Sign languages have the unique property of simultaneously transmitting information in various ways. Within perspective taking and role shift, a signer may use various articulators such as the hands, the body, and the face to simultaneously represent different protagonists and/or the narrator. This paper discusses data from German Sign Language (DGS) with regard to parallel perspectivation in role shift, in particular action role shift found in the DGS data set of the Aesop fables. We categorize the different types of parallel perspectivation and investigate classifiers within action role shift as a phenomenon at the gesture-sign interface.
Article outline
1.Introduction
2.Role shift in sign languages
2.1Terminology
2.2Quotation role shift
2.3Action role shift
3.Parallel perspectivation within action role shift in fables of German Sign Language
3.1State of the art
3.1.1Upper body parts as linguistic devices for simultaneous perspectivations
3.1.2Classifiers
3.2Methodology and data
3.3Types of parallel perspectivation
3.4Simultaneously layered additions by the narrator within action role shift
4.A unified account for role shift
4.1Action role shift at the gesture-grammar interface
1994Subjects and agreement in American Sign Language. In Perspectives on Sign Language Structure. Papers from
the Fifth International Symposium on Sign Language Research
, Vol. 1, I. Ahlgern, B. Bergman & M. Brennan (eds), 13–27. Durham: International Sign Linguistics Association.
Aarons, D. & Morgan, R. Z.
2003Classifier predicates and the creation of multiple perspectives in South African Sign Language. Sign Language Studies 3(2): 125–156.
Anand, P. & Nevins, A.
2004Shifty Operators in Changing Contexts. SALT XIV 20-37, 20–37.
Aronoff, M., Meir, I., Padden, C. & Sandler, W.
2003Classifier constructions and morphology in two sign languages. In Perspectives on Classifier Constructions in Sign Languages, K. Emmorey (ed.), 53–84. Hillsdale NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Benedicto, E. & Brentari, D.
2004Where did all the arguments go? Argument-changing properties of classifiers in ASL. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory 22: 743–810.
Clark, H. H. & Gerrig, R. J.
1990Quotations as demonstrations. Language 66: 764–805.
Corbett, G. G.
2006Agreement. Cambridge: CUP.
Cormier, K., Smith S. & Zwets, M.
2011Show and tell: Framing and narrating constructed action in signed and spoken languages. Paper presented at Complex Sentences and Beyond in Sign and Spoken Languages, Lichtenberg-Kolleg, Georg-August-Universitat Göttingen.
Cormier, K., Smith, S. & Zwets, M.
2013Framing constructed action in British Sign Language narratives. Journal of Pragmatics 55: 119–139.
2015Quotation, demonstration, and iconicity. Linguistics & Philosophy 38(6): 477–520.
Dudis, P. G.
2004Body partitioning and real-space blends. Cognitive Linguistics 15(2): 223–238.
Duncan, S.
2003Gesture in language. Issues for sign language research. In Perspectives on Classifiers constructions in Sign Languages, K. Emmorey (ed.), 259–268. Mahwah NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Earis, H. & Cormier, K.
2013Point of view in British Sign Language and spoken English narrative discourse: The example of ‘The Tortoise and the Hare’. Language and Cognition 5(4): 313–343.
Eccarius, P. & Brentari, D.
2007Symmetry and dominance: A cross-linguistic study of signs and classifier constructions. Lingua 117: 1169–1201.
Eckardt, R.
2012Particles as speaker indexicals in free indirect discourse. In Particles, L. Hogeweg & E. McCready (eds), 99–119. Special issue of Sprache und Datenverarbeitung.
Emmorey, K.
2003Perspectives on Classifier Constructions in Sign Languages. Mahwah NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Emmorey, K., Bellugi, U., Frederici A. & Horn, P.
1995Effects of age of acquisition in grammatical sensitivity: Evidence from on-line and off-line tasks. Applied Psycholinguistics 16, 1–23.
Engberg-Pedersen, E.
1993Space in Danish Sign Language. Hamburg: Signum.
Engberg-Pedersen, E.
1995Point of view expressed through shifters. In Language, Gesture, and Space, K. Emmorey & J. Reilly (eds), 133–154. Hillsdale NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Fauconnier, G. & Turner, M.
1996Blending as a central process of grammar. In Conceptual Structure, Discourse and Language, Goldberg, A. (ed.), 113–130, Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications.
Fischer, R. & Kollien, S.
2010Gibt es Constructed Action in Deutscher Gebärdensprache und in Deutsch (in der Textsorte Bedeutungserklärung)?Das Zeichen 86: 502–510.
Geurts, B. & Maier E.
2005Quotation in context. Belgian Journal of Linguistics 17(1): 109–128.
Graumann, C F.
2002Explicit and implicit perspectivity. In Perspective and Perspectivation in Discourse [Human Cognitive Processing 9], C. F. Graumann & W. Kallmeyer (eds), 25–39. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
2007Events and telicity in classifier predicates: A reanalysis of body part classifier predicates in ASL. Lingua 117: 1258–1284.
Günthner, S.
1999Polyphony and the ‘layering of voices’ in reported dialogues: An analysis of the use of prosodic devices in everyday reported speech. Journal of Pragmatics 31: 685–708.
2010Eine neue Perspektive auf Role Shift in Deutscher Gebärdensprache (DGS). Perspektivwechsel als nichtmanuelles Kongruenzphänomen. Das Zeichen 84: 112–119.
Herrmann, A. & Steinbach, M.
2012Quotation in sign languages. A visible context shift. In Quotatives. Cross-linguistic and Cross-disciplinary Perspectives [Converging Evidence in Language and Communication Research 15], I. Buchstaller & I. van Alphen (eds), 203–228. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Hübl, A.
2013Role shift, indexicals and beyond – New evidence from German Sign Language. In
Proceedings from the 13th meeting of the Texas Linguistics Society
, L. C. Geer (ed.), 1–11.
Hübl, A.
2014Context shift (im)possible – Indexicals in German Sign Language. In Proceedings of ConSOLE XXI, M. Kohlberger, B. Kate & E. Dutton (eds), 171–183. Leiden: Sole.
Hübl, A. & Steinbach, M.
2012Quotation across modalities. Shifting contexts in sign and spoken languages. Paper presented at the workshop Quotation: Perspectives from Philosophy and Linguistics, Bochum.
Janzen, T.
2004Space rotation, perspective shift, and verb morphology in ASL. Cognitive Linguistics 15(2): 149–174.
Kegl, J.
1986Clitics in American Sign Language. In Syntax and Semantics 19: The Syntax of Pronominal Clitics, H. Borer (ed.), 285–309. New York. Academic Press.
Keyser R. & Larson-Hall, J.
2005What does the critical period really mean? In Handbook of Bilingualism. Psycholinguistic Approaches, J. F. Kroll & A. M. B. de Groot (eds), 88–108. Oxford: OUP.
1980American Sign Language Syntax. The Hague: Mouton.
Liddell, S. K.
1995Real, surrogate, and token space: Grammatical consequences in ASL. In Language, Gesture, and Space, K. Emmorey & J. Reilly (eds), 19–41. Hillsdale NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Liddell, S. K.
1998Grounded blends, gestures, and conceptual shifts. Cognitive Linguistics 9(3): 283–314.
Liddell, S. K.
2003Grammar, Gesture, and Meaning in American Sign Language. Cambridge: CUP.
Liddell, S. K. & Metzger, M.
1998Gesture in sign language discourse. Journal of Pragmatics 30: 657–697.
Lillo-Martin, D.
1995The point of view predicate in American Sign Language. In Language, Gesture, and Space, K. Emmorey & J. Reilly (eds), 155–170. Hillsdale NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Lillo-Martin, D.
2012Utterance reports and constructed action. In Sign Language. An International Handbook, R. Pfau, M. Steinbach & B. Woll (eds), 365–387. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Lillo-Martin, D. & Klima, E.S.
1990Pointing out differences: ASL pronouns in syntactic theory. In Theoretical issues in sign language research, S. D. Fischer & P. Siple (eds), 191–210. Chicago. University of Chicago Press.
Maier, E.
2015Quotation and unquotation in free indirect discourse. Mind & Language 30(3): 345–373.
Meir, I., Padden, C. A., Aronoff, M. & Sandler, W.
2007Body as subject. Journal of Linguistics 43: 531–563.
Metzger, M.
1995Constructed dialogue and constructed action in American Sign Language. In Sociolinguistics in Deaf Communities, C. Lucas (ed.), 255–271. Washington DC: Gallaudet University Press.
Morford, J. P.
2004Der Altersfaktor im Gebärdenspracherwerb: Eine Neuinterpretation. Das Zeichen 66: 85–88.
Morgan, G.
1999Event packaging in British Sign Language discourse. In Story Telling and Conversation. Discourse in Deaf Communities, E. A. Winston (ed.), 27–58. Washington DC: Gallaudet University Press.
2003The development of reference switching encoded through body classifiers in British Sign Language. In Perspectives on Classifiers Constructions in Sign Languages, K. Emmorey (ed.), 297–310. Mahwah NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Morgan, G. & Woll, B.
2007Understanding sign language classifiers through a polycomponential approach. Lingua 117: 1159–1168.
Padden, C.
1986Verbs and role-shifting in American Sign Language. In Proceedings of the Fourth National Symposium on Sign Language Research and Teaching, C. Padden (ed.), 44–57. Silver Spring MD: National Association of the Deaf.
Parrill, F.
2010Viewpoint in speech-gesture integration: Linguistic structure, discourse structure, and event structure. Language and Cognitive Processes 25(5): 650–668.
Perniss, P.
2007aAchieving spatial coherence in German Sign Language narratives: The use of classifiers and perspective. Lingua 117: 1315–1338.
2010Nonmanuals. Their grammatical and prosodic roles. In Sign Languages, D. Brentari (ed.), 381–402. Cambridge: CUP.
Pyers, J. E. & Senghas, A.
2007Reported action in Nicaraguan and American Sign Languages. Emerging versus established systems. In Visible Variation. Comparative Studies on Sign Language Structure, P. Perniss, R. Pfau & M. Steinbach (eds), 279–302. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Quasthoff, U. M.
2002Global and local aspects of perspectivity. In Perspective and Perspectivation in Discourse [Human Cognitive Processing 9], C. F. Graumann & W. Kallmeyer (eds), 323–346. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Quer, J.
2005Context shift and indexical variables in sign languages. In Proceedings of Semantics and Linguistics Theory 15, E. Georgala & J. Howell (eds), 152–168. Ithaca NY: CLC Publications.
Quer, J.
2011Reporting and quoting in signed discourse. In Understanding Quotation, E. Brendel, J. Meibauer & M. Steinbach (eds), 277–302. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Quinto-Pozos, D.
2007Can constructed action be considered obligatory?Lingua 117(7): 1285–1314.
Quinto-Pozos, D. & Mehta, S.
2010Register variation in mimetic gestural complements to signed language. Journal of Pragmatics 42: 557–584.
von Randow, S.
2016Sprachlernerfahrungen erwachsener hörender L2-/M2-Lerner_innen bezüglich Constructed Action in Deutscher Gebärdensprache – Teil I: Ausgangslage und Methode. Das Zeichen 30(102): 116–127.
Schembri, A., Jones, C. & Burnham, D.
2005Comparing action gestures and classifier verbs of motion: Evidence from Australian Sign Language, Taiwan Sign Language, and nonsigners’ gestures without speech. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education 10(3): 272–290.
Schick, B.
1990Classifier predicates in American Sign Language. International Journal of Sign Linguistics 1: 15–40.
Schlenker, P.
2017Super monsters I. Attitude and Action Role Shift in sign languages. Semantics and Pragmatics. 10(9).
2007Mouthings and simultaneity in British Sign Language. In Simultaneity in Signed Languages. Form and Function [Current Issues in Linguistic Theory 281], M. Vermeerbergen, L. Leeson & O. Crasborn (eds), 147–162. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Tannen, D.
20072. Talking Voices. Repetition, Dialogue, and Imagery in Conversational Discourse. Cambridge: CUP.
Winston, E. A.
1991Spatial referencing and cohesion in an American Sign Language text. Sign Language Studies 73: 397–410.
Zucchi, S.
2004Monsters in the visual mode? Ms, Università degli Studi di Milano.
Zwitserlood, I.
2003Classifiying Hand Configurations in Nederlandse Gebarentaal. PhD dissertation, University of Utrecht.
Zwitserlood, I.
2012Classifiers. In Sign Language. An International Handbook, R. Pfau, M. Steinbach & B. Woll (eds), 158–185. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
2023. Angry lions and scared neighbors: Complex demonstrations in sign language role shift at the sign-gesture interface. Linguistics 61:2 ► pp. 391 ff.
Vandenitte, Sébastien
2022. Making Referents Seen and Heard Across Signed and Spoken Languages: Documenting and Interpreting Cross-Modal Differences in the Use of Enactment. Frontiers in Psychology 13
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 16 september 2023. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.