95, 117–118, 124–126, 128–129, 133, 136–137, 143, 146, 148, 152–153, 160–161, 176, 179–180, 182–187, 192–195, 199–200, 229, 238–239, 265, 276–277, 279, 290, 296–297, 305, 333, 350, 356–358, 360 ; see also under orientation

• subordination 83, 120, 125, 128, 145, 189, 281, 298–299, 358
  • in~83

• suffixation 6–7, 14, 17–18, 26, 32–33, 84, 113–114, 173–175, 192, 204, 207, 210, 213–216, 222, 227–228, 230–231, 235–236, 242, 244–246, 248, 251, 311, 322, 330, 338 ; see also affixation

• superlative 248, 338 ; see also comparative, degree, gradation

• supine 231–233, 240, 246

• surface 6, 56, 70–72, 74, 116, 178, 184–185, 196, 346

• synchrony 3, 8, 19, 31, 33, 41, 76, 83, 85, 104–105, 230, 258, 262, 266, 269–270, 281, 305–306, 311 ; see also diachrony

• syncretism 14, 47, 175, 180

• synonymy 8, 156, 287, 302

• synthesis 13, 16, 31, 209 ; see also analysis

• telicity 340–341, 345, 351–352, 354
  • a~ 340, 345, 351–352, 355
  • non-~ 340–341

• time 1, 20, 24, 30, 31, 38–39, 64, 93–94, 233, 241, 263, 334, 339–345, 351, 355 ; see also duration, frequentative

• tense 94, 120, 145, 195, 249 ; see also past

• text 20, 22–24, 26–27, 34, 86, 208, 214, 216–219, 244, 259, 262, 265–267, 271, 276–277, 281, 283, 308, 318–319
  • co-~ 146, 155

• thesaurus 230–231, 245–246

• token 24, 307–310, 313, 315–317, 321, 323–324 ; see also frequency, type

• topic 95–97, 104, 276, 279, 350

• transitivity 50–51, 53–54, 56–57, 59, 61, 63, 66, 73–74, 116, 123, 148, 155, 157, 173, 176, 178–180, 182, 184, 187–188, 192–195, 197, 199–200, 232, 237, 274, 337, 339, 346, 348, 357–358, 360
  • di~116
  • in~ 47, 54, 61, 66, 74, 76, 116, 122, 148, 155, 157, 161–162, 176, 182, 185, 232, 237, 274, 337, 357
  • non-~182

• transposition 16–17, 39 ; see also category, word-class

• type 24, 307–310, 313, 315–316, 320, 322–324 ; see also frequency, token

• typology 16, 18–20, 32, 38, 47, 76, 83–84, 143

• undergoer 34, 50, 52, 55–56, 61, 65–66, 68, 74–75, 187, 196, 357
  • ~/patient 173, 176, 187
  • theme/~195 see also under patient

• univerbation 14, 32, 82, 84, 102

• usage 13–14, 17, 21–27, 31, 37, 39–40, 48, 214, 223, 289, 292

• utterance 16–17, 96, 100–102, 184, 279, 290, 298, 324

• valency 146–151, 153, 157–167, 269
  • bi~348 see also complementation

• variability 141, 227, 233, 237–239, 250
  • in~ 14–15, 25, 32, 34, 37–39, 114, 141, 155–156, 227, 234, 237–240, 250, 262, 330

• variety 1–4, 6, 15, 19–21, 25, 32, 34, 41, 47–48, 50–52, 54–58, 60–61, 63, 67–71, 74–76, 86, 88, 102, 173–177, 180, 184, 187, 191, 200, 211, 216, 230, 236–237, 246, 249, 251, 309 ; see also dialect

• verb 1, 5–6, 14–15, 17–18, 20–21, 24, 27, 31, 33–34, 50, 63–64, 66, 68, 70–71, 82–83, 91, 98, 100, 102, 105, 115–120, 123, 128, 130, 133–137, 141–167, 174–175, 177, 179–181, 184, 188–191, 193, 195–200, 215, 219, 227–228, 231–232, 234, 236–239, 241, 243, 246–247, 250, 257, 263–264, 270–274, 276–280, 284, 299, 317, 319, 322, 331–339, 341–346, 348–349, 356–358, 360
  • pre~ 56–57, 70, 117, 133, 194, 272, 275
  • post~ 56–57, 70, 117–118, 232–233, 239–241, 250, 275, 333
  • auxiliary 5, 51, 55, 66, 72, 113, 115–116, 120–123, 133–135, 137, 148–151, 153, 157–158, 161, 163, 165–167, 176, 272
  • copula 90–92, 94, 98, 104, 148, 160–162, 167, 247, 299
  • light 63, 195, 335–336, 338, 348, 353 ; see also under phrase

• vocabulary 29, 178, 208, 210, 212, 244

• vowel 127, 132, 176–177, 181, 197, 312, 324

• weakening 22, 48, 118, 193, 269, 279–280

• word
  • ~-class 1, 2, 13–18, 20, 25, 32–34, 38, 40, 144, 178, 181, 236, 262–263, 283
  • ~-formation 14, 26, 216, 236 ; see also category, transposition

• writing 15, 19–20, 25, 27–28, 31, 85, 215, 218, 259, 279, 281, 288